CE2259 Manual

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
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Department of Civil Engineering-CCET
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SURVEYINGII
List of Experiments
Determination of constant of Tacheometer.
2)
Determination of elevation of point by Tacheometric surveying.
3)
Determination of elevation of point and horizontal distance between
Determination of gradient of given length if road by Tacheometric
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4)
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Setting out of simple circular curve by offset from chord produced

method.
Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential
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6)
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5)
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them by Tacheometric survey.
s.
1)
angle.
Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle method.
8)
Study of stereoscope.
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7)
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ExperimentNo-1
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Aim: Determination of the Multiplying and additive constant of given Tacheometer
Apparatus : A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
s.
etc.
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Figure:
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Formulae:
When the line of sight is horizontal, then
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D = KS + c
Where,
D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.

K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer
S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair
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reading.
When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then:

D = KS cos2 + c cos
Where,
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= The inclination of the line of collimation to the horizontal.
s.
c = The additive constant of the tacheometer
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S = Staff intersect i.e. difference between top and bottom stadia hair reading.
Theory:
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PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD
The stadia method is based on the principle that the ratio of perpendicular to the
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base is Constant in similar isosceles triangles.In fig let two rays OA and OB be
equally inclined to the central ray OC. Let A2B2, A1B1 and AB be staff intercepts.
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Evidently
OC 2 OC1 OC
1

cons tan tk Cot

A2 B2 A1 B1 AB
2
2
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This constant k entirely depends upon the magnitude of the angle . If is made
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equal to 3422, the constant k=1/2Cot 1711=100. In this case the distance between
the staff and the point o will be 100 times the intercept. In actual practice, observation
may be made with inclined line of sight. in the later case, the staff may be kept either
s.
vertically or normal to the line of sight. We shall first derive the distance elevation
formulae for the horizontal sights.
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Horizontal Sight:- Considering fig in which o is the optical centre of the objective of an
external focusing telescope.
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Let A,C and B= The point cut by the three lines of sight corresponding to the three
wires.
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b, c and (Top, axial and bottom )hairs of the diaphragm.

a b= i= interval between the stadia hairs (stadia interval)
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AB=s=Staff intercept.
f=focal length of the objective.

f1=Horizontal distance of the staff from the optical centre of the objective.
f2=Horizontal distance of the cross-wires from O.
d= Distance of the vertical axis of the instrument from O.
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D= Horizontal distance of the staff from the vertical axis of the instrument.
M= Centre of the instrument, corresponding to the vertical axis.
Since the rays Bob and AOa pass through the optical centre they are straight so
that s
AOB and aob are similar.
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f1 s
--------------------------------(1)
f2 i
f1 s
in the above, we get
f2 i
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Substituting the values of
s.
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Again, since f1 and f2 are conjugate focal distances, we have , from lens formula
1 1 1
--------------------------(2)

f
f 2 f1
Multiplying throughout by ff1, we get
f1 f 1 f f f
s f f --------------------------(3)
i
The horizontal distance between the axis and the staff is
D f1 d
f
D i s ( f d ) -------------------(4)
D ks C
Equation (4) is known as the distance equation. In order to get the horizontal distance,
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f1
therefore, the staff intercept s is to be found by subtracting the staff reading
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corresponding to the top and bottom stadia hairs.

The constant k f is known as the multiplying constant or stadia interval factor and the
i
constant (f+d)=C is known as the additive stadia if the instrument.
DeterminationofConstantkandC
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The values of the multiplying constant k and the additive constant C can be
computed by the following methods:
1st Method :- In this method ,the additive constant C=(f +d) is measured from the
instruments while the multiplying constant k is computed from field observations
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1) Focus the instruments to a distant object and measure along the telescope the
distance between the objective and crosshair.
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1 1 1

f
f1 f 2
distance of the diaphragm from the objective.
s.
Since f1 is very large in this case, f is approximately equal to f2 i.e. equal to the
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2) The distance d between the instrument axis and the objective is variable in case
of external focusing telescope, being greater for short sights and smaller for long
constant (f +d) is known.
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sights. It should, therefore, be measured for average sight. Thus, the additive
and take
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3) To calculate the multiplying constant k, measure a known distance
the S1 on the staff kept at that point , the line of sight being horizontal. using
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equation
D1 KS1 C
K
D1 C
S1
For the average value, staff intercepts, s2, s3 etc., can be measured corresponding
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to distance d2, d3 etc., and mean value can be calculated.
2ndMethod:In this method, both the constants are determined by field observations as under:
1) Measure a line, about 200 m long on fairly level ground and drive pegs at some
intervals, say 50 meters.

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2) Keep the staff on the pegs and observe the corresponding staff intercepts with
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horizontal sight.
3) Knowing the values of d and s for different points, a number of simultaneous
equations can be formed by substituting the values of d and s in equation (1.1).
and c, and the average of these can be found.
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The simultaneous solution of successive pairs of equations will give the values of k
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If s1 is the staff intercept corresponding to distance D1 and s2 corresponding to D2,

we have,
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D1 KS1 C and-----------------------------------------------(1)

D2 KS 2 C ----------------------------------------------------(2)
D2 D1
-----------------------------------------------------(3)
S 2 S1
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K
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Subtracting (1) from (2) we get,
Substituting the values of k in (1) we get,
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C D1
D2 D1
S S1 1
S 2
C
D1 S 2 D1 S1 D2 S1 D1 S1

S 2 S1
C
D1 S 2 D2 S1
-------------------------------------------------(4)
S 2 S1
Thus, equations 3 and 4 give the values of K and C.
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vertical distance of point are obtained by instrumental observation. )
1) Tacheometry: It is a branch of angular Surveying in which horizontal and
Tacheometer: It is a transit theodolite having a stadia telescope i.e. telescope

fitted with stadia diaphragm.
s.
A leveling staff can be used for sighting purpose up to 100m distance.

Procedure:
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1) Select an instrument station A on a fairly leveled ground and fix a peg.

2) Do the temporary adjustment over A.
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3) With vertical circle to the left of the observer and reading 0000000 bisect staff
held at 10m, 20m, and 30m from A along straight line.
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4) Note down the staff reading against top and bottom stadia hair on staff held
at 10m, 20, 30m from A.
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5) In case of inclined line of sight the same procedure as stated above is

followed step by step with a vertical angle of 0500000 in the vertical circle of
the theodolite. In this case, the vertical circle is held to the left of the observer
and with the reading 0500000 in the circle the staff is bisected at 10m, 20m,
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and 30m from A along straight but inclination line of collimation.
ObservationTable:
Instrument
station
A
Staff
station
D1
D2
D3
Distance
Vertical
angle
Stadia hair Reading

Top
Center Bottom
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Remark
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Calculation:
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D = Ks + c
D1 = Ks1+c -------
(1)
D2 = Ks2+c -------
(2)
D3 = Ks3+c -------
(3)
s.
For three staff stations,
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As ; s1, s2, s3 can be known solving (1) &(2), (2) & (3) , (1) & (3) to get 3 values
D = Ks cos2 + c
cos
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of m & c ,then average of three values is required answer.
For, three station the equations are;
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D1 = Ks1 cos2
+ C cos 1 ------- (1)
D2 = Ks2 cos2 2 + C cos 2-------
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D3 = Ks3 cos2
(2)
+ C cos 3------- (3)
As ; s1, s2, s3 can be known solving (1) &(2), (2) & (3) , (1) & (3) to get 3 values
of K & C ,then average of three values is required answer.
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Result: a) For horizontal line of collimation;

1) The additive constant c for a given tacheometer is found out to be --------2) The multiplying constant m for a given tacheometer is found to be --------b) For inclination line of collimation;
1) The additive constant c for a given tacheometer is found out to be ---------2) The multiplying constant k for a given tacheometer is found to be --------Survey-II
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(the R.L.s of First Floor and Second floor of Civil Engg.).
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Aim: Determination of Elevation of points by Tacheomentric surveying.
Experiment No-2
Apparatus: A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
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etc.
Figure:
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S1
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V1
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Horizontal line of
sight
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Formulae:

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Where,
KS
Sin 2
2
c sin
KSCos 2 CSin
K= Multiplying constant =100

C= Additive constant
S= Staff intercept.
V =Vertical distance measured from horizontal line of straight to
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Central stadia hair reading on staff.

H = Central stadia hair reading on staff.
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= vertical angle
s.
Theory:- The Tacheometer is an instrument which is generally used to determine

the horizontal as well as vertical distance . it can also be used to determine the
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elevation of various points which cannot be determine by ordinary leveling.

When one of the sight is horizontal and staff held vertical then the RLs of staff
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station can be determined as we determine in ordinary leveling .But if the staff

station is below or above the line of collimation then the elevation or
such
point
can
be
determined
by
calculating
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depression of
vertical
distances from instrument axis to the central hair reading and taking the angle
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of elevation or depression made by line of sight to the instrument made by line

of sight to the instrument axis.
Distance and Elevation formula for staff vertical.

Let
P= Instrument station
Q= Staff Station
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M= Position of instrument axis.

O= Optical centre of the objective.
A,C,B= Point corresponding to the readings of the three hairs.

S=AB= Staff intercept
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I =Stadia interval
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= Inclination of the line of sight from the horizontal.

L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.
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D=MQ= Horizontal distance between the instrument and the staff.

V= Vertical intercept, at Q between the line of sight and the horizontal line
H= Height of the instrument
R= Central hair reading
= Angle between the extreme rays corresponding to stadia hairs.

Draw a line ACB normal to the line of sight OC.
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<AAC=900+/2, being the exterior angle of the COA.

Similarly, from COB, <OBC=900-/2,
Since /2, is very small (its value being equal to 17011for K=100), <AAC and <BBC may
be approximately taken equal to 900

<AAC = <BBC =900
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From ACA, AC= ACcos
Since the line AB is perpendicular to the line of sight OC,

Hence, we have
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AB=AB cos =scos
s.
MC=L=KAB+C=KScos L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.

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<AAC=900+/2, being the exterior angle of theCOA.
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Smillarly,from COB, <OBC=900-/2,
Since /2,is very small (its value being equal to 17011for K=100), <AAC and <BBC may
<AAC = <BBC =900
From ACA, AC= ACcos
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AB=AB cos =scos
Now, the horizontal distance D= Lcos

=(kscos+c)cos
D=KScos2+Ccos---------------------------------(1)
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Similarly V= Lsin
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(KS cos.+c )sin

= KScos.sin+csin
(a) Elevation of the staff station for angle of elevation
s.
V KS sin C sin ------------------------------------------------------(2)

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If the line of sight has an angle of elevation , as shown in fig.

Elevation of staff station= Ele of instrument +h+ v-r
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(b) Elevation of the staff station for the angle of depression
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Elevation of Q= Elevation of P +h-v-r.
Procedure:
1) Set up the instrument in such a way that all the point should be visible from the
instrument station.
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2) Carryout the temporary adjustment and set vernier zero reading making line of
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sight horizontal.
3) Take the first staff reading on Benchmark and determine height of instrument.
4) Then sight the telescope towards the staff station whose R.Ls are to be
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calculated. Measure the angle on vernier if line of sight is inclined upward or

downward and also note the three crosshair readings.
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5) Determine the R.Ls of various points by calculating the vertical distance.
Staff
station
BM
Vertical
angle
0000000
Stadia hair Reading

Top
Center
Bottom
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G.Floor
First Floor
Second
Floor
Third Floor
Calculation:
D = KS cos2 + C cos
1) For ground floor:V1 = (K1S1sin2 )/2 + C sin
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R.L of ground floor = RL of BM + h + V1-h1

Result:
The RLs of Various points are found as follows.
S.No
1
2
3
4
POINTS
G.Floor
First Floor
Second Floor
Third Floor
Remark
R.L.=
100.00m
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Instrument
station
A
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Observation Table:
R.Ls
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Experiment No-3
Aim: Determination of elevation of points and horizontal distance between them by
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Tacheomentric survey.
Apparatus : A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
s.
etc.
Figure:
S2
h2
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S1
h1
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V1
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Horizontal line of sight
Fourth floor
V2
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Formula:
B.M.
OP D1 KSCos 2 cCos
OQ D2 KSCos 2 cCos

Sin2 cSin
2

V1 KS
Sin2 cSin
2

V 2 KS
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When line of sight is inclined and staff is held vertically, then.
Where,
V = Vertical distance measured from horizontal line of sight to central hair reading
on staff.
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D12 D2 2 2D1D2Cos
Distance between P&Q (D) =
D= Distance between one corner to other corner of college building.
s.
OP = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IV floor of one end of

college building.
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OQ = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IV floor of other end of

college building.
= Horizontal angle between OP and OQ.
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Distance and Elevation formula for staff vertical.
Q= Staff Station
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Let P= Instrument station
M= Position of instrument axis.
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O= Optical centre of the objective.
A,C,B= Point corresponding to the readings of the three hairs.
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S=AB= Staff intercept
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I =Stadia interval
L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.

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= Inclination of the line of sight from the horizontal.
s.
V= Vertical intercept,at Q between the line of sight and the horizontal line
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Smillarly, from COB, <OBC=900-/2,
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<AAC = <BBC =900
From ACA, AC= ACcos

AB=AB cos =scos
Since the line AB is perpendicular to the line of sight OC,
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Hence ,we have
MC=L=KAB+C=KScos L= Length MC measured along the line of sight.

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s.
Smillarly,from COB, <OBC=900-/2,
From ACA, AC= ACcos

AB=AB cos =scos
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<AAC = <BBC =900
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Now, the horizontal distance D= Lcos
=(kscos+c)cos
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D=KScos2+Ccos---------------------------------(1)
Similarly V= Lsin
(KS cos.+c )sin
= KScos.sin+csin
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V KS
sin
C sin ------------------------------------------------------(2)
2
(a) Elevation of the staff station for angle of elevation

If the line of sight has an angle of elevation , as shown in fig.
Elevation of staff station= Ele of instrument+h+v-r
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Procedure
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1) The instrument was setup in such way that the two point whose horizontal
distance in to be determined were visible and the temporary adjustment were

done.
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2) The height of the instrument was determined by holding the staff vertically on
any selected BM and the R.L. of B.M. was taken as 100.00
taken with line of sight horizontal.
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3) The staff were held at first point &Second point & reading of three hairs were
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4) Set the 000 on vernier A and 180 on vernier B interest the staff at station
one , the upper plate clamping screw and lower plate clamping should be
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tight during intersecting the first staff station .After taking the reading ,loosen
the upper plate clamping screw & turn the telescope clockwise intersect the
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staff at 2nd station .Tighter the upper plate clamping screw take the staff
reading of cross hair &the reading of vernier A & vernier B. Again, loosen the
lower plate clamping screw &turn the telescope to intersect the staff at first
station. Then repeat the procedure same as above at least three times.
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Observation Table:
Instrument
Staff
Vertical
Horizontal
Stadia hair Reading
station
station
angle
angle
Top
Remark
Center
Bottom
0000000
R.L.=
0000000
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sin 2
2
V2= Ks2
sin 2 2 + C sin
2
+ C sin
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V1= Ks1
Calculation:
s.
Where,
S1= Staff intercept between top and bottom stadia hair at IVrt floor of first
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end of building. = ---------m.
S2 = Staff intercept between top and bottom stadia hair at IVrt floor of other
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end of building. = ---------m.
V1 = Vertical distance between measured from horizontal line of sight to
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central stadia hair reading on staff at IVrt floor of first end of building.
V2 = Vertical distance between measured from horizontal line of sight to
central stadia hair reading on staff at IVrt floor of other end of building.
1
= Vertical angle on staff at IVrt floor of first end of building.
= Vertical angle on staff at IVrt floor of other end of building.
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K & C = are multiplying & additive constant of the tacheometer
respectively.
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OP = Horizontal distance between one corner to other corner of college

building.
OQ = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IVrt floor of other
end of college building.
= Horizontal angle between os and oe.
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end of college building.
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(Note :- Use +ve sign when angle elevation is measured.
Use -ve sign when angle depression is measured.)
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R.L. of IVth floor of first end of college building is
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= R.L. of B.M. + back sight on B.M. + V1-h1.
R.L. of IVrt floor of other end of college building is
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= R.L. of B.M. + back sight on B.M. + V2-h2.
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Results:-
1)The distance between two station points is found to be--------------.
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2) R.Ls of staff station P=-------------.
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3) R.Ls of staff station Q=-------------.
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PQ = Horizontal distance between instrument station and IVrt floor of first
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ExperimentNo-4
Aim: Determination of gradient of given length of road by Tacheomentric survey
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( Horizontal distance between two points)
Apparatus: A tacheometer with tripod, tape, leveling staff, wooden pegs, ranging rods
s.
etc.
Figure:
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S 1
h 1
H o r iz o n t a l lin e o
f s ig h t
S 2
h 2
V 2
B .M .
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V 1
Formulae:
When the line of sight is horizontal, then
D = Ks + C
Where,
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K = f/i=100 Multiplying constant of a tacheometer
C= (f+d)=0 additive constant of a tacheometer

D = KS cos2 + C cos
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Where,
C = The additive constant of the tacheometer
D12 D2 2 2D1D2Cos
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Gradient = (RLs of P-RLs of Q)/Length
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Distance between P&Q (D)=
s.
= The inclination of the line of collimation to the horizontal.
Theory:
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Trigomentrical levelling is the branch of surveying in which the relative elevations

of the points are determined from the observed vertical angles and known
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horizontal distance. Whereas in ordinary leveling the difference in elevation is

ascertained by running a line between the given points.
Let P be the point whose reduce level is to determine and M be the reading on
bench mark.The instrument is set up at any convenient point B in the vicinity of
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the object. The telescope is kept horizontal and staff reading M on the bench
mark is taken. The point A sighted and the angle of elevation is observed. The
reduced level of a point P can be ascertained as follows
Let D be the horizontal distance between the instrument and the object, H be the
height of point P . Be the angle of elevation, then we have
H=Dtan
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RLs of P=RLs of B.M.+h+V-HI
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RLs of Q= RLs of M+HI+V+h

Procedure:
1) Setup the instrument station A and level it carefully with respect to plate bubble
s.
tube. First the centering be done.
2) Select the staff station at a convenient place and held it properly.
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3) Release the vertical circle clamping screw and bisect the staff by making the
horizontal line of sight.
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4) At the same time the horizontal vernier should read to (00 000) and clamp it in
position.
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5) Take three staff readings on the staff station and find the stadia intercept.
6) Release the upper plate clamping screw and bisect the another staff again
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and take all three staff readings and then determine the staff intercept
7) Determine the horizontal angle between these two staff station and note the
value .
8) Now determine the horizontal distance and vertical distance between staff
station and instrument station respectively.
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9) Determine the horizontal distance between two staff station by applying cosine
rule.
10)Determine the of two staff station.
11) Finally determine the gradient of given length by given formula
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Instrument
Staff
Vertical
Stadia hair Reading
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ObservationTable:
Remark
station
station
angle
Top
Center
R.L.=
s.
Bottom
100.00m
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tachometric survey.
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Result: The gradient of given length of two staff station is found to be
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Experiment-5
Aim:- Setting out of simple circular curve by offsets from chord produced method
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Problem Two straight intersect at chainage (30+10), the deflection angle being
44. Calculate the necessary data for laying out a curve by the method of offsets from
s.
the chord produced. The degree of the curve being 7. The peg interval being equal to
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20meters.
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Procedureforsettingoutofcurve
1) Locate the tangent points T1 and T2 on the straights AB and CB.
2) Cut T1D1 equal to the length of the first sub chord (C1) already calculated along
the tangentT1B.
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3) With T1 as centre and T1D1 radius, swing the chain or tape such that the arc D1D=
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calculated offset O1, thus fixing the first point D on the curve.
4) Keep the chain along T1D and pull it straight in the forward direction of T1D until
the length DE1 becomes equal to second C2 (i.e the length of normal chord).
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5) With D as centre and DE1 as radius, swing the chain such that the arc
E1E=calculated offset O2, thus fixing the second point E on the curve.
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6) Continue the process repeating the point (d) and (e) until that end the curve is
reached. The last point so fixed must coincide with the previously located points
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T2 (the last curve tangent point ) if not,find out the closing error. If it is small (say
with in 2m) it should be distributed to all the points by moving them sideways by
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an amount proportional to the square of their distances from the point T1,
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otherwise the whole curve should be set out again.
Solution:- Given degree of curve,D=7

Deflection angle,=42
1718.87
Radius of curve R
245.55m
7
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Tangent length = R Tan /2 =245.55x0.4040=99.20m

Length of Curve = l
xRx
=188.57m
180 0
Chainage at the point of intersection = (30+10) chains = 30x20+10=610m

Chainage at 1st tangent point=610.00-99.20=510.80m (25+10.80) chains
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Chainage at end of curve or second tangent point = 510.80+188.57 = 699.37m
co
(34+19.37) chains
Note:-20m chain used.
Number of full chord =34-26=8

Length of last sub-chord = (34+19.37)-(34+00)=19.37m
s.
Length of 1st Sub- chord =(26 +00)-(25+10.80) =9.20m
te
Check: Length of Curve = 1ST sub chord +Full chord + last sub chord
= 9.20+8x20+19.37 =188.57m
9.20 2
0.77m
=
2 X 245.55
ar
no
C1 2
Now from equation length of first offset, O 1
2R
Length of second offset O 2
C 2 (C1 C 2)
2R
20(9.20 20.00) 1.19m

2 X 245.55
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t
Offsets from O3 to O8 are given by equation

O3toO8
20 2
C 2
=
1.63m
R 245.55
Last offset O n
C n (C n 1 C n )
2xR
ww
O10 19.07(20.00 19.37) 1.55m

2 X 245.55
Results:- By offsets from chord produced method the simple circular curve was plotted
on the ground
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ExperimentNo06
Aim : Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential angle.
co
Problem
Two tangent intersect at chainage (180+10) the defection angle being 20.Calcuate all
s.
the data necessary for setting out a 3 simple circular curve by method of deflection
no
te
angle (tangential angle) .The Peg interval may be taken as 30m.

w.
5s
t
ar
ww
Procedureforsettingoutofcurve
1) Locate the tangent points T1 and T2 on the straights AB and CB.
2) Set up the theodolite at the beginning of the curve T1.
3) With the vernier A of the horizontal circle set to zero, direct the telescope of the
ranging rod fixed at the point of intersection B and bisect it.
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4) Unclamp the vernier plate and set the vernier A to the first tangential angle 1,
the telescope being thus directed along T1D.
co
5) Measure along the line T1D, the length equal to first sub-chord (C1) thus fixing first
point D on the curve.
s.
6) Unclamp the vernier plate now and set the vernier A to the second total
tangential angle 2 , the line of sight is now directed along T1E.
te
7) With the zero end of chain or tape at D1 and with a arrow held at distances of
D1E=C2 (second chord or say normal chord),swing the chain about D1 until the
no
line of sight bisects the arrow, thus fixing the second point Eon the curve.
FieldNotes
ar
8) Repeat the process until the last point T2 is reached.
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5s
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The record, of various total tangential angles and angles to which the theodolite
readings are to be set, is given in tabular from as under.
TABLEOFTANGENTIALANGLES
ww
Point
Chainag
Chord
Tangential
Total
Actual
e in
length in
angle ()
Tangential
theodolite
meters
meters
angle
reading
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Remarks
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Solution:-
Deflection angle,=20
co
Degree of the curve =3
Tangent length T R tan
573 tan10 0 101.02m

2
R 3.14 x 573 x 20

180
180
=200.02m
te
The length of the curve, l
s.
1719 1719
Radius of curve R

573m
3
D
Chainage of the point of intersection=180x30+10=5410m
no
Chainage of the first tangent point T1=5410-101.02=5308.98m (176+26.98)

Chainage of the end tangent point T2=5308.98+200.02=5509.00m(183+19)
ar
Length of 1st sub-chord =(177+00)-(176+28.98)=1.02m

Number of full chord =183-177=6
w.
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t
Length of last sub-chord =(183+19)-(183+00)=19m

Check length of 1st sub-chord +length of 6full chord +length of last chord = length of
curve (1.02+6x30+19)=200.02m
From equation
The tangential angle, n 1718.9
ww
1 forthe1stsubchord 1718.9
2
7
Cn
R
1.02
min utes (033.60)
573
3 for full chord =1718.9x 30 89.99 minutes (12959.46)

573
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19
57 minutes (0570)
573
8 lastchord 1718.9x
co
The tangential angles for various chord are as follows.

1=1=0033.60
s.
2= 1+1=(0033.60)+(12959.40)= 1333
3= 2+2=(1333)+(12959.40)= 332.40
5= 4+4=(4331.80)+(12959.40)= 631.20
te
4= 3+3=(332.40)+(12959.40)= 4331.80
no
6= 5+5=(631.20)+(12959.40)= 73300.60
7= 6+6=(73300.60)+(12959.40)= 9300
8= 7+7=(9300)+(12959.40)= 100000
ar
Check :- 8=1/2 =1/2(20)=10
w.
5s
t
TABLEOFTANGENTIALANGLES
Chain
age in
meters
Chord
length
in
meters
-----
Tangential
angle ()
0
,
Total Tangential
angle
0
,
Actual theodolite
reading
0
,
T1
1
17626.98
177+00
---
--
--
--
---
---
---
---
----
178+00
1.02
3.6
3.6
00
30
29
59.4
33
33
00
179+00
30
29
59.4
2.4
00
180+00
30
29
59.4
33
1.8
33
00
181+00
30
29
59.4
1.2
00
182+00
30
29
19.4
33
0.6
13
00
183+00
30
29
59.4
00
00
T2
183+19
19
57
00
10
00
10
00
00
ww
Point
00
Remarks
Results:- By tangential angle method the simple circular curve was plotted on the
ground
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ExperimentNo07
co
Aim : Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle methods

Problem
Two straight interest at chainage (102+10). The deflection angle of two straight is
42.it is proposed to interest a right handed circular curve of 500m radius and
s.
transition curve at each end, the road bend is to be designed for maximum speed
of 90km/hour and for maximum rate of change of acceleration of 30cm/sec3. make
te
all the necessary calculation for setting out the combined curve by tangential
deflection method. the peg interval for transition curve be taken as 15m and for
ww
w.
5s
t
ar
no
circular curve as 30m.
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Procedureforsettingoutatransitioncurveandcircularcurvebytangentoffsets.
co
1) Locate the tangent point T1 .
2) Calculate the offsets for the transition curve by formula perpendicular offset
te
x 3
' y'
Where l is measured along the curve.
6RL
s.
x 3
Where x is measured along the tangent T1B and Tangential offset
' y'
6RL
3) Starting from the point T1, with the help of tape and chain calculated
no
perpendicular offsets or tangential offsets such as y1,y2,y3----------at a length of

x1,x2,x3-----------or l1,l2,l3---------are laid at the end of the chainages x1,x2------- or
l1,l2------- likewise the junction point F is located. The number of chord in which the
ar
length of transition curve is divided depends on the length of the transition curve.
Check :- at x=L/2, the transition curve bisects the shift and at x=L the perpandiclar
w.
5s
t
offset=4s.
4) The process is repeated to layout the other transition curve from T2.
5) The circular curve between the point F and H laid in the same manners as
explained in laying simple circular curve.
ww
Note:- The peg interval for the transition curve may be from 10 to 15 meters, while
that for the circular it may be 20meters or 30meters.
Solution :-=42. R=500m,v=90km/hour=
90x1000
25m / sec
60x60
, r=0.30m/sec2
3
V 3 25

1) length of transition curve L
104.17m
rR 0.3 X 500
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3) Total tangent length T1 B (R S ) tan
L 2 (104.17) 2

0.904m
24R 24 X 500
L

2 2
5) Length of circular curve =
R( 2 1)
262.31m
180 0
no
6) Chainages:
te
s.
104.17
244.38m
(500 0.904) tan 210
2
L 104.17
0.10417radian
4) Spiral angle, 1
2R 2x500
0.1047 x180
deg rees 5.97 0 5 0 58'12 ''
co
2) shift of curve, S
1) Chainage of intersection point B=102+10=102X30+10=3070m
ar
2) Chainage of tangent point T1=3070-Total tangent length

= 3070-244.38=2825.62m (94+5.62)
w.
5s
t
3) Chainage of the junction point F of the transition curve and the circular
curve=2825.62+104.17=2929.79m (97+19.79)
4) Chainage of the junction point H of the circular curve with that of second
transition curve = 2929.79+length of circular curve

=2929.79+262.31 =3192.10m (106+12.10)
ww
5)Chainage of last tangent point T2=3192.10+104.17=3296.27m (109+26.27)
Check:- Chainage of T2 = Chainage at T1+2XL+ length of transition curve

=2825.62+2x104.17+262.31=3296.27m
7) Tangential deflection angles for the transition curve are calculated as below.
Chainage of T1=94+5.62
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Chainage of1st point on the transition curve=(94+15)
Length of the 1st point on transition curve from tangent point T1 =(94+15)-
co
(94+5.62)=9.38m
Or L1=9.38m (as the peg interval is 15m for the transition curve)
Length for the 3rd point (L3)= 24.38+15=39.38m
te
Length for the 4th point (L4)=39.38+15=54.38m
s.
Length for the 2nd point (L2)=9.38+15=24.38m
Length for the 5th point (L5)= 54.38+15=69.38m
no
Length for the 6th point (L6)=69.38+15=84.38m
Length for the 7thpoint (L7)=84.38+15=99.38m

Length for the 8th point (L8)= 99.38+15=104.17m
ar
573l 2
Now tangential deflection angle
min utes
RL
w.
5s
t
,
573x9.38 2
For 1st point 1
0.968 0 0 0 ' 58"
500x104.17
For 2ndpoint 2
,
573x24.38 2
6.592 0 0 6 ' 35 "
500x104.17
,
573x39.382
For 3rd point 3
17.06 0 0 17 ' 4 "
500x104.17
ww
For 4th point 4
,
573x54.382
32.53 0 0 32 ' 32 "
500x104.17
,
573x69.382
For 5th point 5
52.94 0 0 52 ' 56 "
500x104.17
For 6th point 6
,
573x84.382
78.30 10 18 ' 18"
500x104.17
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co
,
573x104.172
0
'
point 8
119.40 1 59 24"
500 x104.17
1 5 0 58 ' 12 " 0

Check:- 8 1
1 59 ' 24 "
3
3
8) Tangential deflection for the circular curve:
Number of full chord =106-98=8chains
te
Length of the sub-chord =(98+00) (97+19.79)=10.21m
s.
For
8th
,
573x99.382
108.60 10 48 ' 36 "
500x104.17
For 7th point 7
no
Length of last last sub-chord (106+12.10)-(106+00)=12.10m

Check = length of curve =8x30+10.21+12.10=262.31m
1718.9C n
n
min utes
R
ar
Tangential deflection angle for the circular curve:
w.
5s
t
1st tangential deflection angle n 1718.9xC1 1718.9 X 10.21 35.10 min utes
R
500
= 0-35-6
ww
Tangential deflection angle for full chord 2 to 9 1718.9x30 min utes 103.134
500
=
Tangential deflection angle for last sub-chord = n
= 1-43-8
1718.9x12.10

41.60 min
500
=0-41-36
Total tangential deflection angles
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1=1=00-35-6
co
2= 1+2=(00-35-6)+(1-43-8)= 2-18-14
3= 2+3=(2-18-14)+(1-43-8)= 4-1-22
4= 3+4=(4-1-22)+(1-43-8)= 5-44-30
s.
5= 4+5=(5-44-30)+(1-43-8)= 7-27-38
7= 6+7=(9-10-46)+(1-43-8)= 10-53-54
8= 7+8=(10-53-54)+(1-43-8)= 12-37-2
no
9= 8+9=(12-37-2)+(1-43-8)= 14-20-10
te
6= 5+6=(7-27-38)+(1-43-8)= 9-10-46
10= 9+10=(14-20-10)+(0-41-36)= 15-1-46
2 1 42 0 (2 0 58 ' 12 " )2 30 0 3' 36 "

15 0 1' 48 "
2
2
2
ar
Check=
w.
5s
t
9) Tangential deflection angles for the second transition curve:

The second transition curve is set out from the point of tangency T2 therefore
tangential deflection angles are calculated in the same manner as in the first
case but from point T2.
Now chainage at T2=(109+26.27)
ww
Chainage at the first point on the 2nd transition curve=109+15

Length for the first point L1=(109+26.27)-(109+15)=11.27m
As peg interval for transition curve =15m
Length for the 2nd point from T2L2=11.27+15=26.27m
Length for the 3rd point from T3L3=26.27+15=41.27m
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Length for the 4th point from T4L4=41.27+15=56.27m
Length for the 6thpoint from T2L6=71.27+15=86.27m

co
For 2ndpoint ' 2
,
573x26.272
7.59 0 0 7 ' 35"
500 x104.17
,
573x41.272
18.73 0 0 18 ' 43 "
500 x104.17
,
573x56.272
34.83 0 0 34 ' 50"
500x104.17
w.
5s
t
For 4th point ' 4
ar
For 3rd point ' 3
no
,
573x11.27 2
0
'
For 1st point '1
1.40 0 1 24 "
500x104.17
te
573l 2
Now tangential deflection angle
min utes
RL
s.
Length for the 8th point from T2L8=104.17mi.e of junction point H
For 5th point ' 5
,
573x71.272
55.87 0 0 55 ' 52"
500x104.17
For 6th point ' 6
ww
For 7th point , 7

For 8th point ' 8
,
573x86.272
81.87 10 21' 52 "
500x104.17
,
573x101.272
112.83 10 52 ' 50 "
500x104.17
,
573x104.172
119.40 10 59 ' 24 "
500x104.17
5 0 58 ' 12 " 0

1
Check:- 8 1
1 59 ' 24 "
3
3
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94+5.62
94+15
95+15
95+15
96+00
96+15
97+00
97+15
104.17
Tangential
Deflection angle
0
,
----0
0
58
0
6
35
0
17
4
0
12
32
0
12
56
1
18
18
1
48
36
1
59
24
Actual theodolite
reading
0
,
-------0
1
0
0
6
40
0
17
0
0
32
20
0
53
00
1
18
20
1
48
40
1
59
20
Remarks
co
T1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T2
Chord
length in
meters
----9.38
24.38
39.38
54.38
69.38
84.33
99.38
104.17
s.
Chainage
in meters
te
Point
Table:1TangentialDeflectionAngleforthe(1st TransitionCurve)
Table:2 Tangential Deflection Angle for the (2ndt Transition Curve)
109+26.27
109+15
109+00
108+15
108+00
107+15
107+00
106+15
106+12.0
Tangential
Deflection angle
0
,
0
1
24
0
7
35
0
1
43
0
34
50
0
55
52
1
21
52
1
52
50
1
59
22
no
T2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
H
Chord
length in
meters
11.27
26.27
41.27
56.27
71.27
86.27
101.27
104.17
ar
Chainage
in meters
w.
5s
t
Point
Actual theodolite
reading
0
,
1
1
20
0
7
40
0
18
10
0
34
49
0
56
00
1
22
00
1
53
00
1
59
20
Remarks
TABLE OF TANGENTIAL ANGLES

Chainage in
meters
F
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
H
97+19.76
98+00
99+00
100+00
101+00
102+00
103+00
104+00
105+00
106+00
106+12.10
ww
Poin
t
Chord
length in
meters
Tangential
angle ()
0 ,
Total Tangential
angle
0
,
Actual theodolite
reading
0
,
10.21
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
30.00
12.10
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
2
4
5
7
9
10
12
14
15
0
2
4
5
7
9
10
12
14
15
35
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
11
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
3
35
18
1
44
27
10
53
37
20
1
6
14
22
30
38
46
54
2
10
46
35
18
1
44
27
10
54
37
20
4
Remarks
6
20
20
40
40
49
0
0
0
40
Result:- By transition curve and circular curve by tangent offsets was plotted on the
ground
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STEREOSCOPE
co
Stereoscope in an instrument used of viewing stereopairs. Stereoscopes are

designed for two purposes
s.
1. To assist in presenting to the eyes the images of a pair of photographs so that

the relationship between convergence and accommodation is the same as
2. To magnify the perception of depth.
te
would be in natural vision.
photographs:
b
N e g a tiv e 1
w.
5s
t
B)
Lens stereoscope.
ar
Mirror stereoscope
A)
no
There are two basic types of stereoscopic for stereoscopic viewing of
b '
E Y E
E Y E
C a m e ra L e n s
C a m e ra L e n s
ww
P H O T O
( A ) S t e r e o p a i r o f n a il
a
N e g a t iv e
P H O T O
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R E T IN A
E YE
E '
EYE
M '
a '
P r in t 1
P rin t 2
ar
Mirror stereoscope
no
A)
b'
te
s.
co
R E T IN A
The mirror stereoscope shown diagrammatically consist of a pair of small
w.
5s
t
eye-piece mirrors mirrors m and a pair of larger wing mirrors, M and M each of
which is oriented at 45% with the place of the photographs. Show a nail mounted
on a block of timber , and is being photographed by two camera position .The
camera lens is placed fist in the position of left eye and then in the position of
right eye, and separate photographs are taken in each position of left eye and
ww
then in the position of right eye and separate photographs are taken in each
position. It will be noted that the head of the nail is to the left in the left film and to
the right in the right film. AB are the images of the nail AB in the two films.
Contact prints from these negatives are placed in the mirror stereoscope
as show in where only images of the nail are drawn .
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The dour mirrors transfer the light to the eyes exactly(exactly for accommodation)
co
as if it had come from nail as shown by dotted line. The convergence and retinal
disparity are sufficient for the observer to see the nail in three dimensions.
The total distance b M m E or M m E from the eye to the pane of the
s.
photographs varice 30 cm to 45cm, in order that the unaided eye may

comfortably view the photographs. The angle is determined by the separation
te
of photographs that give the most eye comfort, and is compatible with the
distance bMme. If this distance is to be reduced, a pair of magnifying lenses is
no
placed at E and E each magnifier has a focal length slightly smaller than the
distance bMme. Some types of mirror stereoscope have a set of removable
ar
binoculars which are place at the eye positions E and E.

Show a wild ST 4 mirror stereoscopes with a parallax bar manufactured by
w.
5s
t
Ms Wild Heerbrugg Ltd. It is used for spatial observation of stereo photographs

upon a maximum model size of approximately 18cmcm. The distance between
the central point of mirrors is 25cm for all interpupillary distances. The whole
model area can be seen through the two lenses provided for correction of the
bundle of rays and for accommodating. A removable set of eyepieces with 3 X
ww
magnification can be swung in over these lenses for closer examination of parts
of the model and study of details. A pair of eyepieces particularly useful when
selecting tie points in aerial triangulation. The two inclined binocular eyepiece
tubes are adjustable for interpupillarly distance of 56 to 74mm and have eyepiece adjustments for focusing the separate images .
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The greatest single advantage of the mirror stereoscope is the fact that
co
photographs may be completely separated of the mirror stereoscope is the fact

that the photographs may be completely separated for viewing , and the entire
overlap area may be seen stereoscopically without having to slip the
Lens stereoscope
te
B)
s.
photographs.
A lens stereoscope consists of a single magnifying lens for each eye, and
no
no mirrors. The two magnifying lenses are mounted with a separation equal to the
average interpupillary distances of the human eyes, but provision is made for
ar
changing this separation to suit the individual user.

The distance between the nodal point of the lens and the plane of the
w.
5s
t
photographs depends upon the focal length of the lens. The two photographs
can be brought so closet the eyes that proper convergence can be maintained
without causing the photographs to interfere with each other as show in since the
photographs are very close to the eyes, the images occupy larger angular
dimensions and therefore appear enlarged show a lens stereoscope.
ww
The lens stereoscope is apt to cause eye strain as accommodation is not in
sympathy with convergence and the axes of the eyes are forced out their normal
conciliation and can be slipped in ones pocket this type being called a pocket
stereoscope. Because of larger size, mirror stereoscope is not so portable as is the
pocket stereoscope.
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Determination of elevation of point by Tacheometric surveying.

Determination of elevation of point and horizontal distance between

Determination of gradient of given length if road by Tacheometric

Setting out of simple circular curve by offset from chord produced

Setting out of simple circular curve by Rankine method of tangential

them by Tacheometric survey.

Setting out of simple transition curve by tangential angle method.

Aim: Determination of the Multiplying and additive constant of given Tacheometer

D = Horizontal distance between instrument station and staff station.

When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then:

K = Multiplying constant of a tacheometer

= The inclination of the line of collimation to the horizontal.

c = The additive constant of the tacheometer

PRINCIPLE OF STADIA METHOD

b, c and (Top, axial and bottom )hairs of the diaphragm.

f=focal length of the objective.

Substituting the values of

therefore, the staff intercept s is to be found by subtracting the staff reading

corresponding to the top and bottom stadia hairs.

computed by the following methods:

distance of the diaphragm from the objective.

constant (f +d) is known.

3) To calculate the multiplying constant k, measure a known distance

to distance d2, d3 etc., and mean value can be calculated.

intervals, say 50 meters.

3) Knowing the values of d and s for different points, a number of simultaneous

equations can be formed by substituting the values of d and s in equation (1.1).

and c, and the average of these can be found.

If s1 is the staff intercept corresponding to distance D1 and s2 corresponding to D2,

D1 KS1 C and-----------------------------------------------(1)

Subtracting (1) from (2) we get,

Substituting the values of k in (1) we get,

D1 S 2 D1 S1 D2 S1 D1 S1

Thus, equations 3 and 4 give the values of K and C.

vertical distance of point are obtained by instrumental observation. )

1) Tacheometry: It is a branch of angular Surveying in which horizontal and

Tacheometer: It is a transit theodolite having a stadia telescope i.e. telescope

A leveling staff can be used for sighting purpose up to 100m distance.

1) Select an instrument station A on a fairly leveled ground and fix a peg.

5) In case of inclined line of sight the same procedure as stated above is

and 30m from A along straight but inclination line of collimation.

Stadia hair Reading

For three staff stations,

of m & c ,then average of three values is required answer.

For, three station the equations are;

+ C cos 1 ------- (1)

D2 = Ks2 cos2 2 + C cos 2-------

+ C cos 3------- (3)

of K & C ,then average of three values is required answer.

Result: a) For horizontal line of collimation;

(the R.L.s of First Floor and Second floor of Civil Engg.).

Aim: Determination of Elevation of points by Tacheomentric surveying.

When line of sight is inclined and staff vertical then:

K= Multiplying constant =100

Central stadia hair reading on staff.

Theory:- The Tacheometer is an instrument which is generally used to determine

elevation of various points which cannot be determine by ordinary leveling.

station can be determined as we determine in ordinary leveling .But if the staff

of elevation or depression made by line of sight to the instrument made by line

Distance and Elevation formula for staff vertical.

M= Position of instrument axis.

A,C,B= Point corresponding to the readings of the three hairs.