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a A+b B c C+ d D
Equilibrium expression:
c
[ C ] [ D ]
=K eq
a
b
[ A ] [ B ]
The different Ks
Keq or Kc - equilibrium constant
Ka acid disassociation constant
Kb base disassociation constant
Ksp
solubility-product constant
Kw ion-product constant
Finding stuff
-Finding concentrations from initial concentrations
example: If 1 L flask 1 mol of H2 and 2 mol I2 and value of
(atmospheres)
n
K P =K ( RT )
3 2
Ka=
(3.79810 )
=1.8105 .
(0.8)
HX
H+ + X-
H +
H +
X
X
K a=
We can see that the pH is dependent on the Ka which should
be super small because weak acid or base, and so long as the
addition of the acid or base isnt too much, the pH should
resist change.
Acid-Base Titrations
[ product ]
=K
[reactant ]
P
( P )( P
M 1 V 1=M 2 V 2
K =
-Set up for the acids and bases stuff are like the same up
there, but the products are H+ and the negative ion and
the denominator is the original substance.
-Finding [H+]. If the pH is given just do 10^-x. If the
concentration is given and we need to find pH then just do
log(concentration)
The example from Invitationals:
2 x2
=50.5
(1x )(2x )
(aq)
2+ ( aq )+ 2 F
Ca F 2 ( s ) Ca
2+
Ca
K sp=
To find the concentration of each, it would be:
2+
Ca
K sp=
BH + 2
2.1104 mol Ca F2
78.1 g Ca F2
=
=1.610
g Ca F 2 /L solution
1 L solution
1 mol Ca F 2
OH
Strong bases are hydroxide salts, weak
Base = acceptor
K b =
Lewis acid accept lone pair of electrons
)(
pH Scale = -log[H+]
Chem Lab Quiz: 1. System half filled with water (1) both evap
and conden
2. Saturated solution of CH3COOAg (4) 4 *10^-6
3. Cd(s) <-> Cd2+ + S2- Ksp = 2.5 * 10^-27 (4) 5 * 10^-14
4. Haber process few drops of HCl added (3) NH3 decrease NH4
increase
5 8. Catalyst added so SO3 (3) remains same, SO2 added so
Base = donates
SO2 (4) increase then decrease, O2 removed so SO3 (2)
Acids
bases react with water to produce OH-, in water a base B is increases, pressure decreased so O2 (1) increases
9. NH3 removed (4) chart with NH3 drop and H2 and N2 drop
always competing with OH- for a proton, so Kb values
then equi
tend to be very small, thus making B a weak base
10. AgCl <-> Ag + Cl (4) Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]
(compared to OH-)
11. Equilibrium expression of 2SO2 + O2 <-> 2SO3 + 196 kJ (1)
Autoionization of Water
12. Reaction: 2A + 3 B <-> 4C (5) (4^4)/(2^2 x 3^3)
Water
amphoteric
substance:
behaves
both
acid
and
base.
Strong acid should have large K value.
13. Procedure reversible (4) confining all reactants and products
Reacts with itself in an acid-base reaction which leads to
14. System at equilibrium? (4) ice cubes and water in container
equilibrium expression.
at 0C
15 - 16. CaCO3 + heat <-> CaO + CO2, pressure decreased then
a
CO2 (1) increases, pressure increased the K (3) remains the same
3
17. C + CO2 <-> 2CO + heat, change in chart? (1) CO2 removed
Disassociation should lie far to the right. Strong acids have
18. Ka of dihydrogen phosphate ion? (3) 6.2 * 10^-8
weak conjugate bases. Weak acid opposite of this.
19. Kb of (2) 1.3 * 10^-12
Bases
20. Buffer solution? (1) H2CO3 and NaHCO3
H +
K =
+
H O
OH
K w =