Tri-State Tornado

The Great Tri-State Tornado of Wednesday, March 18,

1925, is the deadliest tornado in U.S. history.[2] It is the
most exceptional tornado of a major outbreak of at least
twelve known signicant tornadoes across a large portion
of the Midwestern and Southern U.S. The Tri-State Tornado alone inicted 695 fatalities,[3] more than twice as
many as the second deadliest, the 1840 Great Natchez
Tornado. The 151 to 235 mi (243 to 378 km) track left
by the tornado was the longest ever recorded in the world
as it crossed from southeastern Missouri, through southern Illinois, then into southwestern Indiana.[4] Although
not ocially rated by NOAA, it is recognized by most
experts (such as Tom Grazulis[5] and Ted Fujita[6] ) as an Tri-State Tornado storm track and other tornadoes that day
F5 tornado, the maximum damage rating issued on the from Monthly Weather Review, April 1925.[11] The informaFujita scale.[7]
tion about the temperature, pressure, and other tornadoes may
not be accurate.

Tornado outbreak

Meteorological synopsis

and even mesoscale background of the event. The late

winter to early spring of 1925 was warmer and drier than
The tornado was part of a larger tornado outbreak with normal over much of the central United States. There apseveral other destructive tornadoes the same day in parently was persistent ridging in the western US with a
Tennessee, Kentucky, and Indiana, as well as signicant troughing pattern over the central US.[10]
tornadoes in Alabama and Kansas. Including additional
The extratropical cyclone that would set the synoptic stage
tornadoes that day, at least 747 people were killed and
for the outbreak was centered over northwestern Montana
more than 2,298 were injured. This makes the Tri-State
at 7 am CST on March 17. Meanwhile, a diuse area
Outbreak the deadliest tornado outbreak, March 18 the
of surface low pressure was centered near Denver, Coldeadliest tornado day, and 1925 the deadliest tornado
orado in association with a lee trough. Occluded fronts
[8]
year in U.S. history. There were undoubtedly other less
lay from Hudson Bay southwestward into the northern
impactful tornadoes, the occurrences of which have been
Plains states and into the lee trough. The synoptic cyclone
[7]
lost to history.
moved south-southeastward across the mountain states
It was a widespread outbreak with severe thunderstorms to eastern Colorado. A warm front stretched along the
occurring as far east as Ohio, as far southwest as Gulf Coast, separating warm, moist air from cool showLouisiana and as far southeast as Georgia. Strong thun- ery weather with areas of fog that extended from Texas
derstorms were reported in a broad area that also included to the Carolinas. A well-mixed early season continenparts of Oklahoma, Michigan, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and tal tropical (cT) air mass existed over West Texas and
West Virginia. Numerous reports of hail and straight- northern New Mexico. To the east of this hot, dry air,
line wind were reported with up to 4.5 in (11 cm) diam- buoyant maritime tropical (mT) air was advecting from
eter hail recorded (for reference, a softball is 3.53.8 in the Gulf of Mexico. Simultaneously, a mid to upper level
(8.99.7 cm) in diameter[9] ). What began in early-mid shortwave trough likely approached the northwest coast
afternoon as discrete supercell thunderstorms eventually of the US and moved rapidly through the persistent ridge
consolidated into a potent squall line.[10]
then digging southeastward across the Great Basin and
central Rocky Mountains and emerging in the Plains over
Colorado. This initiated "Colorado low" cyclogenesis.[10]
At 7 am on March 18, the surface low-pressure area at
1003 hPa moved to far northeastern Oklahoma and the
During a six year review study of the Tri-State Tornado warm front had shot north into the circulation where the
published in 2013, new surface and upper air data to ana- front then extended eastward. A maritime Polar (mP)
lyze were obtained and meteorological reanalysis was uti- cold front draped southwestward across eastern Texas
lized, adding signicantly to knowledge of the synoptic with a dry line forming due south of the low. The open
1

2
shortwave, likely somewhat negatively tilted, was continuing to approach from the northwest and an apparent outow boundary moved just south of the warm front
over northeastern Arkansas and northwestern Tennessee.
Several weak pressure troughs were traversing the cool
sector over the north-central US. Surface temperatures in
the warm sector near the dryline and warm front ranged
from 6575 F (1824 C) and the dew point was 60
65 F (1618 C), with higher values farther south and
increasing over time as the deepening low-pressure area
continued to pull up Gulf air. This resulted in unstable air
and lower cloud bases, or low LCL heights, which is favorable to tornadogenesis. From southeastern Kansas to
Kentucky and Indiana, early morning showers and thunderstorms north of the low and warm front cooled and
stabilized that air, retarding northward advancement of
the front and led to sharp contrast in temperature from
north to south. Such baroclinic zones are also associated
with tornadic storms. Ahead of the surface dryline, which
are uncommon as far east as the Mississippi River, an apparent "dry punch" of air aloft served to further increase
instability. Concurrently, a capping inversion likely suppressed storms throughout the warm sector leaving the
Tri-State supercell undisturbed by nearby convection.[10]
By 12:00 pm, the deepening surface low was centered
over south-central Missouri, the shortwave axis was moving easterly and oriented over eastern Oklahoma, and the
dryline was rapidly advancing eastward directly south of
the low as the warm front slowly shifted northward situated due east of the low. Morning clouds cleared by midday across much of where the Tri-State Tornado would
track. A pronounced pressure trough extended northeast
of the low and signaled its future track as a prefrontal
trough formed southeast of the low ahead of the dryline.
A bulge in the dryline may also have been forming slightly
south of the low and southerly to southeasterly surface
winds were backing and increasing with time throughout the warm sector. The Tri-State supercell formed in a
highly favorable area just ahead of the triple point where
the cold front, warm front, and dryline met. The supercell initiated very near the surface low and moved eastnortheastward and faster than the low such that the storm
gradually deviated east of the lows track. The supercell
remained near this sweet spot for a prolonged period
as it also traveled near the highly baroclinic warm front
(likely just across the cool side of the boundary) for several hours.[10]
By 2 pm, the low was centered slightly south-southwest
of St. Louis, Missouri as the Tri-State supercell was near
the Mississippi River. Other storms in the warm sector, removed from the Tri-State supercell, were initiating
around 3 pm. Around 4 pm, the lows central pressure
lowered to around 998 hPa centered over south-central
Illinois as the Tri-State supercell was moving into Indiana. This pressure is not particularly low compared
to many other outbreak setups but the pressure gradient was strong which induced strong gradient winds and

2 METEOROLOGICAL SYNOPSIS
signicant advection in the warm sector. A very strong
low level jet was also in place just above the surface as
winds veered with height, resulting in low-level curvature
and long hodographs. Strong wind shear thus existed,
with pronounced directional shear likely in the vicinity
of the warm front, with winds at the 700 hPa height level
west-southwesterly around 70 mph (110 km/h) and winds
about 90110 mph (140180 km/h) at 500 hPa. Theoretical hodographs returned estimated storm relative environmental helicity (SREH) values of 340 m2 s2 in the
vicinity of the Tri-State supercell track. Strong thunderstorms were now scattered throughout the warm sector
and a line of severe thunderstorms was occurring near
the dryline. The Tri-State supercell appeared to still be
discrete and isolated, with a severe storm north of Cairo,
Illinois placed well to its south.[10]
By 6 pm, the shortwave axis was over eastern Missouri
and was lifting northeast. At 7 pm, the low was placed
near Indianapolis, Indiana with numerous thunderstorms
east and south of the low and a squall line was moving
into the southeastern US. Cold air advection behind the
strong cold front fed into the cyclone as snow and sleet fell
from eastern Iowa to central Michigan. At 7 am on March
19 the low was deepening and lifting rapidly northeastward into Canada. The Tri-State supercell is thought to
have formed around noon about 40 minutes prior to the
rst tornado reports in Shannon County. It was a classic supercell for the rst couple hours of its life gradually transitioning into a high precipitation (HP) supercell
in southern Illinois. The very long track tornado period
lasted from around 12:40 pm to 4:40 pm. The supercell
then likely produced another signicant tornado in southeastern Indiana around 6 pm. Convection had gradually
increased in the warm sector throughout the supercells
life cycle. It may have become embedded within a line
echo wave pattern (LEWP) by the time it reached southcentral Indiana. The supercell is assumed to have decayed
around 7 pm. These estimated times indicate the supercells duration as around 7 hours over a calculated 413
mi (665 km) path.[4][10]

2.1 Single tornado or a series?

There has long been uncertainty as to whether the originally recognized numbers of a 219 mi (352 km) path
over 3.5 hours was one continuous tornado or a tornado
family. The sparse quality of tornado data because of
the distance in the past and the lack of other tornadoes
approaching the Tri-State Tornado path length and duration raised doubts. Furthermore, meteorological theory
on tornado and supercell morphology and dynamics suggests such duration is highly improbable.[10] In fact, several other historically very long track (VLT) tornadoes
were subsequently found to be tornado families,[12] (notably the Woodward, Oklahoma tornado family of April
1947 and the Charleston-Mattoon, Illinois tornado family
of May 1917). In the past several years some VLT torna-

3.2

Illinois

does and supercells did occur with 12 tornadoes exceeding 100 mi (160 km) path lengths from 1980-2012 (and
60 since 1950).[4] Yet the high end estimates of the TriState Tornado path length are still around twice as long
as the nearest VLT tornado. On the other hand, meteorological analysis reveals no analogous event meaning that
the Tri-State Tornado conditions were apparently unique.

Deep ground scouring was observed near the town of

Sedgewickville as well. The tornado carried sheets of
iron as far as 50 mi (80 km) away. Crossing into Perry
County, the tornado reportedly displayed a double funnel
as it struck the town of Biehle, destroying many homes
in and around the town, and killing four people. Numerous other homes were completely leveled near Frohna as
[14][15]
The town of Cornwall was also hit by the torExhaustive research published in 2013 found no denitive well.
nado. At least 11 (possibly more) died altogether in Misresolution but did locate additional tornado sightings and
damage 15 mi (24 km) west of the previously known be- souri.
ginning of the tornado and 1 mi (1.6 km) east of the previously known ending. The scientists conclude it is likely
that some of the track both at the beginning and ending 3.2 Illinois
were indeed separate tornadoes. This segment of the tornado family is 235 mi (378 km) long. They also located a
20 mi (32 km) path (over about 20 min) from a large tornado which was likely spawned from the same supercell
and was about 65 mi (105 km) east-northeast of the aforementioned path ending. This brings the known length of
the Tri-State Tornado Family to around 320 mi (510 km)
over nearly 5.5 hours. The 2013 study concludes that it
is likely that the 174 mi (280 km) segment from central
Madison County, Missouri to Pike County, Indiana is
likely one continuous tornado and that the 151 mi (243
km) segment from central Bollinger County, Missouri
to western Pike County, Indiana is very likely a single
continuous tornado.[4] The tornado path may have been
Ruins of the Longfellow School, Murphysboro, Illinois, where 17
longer but either of these values still hold the record for
children were killed. The storm hit the school at about 2:30 pm
longest recorded tornado track. Grazulis in 2001 wrote
that the rst 60 mi (97 km) of the track is probably resultant of two or more tornadoes and that a path length The tornado crossed the Mississippi River into southern
of 157 mi (253 km) was seemingly continuous.[13] No Illinois, debarking trees and deeply scouring the ground
single factor accounts for the exceptional path length and in rural areas before hitting the town of Gorham, at
duration. The fast forward motion of the tornado, which 2:30 pm, essentially obliterating the entire town, killing
averaged 59 mph (95 km/h) translated to more distance 34. Almost every structure in Gorham was leveled or
swept away, and railroad tracks were reportedly ripped
covered.[10]
from the ground.[14] More than half the towns population was injured or killed and seven fatalities occurred
at a school.[13] Continuing to the northeast at an average
3 Tri-State tornado family
speed of 62 mph (100 km/h) (and up to 73 mph (117
km/h)), the tornado cut a swath almost 1 mi (1.6 km)
wide through Murphysboro, completely attening a large
3.1 Missouri
portion of the town. Entire rows of homes were leveled
[16]
The tornado was rst sighted as a highly visible and rel- and swept away in some areas. Many other structures
atively small condensation funnel in the rugged forested were also damaged or destroyed throughout the town, inhills of Moore Township, Shannon County, Missouri at cluding the M&O railroad shop, where 35 people were
about 12:40 pm.[4] The rst fatality occurred around 1:01 killed. Schools in the area were devastated as well, with
School, and 9 others
pm, north-northwest of Ellington by which the time the 17 students killed at the Longfellow
[14]
After
the tornado passed,
killed
at
the
Logan
School.
tornado was large. Several homes and other structures
large
res
ignited
and
swept
through
the rubble, burning
were destroyed north of town. The tornado sped to
[17]
many
of
the
trapped
survivors
alive.
In Murphysboro,
the northeast, causing $500,000 worth of property dama
total
of
234
were
killed,
the
most
tornadic
deaths in a
age and the near annihilation of Annapolis, where much
single
city
in
U.S.
history.
of the town was leveled, and two people were killed.
The tornado then struck the mining town of Leadanna,
where mining machinery and several structures were destroyed, and two other people were killed.[14] In Bollinger
County, 32 children were injured when two schools were
damaged and multiple homes were completely destroyed.

The tornado then struck the nearby town of De Soto,

which was also devastated. 69 people were killed in De
Soto, and many homes were swept away. 33 of the deaths
were students that were killed in the partial collapse of
the De Soto School, the worst tornadic death at a single

3 TRI-STATE TORNADO FAMILY

school in US history.[17] The tornado continued northeast and impacted the small village of Bush, killing seven
people there. Several homes were leveled, and pieces of
wood were speared into the towns water tower. Heavy
railroad axles were reportedly lifted and scattered across
the railyard.[17] Further east, the mining town of West
Frankfort was also devastated by the massive tornado,
with 152 fatalities occurring in that area. The tornado
struck the northwest side of town, leveling many businesses and sweeping away entire subdivisions.[14] At the
Orient Mine, a large multi-ton coal tipple was blown over
and rolled by the tornado. Extreme damage continued
east of town, as a railroad trestle was torn from its supports, and 300 ft (91 m) of railroad track was ripped
from the ground and blown away. Several small mining
villages in the area were obliterated, resulting in numerous fatalities.[16] The tornado then completely destroyed
the small town of Parrish, where 22 people were killed,
and the town was never rebuilt. Severe damage and several fatalities also occurred in the Olga area.[14] Within
40 minutes, 541 lives were lost and 1,423 were seriously
injured. The tornado proceeded to devastate rural areas
across Hamilton and White counties, claiming 65 more
residents before crossing into Indiana. An estimated 613
people died in Illinois, the most tornadic deaths within a
state in U.S. history.

3.3

3.4 Total
In all, at least 695 died and 2,027 were injured, the majority in southern Illinois. Three states, thirteen counties,
and more than nineteen communities, four of which were
eectively eaced (several of these and other rural areas
never recovered), were in the path of the record 3.5 hour
duration tornado. Approximately 15,000 homes were destroyed by the Tri-State Tornado.[19] Total damage was
estimated at $16.5 million; adjusted for increases population/wealth and ination the toll is approximately $1.4
billion (1997 USD), surpassed in history (through 2010)
only by two extremely destructive tornadoes in the City
of St. Louis in 1896 and 1927.[1]

Indiana

Track of the Tri-state tornado

Nine schools across three states were destroyed in which

69 students were killed. More schools were destroyed and
more students killed (as well as the single school record of
33 deaths in De Soto, Illinois) than in any other tornado
in U.S. history.[7] Deaths occurred at many rural schools.
Counting those returning home from schools and those
that died in schools, the toll was 72 students.[13]
Ruins of the town of Grin, Indiana, where 26 people were
killed.

Crossing the Wabash River into Indiana, the tornado

struck and completely demolished all of Grin, where
most structures were leveled, and some were swept away.
26 people were killed there. The tornado then devastated
rural areas, and clipped Owensville, resulting in two fatalities in that town. The tornado then roared into Princeton,
destroying half the town and killing 45 people. Large sections of neighborhoods in Princeton were leveled, and a
Heinz factory was badly damaged.[14] The tornado traveled more than 10 mi (16 km) to the northeast before
nally dissipating at about 4:38 pm around 2.5 mi (4.0
km) south-southeast of Petersburg. In Indiana, at least
71 (and probably more) perished.[18]

The very swift moving tornado at times exhibited an unusual appearance due partially to its size and the probable
low cloud base of its parent thunderstorm. The tornado
was frequently described by witnesses as an amorphous
rolling fog or boiling clouds on the ground, and fooled
normally weather-wise farm owners (in addition to people
in general) who did not sense the danger until the storm
was upon them. The condensation funnel was also reportedly sometimes wrapped in copious dust and debris, making it obscured and less recognizable. The parent supercell apparently transitioned to a high-precipitation (HP)
variety by the time it was striking West Frankfort, meaning that the tornado wasn't readily visible, as it was often
shrouded in heavy rain and hail. The rural death toll of 65
in Hamilton and White counties in southeastern Illinois
is unprecedented. The tornado killed at least twenty farm

5
owners in southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana, [10] Maddox, Robert A.; M. S. Gilmore, C. A. Doswell III,
R. H. Johns, C. A. Crisp, D. W. Burgess, J. A. Hart,
more than the combined total of the next four deadliest
S. F. Piltz (2013). Meteorological Analyses of the Tritornadoes in the history of the U.S.[13]

State Tornado Event of March 1925. E-Journal of Severe

The tornado was often accompanied by extreme

Storms Meteorology 8 (1).
downburst winds throughout the entirety of its course;
the tornado and accompanying downburst increased the [11] NOAA Photo Library
width of damage from an average of 0.75 mi (1.21 km)
[12] Doswell, Charles A., III; D. W. Burgess (1988). On
(though at times over 1 mi (1.6 km) wide) to an area 3
Some Issues of United States Tornado Climatology.
mi (4.8 km) wide at times.[7]
Mon. Wea. Rev. 116 (2): 495501. doi:10.1175/1520-

0493(1988)116<0495:OSIOUS>2.0.CO;2.
In addition to the dead and injured, thousands were left
without shelter or food. Fires erupted, exacerbating the [13] Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). The Tornado: Natures Ultidamage. Looting and theft, notably of the property of the
mate Windstorm. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma
dead, was reported. Recovery was generally slow with the
Press. ISBN 0-8061-3258-2.
event leaving a lasting blow to the region.
[14] Schuman, Shawn (June 10, 2013). March 18, 1925
The Tri-State Tornado. Retrieved 2014-03-25.

See also
List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
List of tornado-related deaths at schools
List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes

References

[1] Brooks, Harold E.;

C.A. Doswell (February
2001).
Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 18901999.
Wea.
Forecast.
16 (1): 16876.
doi:10.1175/15200434(2001)016<0168:NDFMTI>2.0.CO;2.
[2] Tri-State Tornado - History, Facts and Information
[3] Gibson, Christine (AugSep 2006). Our 10 Greatest
Natural Disasters. American Heritage 57 (4).
[4] Johns, Robert H.; D. W. Burgess, C. A. Doswell III, M. S.
Gilmore, J. A. Hart, and S. F. Piltz (2013). The 1925 TriState Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System. E-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology 8 (2).
[5] Grazulis, Thomas P. (2001). F5/F6 Tornadoes. St.
Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental
Films.
[6] Fujita, T. Theodore (1973).
Tornadoes Around
the World.
Weatherwise 26 (2):
5683.
doi:10.1080/00431672.1973.9931633.
[7] Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Signicant Tornadoes
1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St.
Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental
Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
[8] 2011 tornado information. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2012. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
[9] http://www.softballperformance.com/
what-is-the-diameter-of-a-softbal/

[15] Grazulis, Tom (2013). "#1: The Tri-State Tornado. Descriptions of the Top Ten US Killer Tornadoes. The Tornado Project. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
[16] Johns, Bob (2012). The 1925 Tri-State Tornados Devastation In Franklin County, Hamilton County, And White
County, Illinois. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. ISBN
978-1468560961.
[17] Mason, Angela (2011). Death Rides the Sky: The Story
of the 1925 Tri-State Tornado. Rockford, IL: Black Oak
Media. ISBN 978-1-61876-001-2.
[18] Tornado Track. 1925 Tri-State Tornado: A Look Back.
NWS Paducah. Retrieved 2013-04-01.
[19] Startling Statistics. 1925 Tri-State Tornado: A Look
Back. NWS Paducah. Retrieved 2013-04-01.

Flora, Snowden D. (1953). Tornadoes of the United

States. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
ISBN 978-0806102627.

6 External links
1925 Tri-State Tornado (NWS Paducah, KY)
The Weather Channels Storm of the Century list
#7 The Tri-State Tornado
The Great Tri-State Tornado (RootsWeb Genealogy)
The 1925 Tornado (Carolyar.com Genealogy)
aerial lm of damage path
Books
Felknor, Peter S. (1992). The Tri-State Tornado:
The Story of Americas Greatest Tornado Disaster.
Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. ISBN 08138-0623-2.

6
Akin, Wallace E. (2002). The Forgotten Storm: The
Great Tri-state Tornado of 1925. Guilford, CT:
Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-607-X.

EXTERNAL LINKS

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