Main Report DRAFT - Water Resources Assessment

Government of the Republic of Malawi
Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development

Second National Water Development Project (NWDP II)
Water Resources Investment Strategy

Component 1 - Water Resources Assessment
Main Report
February 2011
WS Atkins International Ltd in association with

Wellfield Consulting Services (Pty) Ltd and Interconsult Malawi
60,000
Flows for WRAs draining into Lake Malawi
Availavle surface water resource (above EFR or prescribed minimum flow)
Flows for WRAs either downstream of Lake Malawi or not hydrologically connected
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Average Annual
Average dry season
Average wet season
Drought dry season

(1991-92)
17, Karonga Lakeshore
Groundwater total
16, Nkhata Bay Lakeshore
Surface water total
15, Nkhotakota Lakeshore

14, Ruo
13, Chizumulu Island

12, Likoma Island
11, Lake Chiuta
10, South East Lake Shore

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
7, Rukuru and Rumphi
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
3, South West Lakeshore

2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
Sustainable available annual average water resource (Ml/d)
35000
40000
Domestic, Piped into dwelling
2035
(medium)
Domestic, Piped into yard/plot

Domestic, Community stand pipe
Domestic, Protected well/BH
2020
(high)
Domestic, Unimproved source

Agriculture, Livestock
2020
(medium)
Commercial
Institutional
Mining
2020
(low)
Unaccounted for water

Agriculture, Arable
2010
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Total Average Water Demand (Ml/d)
2035
(medium)

2020
(high)

2020
(medium)
Commercial
Institutional
2020
(low)
Mining
2010
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2035
(medium)

2020
(high)

2020
(medium)
Commercial
Institutional
Mining
2020
(low)
sustainable
drought
surface
water yield
2010
10000
Agriculture, Arable
sustainable
dry season
surface
water yield
20000
30000
40000
50000
Total dry season demand

Drought dry season yield
Average dry season yield
Dry season yield exceeded
Yield greater than demand during both average and drought dry season. No shortfalls predicted.

Yield greater than demand during average dry season, but not during a drought.
Shortfalls may occur during drought conditions.


14, Ruo
12, Likoma Island

11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe

2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400
Total dry season demand for water (Ml/d)

14, Ruo
12 & 13, Likoma & ChizumoloIsland
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
7-1, Mzuzu City

6-1, Upper Dwangwa (WRUs 6a, 6b and 6c)
6, Dwangwa
5-1, Upper Bua to confluence with River Rusa
5, Bua
4-2, Lilongwe City
4-1, Linthip and Lingadze to Lilongwe
4, Linthipe

2-1, Zomba City
2, Lake Chilwa
1-2, Blantyre City

1-1, Shire River to Walker's Ferry
1, Shire River
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
Average dry season infrastructure capacity surplus (positive) or deficit (negative) at 2010 (Ml/d)
30
40
Resource
Season
Year
Nature of deficit/surplus
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
Shire River to Walk er's Ferry
2
Lake Chilwa
3
South West Lakeshore
4
Linthipe
4-1
Linthip and Lingadze to Lilongwe
5
Bua
5-1
Upper Bua to confluence with River Rusa
6
Dwangwa
6-1
Upper Dwangwa (WRUs 6a, 6b and 6c)
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
South East Lake Shore
11
Lake Chiuta
12 & 13 Likoma & Chizumulu Island
14
Ruo
15
Nkhotakota Lakeshore
16
Nkhata Bay Lakeshore
17
Karonga Lakeshore
TOTAL
Surface Water
Average Dry
2010
Water
Resources
Current
31197
26823
92
1128
-3
-18
95
9
-676
-191
772
84
390
279
446
471
569
3152
485
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
Low
28923
25256
48
1064
-94
-70
36
-17
-690
-201
713
74
368
264
423
393
519
3063
469
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
Medium
24927
23959
-1980
-3295
-167
-105
-1404
-873
-2156
-1665
-54
-34
-618
-160
-749
-68
-3369
1689
-886
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
High
24886
23932
-3443
-3882
-203
-121
-3542
-2415
-4781
-4255
-4482
-36
-2290
-320
-1361
372
-2684
-1191
-2232
38481
35572
11676
-5190

14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
7-1, Mzuzu City

6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4-2, Lilongwe City
4, Linthipe

2-1, Zomba City
2, Lake Chilwa
1-2, Blantyre City

1, Shire River
-7000
-5000
-3000
-1000
1000
3000
5000
Slight Risk
Low Risk
Medium Risk
High Risk
14, Ruo
Severe Risk
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Percentage of WRA exposed to each category of sediment ingress to watercourses
100%
12
11
13
14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa
10
1, Shire River
Risk index for aquatic invasive species
Very High risk
Moderate risk
High risk
Medium risk
Low risk
Slight risk
Ground Water
Supply
Surface Water
Supply
Water Demand
WATER
BALANCE
Water Available
Water Quality
Water Resource
Investment Strategy
Component
2
GIS TOOL
Water Hot Spots
Catchment
Degradation
Outputs from this section will comprise:
Sector 1 Water Utilisation

and Future Demand
Sector 2 Water Quality
Sector 3 Catchment
Degradation
Sector 4 Hydrology
& Hydrogeology
Sector 5 Water
Infrastructure
Data Collection
Data Collation and Checking
Data Infilling and Correction
Initial Data Presentation (GIS)
Collect, collate and review policy
documents and district SEPs
and DDPs
Workshop with national water quality

Experts to agree how WQ should be
represented in the WRAS
Describe current economy

& associated water use
Consult and agree on how

to determine potential f uture WQ
Derive potential
f uture economies
Consult on and agree

Economic Futures
Undertake Fitness
f or Use analysis
Derive water demand f or f uture

economies, based on main water
using sectors
Commercial /
Institutional
Agriculture
Represent current and f uture

demand f orecasts in GIS
Future
Mining
Rainf all-runof f modelling

(convert rainfall changes
to flow and recharge effects)
Detailed technical
appraisal
Invasive
Species
Inf estation
Habitat
Integrity
Calculate initial
maximum yields
Generate maximum f uture

yield estimate f or each WRA,
(including climate change effects)
Regional
Water
Boards
City
Water
Boards
Irrigation
schemes
Rural gravity
systems
& BHs / wells
Def ine design and actual

capacity f or all schemes
Define Environmental
Flow Requirements
(EFR)
Surf ace Water
Represent current and f uture

water quality issues in GIS
Review workshop (internal)
Surf ace Water Groundwater
Identif y data types required
Discount land
cover data due
to data issues
Soil
Erosion
Risk
Climate Change
Analysis
(changes to
precipitation)
Generate available f uture

yield estimate f or each WRA
(including EFR constraints)
Current
Domestic
Analyse available data on land cover,

soil erosion hazard, habitat integrity
and invasive species
Represent current (and potential

f uture) catchment degradation
issues in GIS
Represent current and

f uture yields in GIS
Groundwater
Groundwater
Fitness f or Purpose
Analysis
Represent current
inf rastructure in GIS
For each demand and yield scenario and in each WRA, develop a flux between theoretically available yield and forecast demand (taking a ccount of current infrastructure capacity)
GIS Hotspots Analysis (to identify patterns and trends in data and identify initial themes for Investment Strategy options)
WRAS REPORT
Unaccounted for Water

(UFW)
Domestic, Piped
into dwelling
Mining
Domestic,
Piped into yard/plot
Institutional
Domestic,
Community stand pipe
Commercial
Domestic,
Protected well/BH
Domestic,
Unimproved source
Agriculture, Arable
Current Catchment Habitat Integrity

WRA
WRU
3A
3B
3C
3D
3E
3F
Catchment
Habitat
Integrity
Area
D
D
B
B
D
A
90981
38600
78408
117576
99281
74934
Numeric
Catchment
Habitat
Integrity
Risk
contribution
based on % of
total Area
4
4
2
2 Area
74934
195984
4 % of total Area 14.99345 39.21394
1 Risk distribution 14.99345 78.42787
0
228863
0 45.79261
0 183.1704
Total
499781
100
2.77
Overall
CHI
10
The hotspots maps would plot this data as a negative value (i.e. in this example, as demands are
greater than available supplies the shortfall is shown as a deficit and is therefore negative). In
the tables within Annex I, the presence of the resource shortfall is shown by the format of the
text, rather than by a negative value.

in the Final version of the WRAS.
This difference in format within Annex I will be addressed
140,000
EFR (or Minimum Flow Requirements for WRA 1)
120,000
Available surface water yield (Ml/d)
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
Average Annual
Average dry season
Average wet season
Drought dry season

(1991-92)
60,000
Flows for WRAs draining into Lake Malawi
Flows for WRAs either downstream of Lake Malawi or not hydrologically connected
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Average Annual
Average dry season
Average wet season
Drought dry season

(1991-92)
11, Lake Chiuta

7, Rukuru and
1%
Rumphi
9, Lufira / Songwe
2%
1%
2%
8, North
10,
Rukuru South
6,
0%
1%
East
14, Ruo
Dwangwa
Lake
3%
0%
Shore
1%
8%
5, Bua
1%
4, Linthipe
1%
3, South West
Lakeshore
3%
2, Lake
Chilwa
0%
1, Shire River (outlet)

76%
1, Shire River (outlet)

5, Bua
9, Lufira / Songwe
13, Chisumolo Island
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
14, Ruo
5%
2%

11, Lake Chiuta
4, Linthipe
8, North Rukuru
12, Likoma Island
2, Lake Chilw
12%
3%
4%
3, South We
4, Linthipe
0%
5, Bua
34%
6, Dwangwa
9%
7, Rukuru an
8, North Ruk
9, Lufira / So
4%
3%
6%
5%
11%
10, South Ea
1%
11, Lake Chi
12, Likoma I
13, Chisumo
14, Ruo
15, Nkhotako
16, Nkhata B
17, Karonga
90,000
2010
2020
2035
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
Average Annual
Average dry season
Average wet season
Drought dry season

(1991-92)
2010
Fractured Basement
Quaternary Alluvium
Weathered Basement
200
400
600
800
1000
Total sustainable groundwater yield (Ml/d)
1200
1400
Fractured Basement
Quaternary Alluvium
Weathered Basement
14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe

2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Mining
Institutional
Commercial
Agriculture, Arable (Smallholder)
Agriculture, Arable (Estate)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Potentially developable groundwater resource (as proportion of total national resource)
Groundwater total
Surface water total

14, Ruo

12, Likoma Island
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe

2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Groundwater total
Surface water total

14, Ruo

12, Likoma Island
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe

2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
2035
2020
Fractured Basement
Quaternary Alluvium
Weathered Basement
2010
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2% 1%
3%
0%
1%
2% 1%
3%
9%
4%
74%

Agriculture, Arable
2010
Commercial
Institutional
Mining
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500

Commercial
Institutional
Mining
2010
200
400
600
800
1000

Wet
Season

Dry Season
Commercial
Institutional
Mining
Annual
Average
Agriculture, Arable
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1, Shire River
2%
6%
2, Lake Chilwa
1%

0%
0%
13%
4, Linthipe
33%
5, Bua
1%
6, Dwangwa
0%
1%
1%

4%
8, North Rukuru
9, Lufira / Songwe
3%
2%
18%
7%
7%

11, Lake Chiuta
12, Likoma Island
14, Ruo


14, Ruo
12, Likoma Island

11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe

2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400



Yield less than demand during both average and drought dry season.
Shortfalls predicted during average conditions.
2035
(medium)

2020
(high)

2020
(medium)
Commercial
Institutional
Mining
2020
(low)

Agriculture, Arable
2010
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
2035
(medium)

2020
(high)

2020
(medium)
Commercial
Institutional
2020
(low)
Mining
2010
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2035
(medium)

2020
(high)

2020
(medium)
Commercial
Institutional
Mining
2020
(low)

Agriculture, Arable
sustainable
drought
surface
water yield
2010
10000
20000
sustainable
dry season
surface
water yield
30000
40000
50000
1, Shire River
2, Lake Chilwa
5%
6%
21%
4, Linthipe
14%
5, Bua
7%
4%
6, Dwangwa
8, North Rukuru
4%
9, Lufira / Songwe
0%
4%
0%
15%
11, Lake Chiuta
3%
12, Likoma Island
7%
2%
6%
14, Ruo
0%

1%

1, Shire River
2, Lake Chilwa
6%
13%
10%
4, Linthipe
8%
2%
5, Bua
7%
0%
6, Dwangwa
0%
11%
4%

8, North Rukuru
9, Lufira / Songwe
6%

9%
1%
11, Lake Chiuta
12%
10%
1%
12, Likoma Island

0%
14, Ruo

14, Ruo
12, Likoma Island
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
0
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500



Yield less than demand during both average and drought dry season.
Shortfalls predicted during average conditions.
2010 total
dry year
demand
Piped water supply: urban

Piped water supply: semi- urban
2010
Piped water supply: rural

Isolated water supply: rural
Agriculture (arable and livestock)
1000
2000
3000
Total existing infrastructure capacity (Ml/d)
4000
80
90
800
14, Ruo
12 & 13, Islands
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
Current infrastructure capacity (Ml/d)

900
14, Ruo
12 & 13, Islands
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
Current infrastructure capacity (Ml/d)
1000
700
Agriculture (arable and livestock)
600
500
400
300
200
100
100
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Slight Risk
Low Risk
Medium Risk
High Risk
14, Ruo
Severe Risk
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Percentage of WRA exposed to each category of sediment ingress to watercourses
100%
11
12
14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
10
2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
Risk index for aquatic invasive species

13
Very High risk
Moderate risk
High risk
Medium risk
Low risk
Slight risk
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
1, Shire River
16, Nkhata Bay
Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
1, Shire River
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
5, Bua
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
Unsuitable
Good
Poor
Tolerable
1, Shire River
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
5, Bua
Recreational, Full Contact
Recreational, Intermediate Contact
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
1, Shire River
16, Nkhata Bay
Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
5, Bua
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
6, Dwangwa
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua

8, North Rukuru
14, Ruo
9, Lufira / Songwe
1, Shire River
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa

8, North Rukuru
1, Shire River
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
4, Linthipe
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
Industrial, Category III
8, North Rukuru
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
1, Shire River
5, Bua
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
Industrial, Category IV
11, Lake Chiuta
4, Linthipe
9, Lufira / Songwe
11, Lake Chiuta
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
8, North Rukuru
14, Ruo
1, Shire River
14, Ruo
4, Linthipe
Industrial, Category II
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
1, Shire River
14, Ruo
8, North Rukuru
4, Linthipe
5, Bua
Industrial, Category I
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
11, Lake Chiuta
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
4, Linthipe
8, North Rukuru
14, Ruo
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
14, Ruo
9, Lufira / Songwe
Domestic
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
8, North Rukuru
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
1, Shire River
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
Aquaculture
14, Ruo
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
1, Shire River
14, Ruo
Agriculture (Livestock)
Agriculture (Irrigation) - damage to irrigation equip.
Agriculture (Irrigation) - crop quality

17, Karonga
Lakeshore
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
Agriculture (Irrigation) - Damage to irrigation equip.
1, Shire River
2, Lake Chilwa
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
14, Ruo
5, Bua
14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
5, Bua
6, Dwangwa

8, North Rukuru
Unsuitable
Good
Poor
Tolerable
5, Bua
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
14, Ruo
5, Bua

6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua

6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua

8, North Rukuru
1, Shire River
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
14, Ruo
9, Lufira / Songwe
2, Lake Chilwa
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
8, North Rukuru
1, Shire River
1, Shire River
9, Lufira / Songwe
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
4, Linthipe
6, Dwangwa
4, Linthipe
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
1, Shire River
11, Lake Chiuta
11, Lake Chiuta
14, Ruo
8, North Rukuru
14, Ruo
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
5, Bua
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
1, Shire River
9, Lufira / Songwe
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
4, Linthipe
1, Shire River
8, North Rukuru
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
11, Lake Chiuta
4, Linthipe
14, Ruo
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
6, Dwangwa
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
1, Shire River
14, Ruo
8, North Rukuru
4, Linthipe
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
5, Bua
1, Shire River
9, Lufira / Songwe
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
8, North Rukuru
Domestic
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
9, Lufira / Songwe
1, Shire River
6, Dwangwa
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
4, Linthipe
8, North Rukuru
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
1, Shire River
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
Aquaculture
Agriculture - Livestock
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
Agriculture (Irrigation) - damage to irrigation equip.

17, Karonga
Lakeshore
1, Shire River
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
8, North Rukuru
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua
14, Ruo
5, Bua
6, Dwangwa

8, North Rukuru
Unsuitable
Good
Poor
Tolerable
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
2, Lake Chilwa
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua

6, Dwangwa

8, North Rukuru
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
5, Bua

8, North Rukuru
14, Ruo
9, Lufira / Songwe
14, Ruo
9, Lufira / Songwe
1, Shire River
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
1, Shire River
6, Dwangwa
2, Lake Chilwa
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
8, North Rukuru
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
9, Lufira / Songwe
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
5, Bua
1, Shire River
1, Shire River
11, Lake Chiuta
14, Ruo
4, Linthipe
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
8, North Rukuru
14, Ruo
8, North Rukuru
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
9, Lufira / Songwe
6, Dwangwa
2, Lake Chilwa
5, Bua
6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
1, Shire River
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
4, Linthipe
11, Lake Chiuta
8, North Rukuru
4, Linthipe
1, Shire River
9, Lufira / Songwe
5, Bua
9, Lufira / Songwe
11, Lake Chiuta
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
8, North Rukuru
14, Ruo
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
1, Shire River
6, Dwangwa
6, Dwangwa
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
11, Lake Chiuta
4, Linthipe
9, Lufira / Songwe
4, Linthipe
1, Shire River
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
14, Ruo
8, North Rukuru
Domestic
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
1, Shire River
6, Dwangwa
9, Lufira / Songwe
Aquaculture
4, Linthipe
9, Lufira / Songwe
16, Nkhata Bay

Lakeshore
2, Lake Chilwa
6, Dwangwa
17, Karonga
Lakeshore
1, Shire River
4, Linthipe
Agriculture - Livestock
Supply-Demand status
Medium to Large Defict
Small Deficit
Balance (negative)
Balance (positive)
Small Surplus
Medium to Large Surplus
Ml/d
>-1000
-100 to -1000
-100 to 0
0 to 100
100 to 1000
>1000
Resource
Season
Year
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
2
Lake Chilwa
3
4
Linthipe
4-1
5
Bua
5-1
6
Dwangwa
6-1
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
11
Lake Chiuta
14
Ruo
15
16
17
Karonga Lakeshore
Surface Water
Average Dry Season
2010
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
Current
31197
-49
26823
-40
92
-38
1128
-21
-3
-25
-18
14
95
-52
9
-26
-676
-17
-191
-13
772
-15
84
-5
390
-3
279
-8
446
-9
-1
471
-31
569
-18
3152
-6
485
6
Surface Water
Drought Dry Season
2010
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
Current
5176
-49
4956
-40
-105
-38
-88
-21
-262
-25
-100
14
-311
-52
-141
-26
-676
-17
-191
-13
-18
-15
-32
-5
92
-3
-17
-8
-42
-9
-1
-692
-31
-92
-18
-163
-6
405
6
Surface + Groundwater
Annual Average
2010
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
Current
34721
126
27750
3
1428
-34
3335
-2
2394
23
720
18
2044
51
734
21
422
120
513
67
2362
32
649
5
945
12
576
-6
875
-3
-1
4846
275
3375
7
3697
128
629
31

14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
7-1, Mzuzu City

6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4-2, Lilongwe City
4, Linthipe

2-1, Zomba City
2, Lake Chilwa
1-2, Blantyre City

1, Shire River
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40

14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru

6, Dwangwa

5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa

1, Shire River
-1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
Average dry season water resources surplus (positive) or deficit (negative) at 2010 (Ml/d)
5000

14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru

6, Dwangwa

5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa

1, Shire River
-1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Drought dry season water resources surplus (positive) or deficit (negative) at 2010 (Ml/d)
6000
Small Deficit
Balance (negative)
Balance (positive)
Small Surplus
Ml/d
>-1000
-100 to -1000
-100 to 0
0 to 100
100 to 1000
>1000
Resource
Season
Year
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
2
Lake Chilwa
3
4
Linthipe
4-1
5
Bua
5-1
6
Dwangwa
6-1
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
11
Lake Chiuta
14
Ruo
15
16
17
Karonga Lakeshore
Surface Water
Average Dry Season
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
Low Economic Growth
28923
-935
25256
-375
48
-68
1064
-36
-94
-99
-70
-32
36
-88
-17
-43
-690
-32
-201
-23
713
-38
74
-8
368
-9
264
-12
423
-14
-1
393
-54
519
-31
3063
-11
469
3
Surface Water
Drought Dry Season
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
Low Economic Growth
2902
-935
3388
-375
-135
-68
-103
-36
-336
-99
-146
-32
-347
-88
-158
-43
-690
-32
-201
-23
-77
-38
-35
-8
71
-9
-21
-12
-47
-14
-1
-715
-54
-105
-31
-252
-11
389
3
Annual Average
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
Low Economic Growth
34556
-423
27864
-207
1414
-64
3354
-18
2345
-51
682
-28
2035
15
726
3
423
105
512
56
2363
8
653
2
949
6
579
-10
880
-8
-1
4877
252
3403
-6
3732
123
633
27

14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta
9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru
7-1, Mzuzu City

6, Dwangwa
5, Bua
4-2, Lilongwe City
4, Linthipe

2-1, Zomba City
2, Lake Chilwa
1-2, Blantyre City

1, Shire River
-7000
-5000
-3000
-1000
1000
3000
5000
Small Deficit
Balance (negative)
Balance (positive)
Small Surplus
Ml/d
>-1000
-100 to -1000
-100 to 0
0 to 100
100 to 1000
>1000
Resource
Season
Year
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
2
Lake Chilwa
3
4
Linthipe
4-1
5
Bua
5-1
6
Dwangwa
6-1
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
11
Lake Chiuta
14
Ruo
15
16
17
Karonga Lakeshore
Surface Water
Average Dry Season
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
Medium Economic Growth
24927
-4932
23959
-1672
-1980
-2096
-3295
-4395
-167
-172
-105
-67
-1404
-1528
-873
-899
-2156
-1497
-1665
-1487
-54
-805
-34
-115
-618
-995
-160
-436
-749
-1186
-1
-68
-515
-3369
-3920
1689
-1384
-886
-1351
Surface Water
Drought Dry Season
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
-1095
-4932
2091
-1672
-2163
-2096
-4462
-4395
-409
-172
-181
-67
-1786
-1528
-1014
-899
-2156
-1497
-1665
-1487
-844
-805
-143
-115
-915
-995
-444
-436
-1219
-1186
-1
-1176
-515
-3994
-3920
-1626
-1384
-966
-1351
Annual Average
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
32423
-2555
27229
-842
372
-1106
889
-2483
2280
-116
651
-59
1288
-732
280
-443
-338
-656
-247
-703
1974
-382
598
-52
454
-490
366
-223
187
-701
-1
4642
17
1455
-1954
3043
-565
-45
-651

14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru

6, Dwangwa

5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa

1, Shire River
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
1000
2000
3000
Average dry season water resources surplus (positive) or deficit (negative) at 2020 (Ml/d)
4000
5000

14, Ruo
11, Lake Chiuta

9, Lufira / Songwe
8, North Rukuru

6, Dwangwa

5, Bua
4, Linthipe
2, Lake Chilwa

1, Shire River
-5000
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
1000
Drought dry season water resources surplus (positive) or deficit (negative) at 2020 (Ml/d)
2000
3000
Small Deficit
Balance (negative)
Balance (positive)
Small Surplus
Ml/d
>-1000
-100 to -1000
-100 to 0
0 to 100
100 to 1000
>1000
Resource
Season
Year
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
2
Lake Chilwa
3
4
Linthipe
4-1
5
Bua
5-1
6
Dwangwa
6-1
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
11
Lake Chiuta
14
Ruo
15
16
17
Karonga Lakeshore
Surface Water
Average Dry Season
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
High Economic Growth
24886
-4972
23932
-1699
-3443
-3559
-3882
-4982
-203
-208
-121
-83
-3542
-3665
-2415
-2441
-4781
-4123
-4255
-4077
-4482
-5233
-36
-117
-2290
-2667
-320
-596
-1361
-1798
-1
372
-75
-2684
-3235
-1191
-4265
-2232
-2698
Surface Water
Drought Dry Season
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
-1135
-4972
2064
-1699
-3626
-3559
-5049
-4982
-445
-208
-197
-83
-3924
-3665
-2556
-2441
-4781
-4123
-4255
-4077
-5272
-5233
-145
-117
-2587
-2667
-605
-596
-1831
-1798
-1
-736
-75
-3309
-3235
-4506
-4265
-2312
-2698
Annual Average
2020
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
32383
-2595
27133
-938
-370
-1848
512
-2860
2244
-152
791
-74
171
-1849
-370
-1247
-1701
-2019
-1441
-2047
-247
-2602
596
-54
-386
-1329
285
-304
-179
-1067
-1
4856
231
1793
-1616
1601
-2008
-720
-1325
Resource
Season
Year
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
2
Lake Chilwa
3
4
Linthipe
4-1
5
Bua
5-1
6
Dwangwa
6-1
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
11
Lake Chiuta
14
Ruo
15
16
17
Karonga Lakeshore
TOTAL
Surface Water
Average Dry
2010
Water
Resources
Current
31197
26823
92
1128
-3
-18
95
9
-676
-191
772
84
390
279
446
471
569
3152
485
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
Low
28923
25256
48
1064
-94
-70
36
-17
-690
-201
713
74
368
264
423
393
519
3063
469
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
Medium
24927
23959
-1980
-3295
-167
-105
-1404
-873
-2156
-1665
-54
-34
-618
-160
-749
-68
-3369
1689
-886
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
High
24886
23932
-3443
-3882
-203
-121
-3542
-2415
-4781
-4255
-4482
-36
-2290
-320
-1361
372
-2684
-1191
-2232
38481
35572
11676
-5190
Small Deficit
Balance (negative)
Balance (positive)
Small Surplus
Ml/d
>-1000
-100 to -1000
-100 to 0
0 to 100
100 to 1000
>1000
Resource
Season
Year
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
2
Lake Chilwa
3
4
Linthipe
4-1
5
Bua
5-1
6
Dwangwa
6-1
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
11
Lake Chiuta
14
Ruo
15
16
17
Karonga Lakeshore
Surface Water
Average Dry Season
2035
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
24166
-3612
22446
-1335
-1890
-1984
-3391
-4417
-430
-409
-252
-206
-1111
-1200
-616
-629
-1650
-991
-1154
-976
101
-596
-52
-121
-554
-908
-187
-447
-790
-1201
-2
-144
-507
-3062
-3558
1561
-1387
-914
-1359
Surface Water
Drought Dry Season
2035
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
-1855
-3612
579
-1335
-2051
-1984
-4484
-4417
-646
-409
-320
-206
-1458
-1200
-744
-629
-1650
-991
-1154
-976
-689
-596
-149
-121
-851
-908
-455
-447
-1233
-1201
-2
-1168
-507
-3632
-3558
-1695
-1387
-994
-1359
Annual Average
2035
Water
Infrastructure
Resources
33556
-1993
27713
-842
407
-1092
906
-2517
2071
-363
521
-201
1443
-617
405
-332
-75
-415
16
-454
2072
-321
601
-60
491
-467
363
-234
186
-715
-2
4692
-13
1675
-1793
3093
-574
-45
-660
Resource
Season
Year
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
2
Lake Chilwa
3
4
Linthipe
4-1
5
Bua
5-1
6
Dwangwa
6-1
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
11
Lake Chiuta
14
Ruo
15
16
17
Karonga Lakeshore
TOTAL
Surface Water
Average Dry
2010
Water
Resources
Current
31197
26823
92
1128
-3
-18
95
9
-676
-191
772
84
390
279
446
471
569
3152
485
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
Medium
24927
23959
-1980
-3295
-167
-105
-1404
-873
-2156
-1665
-54
-34
-618
-160
-749
-68
-3369
1689
-886
Surface Water
Average Dry
2035
Water
Resources
Medium
24166
22446
-1890
-3391
-430
-252
-1111
-616
-1650
-1154
101
-52
-554
-187
-790
-144
-3062
1561
-914
38481
11676
11654
Development objectives
Component 1 assessments
Stakeholder engagement
1. Identification of project
and sector investment
options
2. Option development
3. Economic assessment
4. Prioritisation and
recommendations
5. Implementation analysis
Agricultural
and Energy
Strategies
1. Identification of
project and sector
investment options
2. Option
development
Component 1 hot spot

issues & supply-demand
projections
Water Supply &

Other Plans
Irrigation &
hydropower
investment
options
Insufficient resources to
allow full scale proposed
development
All other
investment
options
Sufficient
Water balance resources
model and option
development
Irrigation &
hydropower
scenario
modelling
3. Economic
assessment
4. Prioritisation and
recommendation
5. Implementation
analysis
Economic
assessment
Prioritisation
Implementation
analysis
WET SEASON
Reservoir throughflow
LW **
(%)
Available water
XW
Storage
AW ***
Z
Reservoir
refill
LD **
HEP station
(%)
XD
Storage
AD ***
Z
Reservoir
refill
ZT*
Outflows
Flow available for

downstream use
OW
DSW
Outflows
Flow available for

downstream use
OD
DSD
Environment
EFW
ZT*
DRY SEASON
Available water
HEP station
Environment
EFD
Resource
Season
Year
Growth Scenario
1
Shire River
1-1
2
Lake Chilwa
3
4
Linthipe
4-1
5
Bua
5-1
6
Dwangwa
6-1
7
Rukuru and Rumphi
8
North Rukuru
9
Lufira / Songwe
10
11
Lake Chiuta
14
Ruo
15
16
17
Karonga Lakeshore
TOTAL
Surface Water
Average Dry
2010
Water
Resources
Current
31197
26823
92
1128
-3
-18
95
9
-676
-191
772
84
390
279
446
471
569
3152
485
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
Low
28923
25256
48
1064
-94
-70
36
-17
-690
-201
713
74
368
264
423
393
519
3063
469
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
Medium
24927
23959
-1980
-3295
-167
-105
-1404
-873
-2156
-1665
-54
-34
-618
-160
-749
-68
-3369
1689
-886
Surface Water
Average Dry
2020
Water
Resources
High
24886
23932
-3443
-3882
-203
-121
-3542
-2415
-4781
-4255
-4482
-36
-2290
-320
-1361
372
-2684
-1191
-2232
38481
35572
11676
-5190
WS Atkins International Ltd in association with

Wellfield Consulting Services (Pty) Ltd and Interconsult Malawi
WS Atkins International Ltd

Woodcote Grove
Ashley Road
Epsom
Surrey
UNITED KINGDOM
Government of Malawi
Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development
Private Bag 390
Lilongwe
MALAWI
11

Main Report DRAFT - Water Resources Assessment

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Main Report DRAFT - Water Resources Assessment

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Government of the Republic of Malawi

Ministry of Irrigation and Water Development

Water Resources Investment Strategy

WS Atkins International Ltd in association with

Flows for WRAs draining into Lake Malawi

Availavle surface water resource (above EFR or prescribed minimum flow)

Average dry season

Average wet season

Drought dry season

17, Karonga Lakeshore

16, Nkhata Bay Lakeshore

Surface water total

15, Nkhotakota Lakeshore

13, Chizumulu Island

10, South East Lake Shore

3, South West Lakeshore

Sustainable available annual average water resource (Ml/d)

Domestic, Piped into dwelling

Domestic, Piped into yard/plot

Domestic, Protected well/BH

Domestic, Unimproved source

Unaccounted for water

Total Average Water Demand (Ml/d)

Domestic, Piped into dwelling

Domestic, Piped into yard/plot

Domestic, Protected well/BH

Total Average Water Demand (Ml/d)

Domestic, Piped into dwelling

Domestic, Piped into yard/plot

Domestic, Protected well/BH

Domestic, Unimproved source

Unaccounted for water

Total Average Water Demand (Ml/d)

Total dry season demand

Average dry season yield

Dry season yield exceeded

Total dry season demand

Average dry season yield

Dry season yield exceeded

17, Karonga Lakeshore

15, Nkhotakota Lakeshore

12, Likoma Island

3, South West Lakeshore

17, Karonga Lakeshore

7, Rukuru and Rumphi

3, South West Lakeshore

1-2, Blantyre City

17, Karonga Lakeshore

7, Rukuru and Rumphi

3, South West Lakeshore

1-2, Blantyre City

17, Karonga Lakeshore

16, Nkhata Bay Lakeshore

15, Nkhotakota Lakeshore

10, South East Lake Shore

Percentage of WRA exposed to each category of sediment ingress to watercourses

17, Karonga Lakeshore

16, Nkhata Bay Lakeshore

15, Nkhotakota Lakeshore

11, Lake Chiuta

10, South East Lake Shore

7, Rukuru and Rumphi

3, South West Lakeshore

Risk index for aquatic invasive species