1.0.

INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, many industrial products are manufactured for the goodness of
mankind. The products are either made up from sulphuric acid, ammonia, alloys,
synthetic polymers, glass, ceramics or composite materials. These products can be
made for many uses. Therefore, we need to know how these products were
manufactured, what are their physical and chemical properties and others as well. Even
though the products of these materials are designed for good uses, there are always the
bad effects. We shall also go through the environmental pollution caused by the byproduct of these materials; during manufacture and also during usage so that we can
avoid the circumstances. By the way, in order to appreciate the various industries in our
country, we should understand these substances and products a lot more.
The manufactured substances in industries that will be further discussed in this
assignment are:
Synthetic Polymers
Glass & Ceramics
Composite Materials
These substances are widely used in the industries in Malaysia. So, we may
need to understand some of the examples of the products.
2.0. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of making this portfolio are mainly to appreciate the
manufactured substances in Malaysia. Therefore, I have done all I could to get these
objectives could be fulfilled. However, the other objectives are:
To evaluate the details of synthetic polymers (natural occurring, uses,
environmental pollution)
To determine the different types, composition, properties and uses of
glass and ceramics
To understand composite metals & evaluate their uses
To appreciate various synthetic industrial materials
Synthetics Polymers
Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to
natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to
biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are
created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers.
Naturally occur
Chitin
Chitin is a modified polysaccharide that contains nitrogen; it is synthesized from units
of N-acetylglucosamine . These units form covalent -1,4 linkages .Therefore, chitin may
be described as cellulose with one hydroxyl group on each monomer replaced with

an acetyl amine group. This allows for increased hydrogen bonding between
adjacent polymers, giving the chitin-polymer matrix increased strength.
Uses:
-in food processing include the formation edible films and as an additive to thicken and
stabilize foods[12] and pharmaceuticals
-may be employed for affinity purification of recombinant protein
- as surgical thread
Lignin
Lignin is a complex polymer of aromatic alcohols known as monolignols. It is most
commonly derived from wood, and is an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants
and some algae.
Uses:
-fills the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose,
and pectin components, especially in xylem tracheids, vessel elementsand sclereid cells
- plays a significant role in the carbon cycle, sequestering atmospheric carbon into the
living tissues of woody perennial vegetation
Glycogen
Glycogen serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungal cells, with
the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue. Glycogen is made primarily by
the liver and the muscles, but can also be made by glycogenesis within
the brain and stomach.
Uses:
- an energy reserve for animals.
- yields glucose on hydrolysis.
Synthetic Polymers
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is
a polyethylene thermoplastic made frompetroleum. It is sometimes called "alkathene" or
"polythene" when used for pipes.
Uses:
- used inthe production of plastic bottles
- used in production of corrosion-resistant piping,
- used in electrical insulation, bottles & toys
Polyvinyl chloride(PVC)
Polyvinyl chloride(PVC), more correctly but unusually poly(vinyl chloride), commonly
abbreviated PVC, is the third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer,
after polyethylene and polypropylene
Uses :
- used as the insulation on electrical cables.
- used in clothing, to either create a leather-like material or at times simply for the effect of
PVC

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from the monomer ethylene. It
was the first grade ofpolyethylene, produced in 1933 by Imperial Chemical
Industries (ICI) using a high pressure process via free radical polymerization.
Uses:
- used for manufacturing various containers
- common use is in plastic bags
- used for manufacturing dispensing bottles
Monomers

Synthetic Polymers
Polyethylene
Low Density (LDPE)
Polyethylene
High Density (HDPE)
Poly(Vinyl Chloride)
(PVC)
Poly(Vinylidene
chloride)
(Saran A)
Polystyrene
(PS)
Polyacrylonitrile
(PAN, Orlon, Acrilan)
Polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE, Teflon)
Poly (Vinyl Acetate)
(PVAc)

Formula
(CH2-CH2)n
(CH2-CH2)n
(CH2-CHCl)n
(CH2-CCl2)n
[CH2-CH(C6H5)]n
(CH2-CHCN)n
(CF2-CF2)n
(CH2-CHOCOCH3)n

Nylon

Perspex

cis-Polyisoprene
(Natural Rubber)
Polychloroprene
(cis + trans) (Neoprene)

[CH2-CH=C(CH3)CH2]n

[CH2-CH=CCl-CH2]n

Monomer
ethylene
CH2=CH2
ethylene
CH2=CH2
vinyl chloride
CH2=CHCl

Uses
Used in film wrap,
plastic bags
Used in electrical
insulation, bottles & toys
Used in pipes, siding &
flooring

vinylidene chloride
CH2=CCl2

Used in seat covers &

films

styrene
CH2=CHC6H5
acrylonitrile
CH2=CHCN

Used in toys, cabinets &

packaging
Used in rugs, blankets &
clothing
Used in non-stick
surfaces / electrical
insulation
Used in latex paints &
adhesives

tetrafluoroethylene
CF2=CF2
vinyl acetate
CH2=CHOCOCH3
Hexane-1, 6 diol
Benzene, 4dicarboxylic acid
Methylmethacrylate
isoprene
CH2=CHC(CH3)=CH2
chloroprene
CH2=CH-CCl=CH2

Used in clothing, sails

and ropes
Safety glass, reflectors,
traffic lights and lens
Requires vulcanization
for practical use and
vulcanized rubber is used
in tyres
It is a synthetic rubber
and is oil resistant so
used in mats