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Constant
Equilibrium Constants can be related to free energy via the
formula:
G = -RT In K
R universal gas constant = 8.314 JK-1mol-1
T Temperature in K
K equilibrium constant
Acid-Base Equilibria
Acids and bases can be defined in a number of ways:
Arrhenius Acids are proton generators: they dissociate to give H+
Bronsted-Lowry
Acids are proton donors
Bases are proton acceptors
Acid-Base Equilibria
When a Bronsted-Lowry acid dissociates in water, it reacts
reversibly with water in an acid-dissociation equilibrium,
where a hydronium ion, H3O+, is formed (conjugate acid of
water).
Acid-Base Equilibria
Dissociation of Water
Water can act as both an acid or a base.
Water dissociates
22 () = 3 + + ()
Dissociation of Water
= [3 + ]
For water at 25C:
[3 + ] = 1.0 107 M
= 1.0 107 M
= [3 + ] = (1.0 107 )(1.0 107 )
= 1.0 1014
pH
= log[3 + ]
pH
Example 1:
If a sample of lemon juice contains [H3O+] = 2.5 x 10-3 M, what is
the pH of the lemon juice?
Example 2:
Calculate the pH of an aqueous ammonia solution that has an
[OH-] concentration of 1.9 x 10-3M.
Example 3:
Calculate the concentration of OH- ions in a solution with pH =
12.1.
Electrochemistry
The area of chemistry concerned with the inter-conversion of
chemical and electrical energy.
A device for interconverting chemical and electrical energy is
called an electrochemical cell (battery).
Recall:
Oxidation is loss of electrons.
Reduction is gain of electrons.
Galvanic Cell
Galvanic Cell
The metal strips in the half cells are referred to as electrodes.
Cell Notation
For the reaction:
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Abbreviated cell notation can be written as:
Cell Notation
Anode is always written on the left of the salt bridge.
Cathode is written on the right.
solutes at 1 M concentrations
gases at a partial pressure of 1 atm,
solids and liquids in pure form,
with all at a specified temperature, usually 25 C.
Look up the standard reduction potential for the Al3+/Al halfcell, and calculate the standard reduction potential for the
Cr3+/Cr half-cell.