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DISCUSSION:

From the experiment, the best operating range for the pump is from 1439 rpm . This
is base on the characteristics of the pump at that instant speed. From our analysis, the average
efficiency is equal to 0.383%. While for brake horsepower the average value is 165.76 Watt
and the head is 4.32 m. From the three average of that value, it is found that the flow rate, Q
is between the ranges of 0 to 273 (liter/minutes). Therefore due to this factor, we have chosen
that the pump will operate efficiently between this range compare to the other two speeds.
The efficiency of the pump tends to fall because of the increasing frictional losses in
the long blade passages of these narrow impellers. Since impeller blade have finite thickness,
an impellers with too many blades leads to passage losses due to excessive flow and large
skin friction drag. Also, the efficiencies depend upon the design of the machine, shape of the
blade and, hence, the capacity handled.

CONCLUSION :
From the experiment, the characteristics of this pump which is the efficiency, brake
horsepower and the head can be defined by using a different speed of pump. Thus, the
objective of this experiment is achieved in order to define any centrifugal pump
characteristics.
It also can be concluded that the main objectives of this experiment have been
achieved successfully. We can also determine all the parameters required. However, it is to be
noted that, some of the value of readings obtained may be inaccurate due to certain errors that
occurred during the experiment i.e. parallax error and human error. Yet it still leads and
produced the expected results accordingly and as required.

DISCUSSION:
For this experiment, we have follow the procedure in order to obtain the performance
characteristic of the pump by using variable speed operating centrifugal pump at three
impeller speeds. The pump performance characteristic, which is pressure (head) jump, power
requirement, flow rate influence and pump speed influence. Below is the obtain data result
for the experiment.

Water Head

Speed
(rpm)
N1=1439
N2=2178
N3=2945

(m)
Start
5.87
13.85
25.90

End
2.11
4.71
10.33

Output Power

Volume Flow Rate

Efficiency

(W)

(m3/s)

(%)

46.47
161.70
460.91

2.25
3.5
4.55

23.7
25.3
30.5

Based on the table above, we can see the overall data result obtained from the
experiment from three different speed. In these three speeds, all value for water head pump
from the start to the end of the experiment is decreased. This is because due to starting point
of the discharge pressure where we slowly decreased the amount of pressure in certain gap,
and as expected it effect the value of water head result.

For output power and volume flow rate obtain from the experiment, we can see the
increased number of value in volume flow rate due to water height is increasing in the matter
of time. For output power, it also can be put as increasing but if we see the data obtain from
the experiment, we can see the inclined and declined number of data. The output power is
affected due to the water head value, where if the water head is decreased, the output will be
decreased. By comparing with these three speeds, we can say the more speed is occurred in
the experiment, the bigger number of output power will produced.

For the efficiency, the number of the effectiveness of the experiment data is increasing
due to the increasing value of the speed. In this part, we can see that we may have some error
occurred in this experiment where our overall efficiency is low which is in 20-30% range. We

can say the bigger number of efficiency, the bigger effectiveness of the operated machine. To
get the better efficiency, the rate of power output and input must be bigger.

Other error that may occur during the experiment is parallax error when taking the
data reading of water height. Also it happens in pressure gauge for inlet pressure. And when
the adjusting the discharge water pressure, the machine cause other apparatus, such as the
discharge pipe is vibrating extremely hard. This may be due to the material of pipe which it
cannot absorb the vibration, and a steel pipe is recommended in this situation.

CONCLUSION:
From the nut shell, we can say that we have achieve our objective, which is to obtain
performance characteristics for variable speed centrifugal pump operating in three different

impeller speeds. Based on the graph obtain from the data result, we can see the entire graph
are inclined at first then slowly it started to declined. Based on these three speed
performance, we can see the difference of parameter calculated to achieving our objective.

DISCUSSION:
From the experiment, we conducted three tests which are at pump speed of 50%, 75%
and 100%. The test requires us to record the values for water height, torque, inlet pressure

and discharge pressure. For each test, we are required to plot graph head pump vs flow rate,
graph efficiency vs flow rate and graph shaft power vs flow rate. From the graph, we can see
clearly the relationship between flow rate and head pump, efficiency and shaft power.

Below are the important details for 3 different speeds of pump.

For the pump speed, N1 = 1439 rpm:

The efficiency is proportional to the flow rate and it is increase until the maximum
value of 38.30%.

The water head of pump is decrease slowly from 5.87 m to 2.11 m.

For the pump speed, N2 = 2178 rpm:

The efficiency is proportional to the flow rate and it is increase until the maximum
value of 46.2o%.

The water head of pump is decrease slowly from 13.85m to 4.71m

For the pump speed N3 = 2945 rpm:

The efficiency is proportional to the flow rate and it is increase until the maximum
value of 49.30%.

The water head of pump is decrease slowly from 25.90 m to 10.33 m.

From our inspection, it is found that the overall efficiencies of centrifugal pumps are high, of
the order of 90% in the range. They tend to fall of rapidly at lower type numbers, mainly
because of the increased frictional losses in the long inter blade passages of these narrow
impellers.

Also, the efficiencies depend upon the size of the machine and, hence, the capacity handled.
The larger the machine, the higher is the efficiency.

CONCLUSION:

From the experiment, we can conclude that the best performance of this centrifugal
pump to operate is at speed N1 = 1439 rpm and flow rate, Q between the range of 0 to 130
(liter/minutes). By doing this experiment also, all the characteristics of this pump which is
efficiency, break horsepower and the head can be defined by using a different speed of pump,
and thus the objective of this experiment is achieved already. Finally, we can conclude that
this experiment is success by achieve the objective.

DISCUSSION:

According to my observation, it is known that the centrifugal pump is a type of turbo


machines which has two main components;

an impeller attached to a rotating shaft

stationary casing which cover the impeller

The impeller consists of a few blades arranged in a pattern around the shaft. Theoretically,
both pressure and absolute velocity are increased as the fluid flows from the eye to the
periphery of the blades. But the results obtained shows quite a great result and meet the
objectives besides all the difficulties I had experienced during the experiment as to be
compared with typical performance characteristics for a centrifugal pump, it is not that far.
Maybe there are several mistakes have been made s during the experiment such example by
taking inaccurate data and etc. This happen because it takes some times for the water in the
basin to achieve its steady state as the measurement meter cant be read as long as the water
still churning. Otherwise maybe the machine itself is quite old and the efficiency of the
equipment has dropped a little bit. While doing the experiment, I have taken the data for
several times in order to ensure that the data is accurate by taking average data for all
readings. The best operating range for the 3 different speed controls are determined from the
graph at the highest pump efficiency that is the best condition for the pump to operate

CONCLUSION:

As a conclusion, what I get here is that I know what a centrifugal pump is and how it
functioned. I also learned new knowledge on the performance characteristics which is very
useful for me as a future mechanical engineer in order for me to select an appropriate pump
for several operations, which depends largely on the brake horsepower, the efficiency, and
also the pump head varies with the capacity or the flow rate. All these need to be considered
in selecting an ideal pump.

DISCUSSION:

There are major and minor losses in the piping system for example friction in the pipe
surfaces, elevation of the piping system, vibration of the centrifugal pump, valves, cavitations
occur at the impeller blade, etc. For a fluid entering a circular pipe at a uniform velocity.
Because of the no-slip condition, the fluid particle in the layer in contact with the surface of
the pipe comes to complete. This layer also causes the fluid particle in adjacent layers to slow
down gradually as a result of friction.
For friction, elevation and vibration losses, we cannot avoid these losses but we can
minimize it, but we can prevent the cavitations by minimize the performance parameter
which is called as the required net positive suction head (NPSHrequired) to give us a better result
and increase the efficiency.
For a minor losses, the fluid in typical piping system passes through various fitting
valves, bends, elbows, tees, inlet, exit, enlargement, and contractions in addition to the pipes.
These components interrupt the smooth flow of the fluid and cause additional losses because
of the flow separation and mixing they induce. In a typical system with long pipes, these
losses are minor compared to the total head loss in the pipes (the major losses) and are called
minor losses. Although this is generally true, in some cases the minor losses may be greater
than the major losses. This is the case, for example in system with several turns and valves in
a short distance. The head loss introduced by a completely open valve, for example, may be
negligible. But a partially closed valve may cause the largest head loss in the system, as
evidenced by the drop in the flow rate. Flow through valves and a fitting is very complex, and
a theoretical analysis is generally not plausible. Therefore, minor losses are determined
experimentally, usually by the manufactures of the components.
There is also an error that cause from the reading that we taken while undergo the experiment
and to minimize this error, we can do some action to overcome this problems. The actions
that we must consider during the experiment are:

1. The apparatus must be check carefully to make sure it is in a good condition before
carrying the experiment because it may effects the results of the experiment.

2. The reading at the pump suction and delivery pressure gauges must be read with more
carefully to avoid any error.
3. The reading should be taken several times and the average value should be taken to
know the average reading that more accurate.
4. The eyes must sharp and perpendicular to the scale of the water level.

CONCLUSION:
From the experiment, we can conclude that the performance characteristics of a
centrifugal pump from the theory are a little bit similar with the result from the experimental

value. The different value from the theory is because of some errors and losses in the system
and also a little bit error in reading process.

DISCUSSION:

This experiment has been carried out to differentiate and identify the properties of
pump by different speed. Three tests have been carried out to identify the properties of the
pump at different speed. For the pump speed, Test 1, N1 = 1439rpm, the efficiency increase
as the flow rate increase until the maximum value of effeciency of 38.3% and at the flow rate
of 1.5 m3/s. The head of pump decrease slowly from 5.87m to 2.11m as the valve is opened.
The brake horsepower (bhp) is increase proportionally to the flow rate from 75.35W to
195.90W. For Test 2, the pump speed, N2 = 2178rpm, the efficiency is proportional to the
flow rate and it increases until the maximum value of 46.2% and at the flow rate of 2.05 m3/s.
The reduction of head pump slowly decrease from 13.85m to 4.71m as the water flow rate
increases until maximum flow rate of 3.5 m3/s. The slope for the brake horsepower graph
increases as the flow rate increase to maximum value. The maximum bhp is 638.62W, and the
best bhp with the highest effeciency for this operating speed of the pump is 501.78W. In Test
3, the pump speed used is N3 = 2945rpm. The effeciency is proportional to the flow rate and
it is increase until the maximum value of 50.0%. The head of pump decrease slowly from
25.90m to 10.33m. The brake horsepower is proportional to the flow rate and it is increased
from 493.44 W to 1511.16W.
The effeciencies of the pump depends on the size of the machine and, hence, the capacity
handled. The larger the machine, the higher is the efficiency. From our observation, overall,
for the case of motor speed with the percentage with 50% and 75% the condition of the result
is almost the same. The readings are different but the condition is almost the same. In the case
of the torque, the values keep increasing for conditions, 50% and 75%. As for the average
pump speed also, both conditions stated the same result, which keep on increasing. For Test
1, the reading for Q is from 0 to 2.25 m3/s and for Test 2 the value of Q is from 0 to 3.50 m3/s.
As for the efficiency, we can see that in both conditions it increase first but later on it
decreased because of the flow rates. In the other hand, as for the bhp, the same thing happens
also because of the flow rates where the valve is fully opened causing less pressure. In all
cases, 50%, 75%, and 100% motor speed, the values of the head keeps on decreasing.

CONCLUSION

As the conclusion from this experiment, the objective of the experiment has been achieved.
From the experiment, we know that the principal dependent variables in the pump are the
head ( h ), brake horsepower (bhp) and the efficiency (). The efficiency depends upon the
size of machine and hence, the capacity handled. The larger the machine, the higher is the
efficiency. As the speed of pump increases, the torque (T) increases, followed by the brake
horse power (bhp) and also the volume flow rate (Q). Since the pump speed increase, the
head value of the pump will also increase.

INTRODUCTION
Pump

A pump is a device used to move gases, liquids or slurries. A pump moves liquids
or gases from lower pressure to higher pressure, and overcomes this difference
in pressure by adding energy to the system (such as a water system). A gas
pump is generally called a compressor, except in very low pressure-rise
applications, such as in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning, where the
operative equipment consists of fans or blowers.

Centrifugal pump
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to
increase the velocity of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move
liquids through a piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near
to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward
into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the downstream piping
system. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads.

Figure 1.Basic element of a centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pump works

A centrifugal pump works by the conversion of the rotational kinetic


energy, typically from an electric motor or turbine, to an increased static fluid
pressure. This action is described by Bernoulli's principle. The rotation of the
pump impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid as it is drawn in from the
impeller eye (centre) and is forced outward through the impeller vanes to the
periphery. As the fluid exits the impeller, the fluid kinetic energy (velocity) is then
converted to (static) pressure due to the change in area the fluid experiences in
the volute section. Typically the volute shape of the pump casing (increasing in
volume), or the diffuser vanes (which serve to slow the fluid, converting to
kinetic energy in to flow work) are responsible for the energy conversion. The
energy conversion results in an increased pressure on the downstream side of
the pump, causing flow.

Cavitations is the problems in the pump.It is defined as the phenomenon


of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure
of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure. Cavitation is usually divided into two
classes of behavior: inertial (or transient) cavitation and non-inertial cavitation.
Inertial cavitation is the process where a void or bubble in a liquid rapidly
collapses, producing a shock wave. Such cavitation often occurs in pumps,
propellers, impellers, and in the vascular tissues of plants. Non-inertial cavitation
is the process in which a bubble in a fluid is forced to oscillate in size or shape
due to some form of energy input, such as an acoustic field. Such cavitation is
often employed in ultrasonic cleaning baths and can also be observed in pumps,
propellers etc.

Due to the general complexity of flow through a centrifugal pump ,the


actual performance of the pump cannot be predicted on a completely theoretical
basis .Actual pump performance is determine experimentally through test on the
pump and the result are presented as pump performance curve .Performance
characteristics for a given pump geometry and operating speed are usually given
in the form of plots of head rise ,efficiency and power versus flow rate
( commonly referred as capacity).This information is most helpful to the engineer
responsible for incorporating pump into a given pipe flow system.

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