* CHAPTER - 3

METALS AND NON

METALS
CLASS
MADE BY

:- X
:- MANAS MAHAJAN

* 1a) Physical properties of metals :*Metals are solids. (except mercury)

*Metals are hard. (except Lithium, Potassium, Sodium)
*Metals have metallic lustre. (shine)
*Metals are malleable. (can be beaten into thin

sheets)
*Metals are ductile. (can be drawn into wires)
*Metals have high melting points. (Gallium and
Ceasium have low melting points. They melt in the
palm of the hand)
*Metals have high boiling points.
*Metals are good conductors of heat. ( Best
conductors are silver and copper. Poor conductors are
Lead and Mercury)
*Metals are good conductors of electricity. ( Best
conductors are Silver and Copper)
are sonorus.
*Metals
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* b) Physical properties of non metals :-

*Non metals may be solids, liquids or gases. (Solids

Carbon, Sulphur, Phosphorus etc. Liquid

Bromine, Gases Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen etc.)
*Non metals are soft. (except diamond which is the
hardest natural substance)
*Non metals do not have lustre.( except iodine
cryatals)
*Non metals are not malleable.
*Non metals are not ductile.
*Non metals which are solids and liquids have low
melting points.
*Non metals which are solids and liquids have low
boiling points.
*Non metals are bad conductors of heat.
*Non metals are bad conductors of electricity.
(except graphite)
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metals are not sonorus.
*Non

2) Chemical properties of metals :-

i) Reaction with oxygen :-

Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides.

When copper is heated it combines with oxygen to form copper
oxide.
2Cu + O2
2CuO
When aluminium is heated it combines with oxygen to form
aluminium
oxide. 4Al + 3O 2
2Al2O3
Some metal oxides are basic oxides because they react with
water to
form bases.
4Na + O2
2Na2O
Na2O + H2O
2NaOH
K + O2
K 2O
K 2O + H 2O
2KOH
Some metal oxides show acidic and basic properties. They are
called
amphoteric oxides. Eg :- Aluminium oxide, Zinc oxide etc.
Al2O3 + 6HCl
2AlCl 3 + 3H2O
(basic)
Al2O3 + NaOH
NaAlO 2 + H2O
(acidic)
(Sodium aluminate)

The reactivity of different metals with oxygen is different :-

*Metals like potassium and sodium react vigorously with

oxygen and catch fire if kept in open. Hence they are
stored in kerosene to prevent burning.
*If magnesium is heated, it burns with a bright flame.
*If iron is heated it glows brightly.
*If copper is heated it does not burn but forms a black
coating of copper oxide.
*Silver and gold does not react with oxygen even at
high temperature.
*Some metals like magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead
etc. forms an oxide layer over it which prevents further
oxidation. They are called self protecting metals.

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ii) Reaction with water :-

Metals react with water to form metal oxides or metal hydroxides

and
hydrogen.
2Na + 2H2O
2NaOH + H2
2K + H2O
2KOH + H2
Ca + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2
2Al + 3H2O
Al2O3 + H2
3Fe + 4H2O
Fe2O3 + 4H2

The reactivity of different metals with water is

different :-

- Sodium and potassium react violently with cold water to form

sodium
hydroxide and hydrogen and catches fire.
- Calcium reacts less violently with water to form calcium hydroxide
and water and does not catch fire.
- Magnesium reacts only with hot water to form magnesium
hydroxide
and hydrogen.
- Metals like aluminium, iron and zinc react only with steam to form
the metal oxides and hydrogen.
- Metals like lead, copper, silver and gold do not react with water.

iii) Reaction with acids :-

Metals react with dilute acids to form salts and

hydrogen.
Mg + 2HCl
MgCl2 + H2
2Al + 6 HCl
2AlCl3 + 3H2
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2 + H2
Fe + 2HCl
FeCl2 + H2
The reactivity varies from metal to metal. For the
above metals the decreasing order of reactivity is Mg >
Al > Zn > Fe.

Copper, silver and gold do not react with dilute HCl.

Hydrogen gas is not evolved when metals react with
nitric acid (HNO3) because it is a strong oxidising agent
and it oxidises the H2 produced to water and is itself
reduced to oxides of nitrogen.
3Cu + 8HNO3
3Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO2

iv) Reaction of metals with metal salt solutions :-

A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal

from its salt solution. (Displacement reaction)
Magnesium displaces copper from copper sulphate
solution.
Mg + CuSO4
MgSO4 + Cu
Zinc displaces copper from copper sulphate solution.
Zn + CuSO4
ZnSO4 + Cu
Iron displaces copper from copper sulphate solution
Fe + CuSO4
FeSO4 + Cu
after 15 20 minutes

3) Reactivity series of metals :-

The arranging of metals in the decreasing order

of their reactivity is called reactivity series of
metals.
K
- Potassium
Most reactive
Na - Sodium
Ca - Calcium
Mg - Magnesium
Al - Aluminium
Zn - Zinc
Reactivity decreases
Fe - Iron
Pb - Lead
H - Hydrogen
Cu - Copper
Hg - Mercury
Ag - Silver
Au - Gold
Least reactive

4) How do metals an non metals react ?

Metals :- lose electrons and become positive ions. So they are

called electropositive elements.

Eg :- The atomic number of sodium is 11, its electronic configuration
is
2,8,1, it has 1 valence electron. It loses 1 electron and forms a
sodium
ion Na +
Na
AN = 11
EC = 2,8,1
Mg
AN = 12
EC = 2,8,2

+ 1 e-

Na

2,8
Mg

2+

+ 2 e-

2,8

Non metals :- gain electrons and become negative ions. So they

are called electro negative elements.

Eg:- The atomic number of chlorine is 17, its electronic configuration
is
2,8,7, it has 7 valence. It gains 1 electron and forms a chloride ion Cl
-

Cl + 1 eAN = 17
EC = 2,8,7
O + 2eAN = 8
EC = 2,6

Cl 2,8,8
O 22,8

5a) Formation of sodium chloride molecule NaCl

Na
NaCl
AN = 11
EC = 2,8,1

xx
xx

+
x
xCl

xx

x
x
.Na
x
xx

Cl

AN = 17
EC = 2,8,7

The atomic number of Na is 11, its electronic

configuration is 2,8,1, it has 1 valence electron,
it loses 1 electron to form Na + ion. The atomic
number of Cl is 17, its electronic configuration is
2,8,7, it has 7 valence electrons, it gains 1
electron to form Cl - ion. Then the attraction
between the Na + ion and Cl - ion results in the
formation of sodium chloride molecule NaCl.

b) Formation of Magnesium chloride molecule MgCl2

Mg
AN = 12
EC = 2,8,2
Cl + 1e
AN = 17
EC = 2,8,7

..

Mg
+
MgCl2

Mg

xx

2e

Cl

2,8,8

Cl xx

Cl

2,8

xx
xx
xx

2+

x
x

. Cl
Mg

x
x

. Cl

x
x

2+

xx
xx

xx
xx

The AN of Mg is 12, its EC is 2,8,2, it has 2 valence electrons,

it loses 2 electrons to form Mg 2+ . The AN of Cl is 17, its EC is
2,8,7, it has 7 valence electrons, it gains 1 electron to form Cl
-. Then the attraction between Mg 2+ ion and 2 Cl - ions results
in the formation of Magnesium chloride molecule MgCl 2 .

6) Ionic compounds (Electrovalent compounds) :-

Ionic compounds are compounds formed by the transfer

of electrons from a metal to a non metal.

Properties of ionic compounds :i) They are formed by the transfer of electrons and are
made up of
ions.
i) They are crystalline solids.
ii) They have high melting points and boiling points.
iii) They are soluble in water but insoluble in organic
solvents (like
petrol, kerosene etc.)
iv) They conduct electricity in molten state or in solution.

7a) Occurence of metals :-

Some metals like gold, silver, platinum etc are found in the free
state in the earths crust because they are least reactive. Most
metals are found as oxides, carbonates, sulphides, halides etc.

Minerals :- are elements or compounds which occur naturally

inside
the earths crust.

Ore :- is a mineral from which metals can be extracted profitably.

Gangue :- is the impurities present in the ore like rock particles,
sand particles, clay particles etc.

b) Extraction of metals from their ores :Metals are extracted from their ores in three main steps. They
are :i) Concentration of the ore (Enrichment of the ore).
ii) Reduction to the metal.
iii) Refining (Purification of the metal).

Concentration of the ore :- is the removal of gangue

(impurities) from the ore by different methods.

of

8) Steps involved in the extraction of metals from their ores :Ore

Metals of

high reactivity
reactivity
Electrolysis of
molten ore
ore

Pure metal

Metals of

Metals

medium reactivity

Carbonate ore

Calcination

Sulphide ore

Roasting

low

Sulphide

Roasting

Oxide of metal

Metal

Reduction to metal

Refining

Refining

i) Extraction of metals low in the activity series :-

Metals which are low in the activity series can

be reduced to the metals by heating in the
presence of oxygen (Roasting).
Eg :- Mercury is obtained from its ore Cinnabar
(HgS) by heating in the presence of oxygen.
When it is heated in the presence of oxygen it is
first converted into mercuric oxide (HgO) and on
heatreduced to mercury.
further heating it is
2HgS + heat
3O2
2HgO + 2O 2
2HgO

2Hg + O 2

Copper is obtained
from its sulphide ore
heat
(CuS) by heating inheat
the presence of oxygen.
2CuS + 3O2
2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu O + Cu S

6Cu + SO

ii) Extraction of metals in the middle of the activity

series :-

Metals in the middle of the activity series like Zn, Fe, Pb, are
found as oxide, sulphide or carbonate ores.
It is easier to obtain metals from their oxides than from their
sulphides or carbonates. So non oxide ores are converted into
oxide form before reduction. Non oxide ores can be converted
into oxide form by roasting or calcination.
Roasting :- is heating of an ore in the presence of oxygen. It is
heatores into oxide form.
used to convert suphide
Eg :- 2 ZnS + 3O 2

2 ZnO + 2SO2

Calcination :- is heating of an ore in the absence of oxygen. It is

used to convert
sulphide ores into oxide form.
heat
Eg :- ZnCO3
ZnO + CO 2
The oxide ore is then reduced to the metal by heating with a
reducing agent. The
heatmost common reducing agent is coke
(carbon).
Eg :- ZnO + C
Zn + CO

Thermit reactions :-

Sometimes reactive metals like Na, Ca, Al etc.

are used as reducing agents to obtain metals
from their oxides.
Eg :- 3MnO2 + 4Al
Mn + 3Al 2O3 +
Heat
(Manganese
(Manganese)
dioxide)
The reaction between metal oxides and
aluminium is highly exothermic and the metals
are obtained in molten state. Such reactions are
called thermit reactions.
The reaction between iron oxide and aluminium
produces molten iron. This reaction is used to
join rail tracks, broken machine parts etc.
Fe2O3 + 2Al
Al 2O3 + 2Fe +

GENERAL

iii) Extraction of metals at the top of the activity series :Metals at the top of the activity series like K, Na, Ca, Al
etc. cannot be obtained from their ores by simple heating
or by heating with reducing agents. They are obtained by
electrolytic reduction of their molten chlorides.
Eg :- When electric current is passed through molten
sodium chloride, sodium metal is deposited at the cathode
and chlorine gas is deposited at the anode.
At cathode :- Na
metal)
At anode :gas)

2Cl -

+e-

Na (Sodium
Cl2 + 2e - (Chlorine

9) Refining of metals :* The

removal of impurities from the metal to obtain the
pure metal is called refining of metals. The most common
method for refining of metals is electrolytic refining.
In this method a block of the impure metal is made the
anode and a thin sheet of the pure metal is made the
cathode. The electrolyte is a salt solution of the metal to be
purified.
Eg :- In the electrolytic refining of copper, a block of impure
copper is made the anode and a thin sheet of pure copper is
made the cathode. The electrolyte is acidified copper
sulphate solution. When electric current is passed through
the electrolyte, pure copper from the anode is deposited at
the cathode and the impurities settle down as anode mud.

10a) Corrosion :-

Corrosion is the damage caused to metals due to the reaction

of metals with oxygen, moisture, carbon dioxide etc.
Eg :- Formation of brown coating of rust over iron.
Formation of green coating of basic copper carbonate over
copper.
Formation of black coating of silver sulphide over silver.

To show that air and moisture are necessary for the rusting
of iron :Take three test tubes marked 1,2,3 and put iron nails in each of them.
Put some anhydrous calcium chloride in test tube 1 to absorb moisture.
Pour some boiled distilled water in test tube 2 and pour some oil over it to
prevent air into the test tube. Pour some water in test tube 3. Cork the test
tubes and leave them for a few days. The nails in test tube 1 does not get
rusted because it had only air and no water. The nails in test tube 2 does
not rust because it had only water and no air. The nails in test tube 3 gets
rusted because it had air and water.

b) Prevention of corrosion :-

Corrosion of metals can be prevented by :i) Applying oil or grease.

ii) Applying paint.
iii) By galvanisation. (Coating with zinc)
iv) By tinning. (Coating with tin)
v) By electroplating. (Coating a less reactive metal like chromium)
vi) By alloying. (Making alloys)

c) Alloy :An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of a metal with other

metals or non metal.
Eg :- Steel iron, carbon
Stainless steel iron, carbon, cobalt, nickel
Brass copper, zinc
Bronze copper, tin
Solder Lead, tin (used for welding electrical wires
together)
If one of the metals in an alloy is mercury, it is called an
amalgam.