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This document summarizes modeling of accretion disks around black holes. It discusses how matter orbiting a black hole loses angular momentum and spirals inward, releasing gravitational energy as heat and radiation. The research models how properties of the accretion disk like temperature and radius vary with the black hole's spin based on general relativistic effects. It finds that higher black hole spin leads to higher disk temperatures and smaller inner radii. The models are used to fit spectra of observed black hole X-ray binary systems and estimate black hole spins.
This document summarizes modeling of accretion disks around black holes. It discusses how matter orbiting a black hole loses angular momentum and spirals inward, releasing gravitational energy as heat and radiation. The research models how properties of the accretion disk like temperature and radius vary with the black hole's spin based on general relativistic effects. It finds that higher black hole spin leads to higher disk temperatures and smaller inner radii. The models are used to fit spectra of observed black hole X-ray binary systems and estimate black hole spins.
This document summarizes modeling of accretion disks around black holes. It discusses how matter orbiting a black hole loses angular momentum and spirals inward, releasing gravitational energy as heat and radiation. The research models how properties of the accretion disk like temperature and radius vary with the black hole's spin based on general relativistic effects. It finds that higher black hole spin leads to higher disk temperatures and smaller inner radii. The models are used to fit spectra of observed black hole X-ray binary systems and estimate black hole spins.
onto black holes Modelling an accretion disk Ioana Ciuc, Department of Physics, University Of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE
INTRODUCTION
Black holes are fundamentally the simplest
manifestation of space and time and also, as S. Chandrasekhar deemed, the perfect one. In the general frame, black holes are described by the Kerr metric which, in turn, is given by their mass and angular momentum. Their strong gravity environment can be mapped to three regions of interest: the event horizon, beyond which nothing can escape, the ergosphere, where even light and spacetime bend, and the innermost stable circular orbit orbit, which is the last radius at which a particle can still orbit the black hole.
Figure 6: Binder et al. 2006
Chandra 0.358 keV image of NGC 300 X-1. The source is bounded by the green boundary, whereas in red we have the contribution from the background region. It is found that the properties of NGC 300 X-1 are consistent with that of a high-mass X-ray binary a very rare one since the companion is a Wolf-Rayet star. Figure 2: Dotani et al. 1997 The spectra of Cyg X-1 corresponding to two different ASCA observations are shown together with the model that fits the observations best. The model for the disk is relativistic with a power law contribution corrected for smearing of the Fe-K line.
Figure 3: The profile of the relativistic temperature for a Kerr black
hole, spinning at different rates given by the spin parameter. The nonrotating case is also modelled, both in Newtonian and General Relativity, to notice any trends. It can be clearly seen that as the spin increases, the temperature (evaluated at its maximum value) also increases.
the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) radius.
We have so far modelled the variation of the temperature and radius with the spin parameter under a relativistic regime, and used the results to map the accretion spectrum as can be seen from Figure 3, 4 and 5.
FURTHER WORK
Figure 1: Depiction of a black hole. http://www.astronomy.com/-/
holes, involving either the massive black holes at the centers of galaxies (quasars) or the black holes in binary systems (BHB) where the companion is the source of accretion. In both cases, as the orbiting matter loses angular momentum through a dissipative mechanism, it descends on lower orbits at the expense of its gravitational energy. The heat released in the process radiates at X-ray frequencies for BHBs. The loss of angular momentum is most likely to
Figure 4: The variation of spectrum geometry with spin was modelled.
As can be seen, there exists a clear trend that with increasing spin, the spectrum deviates towards higher values of maximum local energy. A profile of the efficiency of a black hole as a function of the spin parameter is needed to make further inference.
be due the turbulences induced by tangled
magnetic fields and global oscillations in the disk that can be modelled as the viscous stress
component of the stress energy tensor T obeying:
0. ( T ) =
Various analytic models and numerical methods
are used to fit the observed spectra of accretion disks; the most well-known is the ShakuraSunyaev (&Novikov-Thorne, 1973) thin disk model which is geometrically thin (H/r << 1), optically thick (electron and ion temperatures are equal) and in which the gravitational energy is radiated efficiently at each radial location.
Figure 5: The radius at the innermost stable circular orbit is modelled as a
function of the spin parameter. Notice that the negative values of the spin simply mean that the disc rotation is retrograde (as it is the case for quasars). It was assumed that G=c=1 so that the GM/c2 = M.
RESEARCH PURPOSE AND
RESULTS
Since light cannot escape a black hole, the
possibility of direct observation is forbidden, however, there are indirect means to infer its properties through the emission of its accretion disk. The basic Newtonian model of such a thin disk assumes the following temperature T profile: rin dM T M (1 ), dt r 4
With M the mass, t the time, rin the inner
radius and r the radial distance. When general relativity is used in the model, several effects take place, including changes in the rate of conversion of gravitational energy to heat and in
The contribution from the line emission will be
integrated in the relativistic model for which a color-corrected blackbody will be assumed. Spectra of various X-ray sources will then be approximated using our fitting model. A remarkable source is the binary NGC 300 X-1, in which the companion is a Wolf-Rayet star (WR 41), an evolved massive star which loses mass through wind-driven mechanisms. Furthermore, an estimate of the black hole spin will be given for the same sources (we chose specifically the ones for which we know the distance, the inclination and the mass) by following a relatively simple method: we find the radius at ISCO by first determining the solid angle of the black hole which is given by the flux and temperature, then use our model to infer the black hole spin.
REFERENCES
Frank, J., King, A., Raine, D. (2002) Accretion Power in Astrophysics,
3rd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Davis, S. W., Done, C, Blaes, O. M.(2006). Testing accretion disk theory in black hole X-ray binaries. ApJ 647:525-538 Shafee, R., McClintock, J. E., Narayan, R., Davis, S. W., Li, L., & Remillard, R. A. 2006, ApJ, 636, L113 Ebisawa K.,Mitsuda, K., Hanawa, T., 1991, ApJ, 367, 213 Shafee, R., Narayan, R., & McClintock, J. E. 2008b, ApJ, 676, 549
Zero Point Energy Per Stereo Radian and the Distribution of Gravitational Acceleration of Planets Throughout the Solar System.: The Origin and Cause of Gravitation