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drdobj LpiP wgag m fjaLjh bjf us'G yv[ eH[ qV V[ WCj
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dr,y bjdHbj dw ##njwij dl>z a{} dwl[ lq[G dxi dqvJe[ m$$
dHhg ZjiVj qV dr,y v{ w[ q{G bjlJ sj qdhv Rpljisj dihj
dw dwa[ aJ siLV h'Se[ m fi fdhvJ bjf WyV wis[ hp.s[ lg
dw ##njwij dl>z a[ij q[ij dfAv[ uVq sj l.W.Z h{ m$$
43
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b>e 384
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b>e 536
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wpN tjS vHg s[ s[HgH[ Rph hg tjSj h{ m u[ bjdebj dqv[ aJ
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idhSj m dHl hpwq sg Rpv.zSj VhgG wiVg m dHh h{ qhJfpitJ
sg yjwig ##epi fgiJ wg yjwig@ qhJ wiCg lpt lji mm$$
rji 3 f"Cg 18
hpwq h'Sj@ Rpl[ hg ai%J t>c fjSg dr,y z'v w[ Rpl Vjv bjBj
ep.V w[ i'Bg WSjRpS vHg dabji wiVj m dlix dHw' fi"Gnj dabji
wiVj m sp,Z df>cJ dry'G q>e w[ v{ bjRpSj m WjWj ug V[ ws[ fi"Gn[
dry'G dH,w Wpiwg ws[ s' l[rV wiVgbJ a[ wHg dsV v.zj s[S[ m
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bjdebj dqvSg aJ zi uj bjSj m wHg rji b,Zg ija } bjRpS
vHg WjWj ug V[ hpwq s[ s[Sj m bjf dl,sw s[ f,w[ lV m hpwq
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h{($$
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wqjMsj h{ m
1! qJ s[ wHg fp,ai@ 2! e's dr,y W[dxwi h'Sj m Fiqj a'G
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Fp,t v,e[ aJ i'Gsj h{ m Rpl } sp,Z ds>sg h{ m
Rpfi'wa f+l.e l+! N.cj dl>z l[qJ a'G f+jfa h'dHbj m
us'G dHl Wji[ e,uS dl>z } faj v,ej Rplsj q,oj nSdwbj m
80
RplV[ ljig whjSg lqN vHg lg m WjWj ug w'v uJsj idh>sj lg@
lqNS dr,y s[i rg dwr[G vesg m
e,uS dl>z WjWj ug w'v yvj debj m VqLwji wiw[ qjxg
q>eS v,e dfbj m
h;Pi V[ xpiqjdHbj ##e,uS dl>z a[i[ Vjv aJ w'Hg Vij;eg
VhgG a[ij dHl dr,y w'Hg wlPi VhgG m$$ dxi e,uS dl>z V[ ljig
hwgwa s,lg m
WjWj ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ##u' h'Sj lg Rph h' debj h{ m dHh
rg dH,w FjSj lg m dHl Wji[ a[i[ qV dr,y w'Hg ci VhgG h'Sj
yjhgsj m a[i[ a[ blgG f+l.V hJ aplgG bjfS[ b>si w'Hg ci Vj
i,tSj m fi hpS blgG dHo'G bjlS ypw v{Sj h{ m$$
dHh lpSw[ e,uS dl>z s[ dsv a[ u' Wgag@ dHl Wji[ Rph hg
ujSsj lg uJ rjdhepiP m
qhJfpit u' wdhS Rpla[ fPij Rpais[ hV m WjWj ug V[ bjlS
yp,w w[ wpN i.Pqg s[ b>si r,v } wi dvbj m wHg dsV dHo[ h;Pi
;qgV Rpa[ hg W{n[ ih[ w'Hg bjlS Vj WSjdHbj m
81
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h'dHbj qV dxi l,y[ sg Rplaag wisj h'dHbj Rpls[ yiVJ dr,y
vgV ih[ej m Rpo[ Fiq sPi h' uJs[ hV m
b>e 759
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w[ i,t ds,aj ba[ bjf df,A[ h' w[ W{n eH[ m wpN lq[G Wjbs WjWj
ug V[ df,A[ Njag fj w[ Whjv sjl ug } hpwq ds,aj m$$
##Whjv sjl ljhqS[ tC[ wigi s[ df,A[ dH,w ##x,wi1$$ bjsqg
dfbj h{ m Rpl} Wpvj w[ dHo[ dvbj m
##lda WyV$$ wdh w[ Whjv sjl ug Rpl} WpvjS yv[ eH[ m
##xwgi lJHg@ bjf } WjWj ug Wpvj ih[ hV m$$ RplV[ RpKfi r,v
r[dtbj a[ tCj h' w[ Vjv h' apdibj m WjWj ug w'v fhp.y w[ bjsi
Vjv lgl NpwjdHbj a[ W'dvbj ##h;Pi hpwq m$$
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1! x,wi W[f+rjh bjsqg dul } tjS fdhVS sj dtbjv Vj h'r[ m
85
86
f+q[Li V[ q{} hpS fPiV epiP w'v F[u ds,aj h{ m bjf lqi,o
h' a[ d*fj wi dsRp dHl q>ea[ Rpfi m u' aphjc[ si Fgt q>eS
bjdHbj h{ m$$
WjWj ug h,l w[ wdhS v,e[ ##aP. qplvqjV sj qpigs h{@ blgG
dl,tJ Vjv l.W.Z i,ts[ hJ m
dHh WyV rg Rpl sg f+gdtbj vHg h'dHbj m RplV[ h,o u'Cw[
W[Vag wgag m
##fjaLjh ) epiP VjVw s[r ug dh>sPbJ s[ epiP@ qplvqjVJ s[
fgi@ lF s[ lJN[ epiP hV m q[i[ qpidLs dwhj wis[ lV ##epiP VjVw
s[r ug s[ zi a'G lF ai%J sgbJ qpijsJ dqvsgbJ hV m l' aplgG
q[i[ a[ d*fj wi lws[ h' q[hi s[ zi dr,y bjRp m$$
WjWj ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ##dryji wi v{ m dul fjl[ blgG F[uSj
h'r[ ujSj fr[ej m u' whJe[@ Rph wiVj fr[ej m$$
x,wi V[ dwhj ##lda WyV ug$$ a[ W[Vag wi ds,ag m ##q{}
wvjq WtL'$$
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lj} fC w[ lpSj$$ WjWj ug V[ hpwq wgaj m x,wi V[ wvjq lpSjHg m
WjWj ug V[ ajwgs wgag ##dHhg wvjq sj fjn yjvg dsV wiVj
fr[ej m dHh ljhqS[ dstjHg s[ dihj@ l[q[ df>c dry'G y"o[ dsV
sp,Z q>e w[ v{ bjdHbj wi a[ A,w dvbj m i'; VhgG q>eS ujSj m
x,wi ##lda WyV$$ wdh w[ dH,w fjl[ yvj debj m WjWj ug
s[ sKl[ h'H[ WyVJ sg fjvSj wiV v,e dfbj m sl wp dsV fjn
wgaj aJ Rplsg brloj hg wpN h'i h' eHg m hpwq bVplji sp,Z
q>e w[ A,w v{Sj VhgG aJ ljij dsV fjn wis[ idhSj m dHl
ai%J wis[ us'G yjvg dsV h' eH[@ WjWj ug V[ Whjv sjl ug }
wdh w[ w'v Wpvj dvbj m
87
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##qhjiju ) q[i[ Rpfi d*fj wi' m q{G eigW hJ@ b>V fjSg sg
a'B idh>sg h{ m$$
WjWj ug h,l w[ wdhS v,e[ ##Whpa wjhv wi dihj h{G m dHl
ai%J hg lF wpN dqv uJsj h{ m rwa Vjv ljig yg; dqv
ujH[eg m$$
wpN dsV dHl[ ai%J hg v.z[ m fi dul } Fp,t v,eg h'r[ Rpl
V[ aJ i'Bg sg hg e,v wiVg h{ m qhJfpitj a'G w'Hg yg; v{Sg
h'r[ a[ lWi a[ l.a't i,tSj f{Gsj h{ m Rpl f+[qg } aJ wjhv lg
q{G A[ag wpN v{ vrJ m dxi fp,A dvbj ##qhjiju WtL'$$
WjWj ug V[ dxi sphijdHbj ##dwM dH>VJ Rpajrvj h' dihj
h{ m blgG a[i[ Vjv'G rg wjhv[ hJ fi bu[ lqJ VhgG bjdHbj m
dul r[v[ rwa bjdHbj bjf[ Wpvj vrJe[ m$$
epiP ljdhW sls[ hV dw l[rw l[rj wi[ a[ q>e[ wpN Vj aJ
dHh hg h' lwsj h{ m
dHl ai%J Rpl f+[qg V[ wpN dsV h'i v.zjH[ m dwo[ idh hp.sj
90
dHl ai%J Rph f+[qg dxi l[rj dr,y v,e debj m Vjq ufS
v,e dfbj m dH,w dsV Rplsg faVg V[ bj w[ WjWj ug fjl W[Vag
wgag ##fjaLjh@ ljc[ w'v'G Fp,v h' eHg lj} WtL' m
WjWj ug h,lw[ wdhS v,e[ ##aP. wjhvg u' lg m l' duhCg yg;
blgG a[i[ fag } ds,ag lg Rph aJ qpCw[ ljc[ w'v rg Vj bjHg m
aphjc[ w.q sg VhgG ihg ljc[ w.q a'G rg eHg m$$ dHl ai%J WyV
wiw[ ypf wi eH[ m
92
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Wiwa rg l.FjvSg WCg qpLwv h{ m
l[rj o'ig qjeV Whpaj mm lPhg q^ 5
b>e 286
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wisg ihg a[ hpwq bVplji ujf wisg ihg m WjWj ug V[ bjfSg
bojh d*fj spbjij qjHg s[ fp,ai } wpwiq wis[ h'H[ rg Vjq
ufS vj ds,aj m
dHl a[ d*fj wgag Rph f+l.e b,e[ bjr[ej m us'G qV dlqiV
dr,y h'r[ ligi } dwl[ ai%J sg awvgx VhgG hp.sg m qVp,t sj qV
l[rj dr,y Rpaljh Vjv v,esj h{ m
dHw dsV qjHg t[q w"i sg r,cg VP.h WgWg y.s w"i w.q wiV
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IwgV h' debj dw dHh dwl[ q'B[ l,f sg vgh h{ m u' dw bjfS[
zi dr,y bj debj m l,f sj ci aJ Whpa hp.sj dwMdw ;dhigvj
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94
hV m dHl wiw[ dsV yCV a[ bv'f h' ujr[ m wpN dsVJ Wjbs
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l,f V[ s.s qji[ dw y.s w"i a' a'C w[ l,f } vJF[ lp,BSj dfbj m
l,f aJ F,u w[ dwa[ vp,w debj a[ WgWg V[ i"vj fj ds,aj m ljij
fdirji zWij debj dw hpS wg h' lwsj h{ m
qjHg t[q w"i V[ Rpl[ rwa dwhj ##dw yv' l.aJ w'v v{
yvs[ hJ m$$
qjHg bjfSg VP.h lq[a N,B hg WjWj ug w'v fhp.y a[ eHg
Vqlwji wgag m wjhvg Vjv WjWj ug } hwgwa s,lS v,eg m
WjWj ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ##Rpl r[v[ e,v wiVg lg dul lq[G
aphj} vgh dslg lg m l,f } dHo[ hg Wpvj v{Gs[ m$$
qjHg V[ dwhj ##qhjiju u' h'Sj lg Rph h' debj@ hpS d*fj
wi' m q[ig }h } Wyj vr'G m$$
##qjHg dHl } Rpl r[v[ hg bjijq bj debj lg dul lq[G
aplgG dHZi } y,v fHgbJ lg m$$ WjWj ug V[ xpiqjdHbj m
WgWg y.s w"i V[ dwhj ##WjWj ug fdhvj q{} Whpa awvgx
h' eHg lg@ fi dul r[v[ blgG dHZi qP>h wgaj lg awvgx sPi
h' eHg lg m hpS aJ dHl ai%J v,e dihj h{ dur[G ws[ l,f V[ qP>h
hg VhgG vjdHbj m hpS d*fj wi' Rph l,f rg ljc[ zi dry'G yvj
ujr[ m$$
WjWj ug o'C%j duhj qplwij wi wdhS v,e[ ##dHo[ hg Wpvj
v{Gs[ hJ m fAjS vr[Geg Rpl } dwMdw aP. a'C w[ lpdBbj h{ m
##hJ qhjiju fAjS vrJeg$$ y>s w"i V[ dwhj m
##y.ej dxi bjfSg l,l Vjv o'C%g s[i l[rj dr,y h,o rBj fjSg
Fi dvbjRp a[ NjCP dsRp$$ WjWj ug V[ hpwq wgaj m
Rph l[rj dr,y v,e eHgbJ m s' wp z>B[ Wjbs WjWj ug V[
95
Rpl a'G Wjbs dHl } lF wpN ds,lSj W.s h' debj m ljhqS[
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rjiaj s,lg u' bai dl>z Vjv h'Hg lg m WjWj ug wdhS v,e[
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ev[ dry'G vjh s[ a[ dxi sjbrj wi s[rgG m
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dHh lpS w[ bai dl>z l'yJ dr,y f{ debj a[ b>si'G b>si
cdibj dwa[ evag Vj wi vrJ m
dul r[v[ Whjv sjl ug V[ bai dl>z sg dy>aj sg WjWj
ug } tWi ds,ag@ aJ WjWj ug V[ dxi Whjv sjl ug } hpwq
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h' debj ba[ bjfS[ wga[ Rpfi fLyjajf wiV v,ej m Rpl lq[G
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v,e[ ##aP. aJ sjbrj wiV uj dihj lg m$$ bai dl>z Lidq>sj
duhj h' w[ tCj dihj a[ dxi qjxg sg biu wgag a[ wdhS v,ej
##qhjiju@ Rl arga sg q{} lqN VhgG bjHg dwhCj lg m$$ WjWj
ug V[ WyV wgaj Rph ljcj siejhg fdhij u' v,ej h'dHbj ] m
Rphg ljcj arga ] m
98
bai dl>z V[ dwhj ##fjaLjh Rph VhgG q'CVj q[i[ w'v'G Fpv
h' eHg h{ m$$
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a[i[ Vjv w'Hg Vij;eg VhgG@ blgG dlix a{} bdhljl wijdHbj
h{ dw a[ij ljcj wg l.W.Z h{ m ujh l[rj wi m$$
dHl a'G Rpfi.a bai dl>z l[rj wisj dihj m
V'B ^ WyV dqdvbj \r,cj N>cj dl>z l[qj| a[ m
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ljog hp.sj h{ m aP. Vjq dr,y qla dihj wi dHh' duh[ dtbjv
qV dr,y Vj dvbjdHbj wi u' a[i[ Vjv WyV hp.s[ hV RpV%J sj
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102
ai%J v.z eH[ dxi WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ## zi rjvj tPh A,c
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fpBV v,e fH[ m fdhvJ aJ RpGN hg fpdBbj us'G cP.zj h' debj aJ
f"Cg Vjv dq,Bg Wjhi w,TS v,e fH[ m dHh w.q wHg dsV yvsj
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105
b>e 401
109
111
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v{Sj m q{G aJ apqjwP } h,o VhgG vjRpSj m #q[ij dHh urjW lpS
w[ xwgi V[ ep,Dl[ Vjv dwhj$ dHl } h,o vjRpS Vjv wg a[i[ l,f
vC ujH[ej m$ q{G dHh vx; lpS w[ ypf wi debj a[ rjfl yvj
bjdHbj m
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vC ujsj h{ m l' qhjiju ) d*fj wi' q{G Whpa sptg hJ m$$
dHh ljig rjiaj lpVS a'G Wjbs WjWj ug Rpl f+[qg }
lqNjRpS v,e[ ##dHh dHvjhg ajwa uJ Lwag f+jfa wiVg du>Vg
d;bjsj wnV h{ mRpVg hg Rpl a'G r,Z l.Fjv w[ i,tSg m w'Hg
qhJfpit hg dHl Lwag } bjfS[ b>si Apfj lws[ hV m y.ej
wgaj aP. aqjwP } h,o VhgG vjdHbj m u' Rpl V[ a[i[ Ziq sg firjh
Vj wis[ h'H[ dHh WyV wgaj h{@ Rpl sj wgaj@ Rph bjf F'e
dihj h{ m dHl Vjv a[ij wpN VhgG dredCbj Rpl sj VpwljV h'dHbj
h{ m
WjWj ug V[ Whjv sjl ug } Wpvj w[ hpwq wgaj$$ dHl f+[qg
} uv Awjb \dfvj s[| m$$ Whjv sjl ug V[ uv dfvj ds,aj m
dxi WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##uj hpS LpZ h{ m$$ Vjv hg ajwgs
wgag dw b,nJ fdhiJ dry'G lqJ dqvS a[ WjSg fdCbj wi m u[
fdC%bj VhgG aJ dlix dHV%J hg fC% dvbj wi m
O ldaVjq wiaj fpit m dHh wjxg h{ dHl sj ujf wisj
dihj wi lF wpN ngw ih[ej m wpN lqJ ypf idhS Rpfi.a WjWj
ug V[ WyV wgaj ##zi dr,y dH,w b,Zg dH,B i,t w[ Rpl Rpfi
Ljq } upagbJ qjdibj wigG m
Rpl V[ dHh WyV lpdSbj ba[ lda WyV sj LWs bvjf
w[ api dfbj m f+[qg V[ zi fhp.y w[ dHh wgaj m dH,w b,Zg dH,B
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113
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dihj aJ xwgi dy>aJ dr,y e'a[ tjS v,e dfbj dH,w dsV WjWj ug
V[ xwgi } lpfV[ dr,y siLV s[ w[ iP.qg fhp.y ujS sg
ajwgs wgag m
lPiu sgbJ dwiVJ hV[i[ } drsjdHeg s[S vHg dVwvgbJ
aJ xwgi lJHg V[ rg iPq
. g r,v rhgiJ z,a vHgbJ m Rph f+q
[ g rg
WjWj ug w'v s' dsVJ sj bjdHbj h'dHbj lg m WjWj ug V[ WyV
wgaj ##b,u Rph xwgi dHo[ bj dihj h{ aP. Rpl} fAjS vr[Gej m
f+[qg V[ RpKai ds,aj ##ug h;Pi@ fAjS vrJej m$$
WjWj ug V[ hpwq wgaj ##Ljq sg e,cg a[ bj dihj h{ Fp,Dy'
q>cg lB[LV a'G Rpl} v{ w[ bj m$$
f+[qg lB[LV a[ fhp.y debj m e,cg bj eHg xwgi ug } N,B
fAjS dvbj a[ WjWj ug w'v bjRpS vHg f+[iVj wgaj m f+[qg b,e[
h' apdibj a[ xwgi df,A[ df,A[ m WjWj ug w'v fhp.ys[ hg xwgi V[
WjWj ug s[ y[hi[ r,v aK,dwbj aJ N,B lqN debj m WjWj ug V[
Vjq bjds fp,A w[ WyV wgaj ##wg f+LV h{($$
xwgi V[ ljig bjf Wgag t'v% w[ s,lg m WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj
##a[ij wlPi lg@ dHl vHg luj dqvSg hg lg m$$
xwgi V[ evag q>Vg ba[ W[Vag wgag ##hpS d*fj wi' m$$ WjWj
ug idhqa s[ zi bjH[ ba[ dlKdtbj ds,ag dw ##b,e[ a'G dHl ai%J
sg evag VhgG wiVg m$$ l' dHl xwgi } rg f+FP sg iuj dr,y
idhS sj ajwgs wgag m qhJfpit f+q[Li s[ hpwq dr,y idh w[
sp,t rg dVrjis[ hV m
bwrM bwr bwr pRBu jpIAY ] pI AMimRqu iehu mnu qnu DRpIAY ]
eRpCg l^ q^ 5
w.Vg f{ eHg m
lpujV dl>z dHLVjV wiw[ dVaV[q wiV v,esj aJ ljhqS[
ldaepiJ sj bjlS drAj s[Gsj m dH,w dsV dVaV[q wis[ WCj
bV.s bj dihj lg m dVaV[q wis[ us'G ws[ b,t tp,v[% aJ Fpv[tj
duhj fr[ dw ldaepiP bjlS Rpfi W{n[ hV m dHh lg aJ f+a,t
fi qV Vj q>V[ m byjVw hg Wjhi'G brj; bjHg m ##FjHg lpujV
dl>z q{G awvgx dr,y hJ q[i[ f,Bg W.V% m$$ lpujV dl>z y"dwbJ m
wg wiJ Wjhi w'Hg sptg fpwji dihj h{ m dHZi dVaV[q sj bV.s
rg WCj bj dihj h{ m dxi Rph brj; w.VgG fHg m
##FjHg lpujV dl>z q{G sptg hJ q[i[ f,Bg W.V s[ m$$
hpS sptg sg brj; ldhS Vj wi ldwbj m N,B tCj h' debj
a[ Wjhi bjdHbj m Wjhi W{n[ f+[qg s[ ;tq s[t w[ RpV%J } ljx
wgaj m dxi bjfS[ spf,DB[ sj wpN dh,lj fjC w[ f,Bg W.V%g m f+[qg
LJa h'dHbj aJ lpujV dl>z b>si bj w[ dxi dVaV[q wiV v,e
dfbj m us'G b>ai dZbjV h' w[ fjn wgaj dxi b,t bjlV a[
eHg aJ wg r[dtbj ldaepiP bjlS a[ W{n[ hV a[ f,Bg W,Ng h'Hg
h{ m s[t w[ Tdh dfbj yiVJ a[ m h;Pi V[ WyV wgaj ##Wjhi q{G
hg brj;J s[ dihj lg m dul oJ q[ij ?jvlj q{} Ijs wi[ej
q{G hj;i hp.sj hJ m ##l' epidlt ug q{} Ijs wgaj lg q{G hj;i
h' debj m aphjcg l[rj firjV h{ hpS dHh ypi,laj A,c w[ q[i[
w'v bV.sfpi ljdhW fhp.y ujRp m$$ l' dHl ai%J lpujV dl>z epiP
a'G tpLg f+jfa wiw[ RpV%J Vjv dH,w h' debj m dxi Vjq hg ufs[
h'H[ bjfSj qjVl uVq rg l.rji dvbj m siejh dr,y rg oJ
WSj vHg m$$
117
dr,y bjRp m$$ us'G w'Hg dVqjSj h' w[ qhJfpit s[ yiVg bj Tdh>sj
h{@ qhJfpit WC[ idhq dsv hp.s[ hV@ WtL ds>s[ hV m
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##u' h'Sj lg h' debj m fi aphjcj
vPS hg epC s[ Fjb drw ujr[ej m dHl } r[y bjRpSj m l' dHh
WyV q>V w[ RpV%J V[ vPS r[y ds,aj m Rpl[ ai%J hg h'dHbj vPS
epC s[ Fjr drw debj m qhJfpitj sj WyV bB,v hp.sj h{ m
dHl[ hg ai%J s[ f+a,t wia,r epiP ljdhW s[ lq[G rg hp.s[ ih[ m
vjh"i Ldhi s[ b>si hpS rg dH,w ue%J FjHg WpZP s[ bjr[ \FJc[
w,y[ a'G f,w[ wiV sg F,ng| s[ Vjq Vjv qLhPi h{ m
dHw rji FjHg WpZP u' zpdqbji lg V[ bjfS[ dw,a[ bVplji
bjr[ dr,y w,ygbJ dH,BJ sg dyVjHg wgag m Rpl } fwjRpS s[
vHg dul lq[G b,e s[Sg lg aJ fdhvJ f>ur[G fjaLjh epiP l+g
biuV s[r ug fjl W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju@ q{G bjr[ } b,e s[Sg
h{ q[ij bjrj ngw f,w ujr[ m$$
ldaePiJ V[ WyV wgaj ##dul lq[G bjr[ } t'vSj h{ Rpl a'G
dH,w dsV fdhvJ f+Ljds dabji wiVj h{ ba[ dHh f+Ljds fdhvJ
l.ea } AwjRpSj h{ dxi bisjl wiVg h{ m$$
FjHg WpZP ##lda WyV$$ wdh w[ rjdfl bj debj m bjrj
dabji h' debj m t'vS sj lqJ bj debj RplV[ WCg igN Vjv
f+Ljs dabji wirjdHbj m dxi ljig l.ea dHw,ng wgag a[ f+Ljs
Awj ds,aj m bisjl wiV sj lqJ h' debj m Wjhi dH,w dl,t FjHg
v,tP wqvj duhj F[l WSj w[ bj debj a[ f+Ljs A,wS vHg biu
wgag m f+Ljs riajRpS rjdvbJ wqvj \fjev| lqN w[ wdh
ds,aj dw f+Ljsj ?aq h' debj m bisjl LpiP h' eHg m ljig l.ea
bisjl wi[ dw ##FjHg WpZP sj bjrj f,wj h'r[ m$$
fi FjHg v,tP wh[ ##w,yj h'r[ m$$ dHh lpS w[ ljig l.ea V[
dwhj ##a[i[ wdhS Vjv dHh w,yj h' ujr[ej($$ aP. epiP a'G rg r,cj
120
b>e 681
##lda WyV ug$$ wdh w[ Whjv sjl ug api fH[ m l[q[ fhp.y
eH[ m bai dl>z ug sj WPhj uj tCwjdHbj m ##WjWj ug Ijs wis[
hV$$ RphVJ hpS[ hg WpvjdHbj h{ m
bai dl>z V[ fp,dAbj@ ##b,u euj VhgG wgaj m$$ Whjv sjl
ug wdhS v,e[ m ##b,u fdhvJ aphjc[ w'v hg F[dubj h{ m$$
bai dl>z V[ bjRpS lq[G dH,w r,c[ WiaV dr,y sp,Z fj
dvbj m o'C%j epC a[ dzRp v{ dvbj m dHh da>V[ yg;J v{ w[ WjWj
ug w'v fhp.y debj ba[ VqLwji wgag WjWj ug WiaV yp,w w[
a[ s[t w[ wdhS v,e[@ ##dHhVJ dr,y wg h{@ bai dl>z m$$ lF wpN
ujSs[ h'H[ rg bVujV WS uJs[ lV m spdVbjsji } Fpv[tj fjRpS
vHg aJ dw lj} lqN Vj lw[ m Rpl V[ dwhj ##WiaVJ dr,y sp,Z
h{ m Wjwg epC a[ dzRp h{ m$$
##dHh t[yv wiV sg wg v'C lg$$@ WyV wgaj m
##qhjiju m lF bjf sj hg h{ m sp,Z A,w vRp m$$
##ndhi ujRp wpN lq[G vHg m wpN qhjaqj bj ih[ hV m fdhvJ
dHh ue%J ljx wi dsRp m$$ WjWj ug sj WyV lpS w[ Whjv sjl
ug a[ bai dl>z ug oJ ljx wiV v,e fH[ m lxjHg h' ujS
a'G o'C%g hg s[i Wjbs sl ljZP Fer[G F[l b>si WjWj ug w'v
bj fhp.y[ m RpV%J WjWj ug s[ yiV ApH[ a[ dfA[ h' w[ W{n eH[ m WjWj
ug V[ ugb bjdHbj dwhj a[ Whjv sjl ug } hpwq ds,aj@ ##sp,Z
dr,y dq,nj a[ dzRp fj w[ l.aJ } Awj dsRp m$$
bai dl>z a[ Whjv sjl ug V[ sp,Z WiaVJ dr,y fj w[ l.aJ
b,e[ i,t ds,aj m dHh fgS Rpfi.a h'i fj ds,aj l.aJ } i,u w[
sp,Z AwjdHbj m h'i rg l.eaJ ila[ a'G v.zgbj lF } sp,Z
AwjdHbj m ljZPbJ dry'G dH,w V[ sPli[ r,v s[t w[ u' dw dHLjij
WjWj ug sgbJ b,tJ Rpfi i,tg h'Hg f,Bg r,v lg mWjWj ug NB
122
123
Whjv sjl ug V[ dwhj ##q{G dHl} tijW VhgG wgaj m dHh fdhvJ
hg tijW lg m$$
qjHg wdhS v,eg ##dHh aJ dHr[ hg fgl[eg m h'i dwl[ w'v
fgl v{ m$$ dwMdw bu[ e,pDl[ sj FPa lrji lg m
dHl qjHg } dHh faj VhgG lg dw q{G bjfSg wgag wqjHg
tPh dr,y fj vHg h{ m dwMdw dHl sg hjva aJ dHh lg dw dur[G
v'h[ sg a,ag h'Hg w'Hg yg; dul Vjv v,e ujr[ Rpl } ljC
s[r[eg m dHl ai%J bjsqg sj ep,Dlj rg afs[ h'H[ v'h[ s[ dw,v riej
hp.sj h{ m dul Vjv v,e[ej@ qavW NeC[ej Rpl } ljC[ej m u[
b,e Vjv VhgG ljC[ej aJ qjC[ WyV wi[ej m dul Vjv b,e[ tC[
f+jSg sg qV sg wvfVj rZ[eg dur[G^
##bedV *'Z y.cjv mm$$
Whjv sjl dHh w"C[ W'v lpS w[ zWijH[ VhgG m qjHg }
VqLwji wiw[ api fH[ m WjWj ug w'v fhp.y w[ ljig Wgag lpSjHg m
WjWj ug V[ lpFjrw hg WyV wgaj ##y.ej dur[G y,wg tjvg
y,vg h{ bjBj VhgG WdSbj m qjHg rg tjvg hg ih[eg m$$
dxi wg h'Sj h{ m WyV qhjaqj sj tjvg dwr[G ujr[ v,e debj
dur[G yPV[ dr,y dH,B m qjHg s[ w'Hg Rpvjs Vj h'Hg a[ Rph tjvg
hg eHg m qhJfpitJ } sptg wiV rjvj dxi luj fjMsj hg h{ m
l.a wj s'tg bZ Wgdy a[ BPB{ m
V'B ^ f+l.e l^ N>cj dl>z l[qj a'G dqdvbj m
125
df>c qdhajW dl>z w'v yv[ eH[ m bjf V[ f+[qg } W[Vag wgag
##dw WjWj ug sj epBwj s[ dsRp m$$
fi qdhajW dl>z f{i a[ fjSg Vj f{S s[r[ m q[i[ w'v w'Hg
epBwj VhgG m dHh WyV lpS w[ Whjv sjl ug WjWj ug w'v iP.qg
bj fhp.y[ m
WjWj ug fjl W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju Rph epBwj VhgG ds>sj m
Rpl V[ aJ dwhj h{@ q[i[ w'v VhgG h{ m$$
WjWj ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ##u[ Rpl V[ hpS VhgG ds,aj aJ bjfS[
bjf v{ w[ bjr[ej m$$ hpwq wgaj ##Rpl s[ zi uj ba[ dWVj wpN
W'v[ r[C[% dr,y tC w[ hg qpC bjRpSj h{ m$$
WyV lpS w[ Whjv sjl dxi qdhajW dl>z s[ zi yv[ eH[ m
drhC[ dr,y dH,w l{dw>c vHg tC[% h' w[ qpC bjH[ m bjf WjWj ug
w'v fhp.y[ hg h'Se[ dw qdhajW dl>z s[ zi s[ lji[ zC[ BpBS[
LpiP h' eH[ fjSg ljij cpv% debj m qdhajW dl>z } zi s[ lji[
zC[ Bp,BS sj wjiS lqNS dr,y s[i Vj v,eg m Rpl[ r[v[ Rph iP.qg
r,v y,v dfbj m WjWj ug w'v fhp.y w[ yiVJ a[ Tdh dfbj a[
epBwj b,e[ i,t w[ wdhS v,e[ ##WjWj ug qjx wi dsRp m q[i[ w'v'G
evag h' eHg h{ m$$ WjWj ug h,l w[ wdhS v,e[ ##aP. wdh>sj lg
q[i[ w'v epBwj VhgG h{ m dHh dwo'G bj debj h{($$
Rpl sj Liq Vjv dli Np,w debj m W[Vag wiV v,ej
##qhjiju ) d*fj wi' zi s[ lji[ zC[ Bp,B eH[ hV m ljij B,Wi
fjSg dWVJ a.e h' ujr[ej m fjSg aJ WCg qpLwv Vjv dqvsj h{ m
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj ##y.ej u' h'Sj lg h' debj@ hpS LpZ
h{$$ ba[ ajwgs wgag fdhvg fjRpCg sj ujf wisj dihj wi m
127
dxi f>dca V[ A,uP Vjv hg wHg f+LV RpKai wga[ m dHl ai%J
ldaepiJ V[ f+a,t dstj w[ f>dca s[ Fpv[t[ sPi wi ds,a[ m
qusPi s' dsV bjfS[ dBwjS[ a[ yv[ eH[ m dH,w dsV Wjbs
qgGh f{ hg debj m ljig dq,Bg Viq h' eHg m RpV%J bj w[ s[dtbj
lji[ fjl[ fjSg hg fjSg lg m Rph Whpa tpL h'H[ ba[ WjWj ug fjl
fhp.y w[ W[Vag wgag aplgG ljc[ Rpfi d*fj wgag h{ m ljc[ vHg
w'Hg l[rj sKl' m$$
WjWj ug V[ xpiqjdHbj ##fjSg a[ ijLV dvbjRpS vHg ljc[
w'v l[rjsji h{ m h'i dwl[ yg; sg ;iPia VhgG m$$
qusPiJ V[ dxi W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju@ w'Hg l[rj dsRp m$$
##y.ej x[i ljcg l[rj dHh h{ dw duhCj dl,t h{ Rph rjdhepiP
sj ujf wi dvbj wi[@ qplvqjV b,v%j b,v%j a[ dh>sP ijq ijq sj
Vjq v{ dvbj wi' m dHhg blvg l[rj h{ m$$
WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj m l' dHl ai%J WjWj ug V[ RphVJ }
f+q[Lri s[ epS ejrS vj ds,aj m
V'B ^ l! N.cj dl>z a'G WyV f+jfa h'dHbj m
b>e 277
W[Vag wgag ##qhjiju ) u' l[rj Vei dr,y v,eg h{ Rph dwl ai%J
h'r[eg m$$
WjWj ug V[ xpiqjdHbj bjf hg f+q[Lri wirjdHbj wi[ej m
yjvg dsV qV b>si dHh xpiVj rg VhgG WVjRpSj dw dHh l[rj
w"S wi[ej m dxi Whjv sjl ug V[ dHh wqjHg LpiP wi ds,ag m
dxi wg h'dHbj dHh' duhg brloj WS eHg@ dur[G wWgi ug
RpyjiV wi eH[^
dHh wiq Vjv fdhv[ sl dsV dr,y bxpi brloj h' eHg m
dxi bVhs LWs dxi da=wpBg dry'G f+wjL V;i bjRpS v,e
dfbj m bjdti bufj ujf b{lj bi.F h'dHbj dw wpsiag
ylq[ rJe dlqiV sg vCg y,v fHg m dH,w dHh' duhj bV.s
bjdHbj dw wqjHg rjvg qV' brloj WS eHg m us'G yjvg dsV
fPi[ h' eH[ dxi WjWj ug V[ w'v Wpvj w[ WyV wgaj ##aP. sgrjVj
l.a h{ m$$
dHl ai%J l.a Whjv sjl ug dHqdahjV dr,y fjl h' w[ dVwv[
ba[ WjWj ug sg d*fj spbjij dWVJ wpN q>e[ hg lF wpN fj eH[ m
dur[G ySpw ditg ug Whpa l.a'tg h'H[ hV m RpV%J } wHg wHg dsV
dWVJ wpN tjZ[ hg Wga uJs[ lV m dxi rg f+q[Lri s[ epS
ejMs[ lV m
ySpw ditg ug fdirji s[ yji ugb lV m du>V%J rg F'uV
dabji h'Sj Rpl s[ yji dhKl[ wiw[ r.c v{S[ m dxi o'C%j o'C%j hi
dH,w V[ w,T w[ fjl[ i,t s[Sj m zi be' v.zS rjv[ qVp,t } dHh
f>urj dh,lj Awj wiw[ dxi bjf F'uV A,wSj m
ritj sg ip,a lg m qgGh l,a dsV vejaji rilsj dihj m ditg
136
b>e 1201
dHw rji Whjv sjl ug o'C%g ija v.zS a'G l[q[ df>c } uj
ih[ lV m ila[ dr,y uJdsbJ RpV%J sg V;igG F[cJ s[ dH,uC
W,wigbJ s[ dH,uC wHg bjsqg h,wg uj ih[ hV m bjf } dtbjv
bjdHbj dw w'Hg y'i df>c s[ dH,uC y'ig wiw[ dvuj ih[ hV m
df>c fhp.y w[ du>V%J w'v dH,uC lV RpV%J fjl eH[ m hi dH,w }
137
b>e 319
wpN lqJ dHh V;jiJ b,tJ b,e[ idhbj m dul rwa bjfSg
vgvj lqjfa wgag m dHh lF wpN dstj w[ WjWj ug V[ WyV wgaj m
##Whjv sjl w'v bj uj m$$
Whjv sjl ug w'v bj w[ W{n eH[ m WjWj ug V[ df,n a[ dH,w
qp,wg qjig ba[ dxi fp,AS v,e[ ##fgC aJ VhgG v,eg m$$
Whjv sjl ug V[ Rpai ds,aj ##VhgG qhjiju ) eigW dVrj;$$
dxi WjWj ug WyV wgaj ##v{ Whjv sjl@ hpS spVgbj s[
v'w ba[ qjdHbj a[i[ df,A[ df,A[ dxiVe[ m duo[ ug wi[ Wdh ujrgG m
dHh a[i[ l.a't sj lswj h{ m$$
b>e 466-67
b>e 522
b>e 346
h' eH[ m ila[ uJs[ lq[G wHg ai%J s[ dryji qV dr,y l'ysj debj m
WjWj ug fjl fhp.y w[ VqLwji wgag ba[ W{n eH[ m WjWj ug V[
sp,Z A,wS Rpfi.a RpV%J Vjv WyV wiV[ LpiP wga[ m rdibjq dl>z
s[ f+LVJ s[ RpKai WjWj ug V[ dHl T.e Vjv ds,a[ dw Rpl s[ qV
s[ lji[ L.w[ sPi h' eH[ m wpN s[i w'v idhS Wjbs q,oj B[w w[
s'V[ f+[qg rjfl h' eH[ m ila[ dr,y bjMdsbJ rdibjq dl>z V[
dwhj ##l'hS dl>z dHh fPiV fpit hV dHV%J sg l[rj wisj uJ
du>Vg aV'G qV'G wi lwsj h{G m w'Hg WyV q'Cg Vj m lda WyV sj
bdZwjig ihg m q{G wHg qhjaqj s[t[ fi dHl ai%J s[ qhjaqj s[
siLV ws[ VhgG wga[ m
u[ v'Cdh lsj lptp FjHg mm ljZP l.eda epidh WajHg mm
Wl.ap q^ 5
hpS l'hS dl>z Vjv l[rj wiV dr,y rdibjq dl>z rg Ligw
h' debj m dHh f+[qg df>c dr,y WjWj ug Wji[ e,vJ wis[ idh>s[ m
l.a sv dl>z ug Fp,Dy' wvJ s[ hg rlVgw dViqv[@ l.fisj dry'G
qhjaqj lV m dHV%J } rg WjWj ug sg Li'a fHg dw iP.qg l[q[ df>c
w'v fhp.y eH[ m WjWj ug s[ siLV wga[ ba[ WyV wga[ m Rpl
dsV a'G Wjbs l.a sv dl>z ug V[ sp,Z sg l[rj bjfS[ d;>q[
v{ vHg m
i'; WjWj sv dl>z ug V[ sp,Z dH,w r,c[ bwji s[ eCr[ dr,y
dHw,nj wiVj m V[C[ ziJ sgbJ qjHgbJ V[ sp,Z fhp.yj s[Sj m wHg
rjig dHh v'Bj rgi dl>z qjV s[ zi ws[ biuV dl>z s[ zi
i,t ds>s[ lV m us'G dHh Fi uJsj WjWj ug w'v iP.qg fhp.yj s[Sj m
l.a sv dl>z ug sg bjfSg ;qgV lg dul } dh,Dl[ 1/2 a[ ds>s[
lV m bjf V[ bjfS[ dh,Dl[sji sg dcRPBg vj ds,ag lg i'; sp,Z
142
A,w v{Gs[ aJ q{G sjS[ w,T v{Gsj m dHh l'yJ l'ys[ Rpl} z>Bj Rpcgw
wiVg fHg m dH,w z>B[ Wjbs WjWj ug Wjhi bjH[ wdhS v,e[ ##wg
l'ysj lg$$ m b>aiIjqg lF wpn ujSs[ lV m biuV dl>z yp,f
dihj dxi bjf hg wdhS v,e[ ##hrj Wji[ hg dw.aP wisj lg dw
sjS[ hg w,T v{Gs[ m hrj bjfJ W.s wi ds>s[ hJ m$$
b>e 503
144
WjWj ug wHg rji l[rwJ } bjfS[ Wga[ lq[G sgbJ e,vJ s,ls[
hps
. [ lV m dH,w rjig sj d;wi bjfS[ qpt
, a'G l.eaJ } s,Ddlbj m
w'Hg dLwjig dLwji sg Fjv dr,y iP.qg fhp.y debj m WjWj
ug w'v fhp.y w[ LgL NpwjdHbj ba[ W{n debj m WjWj ug Vjv
dH,w s' WyV wga[ qV } dtbjv bjdHbj dw dHh f+q[Li iPf
qhJfpit hV m Rpl V[ WjWj ug fjl'G i'Bg q>eg m WjWj ug V[ WjlgbJ
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145
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