7 Answers to end-of-chapter questions

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10 D

[1]

Structured questions
11 a
b

Dihybrid
2 traits were studied / colour of seeds and seed shape
9:3:3:1

[1]
[1]

12 a

Number of seeds
Phenotypic Ratio

Smooth
315 + 108 = 423
3.2

Wrinkled
101 + 32 = 133
1

34 points [3]
2 points [2]
1 point [1]

Number of seeds
Phenotypic Ratio

Yellow
315 + 101 = 416
2.97

Green
108 + 32 = 140
1

34 points [3]
2 points [2]
1 point [1]

The monohybrid ratio was obtained for each trait / 3:1 ratio
The two traits were behaving as though they were separate
from each other

No.
Epistasis: one gene may influence the expression of another gene
Both alleles may be on same chromosome
One trait or both may be sex-linked / carried on X chromosome

Any 2 points [2]

[1]

[1]

The presence of a dominant allele at one locus prevents the expression of alleles
at another
Well explained [2]

4 correct [2]
23 correct [1]

i
white
WWYY

Parental phenotypes
Parental genotypes
Gametes

green
wwyy

WY

wy

all WwYy
all white

F1 genotypes
F1 phenotypes
F1 are interbred to give an F2 generation
WwYy

Parental
genotypes
Gametes

or

WY

or

wY

or

WwYy
Wy

wy

or

WY

or

wY

or

Wy

wy

Gametes from one parent

Gametes from other parent

WwYy white
Wwyy white
wwYY yellow
wwyy green

ii

WY
WY
Wy
wY
wy

WWYY
white
WWYy
white
WwYY
white
WwYy
white

12 white : 3 yellow : 1 green

Wy

WWYy
white
WWyy
white
WwYy
white
Wwyy
white

wY

WwYY
white
WwYy
white
wwYY
yellow
wwYy
yellow

wy

WwYy
white
Wwyy
white
wwYy
yellow
wwyy
green

Both F1 and
F2 correct [4]
F1 correct [1]
F2 correct [3]
Partly correct
from F1 and
F2 [2]
[max 4]
[1]

d
Scallop fruits
76
Observed results [O]
Expected ratio
3
Expected results [E]
82.5
OE
6.5
[O E]2
42.25
[O E]2
0.51
E
2 = [O E]2 = 2.05
E
e

13 a

ii

There is no significant difference between the observed and expected

results
2 calculated value (2.05) for 1 degree of freedom is less than 3.84 (2
table) at the critical value of p = 0.05.
Traits which can be shown by both sexes but whose inheritance is
linked with the inheritance of the sex chromosomes
The X chromosome is longer than the Y chromosome, it has many
genes not found on the Y
A form of the gene which only has an effect on the phenotype when the
dominant allele is absent / influences the phenotype only in the presence
of another identical allele
It is linked to the inheritance of the sex / X chromosome
Mostly present in the male offspring
If mother has the trait for colour blindness ; it is passed to the male
offspring

[1]
[1]

[1]
[1]

[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]

Dominant/recessive inheritance
[1]
Most individuals not colour blind
Individuals with both alleles / heterozygous are not colour blind (e.g. individual 6)
Colour blindness is only reflected in the phenotype if both alleles are
identical / dominant allele is not present
Any other point [1]
2
3
7
11
13
19

All correct [4]

810 points [3]
57 points [2]
24 points [1]
[max 4]

Pear fruits
34
1
27.5
6.5
42.25
1.54

XnXn
XnY
XnY
XNXn
XnY
XNY

0.5 / / 50%
Mother is heterozygous / XNXn / carrier for the trait

Since the mother passes the X chromosome to her son, she can therefore pass either XN or Xn
Can be shown in a genetic diagram
Parental
phenotypes
Parental
genotypes
Gametes

F1 genotypes
F1
phenotypes

male, colour blind

female, normal vision

XnY

XNXn

Xn

Xn Y
XN Y
1 colour-blind : 1 normal :
male
male

XN

Xn

XN Xn
XnXn
1 normal : 1 colour-blind
female
female

Correct
probability [1]
Explanation [3]

Essay questions
14 a

Monohybrid inheritance / monohybrid ratio

Cross between 2 heterozygous individuals
E.g. if round pea is dominant (R) over wrinkled pea (r), then the heterozygotes genotype
is Rr
Parental
phenotypes
Parental
genotypes
Gametes

round

round

Rr

Rr

F1 genotypes
F1 phenotypes

RR
Rr
3 round

Rr
rr
1 wrinkled

Results in 3 round : 1 wrinkled ratio

ii

Monohybrid test cross ratio

Cross between a heterozygous individual and a recessive individual
For example: if one wanted to determine if the round seeds above were heterozygous or
homozygous for the trait, a test cross would be done

Parental
phenotypes
Parental
genotypes
Gametes

round

wrinkled

Rr

rr

F1 genotypes
F1 phenotypes

iii

Well explained [2]

Information can be
obtained from genetic
diagram

Rr
1 round

Results in 1 round : 1 wrinkled ratio

rr
1 wrinkled

Well explained [2]

Information can be
obtained from genetic
diagram

Codominance: cross between two heterozygotes

Both alleles make a contribution to the phenotype, e.g. red (R) and white
(W) hair colour in cows
Heterozygote is phenotypically different from homozygotes
Ratio occurs when two heterozygotes are crossed, e.g. a roan coloured cow
and bull

Parental
phenotypes
Parental
genotypes
Gametes

roan

roan

RW

RW

F1 genotypes
F1 phenotypes

RR
RW
RW
1 red : 2 roan :

WW
1 white

Well explained [2]

Information can be
obtained from genetic
diagram

Results in 1 red: 2 roan: 1 white

Dihybrid cross between 2 heterozygous individuals / dihybrid ratio

Dominant, recessive
Inheritance of 2 traits at a time
Black hair colour is dominant to brown hair colour in guinea pigs; and short
hair is dominant to long hair

iv

e.g.

Guinea pig male

Gametes
BS
Bs
bS
bs

Guinea pig female

BS
Bs
bS
BBSS
BBSs
BbSS
black short black short black short
BBSs
BBss
BbSs
black short black long black short
BbSS
BbSs
bbSS
black short black short brown short
BbSs
Bbss
bbSs
black short black long brown short

bs
BbSs
black short
Bbss
black long
bbSs
brown short
bbss
brown long

Results in 9 black short : 3 black long : 3 brown short : 1 brown long

Well explained [2]

Information can be
obtained from
genetic diagram

 Dihybrid test cross ratio

Cross between a heterozygous individual and a double recessive individual
Used to determine the genotype of the heterozygote
Smooth pea is dominant over wrinkled, yellow is dominant over green

Gametes from other

parent

Gametes from one parent

SY

Sy

sY

sy

SsYy

Ssyy

ssYy

ssyy

1 smooth
yellow

1 smooth
green

1
wrinkled
yellow

1
wrinkled
green

sy

Well explained [2]

Information can be
obtained from genetic
diagram

Determined by an autosomal gene

Gene has 3 forms / A, B, O
Allele A codes for Antigen A
Allele B codes for Antigen B
Allele O does not code for any antigen
A and B are dominant to O / O is recessive to A and B
A and B are codominant
Possible genotypes and blood groups are:
Genotypes
IAIA
IAIO
IBIB
IBIO
IAIB
IOIO

Blood groups
A
A
B
B
AB
O

56 pts [3]
34 pts [2]
12 pts [1]

A
B

15 a

Alleles of a gene that are both fully expressed in the phenotype of the offspring.
Neither allele is dominant nor recessive to each. For example, in the human
ABO blood group system, alleles A and B are codominant with each other, so a
person with both has blood type AB
Well explained [1]

ii

An organism that has the same alleles at a particular gene locus on homologous
chromosomes
Well explained [1]

iii

A genotype in which the alleles of a gene are different / diploid condition in

which alleles at a given locus are different
Well explained [1]

iv

Pertaining to chromosomes not considered to be the sex chromosomes Well explained [1]

[1]
[1]

b
Parental
phenotypes
Parental
genotypes
Gametes

F1 genotypes
F1
phenotypes

grey mildly frizzled

CBCB SFSF

CBCW SSSF

CBSF

CWSS

CWSF

CBCB SSSF
CBCB SFSF
CBCW SSSF
CBCW SFSF
1 black : 1 black : 1 grey
:
1 grey
mildly
frizzled
mildly
frizzled
frizzled
frizzled

Each row [1]

[max 5]
[1]
[1]

Cross a black frizzled rooster with a white straight feathered hen / reverse
Heterozygotes would have intermediate traits
Crossing purebred chickens for contrasting traits would produce the heterozygotes
Parental phenotypes
Parental genotypes
Gametes

F1 genotypes
F1 phenotypes

CBSF

Phenotypes are different for homozygotes and heterozygotes

16 a

CBSS

No

black frizzled

black frizzled

white straight

CBCB SFSF

CWCW SSSS

CBSF

CBCW SSSF
all grey, mildly frizzled

CWSS

Well explained
with genetic
diagram [4]
Any 1 point [1]
[max 4]

To determine if the differences between the observed and expected results are
significant or insignificant
To estimate the probability of the differences of observed and expected results
being due to chance
To see if the observed results fit the expected genetic ratio
Any point [2]

Allele: alternative forms of same gene responsible for contrasting traits

Gene: length of DNA / sequence of nucleotides which codes for polypeptide

[1]
[1]

ii

The observed results are not significantly different from the expected results

[2]

iii

Value in 2 table at p = 0.05 under the appropriate degrees of freedom (number

of classes 1)
Well explained [2]

iv

1:1:1:1

[1]

Observed results [O]

Expected ratio
Expected results [E]
OE
[O E]2
[O E]2
E

Rough
black
22
1
21
1
1
0.05

Rough
white
18
1
21
-3
9
0.43

Smooth
black
25
1
21
4
16
0.76

Smooth
white
19
1
21
-2
4
0.19

2 = [O E]2 = 1.43
E

Degrees of freedom = number of classes 1 = 4 1 = 3

Critical value is at p = 0.05, df = 3 in chi-square table
Conclusion: if the 2 calculated value is less than the 2 value at p = 0.05,
df = 3, then the null hypothesis is true and the differences are insignificant /
or reverse

Correct table [5]

Each point to reach
conclusion [1]
[max 8]