2 Answers to end-of-chapter questions

[1]

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10 C

[1]

Structured questions
11 a

A epidermis
B parenchyma
C phloem/vascular
D xylem/vascular

[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]

Good representation with all the tissues [2]

Actual size [1]
Correct proportions of tissue layers [1]

Actual size = size of specimen / magnification

Actual size = 65 mm / 120
= 0.5417 mm or 541.7 m

Biology for CAPE

Correct calculation with working [2]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

Tissues of root: epidermal, cortex, vascular

Epidermal some epidermal cells form root hairs in order to
increase the surface area of the root for absorption
Cortex made up mainly parenchyma tissue which is used to
store starch as an energy reserve. Water can move through
cortex without entering cells on its way to the xylem
Vascular tissues made up of phloem tissue and xylem tissue
Phloem: Transports organic nutrients / sucrose by mass flow
Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves;
provides mechanical support to the plant

12 a

[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]

A cell wall
B chloroplast
C nucleus
D nucleolus
E cell membrane
F mitochondrion
G central vacuole

7 correct [4]
56 correct [3]
34 correct [2]
12 correct [1]

ii

Cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole

2 identified [1]

iii

Presence of centrioles / microvilli / glycogen granules / cilia and

flagella / many small vacuoles / lysosomes
Absence of starch grains / cell wall / chloroplasts or
Identification of presence or
plastids / central vacuole
absence of two cell structures [2]

Magnification = length of scale bar / actual length

= 37 mm 1000
100
= 370
A Holds cell firm / prevents cell from bursting / provides strength
to cell / allows the passage of substances e.g. water, gases / maintains
turgor pressure
B Site of photosynthesis / traps light energy and produces
carbohydrates / contains chlorophyll which traps light energy to
produce ATP, oxygen and carbohydrates
C Controls the activities of cell / contains DNA which codes for
proteins or enzymes which control cellular activities
D Synthesis of ribosomal RNA / makes ribosomes / contains DNA
used to code for RNA

[1]

1 correct function
for each organelle [3]
3 correct [2]
12 correct [1]

Advantages of electron microscope

high resolution (400 times better than light microscope)
high magnification possible ( 300 000)

2 points [1]

Disadvantages of electron microscope

black and white image produced
coloured dyes cannot be used to identify different structures
preparation of specimen may produce distortions

2 points [1]

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

13 a

Prokaryotes
no true nucleus
circular DNA without histones
cell wall made of peptidoglycan
no chloroplasts or mitochondria
mainly unicellular
small ribosomes (70S / 20 nm)
simple flagella

2 points [2]

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

DNA
ribosomes present
cell membrane
cytoplasm

2 points [2]

Eukaryotes
true nucleus
linear DNA with histones
cell walls in plants made of cellulose
chloroplasts
mitochondria
large ribosomes (80S / 30 nm)
complex flagella
ER present
membranous organelles
mainly multicellular

2 points [2]

b i
cell wall

circular DNA
cytoplasm
plasmid
ribosome

Drawing showing generalised structure of a bacterium

Biology for CAPE

Drawing [2]
2 labels [1]
Total [3 marks]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

ii

Good drawing [2]

2 labels [1]
Total [3 marks]

Drawing of a mitochondrion

Folds of the inner membrane or cristae protrude into the interior of the
mitochondrion.

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

[1]

Essay questions
14 a i
Typical animal cell
cell membrane
mitochondrion
centriole
nucleus
nucleolus
cytoplasm
rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi body
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
lysosome
ribosome

Surrounded by flexible cell membrane made up of phospholipids

and proteins
Cytoplasm gel-like, mostly water, metabolic reactions occur
here, cytoskeleton present
Nucleus separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane; with
nucleolus
Mitochondrion double membrane, inner membrane convoluted;
for aerobic respiration
RER network of membranous flattened sacs with ribosomes
Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or on RER;
synthesis of proteins
SER tubular membranous sacs; lipid synthesis, detoxification
Golgi body - membranous sacs which are continuously formed at
one end and bud off at other end; chemically modifies and
packages proteins
Lysosomes small membranous sacs with digestive enzymes
formed by budding Golgi body
Diagram [1]
Centrioles pair of short microtubules, used for spindle
1 mark for each
formation during cell division
point in detail [max 5]

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

ii

Animal cell compared to plant cell

no cell wall
no chloroplasts / plastids
no large permanent vacuole / tonoplast
smaller (10100 m)
has centrioles
microvilli in some cells
cilia / flagella in some cells
lysosomes usually present
contains glycogen as storage molecule instead of starch

Any 3 points [3]

b
SER synthesis of lipids
and steroids;
detoxification

RER has ribosomes which make

proteins; proteins pass down the
cisternae which isolate them from the
cytoplasm

secretory
vesicles
contain
enzymes
which are
released by
exocytosis
lysosomes
bud off the Golgi
body; contain
hydrolytic
enzymes which
degrade
bacteria, food,
old organelles

Golgi body
chemically modifies
proteins; add sugars to
proteins

15 a

ribosomes
translate mRNA
into proteins

Diagram [1]
Annotations 1 mark each [max 6]

Organ collection of different tissues which performs a specialised function

Roots made up of three tissues: epidermis, cortex, vascular tissue.

[1]

Epidermal some epidermal cells form root hairs in order to increase the surface
area of the root for absorption
Cortex made up mainly of parenchyma tissue which is used to store starch as an
energy reserve. Water can move through cortex without entering cells on its way to
the xylem
Cortex also contains the endodermis which contains cells with lignin and suberin /
Casparian strip; controls uptake of water
and pericycle which has lignin / mechanical support
Vascular tissues made up of phloem tissue and xylem tissue.
Phloem transports organic nutrients / sucrose by mass flow
Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves; provides mechanical
support to the plant

Biology for CAPE

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011

Functions of root:
Absorbs water and minerals from the soil
Acts as a site for food storage
Supports the plant
All the tissues work together to bring about these functions
b

7 points well described [7]

Organism that is symbiotic within another organism

[2]

ii Evidence

16 a

Both are about the same size as bacterial cells / prokaryotes

Both have circular DNA (as prokaryotes) which lies free in stroma or matrix
Both contain 70S or 20 nm ribosomes as prokaryotes
Both have a pair of membranes surrounding them. The inner membrane has
similarities to membranes of prokaryotes
Both reproduce by binary fission before the whole eukaryote cells divides by
mitosis
5 points [5]

Advantages of electron microscope

better resolution (0.5 nm)

higher magnification (300 000)
can use SEM to study the surface of structures to give a 3D
image

3 points well described [3]

b
Feature
cell wall
size
packaging
of DNA
protein
synthesis

Prokaryotes
always present, made up
of peptidoglycan
0.510 m
DNA circular, not
associated with histones
on free ribosomes
70S or 20 nm

Biology for CAPE

Eukaryotes
only in plants, made of
cellulose
10100 m
DNA linear, coiled around
histones
on ribosomes which can be
free or attached on RER;
80S or 30 nm

Any 12 points
[12]

Original material Cambridge University Press 2011