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Cleavage
Morula
Blastocyst
Appears on day 4 - 8
The process of blastulation forms a blastula (a.k.a. blastocyst), which has a hollow, fluid-filled inner cavity called
the blastocoel
Inner cell mass: protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to the organism
Trophoblast: cells that surround the blastocoel and form the chorion and later the placenta
Wells/VPHY3100
Implantation
Endometrium
Uterine wall where the blastocyst implants
Progesterone has thickened the mucosal layer
of the endometrium
The embryo secretes proteolytic enzymes that
help it burrow in the endometrium
The connection allows for nutrient and gas
exchange and later for the growth of the
placenta
Implantation
Umbilical cord: connect to the chorion and provides maternal-fetal gas exchange
Amniotic fluid: suspends the fetus and the umbilical cord
Allantois: first barrier holding the amniotic fluid
Amnion: surrounds the allantois, serves as the shock absorber during pregnancy
Chorionic Cavity: holds the amnion
Chorion: outside of the chorionic cavity; outermost embryonic layer
Chorionic villi: grow into the placenta and support maternal-fetal gas exchange
Placenta: formed from the chorion;
Yolk sac: site of early blood vessel development
Uterine lining: outside of everything; beginning of the mother
Fetus
Gastrulation
Definition: formation of three distinct cell layers
Analogy: blowing up a beach ball but leaving the seal open, then
applying pressure with your fist to the outside of the ball
If you push on a specific point, you form a two layered cup, like the
gastrula
The air escaping is like the loss of the blastocoel
Endoderm: the inner cell layer/inner cup where you applied pressure
with your fist
Mesoderm: shit inside of the ball that hasnt escaped
Ectoderm: outer cell layer/outer cup on the opposite side of the
beach ball
Archenteron: the cavity/deep invagination around your forearm as
you push down on the beach ball
Blastopore: the entrance into the deep invagination
Deuterosomes: (humans) the blastopore develops into the anus
Protosomes: blastopore develops into the mouth
Ectoderm
Integument (epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelium of the nose, mouth, and anal canal)
Ears
Nervous system
Pituitary gland
Mesoderm
Bone marrow
Excretory system
Gonads
Muscular and connective tissue coats of the digestive and respiratory systems
Endoderm
Liver
Pancreas
Thyroid
Bladder
A wide tubular space in which organs will form in, but have not yet
Surrounded by a muscular wall of mesodermal origin
As development continues, the celom divides into four compartments:
1. Pericardial - heart
2, 3. Pleural lungs (one each)
4. Peritoneal abdomen
Formation: how?
How does certain shit form at certain areas and not others? Like how come we dont have
ears inside of our anus?
Selective transcription: Only the necessary genes are turned on. Although each cell has
the entire genome, it can turn on specific ones
Induction:
Certain groups of cells can influence the fate of others by chemical substances called
inducers
Inducers are passed from the organizing cells to the responsive cells
Inducers are responsible for such things as the guidance of axons as they grow
through out the body
Analogy: If Im at a pregame and I say were going to X bar, chances are I can
persuade everyone in the group, and everyone who is yet to arrive, to go to X bar.
Neurulation
Definition: development of the nervous system
Process:
1. Notochord: a rod of mesodermal cells forms along the long axis of
the organism (like a spinal cord), which, through induction, cause
2. Neural folds:
ectodermal cells that slide inward
Neural crest cells: cells at the tip of each neural fold that
migrate outward to form the PNS (including sensory ganglia,
autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, and Schwann cells)
The neural folds surround the
3. Neural groove: ex: valley between two mountains
4. The neural folds grow toward one another until they fuse into a
neural tube: gives rise to CNS
Ectodermal cells migrate over the neural tube and neural crests
to cover the newly formed, basic nervous system
Gestation
First Trimester
Week 6 15 mm long
Week 8 Most organs are fully formed; brain partially developed; embryo is now a fetus
Second Trimester
Third Trimester
9 months antibodies are transported by highly selective active transport from mother to fetus for
protection and preparation for outside world
Birth
Three phases:
2. Birth of Fetus: Strong uterine contractions expel the fetus from the vaginal canal
Respiration (see Dr. Lis Ch. 20 Reproduction power point for explanation)