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DWELOPEM?J!T OF WWA-PHASE
H(YfoPRESSIXGOF URMJJ3JM
.-
mTRdDucTIo21 ,
I
In pract-
ice there isno need to exoeed 950Ce and most pressing is done close to
8500c.
Both ordinary uranium and uranium-235 have been formed by hot pressing.
Though th~re is no diffore~ue in b.ehavior~greater care is nacessnry in hand?.ing
]25to avoid IOSSO even recoverable imaporary
must be pdid to avoiding qxidation.
of greater
density and
free fraa blowholes. Another advantage of hot pressing over casting is the short~~
I
or time of preparation of the graphite die usodg oompared to the time re@,red
to produoe an investment {ailiaa) mold for preeision meting.
YMS
advantage
naturally holdsonly when one or two piqees are required. Whim many pieoes are
neoessarys,the time involved favors cas~ing. Hot pressing of certain
very
simple
shapes may allow greater dimensional accurauy than is readily possible by castI
ing~ except after prolonged trial and error. Laetlys in hot pres8in~, one does
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HUT-PRESSXNG PROOEDURE
is
ion heating ia usually most convenient. The die is plaosd on the bed of a hydraulic press. and when the thermocouple insertedin the punoh or die wall indicates
the oorreot tompsraturo~ the purmh is forood into the die by zhe pres80 and held
for a few minutes at a preesing corresponding to 1000 to 4000 pounds per sqO in.
01pro$eoted area. The die and contents are then alhwed
or below with argon maintained to keep out air. At this tanperalmree the amount
of oxidation aocurri~ cm removing the pieoe ia negligible.
The very ~ow pressure required is made pomible
It is this low
pressure which makes possible the use of graphite for the dioa~
It has been found convenient to use a nter-uooled aopper plato under
the ~raphits die to prevent heating tho press bed and to speed up die oooling to
aoms extents althouch a stream of air is mainly relied upon for this purposeo
.VARIABLvSAND LIMITATIONS OF WI PRESS13G
~ffect of Blank Shapo
a9
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vantageoue to round thd corners to scoum good surface finish of the flat wrfaccao
l-lowevor~
Irregular blanks. suoh as the ones with holes drilled im them.
have ban
Dimensional Tolerances
..
The dimennimml aocuracy possible in hot pressing naturally daponds
comsiderab3y upom the size and shape of the piooe beimg pressodo
Ix the cnae
In the ease of
In
t!i~
ease Of largQ
piOOeB Up tO
611
of most grades
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Shape Limitations
.
hemisphere of 2~~OD and @30a wall thicknsas. This represents a limiti~ shape.
Such shells have bcon pressed but with rather pocr dimensional tolerances at a
uni% pra86ure of 5100 pouds
WX%nilt
of perhaps lfi average thickm?mo but where tho thickness varie~ soimwhat Zrmn
one side te the other.
and
l~f thiok, it was found impesaible to make the thickness uniform when the maximum to minimum ring thicknosa varied on opposite sides by about .O~f. Hero
again~ metal flow was apparently inhibited by frick%o~
the ring.
Theoretically. by the use of specially shaped blanks$ pieoes
oould
be maae with oored holes hy the use of graphite inserts. and drillin~ or chippiag
out the grsphite sores
after pressing. The only work done along this Mne wan
ex-
apeaking~
hot presai~
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d? the
i@wevarO it
has been showm that veryfine-grained grsdes of graphite not only produce a
smooth surface~ but show muoh lose oxidatio)a. This@ however~ may be because a
smooth surtaoe deoa not form ao much oxide as a rough surfaoo.
Depending upon the size
oxciation
(most ef which is reoom?rable) is nearly always lens than 1 per cmt~
and with piooes wei~hing ~0
volume,
Gas purity
tiou
Pressing Temperature
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is ~atiafaatory, Bemuse of some temperature lag between die and metal. and
because the thc+rmooouplejunction cannot bo embedded in the metal itself. it
is necessary
margin
to
the
wise freely e%eept far 6urfaoa frict%on. The pressure em the original mmples~
(0.~0 in dkmcterand
about 0.42
high) was
1500 pounds
Load was maintai~ed until flow ceaood, when the final area was measured and the
riml
pressure cmsputod.
The results show that in the range betiecn 850QC and
95C)0tJ,
the
final
Mttle-
for a l#dXI
sphere
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solid hemisphere o~ly required about 1800 pounds per sq. in. to &ill &e coraers
Im
imid~
If a oylimdew should
the CD of the pressed partO the pressure required would be considerably t.uidsr
.%00 poudls pm
?.he
premzres applied in a grsphite die must mot exored the low streagth
Sf graphiteO which varies with differemt grades of the ~terialo
BpeaiciwO ~000 poumds persq. ix. is about the Mmit
used iB most of this work.
Generally
set
u~ h
uie inserts are employed~ the required preuaure is somewhat lass because of!reduoed frictioa. This is particularly important in pressing thin seotioua.
Pressing limo
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whore temperature was %he controlled variab3a0 the die was large enough compared
to the semples so that Ceifing did llOte6CUr. The SOURphMlwero comparedP as
before. on the basis of free flowft.
DIE MATERIALS
maclxhag)
Smooth surfaoo
M~Z1-reaCtiV@with ura?lium
Thermal shook rosistanee
Meohanioal strength at
AbiMty
te staudprolmged
Ear2y in thework~
-a
pumh
900%
heating at $300C
tolerances oould be held~ and if a castable ceramic was empleyedO complex ekpes
oould easily be moldo%
correct by
preadfe;:bi:~~i,t
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Metal
Immrts
Various metals and alloys used u
briefly individually.
Au might be amtioipated~ ordinkry grades Of tool Steel. inoluding .
Crecar obm%ainiw
else tried.
It haa =ry
A tungsten plcte
stood up M
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promise of any insert material. aa several tests looked very goods with exceedingly smooth BUZfaCes. HoweverO more exhaustive tests showed a marked tendeaoy
M
far
acne carbide samples te sFal10 and in somo Qaseso there was a alight tsndezmy
the uranium to stick im spots to the oarbide. J!Msdifficulty, plue that
@ifabrication of the oarbide iatm some of the shapes that might be required~
caused further w~rk in this
direotioa te be dropped.
Ceramic Inserts
Eot premed
tendenoy to crack away near edges and sharp corners could mot be avoided.
h$ul~ite (A12q)D Steatite (IMWMM!IiUm silicate)p and Alsimag (alumhum==
magnesium silioate) wero all found to be too susceptible te thermal shook. All
eamples of alundum oements
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tested samples a-ero of u rather coarse &tructureO and wero not fired vary high.
Mere seemed to be some reaction
of
the ceramice
Wdl
A finer~grained.
AftOr the exploratory werk on the metal and ceramic die matorialsO
attention was again turaed to graphite. with the idea of using finer-grained
material than tho normal AGR gracleso
Severai typos of fine grained graphite were tested, and fewd
The AG?$Taad C-IS grades
ta
of graphite
(National Carb@n Compamy] looked premieimg. and C-17 mrbon was good, but
difficult to maohixm. A dimadmntuge
Qf
is that
fork
grained graphite were very promising, aud compared with the difficulty and time
ruquired to prepare either metal or d~e insortm, it oeemed as though the better
grades of graphite provided the best solution to the problem. With graphitea
machiaiag a moderately complicated
c%wamio insert where a mold must first be made. then careful fired to aveid
craokinga and followed prebably by a d.iffioultgriading or finishing operatiom
to imsuro emokh
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pressed smooth anough in tisteel die~ shrinkage on firing xill always be dif-
HOT PRLSSIDX3PROCESS
The gamma hot-pressing prooess was originally useful for the preparation of mall discs andhemisphercs (selid and hollow) et +. 3,
It Was
a sati8faatory method for this early work when bhe shapes wore very s~mplo and
the amount of material limited, 8. that metal wasnot held up UB in oaattng
ri8ers.
Iiewever,as the shapes roquirod became more oemplioatod, the oent of
dies and time Gf pressing renders the hot-pressing method unfeasible, and the
smaller cubes and larger sphere segments for oritioality teats were made by investment casting.
as the
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