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1 TEG
March 4, 2014
I. Abstract
Chemicals that are responsible for natural effects such as the green color of the leaves and brown
color of human skin are often studied through isolation and separation of these compounds from natural
sources. Chemists, particularly organic chemists, devised many different methods of separation, isolation,
and purification of organic compounds. Examples of these methods are fractional distillation of liquids and
recrystallization of solids. Some other methods are more accurate and appropriate when separating small.
In this experiment, one of the most useful, accurate and appropriate but cheap method of separation and
isolation is explored which is chromatography.
II. Keywords: lycopene, thin-layer chromatography, mobile phase, stationary phase, polarity
III. Introduction
Naturally-occurring compounds in living
organisms, often giving distinct characteristics
such as the color of the leaves, fruits, and even
animals, are carefully studied through various
isolation and separation means. Chromatography
is one of the most commonly-devised methods of
separation due to its accuracy and feasibility. An
example of which is thin-layer chromatography,
used to separate non-volatile mixtures and to
qualitatively observe and monitor organic
reactions. It uses a stationary phase, a medium in
which the mobile phase travels, carrying the
components of the mixture with it. Different
compounds travel at different rates and distances.
This is mainly used to compare and identify a
separated compound from the mixture.
Lycopene is a bright red carotene pigment
that is commonly found in tomatoes and other red
fruits and vegetables. It is an important
biosynthetic intermediate, and is a valuable
organic compound due to its health benefits. To
study this compound requires isolation from its
natural source, thus using various laboratory
techniques to successfully separate it.
An analgesic is a drug used to relieve
pain. It acts in the nervous system (central and
peripheral), which reversibly eliminates sensation.
Usage of these drugs depends on the severity
and response to other medication products, in
most cases, starting from ones with mild effects.
IV. Methodology
Major Step 1
Prepare the standard solutions: aspirin,
acetaminophen, ibuprofen, caffeine and unknown
(10 mL, 1% solution in ethanol.) The unknown is
prepared by crushing a part of a tablet and adding
it to a reaction tube or small vial with enough
ethanol to make a 1% solution. Then, prepare a
developing chamber by placing a folded paper
lengthwise in a wide mouth bottle. Prepare 10mL
of 99:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and acetic acid to
use as eluant, then add an amount of eluent to
the developing chamber so that it forms a 1-cm
layer on the bottom of the container. Screw the
cap tightly and shake container well. This is done
to saturate the atmosphere of the interior of the
chamber with the solvent. Then, obtain a 6x10 cm
strip of silica gel chromatogram sheet and place a
pencil dot in the middle of the sheet about 1 cm
from one end. Using a capillary tube, apply a spot
of pigment solution over the pencil dot by lightly
and briefly applying the tip of the tube to the
surface of the plate, apply spot four or five times,
do not allow the spot to diffuse for more than 12mm in diameter. When the spot has dried, place
the strip in the developing chamber (the spot must
be above the solvent level), allow the solvent front
to move within 2-3mm of the top of the strip then
remove the strip and mark the position of the
solvent with a pencil and allow the plate to dry.
Then, set the plates on a paper towel to dry once
they have been removed from the chamber.
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()
()
Compound
Distance
travelled (cm)
Rf value
Acetaminophen
Caffeine
0.862
Unknown
1.03
Solvent
5.8
xxx
Distance
travelled (cm)
Rf value
Filtrate
Residue
0
5.9
0
1.035
Filtrate +
Residue
5.9
1.035
Solvent
5.7
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_____________________
Walter Aljhon Espiritu
_____________________
Rafaelle Silong
_____________________
Glenn Vincent Tumimbang
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