Euclidean Geometry

(Theorems in abbreviation for reference, Middle 1 to Middle 3)

Theorem 1.
If AOB is a straight line,

then
x
A

Theorem

x + y = 180

(adj.s on st. line)

[ ]

2, 3 (converse of Theorem 1)
If x + y = 180,

then

is a straight line

(adj.s supp.)

x y
O

AOB

[]
[]

Corollary

w + x + y + z = 360

(s at a pt.)
[]

w
x
y

Theorem 4.
If two straight lines AOB, COD meet at O

A
D
x
O

then

x =y

(vert. opp. s)

[]
B

Theorem

5, 6, 7
A

then

If AB // CD
(1) a = b

(2)

c =b

(3)

c + d = 180

(corr.s, AB//CD)
[,AB//CD]
(alt.s, AB//CD)
[,AB//CD]
(int.s,

AB//CD)
[,AB//CD]
1

Theorem

8, 9, 10

(converse of
(1)

Theorem 5, 6, 7)

If a = b

then
a

B
c

(corr.s equal)

AB//CD

[]
(2)

If c = b

then

(alt.s equal)

AB//CD

[]

d
D

(3)

If c + d = 180

then

(int.s supp.)

AB//CD

[]

Theorem 11.
A

then

If AB//CD and
CD//EF

AB//EF

(// to the same st. line)

[]

Theorem

12, 13
A

(1)

In ABC
a + b + c = 180

(2)

d =a +b

c d
C

Theorem 14,15,16,17,18.

(Test for

Congruent s)

(1)

In ABC, PQR
If AB = PQ, b = q, BC = QR

then

(2)
b

If b = c, BC = QR, c = r

then

(A.S.A.)
(3)

If a = p, b = q, BC =QR

then
Q

ABC PQR

ABC PQR

(S.A.S)

( sum of )
[]
(ext. of )
[]

ABC PQR

(A.A.S.)

r
R

(4)

If AB = PQ, BC = QR, CA = RP
then ABC PQR

(S.S.S.)

P
A

(5)

If B = Q = 90, AC = PR, BC = QR
then ABC PQR

(R.H.S.)
Q
B

Theorem 19, 20,21

C
(Tests for

Similar Triangles)
(1)
A

then

If a = p and

then

ABC PQR

(A.A.A)
(2)

In ABC, PQR
If a = p and b = q and c = r

ABC PQR

(ratio of 2 sides, inc.)

c

AB AC
=
PQ PR

C
r

[]
AB AC BC
(3)
If
=
=
PQ PR QR
then ABC PQR

(3 sides proportional)
[]

Theorem 22, 23.

(1) The sum of the interior angles of a convex polygon with n sides is

( sum of
(2)

(n-2)x180
polygon) []

If the sides of a convex polygon are produced in order, the sum of the exterior angles
so formed is 360

(sum of ext.s of polygon)

[]

Theorem 24
A

then

ABC is isosceles such that AB = AC

B = C

(base s, isos.)
[]
B

Theorem 25

(converse of Theorem 24)

A

If B = C
then AC = AB

(sides opp. Equal s)

[]
B

Theorem 26
A

then

If AB = BC = CA
A = B = C = 60

(Property of equilateral )
[]
B

Theorem 27, 28,29, 30.

A

then

B
a

If ABDC is a parallelogram
(1) AB = CD; AC = BD
(opp. sides, //gram) []

O
a = d, c = b

(2)
c

(opp. s, //gram)

[]

D
(3) AO = OD; CO = OB

(diags., //gram)
(4)

[]

area of ABC = area of DCB;

area of ADC = area of DAB

(diag. bisects area of //gram)

[]

Theorem 31,32,33 34.

(Tests for

Parallelograms)
(1)
A
a
d

In quadrilateral ABCD,
if AB = DC and AD = BC
then ABCD is a parallelogram

(opp. sides equal)

(2)
c

if a = c and b = d

then

ABCD is a parallelogram

(opp.s equal)

[]

[]

(3)

if AO = OC and BO = OD
then ABCD is a parallelogram
(diags. bisect each other) []

(4)

if AB = DC and AB // DC
then ABCD is a parallelogram
(2 sides equal and //) []

Theorem 35.
A

then
O

If ABDC is a square,
(1) AD = BC
(2) AD BC
(3) AD bisects BAC and BDC;
BC bisects ABD and ACD
(4) possess all properties of a parallelogram
(property of square) []

Theorem 36.
A

then

If ABCD is a rectangle,
(1) AC = BD
(2) possess all properties of a parallelogram
(property of rectangle) []

Theorem 37.
A

then
D

Theorem 38.

(Mid-point theorem)

then
E

If ABCD is a rhombus,
(1) AC BD
(2) AC bisects BAD, BCD;
BD bisects ABC, ADC
(3) possess all properties of a parallelogram
(property of rhombus) []

In ABC,
D, E are mid-points of AB, AC respectively
(1) DE // BC
(2) DE = BC/2
(Mid-pt. theorem) []

Theorem 39.
C
E
G

(Equal intercept theorem)

A
B
D

F
H

then

If AB // CD // EF // GH and
AC = CE = EG
BD = DF = FH

(Equal intercept theorem)

or (Intercept theorem)

[]
[]

Theorem 40. (Intercept theorem)

A
E

then

In ABC,
D is a mid-point of AB; DE // BC
AE = EC
(Intercept theorem) []

Theorem 41. (Theorem of equal ratio)

A
D, E divide AB, AC
internally
D

C
A
D, E divide AB, AC
C

externally

If DE // BC

then
D

AD AE
=
DB EC

(Equal ratios theorem)

[]

E
D
A

D, E divide AB, AC
externally

Theorem 42. (converse of Theorem 42)

A
D, E divide AB, AC
internally
D

C
A
D, E divide AB, AC
C

externally

If
D

then DE // BC
(converse of equal ratios theorem)

E
D

[]

D, E divide AB, AC
externally

AD AE
=
DB EC

Theorem 43. (Pythagoras' theorem)

A

In ABC
B = 90

then AB2 + BC2 = AC2

(Pythagoras' theorem) []
B

Theorem 44. (converse of theorem 43)

A
In ABC

AB2 + BC2 = AC2

then

(converse of Pythagoras' theorem)

B = 90
[]

Theorem 45.
(Perpendicular bisector theorem)
H
P

B
K

then

If HK is the perpendicular bisector of AB

P in a point on HK
PA = PB

( bisector theorem)

[]

Theorem 46. (converse of Theorem 46)

H
P

then

If HK is the perpendicular bisector of AB

PA = PB
P is a point on HK

(converse of bisector theorem)

[]

Theorem 47. (Angle bisector theorem)

A

AD is the angle bisector of BAC

P is a point on AD
PE is the perpendicular distance of P from AB
PF is the perpendicular distance of P from AC
PE = PF

If
E

F
P

then

( bisector theorem)

[]

Theorem 48. (converse of Theorem 47)

A
AD is the angle bisector of BAC
PE is the perpendicular distance of P from AB
PF is the perpendicular distance of P from AC
PE = PF
P is a point on AD

If
E

F
P

then

(converse of bisector theorem)

[]

Theorem 49. (Centroid theorem)

A
F

then

Theorem 50. (Circum-centre theorem)

A
G

then

H
D

In ABC
AD, CE, BF are the medians
(1) AD, CE and BF meet at a point, G.
(G is the centroid of the triangle)
(2) AG:GD = BG:GF = CG:GE = 2:1;
(Centroid theorem) []

In ABC,
DE, GF, KH are the perpendicular bisectors
of the sides AB, AC and BC respectively
DE, GF and KH meet at a point, O.
(O is the circumcentre of the triangle)

(Circum-center theorem)
[]

Theorem 51a. (In-center theorem)

A
F
O
E

then

In ABC,
AD, BF, CE are the angle bisectors of the
angles of the triangle
AD, BF, CE meet at a point, O.
(O is the in-centre of the triangle)
(In-centre theorem) []

Theorem 51b. (Ex-centre theorem)

A
C

then

E
F

In ABC,
AD is the angle bisector of a interior angle,
BE and CF are the angle bisectors of the
exterior angles of the other angles
AD, BE, CF meet at a point, O.
(O is the ex-centre of the triangle)
(Ex-centre theorem) []

Theorem 51c. (Orthocentre theorem)

A
F
E

then
C

In ABC,
AD, BF, CE are the altitudes
AD, BF, CE meet at a point, O.
(O is the orthocenter of a triangle)
(Orthocentre theorem) []

(Theorems in abbreviation for reference, Middle 4 to Middle 5)

Theorem 52,53.
If AB = CD then arcAB = arcCD .
A

D
O

(equal chords, equal arcs) [,]

Conversely
If arcAB = arcCD then AB = CD .

(equal arcs, equal chords) [,]

B

Theorem 54,55 (corollary of

theorem 52, 53)

Two equal circles.

If AB = CD then arcAB = arcCD .

(equal chords, equal arcs) [,]

Conversely

(equal arcs, equal chords) [,]

If arcAB = arcCD then AB = CD .

Theorem 56, 57,58,59.

If arcAB = arcCD (or AB = CD ) then
A

(equal arcs, equal s) [,]

O
m

(or equal chords, equal s

Conversely
If
B

m = n.

m=n

,)

then arcAB = arcCD (or AB = CD ).

(equal s, equal arcs) [,]

(or equal s, equal chords ,)

Two equal circles.

Corollary 60,61,62, 63.

If arcAB = arcCD (or AB = CD ) then

m = n.

(equal arcs, equal s) [,]

A

m O

,)

Conversely
If

(or equal chords, equal s

m = n then arcAB = arcCD (or AB = CD ).

(equal s, equal arcs) [,]

(or equal s, equal chords ,)

Theorem 64.
arcAB : arcBC = m : n
O
m n

(arcs prop. to s at centre) []

C

10

Corollary 65.
Two equal circles.

m O

arcAB : arcCD = m : n

(arcs prop. to s at centre) []

Theorem 66.
m

arcAB : arcBC = m : n

n
O

(arcs prop. to s at circumference)

[]
C
B

Corollary 67.
Two equal circles.

arcAB : arcCD = m : n

A m

(arcs prop. to s at circumference)

[]

Theorem 68.
If

then AN = NB .
(line from centre chord bisects chord)

O
A

ON AB

[]
B

Theorem 69. (converse of Theorem 68)

AN = NB
then ON AB.
If

(line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord perp. to

chord) [ ]

O
A

Theorem 70.
B

AB = CD
then OM = ON .
If

(equal chords, equidistant from centre)

[]
C

11

Theorem 71. (converse of Theorem 70)

OM = ON
then AB = CD .
If

(chords equidistant from centre are equal)

[]

O
D

Theorem 72.
P

AOB = 2 APB
( at centre twice at circumference)

[]

B
P

A
A

Theorem 73.
C
If

then
A

AB is a diameter,
ACB = 90o
( in semi-circle) []

Theorem 74.
P

AB is a chord,
APB = AQB.

If
Q

then

( s

in the same segment)

[]

Theorem 75.
S
R

PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral,

then P + R = 180o ( or S + Q = 180o )

(opp. s, cyclic quad.) []

12

Theorem 76.
S

PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral,

then S = RQK
(ext. s, cyclic quad.) []
K

Theorem 77. (converse of Theorem 74)

P
Q

then

If APB = AQB
A, B, Q, P are concyclic.

(converse of

in the same segment)

[]

Theorem 78. (converse of Theorem 75)

S

P + R = 180o ( or S + Q = 180o )

If
R

then P, Q, R, S are concyclic.

(opp. s supp)

[]

Theorem 79. (converse of Theorem 76)

S

then

If S = RQK
P, Q, R, S are concyclic.

(ext. s = int. opp. ) [=]

Theorem 80.
If PQ is a tangent to the circle ,
then PQ OT .

(tangent radius) [ ]
P

Theorem 81. (converse of Theorem 80)

If

PQ OT ,

then PQ is a tangent to the circle.

(converse of tangent radius)
[ ]

13

Theorem 82.

If TP, TQ are two tangents to the circle,

then (1) TP=TQ
(2) TOP = TOQ
(3) OTP = OTQ

O
T

(tangent properties)

[]

Theorem 83.
C
B

If

then

PAQ is a tangent to the circle at A,

CAQ = CBA (or BAP = BCA )

( in alt. segment) []
P

Theorem 84. (converse of Theorem 83)

C
B

If

then

CAQ = CBA

(or

BAP = BCA ),

PAQ is a tangent to the circle at A.

(converse of in alt. segment)

[]

14