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(ISSN : 2277-1581)
01 Feb. 2015
I. I NT RO DU CT I ON
Contingencies are expressed as a specified set of events
occurring within a short duration of time, which actually
indicates loss or failure of one or more components on power
system [1]. In the event of an unplanned (or unscheduled)
equipment outage, contingency analysis gives the operators an
indication, of what might happen to the power system [2]. It is
basically a software application run in an energy management
system, simulating a hypothetical test on a list of conjectural
cases, which would create line flow, voltage or reactive power
violations. These cases are identified and ranked in order of
their severity using contingency ranking algorithm [3].
Usually contingency analysis is segregated into three parts,
contingency definition, selection and evaluation [4], but in
present days the selection and the evaluation both steps are done
in same segment. For more than three decades many work has
been done on contingency selection specially, whose aim is to
reduce the original long list of contingencies by selecting only
the cases with severe limit violations [5-8]. This selection is
accomplished by mainly two methods, i.e., contingency ranking
and contingency screening. The screening methods are local
solution based analysis, which basically gives top priority to the
most severe cases for detailed ac analysis, at the same time the
non-critical cases are removed from the list [6]. Another method
IJSET@2015
NB
PIV
i 1
( )(
Wvi
2n
( Vi Vi SP )
Vi lim
2n
(1)
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(ISSN : 2277-1581)
01 Feb. 2015
the bus voltages which are out-of limits and for a set of
contingencies, this index provides a direct means of comparing
the relative severity of the different outages on the system
voltage profile.
B. MW performance index PIMW
An index for quantifying the extent of line overloads may be
defined in terms of MW performance index [2].
NL
PI MW
W
Pl
( li )( lim
Pl
i 1 2n
2n
(2)
Pl lim
Vi *V j
xl
(3)
IJSET@2015
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(ISSN : 2277-1581)
01 Feb. 2015
From
Bus
Table 4 Active power flows in the lines for pre and post contingency state.
From
Pre-contingency MW
Post-contingency
To Bus
Bus
flow
MW flow
1
2
20.54
30.17
1
4
19.85
0
1
5
19.43
25.71
2
3
9.01
8.38
2
4
5.3
6.3
2
5
3.93
2.82
2
6
8.6
7.9
3
5
1.68
1
3
6
1.13
1.19
4
5
7.07
3.39
5
6
5.58
6.23
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(ISSN : 2277-1581)
01 Feb. 2015
7
4
7
9
6
6
6
9
10
12
13
G1
G2
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
11
13
14
G1
G2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Generator
Generator
3.0281
2.9894
2.7176
2.9880
2.7998
2.8696
2.6465
3.0546
3.0111
3.0566
2.9705
3.0421
3.5595
9
12
20
13
16
15
21
6
11
5
14
7
2
Bus No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
4
7
4
7
9
6
6
6
9
10
12
13
G1
G2
To
Bus
2
3
4
5
5
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
11
13
14
G1
G2
Line
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Type
PIMW
Rank
PIV
Rank
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
1.0851
0.9695
0.8941
2.5424
0.8903
1.1647
1.3978
1.1497
1.0791
1.0812
1.0822
1.0767
1.0830
1.0910
1.0879
1.0973
1.0849
1.0878
1.0854
1.0892
1.0852
1.6309
12
20
21
1
22
4
3
5
18
17
16
19
15
7
9
6
14
10
11
8
13
2
1.9569
1.8264
1.8283
1.7865
1.8865
2.0023
1.7876
1.0498
1.9467
1.9469
1.9072
1.6409
1.9050
1.7088
1.7817
1.5492
1.9697
1.9233
1.9712
1.8813
1.9569
1.9286
5
15
14
17
12
1
16
22
7
6
10
20
11
19
18
21
3
9
2
13
4
8
Generator
Generator
To Bus
Line No
Type
SPI
Rank
2
3
4
5
5
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
3.0420
2.7959
2.7224
4.3289
2.7768
3.1670
3.1854
2.1995
3.0258
8
17
19
1
18
4
3
22
10
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Post-contingency
voltage
(p.u.)
1.06
1.036
1.01
1.006
1.003
1.07
1.056
1.09
1.052
1.047
1.055
1.055
1.05
1.033
Table 8 Active power flows in the lines for pre and post contingency state.
From
Bus
1
2
2
1
2
3
4
5
4
7
4
7
9
6
6
6
9
10
12
13
To Bus
2
3
4
5
5
4
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
11
13
14
Pre-contingency
MW flow
156.83
73.19
56.14
75.55
41.51
-23.33
-61.22
44.06
28.09
0
16.09
28.09
5.24
7.34
7.78
17.74
9.44
-3.77
1.61
5.63
Post-contingency
MW flow
240.06
87.1
83.31
0
77.95
-10.42
-24.74
42.27
29.25
0
16.72
29.25
6.37
6.21
7.68
17.19
10.1
-2.64
1.51
4.98
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01 Feb. 2015
REFERENCES
V. CONCLUSION
The methods of contingency ranking using sensitivity factors
have been presented. The analysis with AC power flow using
NRPF is found most suitable in the approach of contingency
selection, as it played a very important role in eliminating the
large number of contingency cases and focused on the most
severe contingency case. From the results, it can be concluded,
that the calculation of performance indices gives a good
measure of the cases, which has the highest potential to make
the system parameters to go beyond their limits. Calculation of
SPI are also obtained, in order to increase the accuracy of the
sorting and ranking technique of the contingency analysis
process.
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