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Chemistry

board Answer paper: OCTOBER 2013

Chemistry
SECTION I
Q.1. Select and write the most appropriate answer from the given alternatives for each
sub-question:
i.

(D)

iodine

[1]

ii.

(B)

boiling point

[1]

iii.

(D)

90 and a b c

[1]

iv.

(A)

He + O2

[1]

v.

(B)

1 d[NO 2 ]
4
dt

The instantaneous rate of the reaction is

vi.

vii.

[1]
1 d[N 2 O5 ] 1 d[NO 2 ] d[O 2 ]
=
=
2
dt
4 dt
dt

(C) 625 K
The reaction turns from spontaneous to non-spontaneous when G = 0.
0 = G = H T S
H
50 103 J
= 625 K
=
T=
80 J K 1
S

[1]

(B) 2 : 1
The reaction occuring during electrolysis of acidified water is
2H2O(l)
2H2(g) + O2(g)

[1]

Thus the ratio of number of moles (n) of H2 and O2 liberated is 2 : 1

But volume V n
( PV = nRT)

The ratio of volumes of H2 and O2 liberated is 2 : 1

Q.2. Answer any THREE of the following:

i.
Given:
Given equations are,
H3BO3(aq) HBO2(aq) + H2O(l), H1 = 0.02 kJ

. (i)

H2B4O7(s) 2B2O3(s) + H2O(l), H 2 = 17.3 kJ

. (ii)

H2B4O7(s) + H2O(l) 4HBO2(aq), H 3 = 11.58 kJ

. (iii)

To find:
The standard enthalpy of the reaction, H
Calculation: Multiply equation (i) by (2),
2H3BO3(aq) 2HBO2(aq) + 2H2O(l), H = 0.04 kJ
Multiply equation (ii) by ,
1
1
H2B4O7(s) B2O3(s) + H2O(l), H = 8.65 kJ
2
2
1
Reverse equation (iii) and multiply by ,
2
1
1
2HBO2(aq)
H2B4O7(s) + H2O(l), H = 5.79 kJ
2
2

. (iv)

. (v)

. (vi)

[1]
1

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Model Answer Paper: October 2013

Now add equations (iv), (v), and (vi)

2H3BO3(aq) 2HBO2(aq) + 2H2O(l), H = 0.04 kJ
1
1
H2B4O7(s) B2O3(s) + H2O(l), H = 8.65 kJ
2
2
1
1
2HBO2(aq)
H2B4O7(s) + H2O(l), H = 5.79 kJ
2
2

ii.

Given:
To find:
Formulae:

2H3BO3(aq) B2O3(s) + 3H2O(l)

[1]

H = 0.04 + 8.65 + 5.79

= + 14.4 kJ
The H of the reaction = +14.4 kJ

[1]

Density of 6.3% HNO3 = 1.04 g cm3

a. Molarity
b.
Molality
Number of moles of solute
a. Molarity =
Volume of solution in L
b.

Calculation: a.

Number of moles of solute

Mass of solvent in kg
Mass of solution
Density of solution =
Volume of solution
100
= 96.15 cm3 = 96.15 103 dm3
Volume of solution =
1.04
Mass of solute
Molarity =
Molar mass of solute Volume of solution in L
Molality =

Molarity =
b.

6.3 103
= 1.04 mol/dm3
63 103 96.15 103

[1]

[1]

6.3% HNO3 is present means 6.3 g of HNO3 is present in 100 g of solution.

Mass of H2O = 100 6.3 = 93.7 g
Mass of HNO3
Molality of HNO3 =
Molar mass of HNO3 Mass of solvent in kg
6.3103
63 103 93.7 103
= 1.067 mol/kg
=

iii.

a.

Action of Cl2 on cold and dil. NaOH:

When chlorine is passed through cold and dilute caustic soda solution, a mixture of
sodium hypochlorite and sodium chloride is formed.
Cl2 +
2NaOH
NaCl + NaOCl + H2O

[1]

Action of Cl2 on hot and conc. NaOH:

Chlorine reacts with hot and conc. NaOH to produce sodium chlorate and sodium
chloride.
3Cl2 + 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO3 + 3H2O

[1]

(cold and dilute)

b.

(hot and
conc.)

[1]

Sodium
chloride

Sodium
chloride

Sodium
chlorate

Sodium
hypochlorite

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c.

Action of Cl2 on potassium bromide solution:

Chlorine reacts with KBr, to form potassium chloride, displacing bromine.
2KBr(aq) + Cl2 2KCl
+ Br2
Potassium
bromide

iv.

Chemistry

[1]

Potassium
chloride

Density (d) = 10 g cm3

Edge length (a) = 100 pm = 100 1010 cm.
Mass of crystal = 2 g
To find:
Number of atoms
Mass
Formula: Density =
Volume
Mass
Calculation: Density =
Volume
Mass

Volume =
Density
Given:

Volume =

2g
= 0.2 cm3
3
10 g cm

[]

Volume of unti cell = a3 = (100 1010 cm)3 = 1 1024 cm3

total volume
Number of unit cells in 2 g of crystal =
volume of unit cell

[]
[]

0.2cm3
1 1024 cm3
= 0.2 1024 unit cells
The given unit cell is of fcc type, therefore, it contains 4 atoms.
=

[]
[]

0.2 1024 unit cells will contain 4 0.2 1024 = 0.8 1024 atoms
= 8 1023 atoms
Number of atoms present in 2g of crystal is 8 1023 atoms.

[]

Q.3. Answer any SIX of the following:

i.
N cannot form compounds with +5 oxidation states as it has no d-orbitals in its outermost
shell.
Hence, it cannot expand its octet and its maximum covalence is restricted to 4.
Thus, N cannot form compounds like NF5.

ii.

Faradays Second Law:

Faradays second law states that, When the same quantity of electricity is passed through
different electrolytes arranged in series, then the masses of the substances liberated or
deposited at the respective electrodes are directly proportional to their chemical
equivalents.
Explanation:
Two cells are connected in series. They contain different electrolytes. Same quantity of
electricity is passed through them. In other words, the number of moles of electrons passed
through two electrolytes is same.
Moles of A produced in one cell = moles of electrons actually passed mole ratio of A half
reaction
Mole of B produced in other cell = moles of electrons actually passed mole ratio of B half
reaction.
moles of A produced mole ratio of A half reaction
=
Hence,
moles of B produced
mole ratio of B half reaction
3

[1]
[1]

[1]

[1]

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iii.

Model Answer Paper: October 2013

Froth floatation process:

a.
Froth floatation process is based on the principle of difference in the wetting properties
of the ore and gangue particles with water and oil.
b.
It is used for the extraction of those metals in which the ore particles are preferentially
wetted by oil and gangue by water.
c.
This method has been used for removing gangue from sulphide ores.
eg. Galena (PbS), zinc blende (ZnS), copper pyrites (CuFeS2), etc.
d.
In this method, a suspension of the powdered ore is made with water. To this
suspension small quantities of collectors and froth stabilizers are added. Collectors
(eg. pine oil, eucalyptus oil, fatty acids, xanthates, etc.) enhance non-wettability of the
mineral particles and froth stabilizers (eg. cresols, aniline) help in stabilization of the
froth. The mineral ore particles become wet by oil, while the gangue (impurities)
particles by water.
e.
In the floatation tank, a current of compressed air is circulated through the water. A
rotating paddle agitates the mixture and draws air into it. As a result, froth is formed
which carries the mineral particles. The froth is light and is skimmed off. It is then
dried for recovery of the ore particles. The gangue material is wetted by water and
settles at the bottom.
f.
Sometimes, it is possible to separate two sulphide ores by adjusting proportion of oil to
water or by using depressants. eg. In case of an ore containing ZnS and PbS, the
depressant used is NaCN. It selectively prevents ZnS from coming to the froth but
allows PbS to come with the froth, which can be further removed.

[]

[]

[]

[]

iv.
Molecularity of reaction
Order of reaction
a. It is the number of reactant molecules It is the sum of the exponents to which the
taking part in an elementary reaction.
concentration terms in the rate law are
raised.
b. It is the theoretical property indicating It is an experimental property indicating
the number of reactant molecules the dependence of the observed reaction
involved in each act leading to the rate on the concentration of the reactants.
reaction.
c. It is always an integer and never a
It may be an integer, fraction or zero.
fraction or zero.
d. It does not change with the experimental It may change with the experimental
conditions.
conditions.
e. It is the property of only elementary It is the property of both the complex and
reactions and has no meaning for the elementary reactions.
complex reactions.
f. It is based on balanced chemical It is not based on balanced chemical
equation.
equation.

(Any four distinguishing points)

v.

[ 4]

Conditions for spontaneous and non-spontaneous reactions in terms of free energy

change:
a.
For a spontaneous process, G < 0 means the Gibbs energy of the system decreases
during the process. The end of the spontaneous process is equilibrium which
corresponds to minimum in G.
b.
Hence the change in Gibbs energy, G must be zero for the process at equilibrium.
Thus if,
a.
G < 0, the process is spontaneous.
G > 0, the process is non-spontaneous.
b.
c.
G = 0, the process is at equilibrium.
4

[2]

[1]

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Chemistry

Definition of entropy:
The property of a system which measures the degree of disorder or randomness in the system
is called entropy. It is denoted by letter S.

vi.

[1]

Structure of H4P2O6:
O O

HO P P OH
OH OH

[1]

Hypophosphoric acid(H4P2O6)

Action of heat on KMnO4:

KMnO4 when heated to 473 K, readily decomposes giving oxygen.
heat
2KMnO4
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
At red heat, potassium permanganate decomposes into potassium manganate (K2MnO3) and
oxygen.
Re d heat
2K2MnO4
2K2MnO3 + O2

vii.

a.

b.

viii. a.

[1]

Henrys law:
Henrys law relates solubility of a gas with external pressure. The law states that, the
solubility of a gas in liquid at constant temperature is proportional to the pressure of
the gas above the solution. If S is the solubility of the gas in mol dm3, then according
to Henrys law,
S P i.e. S = KP
where, P is the pressure of the gas in atmosphere, K is constant of proportionality and
has the unit of mol dm3 atm1.

[1]

Effect of temperature:
According to Charles law, volume of a given mass of a gas increases with increase in
temperature. Therefore, volume of a given mass of dissolved gas in solution also
increases with increase in temperature, so that it becomes impossible for the solvent in
solution to accommodate gaseous solute in it and gas bubbles out. Hence solubility of
gas in liquid decreases with increase of temperature.

[1]

Schottky defect:
1.
Sometimes during crystallisation, some of
the places of the constituent particles
remain unoccupied and the defect
generated is called vacancy defect or
B
B
A+
A+
Schottky defect.
2.
The unoccupied positions are called Cation
A+
B
B
vacancy
vacancies.
3.
It results in the decrease in density of the
B
A+
A+
B
substance.
4.
In case of ionic solids, cations and anions Anion
A+
B
A+
in stoichiometric proportions remain vacancy
absent from their position to maintain
Schottky defect
electrical neutrality.
5.
In Ionic compounds, this defect is known as Schottky defect.
6.
The defects are observed in solids with cations and anions having almost equal
size like NaCl, KCl, CsCl, etc.

[1]
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b.

Model Answer Paper: October 2013

Frenkel defect:
1.
When cation or anion from ionic solid
leaves its regular site and moves to
occupy a place between the lattice site
called interstitial position, the defect is Cation
called interstitial defect or Frenkel defect. vacancy
2.
The presence of this defect does not alter Cation in
interstitial
the density of the solid.
site
3.
This defect is common when the
difference in ionic radii of cations and
anions is large.
4.
This defect is observed in AgCl solid
because of Ag+ ions or ZnS solid because
of Zn++ ions.

A+
B

A+
B

A+
+

A
+

A+

A+

Frenkel defect

Q.4. Answer any ONE of the following:

i.
a.
Cell reactions for fuel cell:
1.
Oxidation at anode ():
At anode, hydrogen gas is oxidized to H2O.

4H2O(l) + 4e
2H2(g) + 4OH (aq)

2.

3.

[]

Reduction at cathode (+):

The electrons released at anode travel to cathode through the external circuit.
Here O2 gas is reduced to OH.

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq)

[]

Net cell reaction:

The overall cell reaction is the sum of oxidation at anode and reduction at cathode.
Thus,

2H2(g) + 4OH (aq)

4H2O(l) + 4e
(anodic oxidation)

O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH (aq)

2H2(g) + O2(g)
4.

[1]

2H2O(l)

(cathodic reduction)
(overall reaction)

[1]

Calculation of e.m.f.:
E 0Cu = 0.334 V
E 0Zn = 0.76 V
The overall cell reaction is the redox reaction which is the sum of oxidation half
reaction at anode and reduction half reaction at cathode.
Zn(s) Zn2+(0.1M) + 2e
(oxidation half reaction at anode)
2+

(reduction half reaction at cathode)

Cu (0.5M) + 2e Cu(s)

Zn(s) + Cu2+(0.5M) Zn2+(0.1M) + Cu(s)

E 0cell = E 0cathode E 0anode
= 0.334 (0.76) = 1.094 V = 1.1 V
[Product]
0.059
Ecell = E 0cell
log
n
[Reactant]
0.059
0.1
= 1.1
log
2
0.5
= 1.1206 V

(overall cell reaction)

[]
[]

[1]

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b.

c.

ii.

a.

Chemistry

Isotonic solutions: Two or more solutions exerting the same osmotic pressure are
called isotonic solutions.
eg. 0.05 M (3.0 g L1) urea solution and 0.05 M (17.19 g L1) sucrose solution are
isotonic because their osmotic pressures are the same. If these solutions are
separated by a semipermeable membrane, there is no flow of solvent in either
direction.

[1]

Derivation for the relation H U = nRT:

1.
H and U at constant pressure are related as,
H = U + PV
For reactions involving solids and liquids, V is usually very small because
solids and liquids do not expand or contract significantly as pressure changes.
For such reactions neglecting PV, H = U
However, for reactions involving gases, V cannot be neglected. The equation
H = U + PV
= U + P (V2 V1)
= U + PV2 PV1
.. (1)
where, V1 is the volume of gas-phase reactants (initial state) and V2 is the volume
of gas-phase products (final-state).
2.
If we assume that reactant and product gases are ideal, we can apply ideal gas
equation, PV = nRT. Suppose that n1 moles of gaseous reactants produce n2
moles of gaseous products. Then,
.. (2)
PV1 = n1RT and PV2 = n2RT
Substitution of equation (2) into equation(1) gives,
H = U + n2RT n1RT
= U + (n2 n1)RT
= U + nRT
where, n is the difference between the number of moles of gaseous products and that of
gaseous reactants.

H U = n RT

[1]

Activation energy: The activation energy (Ea) is defined as the minimum kinetic
energy required for a molecular collision to lead to reaction.

[1]

Calculation of activation energy:

Given:
T1 = 30 C = 303 K, T2 = 50 C = 323 K
Rate constant becomes four times when temperature changes from 30 C to 50 C.

k2 = 4k1
k
or 2 = 4
k1
To find:
Activation energy (Ea)
T2 T1
Ea
k
Formula: log 2 =

2.303R T1T2
k1

323 303
Ea
4k1
=

2.303R 323 303

k1
Ea
20

log10 4 =
2.303 8.314
97869
0.60206 2.303 8.314 97869

Ea =
= 5.641 104 J/mol
20
= 56.41 kJ/mol
The activation energy for the given reaction is 56.41 kJ/mol.

Calculation: log10

[1]

[]
[]

[]
[]
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b.

Model Answer Paper: October 2013

Electrolytic cell for the extraction of aluminium:

Powdered coke

Copper clamp
Carbon lining
(cathode)
Iron container

Carbon rods (anode)

Molten Al2O3 + Na3AlF6

Molten
aluminium

Outlet for
aluminium

[2]

Electrolytic cell for the extraction of aluminium

c.

Electronic configuration of Neon gases:

Element
Neon
Ne

Atomic number
10

Electronic configuration
1s22s22p6

[1]

Uses of neon:
a.
Neon bulbs are used in botanical gardens and in green houses.

b.

Neon is used in,

1.

neon lights. Neon lights are glass tubes filled with neon or mixture of neon
and other gases at about 2mm pressure. They glow on electric discharge.
They are attractive and have a great penetrating power in mist and fog.
When the composition of gaseous mixture and the colour of tube is
changed, various shades of neon light are observed.

2.
3.

warning signals, spark plug and in television sets.

safety devices, voltage stabilizers and rectifiers.
(Any two uses)

[ 2]

[1]

SECTION - II
Q.5. Select and write the most appropriate answer:
i.
(B) dichromate ion changes to chromate ion.

ii.

[1]

(C) secondary butyl chloride

HCl always add according to Markownikoffs rule even in presence of peroxide.

[1]

Peroxide
CH3 CH2 CH CH3
CH3 CH2 CH = CH2 + HCl
|
But-1-ene
Cl

2-Chlorobutane
(sec-Butyl chloride)
(major product)

iii.

(A)

2-iodo-3-methylbutane
CH3
CH3
|
|

CH3 CH CH CH3 + H2O

CH3 CH CH CH3 + HI
|
|
OH
I
3-Methylbutan-2-ol

2-Iodo-3-methylbutane

[1]

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iv.

Chemistry

(A)

1-phenylhexan-2-one
O
||
C6H5 CH2 C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
1

[1]

1-Phenylhexan-2-one

v.

(A)

antiseptic

[1]

vi.

(D)

tetrasaccharides

[1]

vii.

(D)

HDPE

[1]

Q.6. Answer any THREE of the following:

i.
a.
Conversion of phenol into benzene:
When phenol is heated with zinc dust, it gets converted to benzene.

OH
+

Zn

Phenol

b.

+ ZnO

[1]

Benzene

Conversion of phenol into benzoquinone:

Phenol on oxidation with Na2Cr2O7 (chromic acid) in H2SO4, gives conjugated
diketone known as benzoquinone, which is dark coloured.

OH

O
Na 2 Cr2 O7

H 2SO 4

Phenol

[1]
O

Benzoquinone

c.

Conversion of phenol into picric acid:

When phenol is treated with hot and conc. HNO3 in the presence of conc. H2SO4
(nitrating mixture), yellow coloured picric acid, i.e. 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol is obtained.

OH

OH
O2N

NO2

conc.H 2SO 4
+ 3HNO3

+ 3H2O

(conc.)

ii.

[1]

NO2

Phenol

Picric acid
(2,4,6-Trinitrophenol)

Aldol addition involves the following steps :

Step 1: Removal of -hydrogen atom (which is acidic in nature) from aldehydes and ketones
to form a carbanion.
H H
H H
| |

|
|
OH
HCC=O
C C = O + H2O
|
|
H
H
Ethanal

Carbanion

[1]

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Model Answer Paper: October 2013

Step 2: The nucleophilic carbanion or enolate ion attacks the electrophilic carbonyl carbon
atom of second molecule of aldehyde to form the alkoxide ion.

H H
|
|
HCC=O
|
H

H H
| |
CC=O
|
H

H H H H
| |
| |
H C C C C = O
|
| |
H O H

[1]

Ethanal

Alkoxide ion

Step 3 : The alkoxide ion thus formed, accepts a proton from water, forming aldol and OH.

H H H
|
|
|
H C C C = O + H OH
|
|
|
H O H

H H H H
| | |
|

H C C C C = O + OH
| |
|
H OH H
3-Hydroxybutanal
(-Hydroxyaldehyde)

Alkoxide ion

iii.

iv.

Although the open chain structure of D (+) Glucose explains most of its reactions, it fails to
explain the following facts:
a.
D (+)-Glucose does not undergo certain characteristic reactions of aldehydes.
eg., Glucose does not form NaHSO3 addition product, aldehyde-ammonia adduct,
2, 4 DNP derivative and does not respond to Schiffs reagent test.
b.
Glucose reacts with NH2OH to form an oxime but glucose pentaacetate does not react
with NH2OH, which implies that the free aldehyde group is absent in glucose
pentaacetate.
c.
D(+)-Glucose exists in two stereoisomeric crystalline forms, i.e. -glucose and
-glucose, called anomers. -D(+)-Glucose is obtained when a concentrated aqueous or
alcoholic solution is crystallised at 303 K. It has a melting point of 419 K and has a
specific rotation of +111 in a freshly prepared aqueous solution.
However, when glucose is crystallised from water above 371 K, -D(+)-glucose is
obtained. It has a melting point of 423 K and has a specific rotation of +19.2 in a
freshly prepared aqueous solution. This behaviour could not be explained by the open
chain structure of glucose.
a.

[1]

[1]

[1]

[1]

Preparation of nitromethane from alkyl halide:

Bromomethane reacts with silver nitrite (AgNO2), to give nitromethane.
+ AgNO2 CH3 NO2 + AgBr
CH3 Br
Bromomethane

Silver
Nitrite

Nitromethane

OR
Nitromethane is obtained in good yield by action of sodium or potassium nitrite on
bromomethane,
in
presence
of
solvent
dimethyl
sulphoxide
or
N,N-dimethylformamide.
eg.
dimethyl sulphoxide or
CH3 Br
+ NaNO2/KNO2
CH3 NO2 + NaBr/KBr
N,N-Dimethylformamide
Bromomethane

10

Sodium/potassium
nitrite

Nitromethane

[1]

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b.

Chemistry

Preparation of nitromethane from -halogen carboxylic acid:

Nitromethane is obtained by boiling aqueous sodium nitrite with sodium salt of
-chloro acetic acid.
O
O

Cl CH2 C ONa + NaNO2 O2N CH2 C ONa

-Chloro sodium
acetate

+ NaCl
[1]

H2O
CH3 NO2 + NaHCO3
Nitromethane

c.

Preparation of nitromethane from -nitroalkene:

Nitromethane is prepared by hydrolysis of 2-methyl-1-nitropropene in acidic medium.
CH3
CH3
+

H
CH3 C = CH NO2 + H2O
CH3 NO2 + CH3 C = O

[1]

Nitromethane

2-Methyl-1-nitropropene

Q.7. Answer any SIX of the following:

i.
OH

ONa+

+ NaOH
[1]

Carbolic acid

ONa+
CH3 I

O CH3
+ NaI

[1]

Methoxy benzene

ii.

iii.

Superiority of Crystal Field Theory over Valence Bond Theory:

a.
Magnetic properties of complexes and variation with temperature are explained by
crystal field theory. Valence bond theory cannot explain these.
b.
Crystal field theory gives the quantitative measure of the stability of complexes. It
predicts the geometry of complexes. It is not possible by valence bond theory.
c.
Kinetic and thermodynamic properties of some complexes are explained by crystal
field theory but not by valence bond theory.
d.
Crystal field theory explains d-d transitions and colour of complexes. This is not
explained by valence bond theory.
(Four points)
[ 4]

[2]

Benzonitrile reacts with phenyl magnesium iodide in equimolecular proportion in the

presence of dry ether to give an adduct, which on acid hydrolysis gives benzophenone.
dry ether
C6H5 C N + C6H5 Mg I

C6H5 C = NMgI

Benzonitrile

[1]

C6H5

Phenyl
magnesium
iodide

Adduct

H3O+

C6H5
C = O + Mg(OH)I + NH3
C6H5
[1]

Benzophenone

11

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iv.

Model Answer Paper: October 2013

Hoffmann bromamide reaction:

a.
Primary amine can be prepared by reaction of amide with bromine and aqueous or
alcoholic sodium hydroxide.
O

R C NH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH R NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O

(aqueous or
alcoholic)

Amide

[]

1 Amine

eg. Ethanamine is prepared by reaction of propanamide with bromine and aqueous or

alcoholic sodium hydroxide.

O
CH3 CH2 C NH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH CH3 CH2 NH2 + Na2CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H2O []
Propanamide

b.
c.
v.

vi.

Ethanamine

This reaction is known as Hoffmann bromamide degradation. It involves molecular

rearrangement. An alkyl or aryl group migrates from the carbonyl carbon to the
adjacent nitrogen atom.
This reaction is useful for decreasing the length of carbon chain by one carbon atom.

Hormones:
a.
Hormones are the chemicals secreted by the ductless glands (endocrine glands) and
transported by the blood stream, to different parts of the body where they control
different physiological actions of the body.
b.
The blood provides the required chemicals in the form of raw materials for secretion of
hormones and also act as a vehicle for transport of hormones to reach the specific
organs of the body.
c.
The parts of the body organs where hormones are produced are called effectors and
where they act on cells are called targets.
d.
Hormones are easily diffusible, have low molecular weight and affect biological processes.
e.
Hormones are normally derived from amino acid derivatives or peptides and proteins or
steroids.
eg. Thyroxine, Insulin, Androgens, Estrogens and Progesterone.
Function of insulin:
Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted in pancreas and controls carbohydrate metabolism by
increasing glycogen in muscles and oxidation of glucose in tissue and also lowers the blood
sugar.

[1]

[1]

[1]

On the basis of mode of polymerisation, polymers are classified into the following groups:
a.
Addition polymers or chain growth polymers:
1.
A polymer formed by direct addition of repeated monomers without the
elimination of byproduct molecules is called addition polymer.
2.
In this, the monomers are alkenes, alkadienes (or their derivatives) or alkynes.
3.
All the atoms of monomers are present in the addition polymer and they have the
same empirical formula as their monomer.
eg. Orlon/ acrilan / polyacrylonitrile (PAN):
CN
CN
CN
n CH2 = CH
Vinyl cyanide
(Acrylonitrile)
(Monomer)

12

(aqueous
or alcoholic)

Polymerization

CH2 CH CH2 CH
n
Repeating unit

Orlon/Acrilan/PAN
(Addition polymer)

[1]

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b.

Chemistry

Condensation polymers or step growth polymers:

1.
A polymer formed by the condensation of two or more than two monomers with
the elimination of simple molecules like water, methyl alcohol, hydrogen
chloride, ammonia, etc. is called condensation polymer.
2.
In this, bifunctional or trifunctional monomeric units undergo condensation.
3.
All the atoms of monomers are not present in the condensation polymer.
4.
There are ester or amide linkages in the condensation polymer.
5.
Condensation polymer is formed in a stepwise manner (dimer, tetramer, and
so on).
eg.
Nylon-6,6:
n H2N ( CH2 )6NH2 + n HOOC (CH2 )4COOH
Hexamethylenediamine

Adipic acid

O
n H 2O

NH ( CH2 )6NH C ( CH2)4 C n

O

[1]

Nylon-6,6

vii.

a.
b.

c.
d.

Addition of sugar: Preservation by addition of sugar and then applying heat is a highly
important method in case of fruits to prepare jams, jellies and marmalades. This
method is simple, cheap and easy to adopt.
Addition of salt: Common salt has antimicrobial activity. Salt is added to food to
control the growth of fungus and micro-organisms. When salt is added, bacterial cell
loses water due to osmosis. Due to this, the cell either remains dormant or dies. This
helps in storage of food. This method of preservation of food by addition of salt is
called salting. It is used for preservation of fish products, meat and for the preparation
of pickles of lemon, chillies, raw mangoes, etc. It is also used in the preservation of
amla, beans, tamarind, etc.
Addition of vinegar: Vinegar is added to preserve food like pickles, salad dressings,
mustard, fish, etc.
Addition of other chemicals: Chemicals like sodium benzoate, salts of sorbic acid and
propionic acid, etc., are used as preservatives.
(Any two chemical methods)
[1 2]

[2]

viii.
Elements

Symbols

Chromium Cr
Manganese Mn

Atomic Expected Electronic Observed

Electronic
Number Configuration
Configuration

24
25

[Ar] 3d4 4s2

[Ar] 3d5 4s2

[Ar] 3d5 4s1

[Ar] 3d5 4s2

[1]
[1]

Q.8. Answer any ONE of the following:

i.
a.
Lanthanoid contraction:
The atomic and ionic radii of lanthanoids show gradual decrease with increase in
atomic number. It is known as Lanthanoid contraction.
Cause of the lanthanoid contraction:
1.
As the atomic number of the members of lanthanoids series increases, the
positive charge on nucleus increases by +1 unit and one more electron enters in
the same 4f subshell.
2.
There is inadequate shielding of one electron by another electron in the same 4f
subshell.
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3.

The shielding of 4f electrons is less effective than the shielding of 5d electron as

4f orbital is more diffused in shape than 5d orbital.
Thus, greater effective nuclear charge is experienced with the increase in the
atomic number. This results in slight pull of the valence shell towards the
nucleus.
Thus, the atomic and ionic radii decrease slightly with increase in the atomic
number, thereby causing lanthanoid contraction.

[1]

Effects of the lanthanoid contraction:

1.
Decrease in Basicity:
i.
As per Fajans principle, With increase in the size of cation, the tendency
of the hydroxide to dissociate, increases. This increases the strength of
base.
ii.
The size of Ln3+ cation decreases with increase in the atomic number, due
to lanthanoid contraction.
iii. This decreases the ionic character of MOH bond and gradually increases
the covalent character of MOH bond.
iv. Therefore the basic strength of the corresponding hydroxides decreases
from La(OH)3 to Lu(OH)3.
v.
Thus, La(OH)3 is most basic and Lu(OH)3 is least basic.

[1]

4.

5.

2.

b.

Model Answer Paper: October 2013

Ionic radii of post lanthanoids:

i.
The elements which follow the lanthanoids in the third transition series are
known as post-lanthanoids.
ii.
There is a regular increase in size from Sc to Y to La.
iii. But after the lanthanoids, the increase in radii from second to third
transition series almost vanishes.
iv. Pairs of elements such as ZrHf (group 4), NbTa (group 5), MoW
(group 6) and Tc-Re (group 7) possess almost same size. These pair of
elements are called chemical twins. The properties of these elements are
also similar. So due to lanthanoid contraction, elements of second and third
series resemble each other.

[1]

The structure of melamine:

N NH2
H2N

[1]

NH2
Melamine

c.

The mechanism of cleansing action of soap:

1.
A molecule of soap has two dissimilar ends. The hydrophobic end of the
hydrocarbon chain is water repellent, while the hydrophilic end is polar and
water soluble due to presence of carboxylate anion. Thus a soap molecule may be
represented as:
O

C
H3C
Non polar tail, oil soluble
hydrocarbon

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ONa
Polar head, water
soluble part

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2.

Chemistry

When a soap is dissolved in water, many molecules come together and form a
group called micelle because their hydrocarbon chains come together and the
polar ends are projected outward.

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Micelle formation

3.

When a cloth with a spot of oil and dirt is soaked into the soap solution, soap
dissolves a tiny oil droplet by the hydrophobic end in the middle of the micelle.
Due to the outwardly projected polar ends, these micelles dissolve in water and
are washed away. Thus the clothes get cleaned.

Oil
droplet

[]
Oil droplet in the middle of the micelle

ii.

a.

Optical Activity in Lactic Acid:

Lactic acid is 2-hydroxy propanoic acid.
H
|
Its structural formula is CH3 *C COOH
|
OH
The optical activity can be discussed as:
1.

2.

Presence of asymmetrical carbon atom:

i.
Lactic acid contains one asymmetrical carbon atom.
ii.
According to vant Hoffs rule a = 2n, where, a is the number of isomers
and n is the number of asymmetric carbon atom.
iii. Thus two isomers of lactic acid are possible.

[]

[]

Non-superimposable mirror image structures

COOH

COOH
|
HO C* H
|
CH3

H C* OH
|
CH3
d-lactic acid

Mirror

[1]

l-lactic acid

Hence lactic acid can exist as d-form and l-form which are non-superimposable mirror
images of each other.
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Energy profile diagram for SN1 reaction mechanism:

where,
First step
E1 = Activation energy for T.S. I
T.S.I Second step
E2 = Activation energy for T.S. II
T.S.II
H = Heat of reaction
E1
E2
T.S. I = Transition state of first step
Carbocation
T.S. II = Transition state of second step
Potential energy

b.

Model Answer Paper: October 2013

Reactants

H
Products

Reaction co-ordinate
Energy profile diagram for S N1
mechanism
c.

d.

Applications of coordination compounds:

1.
In medicine:
i.
Cisplatin [PtCl2(NH3)2] is useful in treatment of cancer.
ii.
EDTA is useful in treatment of poisoning by lead.
2.
In electroplating:
Stable complexes with very small dissociation in solution are used for
electroplating with silver and gold.
i.
The complex K[Ag(CN)2] is used for electroplating with silver.
ii.
The complex K[Au(CN)2] is used for electroplating with gold.
Structure of the carbonyl functional group:
1.
In aldehydes and ketones, the carbonyl carbon atom is sp2 hybridised and bonded
to three other atoms by sigma () bonds. One of the sigma bond is formed with
oxygen atom and other two with hydrogen and/or with carbon atoms. Thus, the
carbonyl carbon and the three atoms attached to it lie in the same plane.
2.
The remaining unhybridized 2p orbital of carbon overlaps with 2p orbital of
oxygen to form pi () bond. This results in double bond between carbon and
oxygen.
3.
The bond angles are approximately 120 as expected of a trigonal coplanar
structure as shown in the figure.

[1]

[1]

[1]

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[]

120

120

[]

O
120

The oxygen atom carries two lone pairs of electrons. The -electron cloud lies
above and below the plane of the rest of the atoms.

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