Chapter/Unit Overview

Ancient Greece

What is Psychology?
Evolution of Psychology as a Science
Different Perspectives Used by Psychologists in
Explaining Behavior
Goals of Psychology as a Science
Different Areas of Specialization
Different Methods in Psychological Research

Definition of
PSYCHE

LOGOS
study/science

PLATO

ARISTOTLE

Medieval
Period

mind/soul

HIPPOCRATES

AUGUSTINE

AQUINAS

Renaissance

GALEN

Mind-body dualism
Empiricism
DESCARTES

17th 20th Century

LOCKE

BACON

FECHNER
WUNDT

JAMES
NAT SCI

RESEARCH

Different Psychological Perspectives

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Different Psychological Perspectives

PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVE

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

PSY 1 General Psychology

Chapter/Unit 1: Nature & Scope of Psychology

F. Diaz

Exercise 1
Susan is a good wife and mother to her young children. She is
happily married. Observing her home, one will be led to
describe her as a very neat and orderly person. She maintains
cleanliness in the house especially in the comfort room and
kitchen. The dining table is well arranged and free from dust
with the chairs properly placed and aligned. Even the things
that are inside the shelves are orderly arranged as if the
distances between them are diligently measured. She
regularly does these things and enjoys them.
Provide an explanation based on the psychological
perspectives.

Goals of Psychology

help people
conduct psychological
evaluation
business consultation
sex counselling
research
criminal profiling
TV consultation

Specialized Areas in Psychology

HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

> 25 subfields

Exercise 2

Cognitive Psychology
Canine Psychology
Industrial &
Organizational P.

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.

legal consultation
improve athletes
performance
marketing consultation
testify as an expert witness
education

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

PSY 1 General Psychology

Chapter/Unit 1: Nature & Scope of Psychology

Automobile Traffic
Psychology
Forensic Psychology
Health Psychology

Specialized Areas in Psychology

Deals with clinical SOCIAL
assessment,
CLINICAL P.
P.
diagnosis, and treatment of mental
disorders with the use ofDEVELOPMENTAL
psychological
COUNSELLING P.
P.
methods.
SCHOOL P.
PEACE P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
SPORTS P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.

HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

F. Diaz

Specialized Areas in Psychology

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
SOCIAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
Works
with
normal/moderately
SCHOOL P.
PEACE P.
maladjusted individuals.
EDUCATIONAL P.
SPORTS P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.

CLINICAL P.
SOCIAL P.
COUNSELLING P. Work with educators and others
DEVELOPMENTAL
P.
to
promote the intellectual, social, and
SCHOOL P.
PEACE
P.
emotional growth of school-aged
EDUCATIONAL P. children.
SPORTS P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.

HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
SOCIAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
SCHOOL P.
PEACE P.
Involved in teaching-learning situation
EDUCATIONAL P.
SPORTS
P.
and conducting studies
for the
improvement of measurement and
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL
P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
evaluation as well as educational

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.

programs.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
Concerned with the interrelationship of
the mind, body, behaviour, and
health,
HEALTH P.
CROSS-CULTURAL
P.
as well as the promotion of health, and
BIOPSYCHOLOGYprevention of illness.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
COGNITIVE P.
CONSUMER P.
FORENSIC P.
ENGINEERING P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

PSY 1 General Psychology

Chapter/Unit 1: Nature & Scope of Psychology

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS
Involved inP.the screening of job
applicants, training, and
EXPERIMENTAL
P. evaluation of
job performance; concerned with
improving human relationship
CROSS-CULTURAL
P. in the
corporate world.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
Concerned with the scientific study of
P.
the biological basis of ENVIRONMENTAL
behaviour.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

F. Diaz

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
HEALTH P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
Explores mans mental processes, his
COGNITIVE P.
learning and memory, CONSUMER
his thoughts, P.
ideas and beliefs.
FORENSIC P.
ENGINEERING P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
theENGINEERING
relationship of brain
P.

Deals with
functioning
and
behaviour,
psychological effects of brain damage,
and its psychological interventions.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL
P. with the study of the
Concerned
principles of development as applied to
COUNSELLING
P.
the individuals physical, social,
cognitive,
SCHOOL
P. and emotional development
from birth to old age.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

PSY 1 General Psychology

Chapter/Unit 1: Nature & Scope of Psychology

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
HEALTH P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
COGNITIVE P.
CONSUMER P.
Deals with the relationship with
FORENSIC P.
ENGINEERING P.
Psychology and the Law.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

Specialized Areas in Psychology

Deals withP.how man behaves in his
CLINICAL
interactions with others, taking into
COUNSELLING
P.
consideration his perceptions,
attitudes,
values, and
SCHOOL
P. traits.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.

HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
Study of psychological aspects of
SCHOOL
P.
violence,
social
inequalities,
peacemaking, and the pursuit of social
EDUCATIONAL
P.
justice.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

F. Diaz

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
Involves the application of psychological
theories and P. principles for the
EDUCATIONAL
enhancement
of
an
athletes
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL
P.
performance.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
Deals P.
with how different cultures affect
HEALTH
behaviour.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
Area involves activities and techniques
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
that influence the choice of products
COGNITIVE
P. that will redound to the
and services
need satisfaction of the consuming
FORENSIC
public. P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

PSY 1 General Psychology

Chapter/Unit 1: Nature & Scope of Psychology

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL
P.
Involves the use of experimental methods
and designs in P. establishing causal
EDUCATIONAL
relationship between independent and
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL
dependent variables. It includes scientificP.
studies
HEALTH
P.on sensation, perception,
psychological intervention, learning, and
memory.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
Also
called
ECOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGY; study the influences of
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
the environment on behaviour.
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
Concerned with how to make the
COGNITIVE
P.
relationship of man with machines,
devices, and
FORENSIC
P. apparatuses harmonious
for the attainment of a better work
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY
performance.

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

F. Diaz

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Exercise 3

Cognitive Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Social Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Forensic Psychology

Methods & Techniques in Psychological

Researches

PSY 1 General Psychology

Chapter/Unit 1: Nature & Scope of Psychology

Specialized Areas in Psychology

CLINICAL P.
COUNSELLING P.
SCHOOL P.
EDUCATIONAL P.
INDUSTRIAL-ORGANIZATIONAL P.
HEALTH P.
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
COGNITIVE P.
FORENSIC P.
NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

SOCIAL P.
DEVELOPMENTAL P.
PEACE P.
SPORTS P.
EXPERIMENTAL P.
CROSS-CULTURAL P.
ENVIRONMENTAL P.
CONSUMER P.
ENGINEERING P.

Exercise 4
Can we really multitask?
How does our attachment change over our lives?
Why does my dog learn to salivate when I open the door to
the cabinet where I keep the dog food?
What does an increase in dopamine do to my mood?
Was the alleged shooter in a murder case having a
psychotic episode and is he competent enough to stand
trial?

Exercise 5
High Five Study: Do high
fives make my classmates
happier?

high fives
happiness
classmates

- One group high fives but

the other group no high
fives
- The number of smiles
were counted

high fives
happiness
classmates

F. Diaz

CORRELATIONAL STUDIES

Exercise 6

strength of the relationship

Yes
No

direction of the relationship

Exercise 7

As ice cream sales increase, the rate of drowning

deaths increases sharply.
Does ice cream causes drowning?
No. The increased drowning deaths may simply be caused by
more exposure to water-based activities, not ice cream.
Correlation does not imply causation.

Pseudopsychology (pseudo- means false);

claim or practice presented as true when it lacks
valid scientific measures to prove it as true
e.g. palmistry, parapsychology, numerology,
astrology etc.

PSY 1 General Psychology

Chapter/Unit 1: Nature & Scope of Psychology

Exercise 8

B
AB
O

Pop psychology psychological concepts and

theories that has attained popularity among the
general population; term used in derogatory fashion to
describe psychological concepts that are often
outdated, oversimplified, misunderstood or unproven
e.g. psychobable (use of psychological terms to
describe every normal experiences that medicalizes a
normal behavior); self-help books; advice dispensed
through media; myths and urban legends)

F. Diaz

Pop psychologist people who are widely

Astrology based on the

assumption that the position of the
planets and starts at the time of a
persons birth determines personality
characteristics and affects behavior

perceived as being psychologists because they have

projected that image or have been perceived in that
way, not because of their academic credentials
e.g. Dr. Phil, Dale Carnegie

Phrenology started in the

nineteenth century by a German
anatomy teacher, Franz Gall;
Personality was revealed by bumps
on the skull. As parts of the brain
governed
different
personality
characteristics

Japanese Blood Type Personality Chart

Type O
Best traits

Confident, self-determined, optimistic,

strong-willed, intuitive

Worst traits

Self-centered, cold, doubtful,

unpredictable, "workaholic"

Exercise 9

Type A
Best traits

Earnest, creative, sensible, reserved,

patient, responsible

20

Worst traits

Fastidious, overearnest, stubborn, tense

30
40
Never!

Type B
Best traits

Wild, active, doer, creative, passionate,

strong

Worst traits

Selfish, irresponsible, unforgiving, erratic

Type AB
Best traits

Cool, controlled, rational, sociable,

adaptable

Worst traits

Critical, indecisive, forgetful, irresponsible,

"split personality"

CLASSICAL

ADLER

SOMATIC CHARACTERISTICS

Melancholic

Avoiding

black hair, dark skin, moderate

fullness and much firmness of
flesh, with harshly expressed
outline of the person

Phlegmatic

Getting

distinguishable by a round form

of the body, softness of the
muscular system, repletion of
the cellular tissue, fair hair, and
a pale skin

Sanguine

Socially
useful

well defined forms, moderate

plumpness of person, tolerable
firmness of flesh, light hair
inclining to chestnut, blue eyes,
and fair complexion, with
ruddiness of countenance

Choleric

Ruling

fine thin hair, thin skin, small

thin muscles, quickness in
muscular motion, paleness of
countenance, and often
delicate health

PSY 1 General Psychology

Chapter/Unit 1: Nature & Scope of Psychology

F. Diaz