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a11 a12
a 21 a 22
..... .....
A=
a i1 a i2
..... .....
a m1 am2
a13
a 23
.....
a i3
.....
a m3
a1n
...... a 2 j ..... a 2n
..... ..... ..... .....
...... a ij ...... a in
..... ..... ..... .....
..... a mj ..... a mn
......
a1j
.....
where aij denote the element of ith row & j th column. The above matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m n .
Notes :
(i)
The elements a11, a22, a33,........ are called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as
trace of A denoted as tr(A)
(ii)
(iii)
Order of a matrix : If a matrix has m rows and n columns, then we say that its order is "m by n",
written as "m n".
Row matrix :
A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row vector).General form of row matrix
is A = [a11, a12, a13, ...., a1n]
This is a matrix of order "1 n" (or a row matrix of order n)
Column matrix :
A matrix having only one column is called as column matrix (or column vector).
a11
a 21
a m1
This is a matrix of order "m 1" (or a column matrix of order m)
Square matrix :
A matrix in which number of rows & columns are equal is called a square matrix. The general
form of a square matrix is
a 21 a 22 ........ a 2n
A =
....... ....... ....... .......
an1 a n2 ....... a nn
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MATHS
Zero matrix :
A = [aij]m n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0 i & j.
0 0 0
e.g. : (i)
0 0 0
0 0 0
(ii) 0 0 0
0 0 0
a b c d
e.g. : (i) 0 x y z
0 0 u v
a b c
(ii) 0 x y
0 0 z
a 0 0
b c 0
e.g. : (i)
x y z
a 0 0 0
b c 0 0
(ii)
x y z 0
Diagonal matrix :
A square matrix [aij]n is said to be a diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for i j. (i.e., all the elements of
the square matrix other than diagonal elements are zero)
Note : Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as Diag (a11, a22, ......ann).
a 0 0
0 b 0
e.g. : (i)
0 0 c
(ii)
a 0 0 0
0 b 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 c
Scalar matrix :
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are same. A = [aij]n is a
scalar matrix, if (i) aij = 0 for i j and (ii) aij = k for i = j.
a 0
e.g. : (i)
0 a
a 0 0
0 a 0
(ii)
0 0 a
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MATHS
Unit matrix (identity matrix) :
Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are unity. Unit matrix of
order 'n' is denoted by n (or ).
i.e.
A = [aij]n is a unit matrix when aij = 0 for i j & aii = 1
eg.
1 0 0
0 1 0 .
0 0 1
1 0
2 =
, 3 =
0 1
Comparable matrices : Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have the same order
(i.e., number of rows of A & B are same and also the number of columns).
2 3 4
e.g. : (i) A =
3 1 2
&
2 3 4
e.g. : (ii) C =
3 1 2
&
3 4 2
B=
are comparable
0 1 3
3 0
4 1
D=
are not comparable
2 3
Equality of matrices :
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable and all the corresponding
elements are equal.
Let
A = [aij] m n
&
B = [bij]p q
A = B iff
(i)
m = p, n = q
(ii)
aij = bij i & j.
sin 1/ 2
1/ 2 sin
Solution :
By definition A & B are equal if they have the same order and all the corresponding elements
are equal.
Thus we have sin =
= (2n + 1)
1
2
, cos =
1
2
& tan = 1
.
4
5
2 1 3
e.g. : A = 0 2 1 3
0 0 1 2
6 3 9 15
9
& 3A (3) A = 0 6 3
0
0
3
6
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
Addition of matrices :
Let A and B be two matrices of same order (i.e. comparable matrices). Then A + B is defined to
be.
A + B = [aij]m n + [bij]m n.
= [c ij]m n where c ij = aij + bij i & j.
1 1
1 2
2 3
2 3
e.g. : A =
, B=
1 0
5
7
0 1
, A+ B = 0 0
6 7
Substraction of matrices :
Let A & B be two matrices of same order. Then A B is defined as A + ( B) where B is ( 1)
B.
A + B Mm n(F)
(b)
A+B=B+A
(c)
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(d)
O = [o]m n is the additive identity.
(e)
For every A Mm n(F), A is the additive inverse.
(f)
(A + B) = A + B
(g)
A = A
(h)
(1 + 2) A = 1A + 2A
Multiplication of matrices :
Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of A is same as number of rows
of B. i.e., A = [aij]m p & B = [bij]p n.
p
ik b kj
k 1
column vector of B.
0 1 1 1
1 2 3
3 4 9 1
0 0 1 0
e.g. : A =
, B=
, AB =
2 3 1
1 3 7 2
1 1 2 0
Notes : (1)
(2)
(3)
The product AB is defined iff the number of columns of A is equal to the number of rows
/ BA is
of B. A is called as premultiplier & B is called as post multiplier. AB is defined
defined.
In general AB BA, even when both the products are defined.
A (BC) = (AB) C, whenever it is defined.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
Properties of matrix multiplication :
Consider all square matrices of order 'n'. Let Mn (F) denote the set of all square matrices of
order n. (where F is Q, R or C). Then
(a)
A, B Mn (F) AB Mn (F)
(b)
In general AB BA
(c)
(AB) C = A(BC)
(d)
n, the identity matrix of order n, is the multiplicative identity.
An = A = n A A Mn (F)
(e)
For every non singular matrix A (i.e., |A| 0) of Mn (F) there exist a unique (particular)
matrix B Mn (F) so that AB = n = BA. In this case we say that A & B are multiplicative
inverse of one another. In notations, we write B = A1 or A = B1.
(f)
If is a scalar (A) B = (AB) = A(B).
(g)
A(B + C) = AB + AC
A, B, C Mn (F)
(h)
(A + B) C = AC + BC A, B, C Mn (F).
Notes : (1)
(2)
Let A = [aij]m n. Then An = A & m A = A, where n & m are identity matrices of order
n & m respectively.
For a square matrix A, A2 denotes AA, A3 denotes AAA etc.
Solution :
a 2 a 1 f (0)
2a 1
2
The given matrix equation implies
a 2 f (0) af (1) f ( 1)
2a 1
2
b f (0) bf (1) f ( 1) = 2b 1
c 2 f (0) cf (1) f ( 1)
2c 1
b=
1
3
&a=
2
2
f(x) =
.....(i)
3 2
1
x +
x.
2
2
(1)
cos sin
If A() =
, verify that A() A() = A( + ).
sin cos
(2)
4 6 1
2 4
2 , B = 0 1 and C = [3 1 2].
Let A = 3 0
1 2 5
1 2
Then which of the products ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA are defined. Calculate the product
whichever is defined.
Answer
(2)
Only CAB is defined. CAB = [25 100]
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
Transpose of a matrix :
Let A =[aij]m n. Then the transpose of A is denoted by A( or AT) and is defined as
A = [bij]n m where bij = aji i & j.
i.e. A is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns (or by rewriting all the columns of A as
rows).
1
1 2 3 4
2
a
b
c
d
, A = 3
e.g. : A =
x y z w
4
Results :
b y
c z
d w
a
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
e.g.
a h g
A = h b f is a symmetric matrix.
g f c
x y
o
B = x o z is a skew-symmetric matrix.
y z 0
Notes : (1)
(2)
(3)
aii = 0)
For any square matrix A, A + A is symmetric & A A is skew-symmetric.
Every square matrix can be uniqualy expressed as a sum of two square matrices of
which one is symmetric and the other is skew-symmetric.
A = B + C, where B =
1
1
(A + A) & C =
(A A).
2
2
Example # 3 : Show that BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skewsymmetric (where B is any square matrix whose order is same as that of A).
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
Solution :
Case - A is symmetric
A = A
(BAB) = (B)AB = BAB
BAB is symmetric.
Case -
A is skew-symmetric
A = A
(BAB) = (B)AB
= B ( A) B
= (BAB)
BAB is skew-symmetric
For any square matrix A, show that AA & AA are symmetric matrices.
(4)
If A & B are symmetric matrices of same order, then show that AB + BA is symmetric and
AB BA is skew-symmetric.
Submatrix : Let A be a given matrix. The matrix obtained by deleting some rows or columns of A is called
as submatrix of A.
eg.
a b c d
A = x y z w
p q r s
Then
a c
a b d
x z , p q s ,
p r
a b c
e.g.
5 3
A=
, |A| = 23
1 4
a b
c d
M11 = d = C11
M12 = c, C12 = c
M21 = b, C21 = b
M22 = a = C22
a b c
e.g. 2
= p q r
x y z
M11 =
q r
y z
= qz yr = C111.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
M23 =
a b
x y
etc.
Determinant of any order : Let A = [aij]n be a square matrix (n > 1). Determinant of A is defined as the
sum of products of elements of any one row (or any one column) with
corresponding cofactors.
e.g.1
a11 a12
A = a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a13
a 23
a 33
a 22
a 23
a 32
a 33
a 21 a 23
a12
a 31 a 33
+ a13
a 21 a 22
a 31 a 32
a 21 a 23
a 31 a 33
a11 a13
+ a22
a 31 a 33
a32
a11
a13
a 21 a 23
a1
D = a2
a3
b1
c1
b2
c2
b3
c3
D
T
a1 a 2
a3
b1 b 2
b3
c1 c 2
c3
Properties of determinant :
(1)
i.e.
the value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows & columns are inter changed,
i.e.
a1 b1
a
D = 2 b2
a3 b3
(2)
e.g.
(3)
c1
a1 a 2
c 2 b1 b 2
c3
c1 c 2
a3
b 3 = D
c3
If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the value of determinant
is changed in sign only.
a1 b1 c 1
Let D1 = a 2 b 2 c 2
a 3 b3 c 3
a2 b2
c2
& D2 = a1 b1 c 1
a 3 b3 c 3
Then D2 = D1
Let be a scalar. Than |A| is obtained by multiplying any one row (or any one column)
of |A| by
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
a1 b1 c 1
D = a 2 b2 c 2
a 3 b3 c 3
Then E= KD
(4)
(5)
(6)
If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or column, then its value is zero,
0 0 0
D = a 2 b2 c 2
a 3 b3 c 3
i.e.
(7)
If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical (or proportional), then its value
is zero,
a1
b1
i.e.
(10)
= 0.
If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as a sum of two terms then
the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two determinants, i.e.
(9)
c1
D = a1 b1 c 1
a 3 b3 c 3
i.e.
(8)
= 0.
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
a2
b2
c 2 a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
a3
b3
c3
b3
c3
a3
The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the elements of any row (or
column) a constant multiple of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column),
a1
b1
c1
D1 = a 2
a3
b2
c2
b3
c3
and D2 =
a1 ma 2
b1 mb 2
c 1 mc 2
a2
b2
c2
a 3 na1
b3 nb1
c 3 nc 1
. Then D2= D1
Let A = [aij]n. The sum of the products of elements of any row with corresponding
cofactors of any other row is zero. (Similarly the sum of the products of elements of
any column with corresponding cofactors of any other column is zero).
a b c
Example # 4
Simplify
b c a
c a b
Solution :
Let
R1 R1 + R2 + R3
"manishkumarphysics.in"
MATHS
1 1 1
b
c a
= (a + b + c)
c a b
C 1 C 1 C 2, C 2 C 2 C 3
Apply
= (a + b + c) b c c a a
c a a b b
= (a + b + c) ((b c) (a b) (c a) 2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc ca b2 c 2 + 2ca a2)
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca a2 b2 c 2) 3abc a3 b3 c 3
Example # 5
a
a2
Simplify
b
b2
c
c2
bc ca ab
Solution :
1
abc
a2
b2
c2
a3
b3
c3
abc
=
abc
a2
b2
c2
c3
Apply C1 C1 C2,
C2 C2 C3
a2 b2
b2 c 2
c2
a b
b c
c3
1
ab
2
2
= (a b) (b c) a ab b
0
bc
c2
b 2 bc c 2
c3
Factor Theorem :
Use of factor theorem to find the value of determinant. If by putting x = a the value of a determinant
vanishes then (x a) is a factor of the determinant.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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MATHS
Example # 6
a b c
2
2
2
Prove that a b c
bc ca ab
Solution :
Let a = b
a b c
2
2
2
D= a b c
bc ac ab
=0
a
a2
b
b2
c
c2
bc ca ab
Since this is an identity so in order to find the values of and . Let
a = 0, b = 1, c = 1
2 = (2) (2 )
(2 ) = 1.
........(i)
Let a = 1, b = 2, c = 0
1 2 0
1 4 0
= (1) 2 ( 1) (5 + 2)
0 0 2
5 + 2 = 2
.......(ii)
from (i) and (ii) = 0 and = 1
Hence a
c
c2
= (a b) (b c) (c a) (ab + bc + ca).
bc ca ab
(5)
0
ba c a
0
c b .
Find the value of = a b
ac bc
0
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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MATHS
b 2 ab b c bc ac
2
2
Simplify ab a a b b ab .
bc ac c a ab a 2
(6)
(7)
Prove that
abc
2a
2b
bc a
2c
c ab
2c
1 a bc
Show that 1 b ca
(8)
2a
2b
= (a + b + c)3.
1 c ab
Answers :
(5)
(6)
a1
b1
a2
b2
m1
m2
a1 1b1 2
a1m1b1m 2
a 2 1b 2 2
a 2 m1b 2 m 2
a1 b1 c 1
a1 1 b1 2 c 1 3
1 m1 n1
a 2 b 2 c 2 2 m 2 n 2 = a 2 1 b 2 2 c 2 3
a 3 b3 c 3
a 3 1 b 3 2 c 3 3
3 m 3 n3
Example # 7
Solution.
1 3
a 3m1 b 3m 2 c 3m3
a 3n1 b 3n 2 c 3n3
1 3
1 4
6 12
1 0 2 4
1 3 3 ( 1) 1 0 3 4
1
a1n1 b1n 2 c 1n 3
a 2n1 b 2n 2 c 2n3
1 4
1 3 2 1
a1m1 b1m 2 c 1m 3
a 2m1 b 2m 2 c 2m3
6 12
= 60
a1x1 b1y1
Example # 8
a1x 2 b1y 2
Prove that a 2 x1 b 2 y1 a 2 x 2 b 2 y 2
a 3 x1 b 3 y 1 a 3 x 2 b 3 y 2
a1x 3 b1y 3
a2 x 3 b 2 y 3 = 0
a3 x 3 b 3 y 3
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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MATHS
Solution.
a1x1 b1y1
a1x 2 b1y 2
a1x 3 b1y 3
a 2 x1 b 2 y 1 a 2 x 2 b 2 y 2
i.e.
a 3 x1 b 3 y 1 a 3 x 2 b 3 y 2
Example # 9
b1
c1
a2 x 3 b 2 y 3 = a 2 b2
a3 x 3 b 3 y 3
a 3 b3
c2
(a1 b1 )2
(a1 b 2 )2
(a1 b 3 )2
Prove that (a 2 b1 )2
(a 2 b 2 ) 2
(a 2 b 3 )2
(a3 b1 )2
(a 3 b 2 ) 2
(a 3 b 3 )2
a1
c3
x1 x 2
y1 y 2
0 0
x3
y3 = 0
0
= 2(a1 a2) (a2 a3) (a3 a1) (b1 b2) (b2 b3) (b3 b1).
Solution.
(a1 b1 )2
(a1 b 2 )2
(a1 b 3 )2
(a 2 b1 )2
(a 2 b 2 ) 2
(a 2 b 3 )2
(a3 b1 )2
(a 3 b 2 ) 2
(a 3 b 3 )2
a1 b3 2a1b 3
2
2
a 2 b3 2a 2b 3
a 3 b3 2a 3b 3
a1 b1 2a1b1 a1 b 2 2a1b 2
2
2
2
2
a2 b1 2a 2b1 a 2 b 2 2a 2b 2
a3 b1 2a 3b1 a3 b 2 2a 3b 2
2
a1
1 2a1
= a 2 1 2a 2
2
a3 1 2a 3
2
2
b1
b2
b1
b2
1
b3
b3
1 a1
a1
= 2 1 a2
2
1 a3
a2
a3
b1
b2
1 b1
1 b2
2
1 b3
b3
= 2(a1 a2) (a2 a3) (a3 a1) (b1 b2) (b2 b3) (b3 b1)
Note : The above problem can also be solved using factor theorem method.
Self practice problems
(9)
2bc a 2
c
b2
c2
2ca b
a2
b2
2
a2
2ab c 2
1
(10)
cos(B A ) cos(C A )
1
cos(C B) .
If A, B, C are real numbers then find the value of = cos( A B)
cos( A C) cos(B C)
1
Answers :
(9)
(3abc a3 b3 c 3)2
(10)
indepedent of r, then
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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MATHS
n
f (r )
r 1
(r ) =
r 1
g(r )
r 1
h(r )
r 1
a1
a2
a3
b1
b2
b3
Here the functions of r can be the elements of only one row or column. None of the elements other then
that row or column should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have elements dependent
on r then first expand the determinant and then find the summation.
2r 1
Example # 10 Evaluate
n2
2
Cr
r 1
r 1
cos 2
n2
2n 1
2n 1 2
(2r 1)
x
n2
cos 2
y
n
n1
2 1 2 2
r 1
r 1
n Cr
r 1
2n 1 2n 1 2
cos 2
x
n
r 1
r 1
(2r 1)
cos
2n 1 2n1 2
n2
Solution :
2r
r 1
Cr
2 1 2
n 1
n 2
n2
=0
Example # 11 : Dr =
Cr 2
Cr 1
n2
Cr
evaluate
r 2
n 2
n
Solution :
r 2
n2
r 2
Cr 2
n2
Cr 1
n2
Cr
C0 n 2 C1 .... n 2 Cn 2
n2
C1 n 2 C2 .... n 2 Cn 2
n2
C2 n 2 C3 .... n 2 Cn 2
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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MATHS
2 n 2
=
2n 2 1 2n 2 1 n
C1 C1 2 C2
2n 2 2n1 2 2n2 1 2n 2 1 n
=
= (1)
= 2n 1 n 3
r 1
3 r , find
Example # 12 If r =
r 1 1 2
2
Solution.
r 1
= 4n (n + 2)
r 1
(11)
Evaluate
r 1
Answer :
(11)
r 1
(r 1)
4n 2
(r 1)
z 3n2 3n
Differentiation of determinant :
f1( x )
f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
g
Let (x) = 1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x )
f2 ( x )
f3 ( x )
f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
f1( x ) f2 ( x ) f3 ( x )
then (x) = g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1 ( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x ) + g1( x ) g2 ( x ) g3 ( x )
h1( x ) h 2 ( x ) h3 ( x )
h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x )
h1( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x )
Note : We can differentiate a determinant columnwise also.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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MATHS
3
Example # 13 If f(x) = 6x
1
2
2
2x
a
3
Solution.
1
3
f(x) = 12x 6 x
1
a
4x 3
a2
3
2
1
12
12
x
12
x2
f(x) =
1
a
a2
3 2 1
2
f(a) = 12 1 a a = 0.
1 a a2
Example # 14 Let be a repeated root of quadratic equation f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be polynomial of
degree 3, 4 and 5 respectively, then show that
A( x )
A( )
B( x )
B( )
C( x )
C( )
divisible by f(x).
A( ) B( ) C( )
Solution.
Let
g(x) =
A( x )
B( x )
C( x )
A ( )
B( )
C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )
A( x ) B( x ) C( x )
A ( )
g(x) =
B( )
C( )
A( ) B( ) C( )
Since
g() = g() = 0
g(x) = (x )2 h(x) i.e. is the repeated root of g(x) and h(x) is any polynomial
expression of degree 3. Also f(x) = 0 have repeated root . So g(x) is divisible by f(x).
x1 a1
F=
x12
b1x1 b 2
x 2 a1
x 22
b1x 2 b 2
x 3 a1
x 32
b1x 3 b 2
and simplify F.
Solution :
dF
=
da1
x1 a1
x12
x 2 a1
b1x1 b 2
x 22
x 3 a1
b1x 2 b 2
x 32
b1x 3 b 2
x12 b1x1 b 2
x 22 b1x 2 b 2
x 32 b1x 3 b 2
+ x1 a1 x 2 a1 x 3 a1 = 0
0
0
0
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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MATHS
dF
dF
=
= 0.
db 2
db1
Similarly
1
F = x1
x12
1
x2
1
x3
x 22
x 32
= (x 1 x 2) (x 2 x 3) (x 3 x 1).
ex
Example # 16 If
Solution :
sin x
cos x n(1 x )
Put x = 0 in
ex
sin x
= A + Bx + Cx 2 + .......
cos x n(1 x )
1 0
1 0
=A
A = 0.
Differentiating the given determinant w.r.t x, we get
ex
sin x
1
+ sin x
cos x n(1 x )
1 x
Put x = 0, we get
ex
cos x
1 1
1 0
= B + 2 C x + ......
1 0
0 1
=0
B = 1 + 1 = 0
A = 0, B = 0
(12)
If
(i)
Answers :
x
x 1 x
2x x 1 1
x 1
= ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d. Find
(ii)
a+b+c+d
(12)
(i)
Integration of a determinant :
Let
(iii)
(iii)
(ii)
(x) =
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x )
a1
b1
c1
a2
b2
c2
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MATHS
b
f ( x ) dx
( x ) dx =
a1
a2
g( x ) dx
h( x) dx
a
b1
b2
c1
c2
Note : If more than one row or one column are function of x then first expand the determinant and then
integrate it.
cos x
1
0
1
2 cos x
1
Example # 17 If f(x) =
, then find
0
1
2 cos x
Solution.
f ( x ) dx
0
/2
so
sin 3 x
3 0
cos 3 x dx =
1
3
2 1 2 2 2 3
Example # 18 If =
x2
x3
2 1
Solution.
/2
(x ) dx
0
, then find
2 2
2 3
x dx x
0
(x ) dx
dx
dx
2 1 2 2 2 3
=
6
1
2
4
1
3
3
1
4
2 1 2 2 2 3
1
12
a 2x + b 2y + c 2 = 0
then:
=0
Two variables
Let a1x + b1y + c 1 = 0
&
a1
b
c
1 1
a2
b2
c2
a1
b
c
1 1
a2
b2
c2
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MATHS
(ii)
Three variables
consider the system
Then,
a 1x + b 1y + c 1z = d 1
a 2x + b 2y + c 2z = d 2
a 3x + b 3y + c 3z = d 3
Where D =
a1 b1 c 1
a 2 b2 c 2
a3
b3
c3
; D1 =
d1 b1 c 1
d2 b 2 c 2
d3
b3
c3
; D2 =
a1
a2
d1 c 1
d2 c 2
a3
d3
c3
& D3 =
a1 b1
a2 b2
d1
d2
a3
d3
b3
If D 0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and
have unique non trivial solution.
(b)
If D 0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations are consistent and have trivial
solution only.
(c)
(d)
If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the equations are inconsistent and have no
solution.
a1 b1 c 1
a3x + b3y + c 3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is a 2 b 2 c 2 = 0.
a 3 b3 c 3
Example # 19 : Find the nature of solution for the given system of equations.
x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
3x + 4y + 5z = 0
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MATHS
Solution :
1 2 3
Let D = 2 3 4
3 4 5
apply C1 C1 C2 , C2 C2 C3
1 1 3
D=
1 1 4
=0
D=0
1 1 5
1 2 3
Now, D1 = 3 3 4
0 4 5
C3 C3 C2
1 2 1
D1 = 3 3 1
0 4 1
R1 R1 R2 , R2 R2 R3
2 1 0
D1 =
1 0
=5
D = 0 But D1 0
Hence no solution
1 1 1
Solution :
D= 2 2 2 =0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
Let z = t
x+y=1t
2x + 2y = 3 2t
Since both the lines are parallel hence no value of x and y Hence there is no solution of the
given equation.
Solution :
D=
1 1 1
2 2 2
=0
3 3 3
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0
All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the system will have infinite solutions.
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MATHS
Let z = t1, y = t2
where t1, t2 R.
x = 2 t1 t2
D=
1 1 1
1 2 3
1 2
Here for = 3 second and third rows are identical hence D = 0 for = 3.
6
D1 =
D2 =
D3 =
1 1
10 2 3
1 6 1
1 10 3
1
1 1 6
1 2 10
1 2
If = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for = 10
(i)
(ii)
=3
D1 = D2 = D3 = 0
= 10.
For no solution
D=0
=3
Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero
(iii)
10.
(14)
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MATHS
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 3y + 4z = 0
xyz=0
(15)
Solve: (b + c) (y + z) ax = b c, (c + a) (z + x) by = c a, (a + b) (x + y) cz = a b
where a + b + c 0.
(16)
Answers :
(13)
(14)
x=1+t
y = 2t
x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
(15)
x =
(16)
t=7
z=t
where t R
ac
ba
c b
,y=
,z=
a bc
a bc
a bc
Application of determinants : Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are:
(i)
1
D=
2
x1
x2
y1 1
y2 1
x3
y3 1
x
(ii)
(iii)
The lines:
y1 1 = 0
y2 1
(iv)
a1
a2
a3
b1
b2
b3
c1
c 2 = 0.
c3
a h g
abc + 2 fgh af bg ch = 0 = h b f
g f c
Singular & non singular matrix : A square matrix A is said to be singular or non-singular according
as |A| is zero or non-zero respectively.
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MATHS
i.e.
if A = [aij]n
then cofactor A = [c ij]n when c ij is the cofactor of aij i & j.
Adj A = [dij]n where dij = c ji i & j.
Solution :
c 2 bc ca
2
ab
cof A = bc b
ca ab a 2
a b
0
a
0 c
A=
b c 0
c 2 bc ca
2
ab which is symmetric.
adj A = (cof A) = bc b
ca ab a 2
adj A = n =
A
| A |
A1 =
1
adj A.
|A|
Remarks :
1.
The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse of A is that A is non-singular.
2.
A1 is always non-singular.
3.
If A = dia (a11, a22, ....., ann) where aii 0 i, then A1 = diag (a11 1, a221, ...., ann1).
4.
5.
(A1)1 = A if A is non-singular.
6.
7.
1
|A1| = | A | for |A| 0.
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1 1
A .
k
23
MATHS
8.
BA = CA B= C.
9.
10.
11.
Example # 24 : For two non-singular matrices A & B, show that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
Solution :
We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| n
= |A| |B| n
A1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A1
1
A1 = | A | adj A)
(18)
(19)
( n 1)
For any square matrix A, show that |adj (adj A) | = | A |
.
(20)
Let
a11 a12
a 21 a 22
A =
..... .....
a m1 a m2
b1
a1n
x1
b 2
.......... a 2n
x2
,X=
& B = ... .
....
.......... .....
...
.......... a mn
xn
b
n
..........
(1)
(2)
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MATHS
(3)
Results :
(1)
(2)
If A is non-singular, the system has only the trivial solution (zero solution) X = 0
If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many solutions (including the trivial
solution) and hence it has non-trivial solutions.
Rank of a matrix :
Let A = [aij]mn. A natural number is said to be the rank of A if A has a non-singular
submatrix of order and it has no non-singular submatrix of order more than . Rank
of zero matrix is regarded to be zero.
eg.
3 1 2 5
A = 0 0 2 0
0 0 5 0
3 2
we have
as a non-singular submatrix.
0 2
3 1 2 3 1 5 3 2 5
0 0 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 2 0 ,
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 5 0
1 2 5
0 2 0
0 5 0
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MATHS
Result :
Rank of a matrix in Echelon form is the number of non zero rows (i.e. number of rows with
atleast one non zero element.)
Remark :
To find the rank of a given matrix we may reduce it to Echelon form using elementary row
transformations and then count the number of non zero rows.
(1)
(2)
(3)
If (A) < ([AB]) then the system has no solution (i.e. system is inconsistent).
If (A) = ([AB]) = number of unknowns, then the system has unique solution.
(and hence is consistent)
If (A) = ([AB]) < number of unknowns, then the systems has infinitely many solutions
(and so is consistent).
xyz6
Example # 25 : Solve the system x y z 2 using matrix inverse.
2x y z 1
Solution :
6
1 1 1
x
Let A = 1 1 1 , X = y & B = 2 .
1
2 1 1
z
Then the system is AX = B.
|A| = 6. Hence A is non singular.
3
0 3
3
1
Cofactor A =
2 0 2
2
0 2
adj A = 3 3 0
3 1 2
A1
2
1/ 3
1/ 3
0 2
0
1
1
3
0
1
/
2
1
/
2
0
= | A | adj A =
=
6
3 1 2
1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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MATHS
X=
A1
1/ 3
1/ 3
0
0
B = 1/ 2 1/ 2
1/ 2 1/ 6 1/ 3
6
2
1
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
Solution :
i.e.
x
1
y = 2
z
3
1 1
1 1
A =
1 3
2 4
x y 2z 1
x y z3
x 3y 3z 1
2x 4y z 8.
1
2
x
1
3
y
X
=
,
B
=
1
3
z
1
8
1 1
1 1
[AB] =
1 3
2 4
3
3 1
1 8
2
1
1
1 1 2
R 2 R 2 R1
0
2
1
2
R 3 R 3 R1
0 2 1 2
R 4 R 4 2R1
0 6 3 6
2
1 1
0 1 1/ 2
0 1 1/ 2
0 1 1/ 2
0
0
1
1 R 2 R 2
2
1
1
R3 R3
2
1
1
1 R 4 R 4
6
2
R1 R1 R 2
1 1/ 2 1
R3 R3 R2
0
0
0
R4 R4 R2
0
0
0
0
3/2
x=
&y=
2
2
4 3r 2 r
,
,r .
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MATHS
Self practice problems:
(21)
(22)
(23)
0 1 2
(iii)
No solution.
Find so that the following homogeneous system have a non zero solution
x + 2y + 3z = x
3x + y + 2z = y
2x + 3y + z = z
Answers : (21)
1
5
4
2
2
1
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1 2 0
1 x
0 =0
i.e.
2
0
0
1 x
i.e.
x 3 + x 2 5x 5 = 0.
Using Cayley - Hamilton theorem.
A3 + A2 5A 5 = 0
Multiplying by A1, we get
5A1 = A2 + A 5
5 = A3 + A2 5A
Nilpotent matrix :
A square matrix A is said to be nilpotent ( of order 2) if, A2 = O. A square matrix is said to be nilpotent
of order p, if p is the least positive integer such that Ap = O.
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MATHS
Idempotent matrix :
A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if, A2 = A.
1 0
e.g.
is an idempotent matrix.
0 1
Involutory matrix :
Orthogonal matrix :
A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if,
A A = = AA.
Let A be involutory
Then
A2 =
( A) ( + A)
= + A A A2
= + A A A2
= A2
=0
Conversly, let ( A) ( + A) = 0
+ A A A2 = 0
+ A A A2 = 0
A2 = 0
A is involutory
(25)
(26)
A is a skew symmetric matrix, such that A2 + = 0. Show that A is orthogonal and is of even
order.
c
0
(27)
Let A = c 0
b a
Answer
(4)
a2
a . If A3 + A = 0, find .
0
+ b 2 + c 2.
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