PHYSIOLOGICAL APPARATUS

2.2.

Old simple key-uses wood as its base

1. BATTERY
- Source of current
- Binding Posts (- & +) where connecting wires
are attached
Types of Current:
1. Direct/ Galvanic/ Constant
2. Induced/ Faradic/ Pulsating
Types of battery:
1. Dry
2. Wet

Parts:
1. Binding posts where connecting wires are attached
2. Contact metal- produces the make or break current
Make shock press
Break shock release

2.
-

SIMPLE KEY
Switch
Binding Posts (- & +) where connecting wires
are attached

Types:
2.1. New simple key-uses metal or
fibre glass as its base

3. KYMOGRAPH
-Apparatus for recording:
a) Physiological function (muscle contraction)
b) Daily Temperature changes
c) Variations in water level
Types:
3.1.
Spring driven kymograph
Smoke writing
Control: Variable Sized Fan (smaller fan= faster)
Because there is lesser air resistance to
encounter
Smokey flame: kerosene/ gum camphor
Properly smoked - is evenly and thinly covered
w/soot
Fixative used: Shellac

3.2.

Electrically driven kymograph

Preferred for long recording time anticipated
Control: Five motor control gear shift (controls the
speed)
More desirable because it runs continuously
and does not require rewinding
Does not need soot and shellac
Uses ink

b) Short/ Square Inductorium

Parts:
a) Drum
b) Shaft
c) Plunger
d) Base
e) Kymograph paper
Kymograph paper:
- The exposed portion of the paper is the glazed
portion.
- Its edges must be overlapping opposite on the
direction of its turn (counter clockwise is the direction
of the turn)

Pt. of difference
Calibration
Max. flow of current
Single Stimulus/shock
Tetanizing
series/multiple/repetit
ive shock
5.

4.

INDUCTORIUM
For controlling/ regulating the amt. of current
that flows in the circuit
BOTH possessing 5 binding posts (3 Primary &
2 secondary)
It allows experimenter to apply threshold
stimulus to the living tissues

Types:
a) Long Inductorium

Short
Inductorium
1-10
10
bp or A & B
bp A & C

Long
Inductorium
1-22
1
bp or A & C
bp A& B

ELECTRIC STIMULATOR/ ELECTRIC CONVERTER

Alternative source of current
Current can be adjusted (3V-12V)
Pre-setting to 9 NO ELETRICUTION
NEVER let both ends to touch, it can cause a
short circuit

Used in place of:

1) Battery
2) Simple key
3) Inductorium

6.

SIGNAL MAGNET
Event marker
Records the time in seconds and the type of
stimulus applied

Parts:
a) Electromagnet
b) Writing pen
c) Binding posts

Have 2 holes:
1) Before the bp where the writing pens holder
is attached
2) After the bp- where a strong thread/ wire is
attached to the gastrocrenious muscle

8.

Types:
6.1.
New Signal Magnet (for electrically driven
Kymograph)
2 binding posts at its end part

6.2.
-

7.

Old Signal Magnet (for spring driven

Kymograph)
Has 2 binding posts at the top
Demagnetized break current (writing arm will
stop)

MUSCLE LEVER
Records the contraction of the muscle
2nd circuit
muscle clamp + muscle lever = secondary
circuit

Types:
7.1.
Old Muscle Lever
After loading screw - controls the direction/
position of the writing pen
Writing pen- is made of hard parchment paper
Binding post is at the side

7.2.

MUSCLE CLAMP
Used to hold the muscle in place
Has a binding post
Muscle contracts
Muscle relaxes

9.

TUNING FORK
Records the time duration of muscle
contraction
Creates 100 vibration/second
Writing pen is attached to one of the prongs
NOT an ELECTRICAL apparatus

10. PNEUMOGRAPH and TAMBOUR

Records the changes in the size of an object
(i.e. rib cage/ thoracic cage)
a. PNEUMOGRAPH
Rubber pleated tube &
Chain/ metal chain
(Rubber tubing before the Tambour)

New Muscle Lever

Have 2 binding posts
Has no electromagnetic coil
b.
-

TAMBOUR
Bowl shallow depression inside
Rubber sheet- covers the bowl; made up of
Latex (a)
Tight fitting ring- secures the rubber sheet (b)

Types:
1.
-

Measure the Blood Pressure (110-120/ 80)

Mercurial sphygmomanometer
MOST RELIABLE
Phased out due to the mercury content (very
hard to store & dispose)
Mercury chamber/cylinder
Aspirator
Pressure cuff/ rubber cuff (ante cubital fossa)

2.
-

Aneroid sphygmomanometer
VERY SENSITIVE
Uses Dial

3.
-

Digital sphygmomanometer
Too Expensive
Unreliable

11. RUBBER MALLET/ REFLEX HAMMER

To study experiments on reflexes
To test the integrity of the spinal cord in the
lower back region
pointed end part- checking sensitivity

12. STETHOSCOPE
Ear piece
Rubber tube connector

Chest pieces
1) Shallow bell- with the depression;
detecting low frequency sounds

2) Stiff diaphragm- detects the high

frequency sounds

13. SPHYGMOMANOMETER

14. SPYROMETER
Records diff. pulmonary volume & capacity
Calibration: up to 6 L( 100mL or 0.1L)
Recording in mL
Drum- placed inverted position in water
Assesses lung function