354215-Aug 2014

Click Here To View Previous Issues
IN THIS ISSUE
AUGUST 2014
VOL. 53, NO. 8
CORROSION PREVENTION AND CONTROL WORLDWIDE
24
MATERIALS PERFORMANCE
66
SPECIAL FEATURES
24
Updating NACE SP0169 for Controlling External Corrosion

on Underground or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
Kathy Riggs Larsen
76
Pipes and Pipelines Supplier Guide
CATHODIC PROTECTION
30
CP Blog
COATINGS & LININGS
32
Power Plant Condenser Tube Sheet Retroft with Epoxy

Cladding and CP Evaluation
Zhiyuan Liu and John Yang
38
CL Blog
About the Cover
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
46
The Pursuit of a Green Carbon Steel Corrosion Inhibitor

Part 1
Matthew LaBrosse and Donovan Erickson
50
CT Blog
A 36-in (914-mm) diameter natural gas pipeline was

recently recoated in the feld with an airless-spray
two-part epoxy coating for protection against external
corrosion. In October 2013, NACE International
released an updated version of NACE SP0169,
which addresses control of external corrosion on
underground or submerged metallic piping systems.
See the feature article beginning on page 24. Photo
courtesy of Mears Group, Inc.
MATERIALS SELECTION & DESIGN
56
An Analysis of the Updated Cost of Corrosion in India
66
72
Welding Consumable Issues on Corrosion of X65QT Steel
R. Bhaskaran, Lalit Bhalla, Afzalur Rahman, Suruchi Juneja, Upma Sonik,

Sukhpreet Kaur, Jasneet Kaur, and N.S. Rengaswamy
Balraj Velu, Rajnish Garg, Mukesh Saxena, and Paul Rostron
MSD Blog
AUGUST 2014 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE
NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8
IN THIS ISSUE
AUGUST 2014
VOL. 53, NO. 8
MATERIALS PERFORMANCE
HELP. NEED
PHOTO
14
18
DEPARTMENTS
6
8
14
104
MP (Materials Performance) is published monthly by NACE International
MP
Performance)
published monthly
NACE and
International
(ISSN(Materials
0094-1492;
USPS No.is 333-860).
Mailing by
address
Editorial
(ISSN
333-860).
address and
Editorial
Offces:0094-1492;
1440 SouthUSPS
CreekNo.
Drive,
Houston,Mailing
TX 77084-4906;
phone:
+1
Offces:
15835
Park
Ten
Place,
Houston,
TX
77084;
phone:
+1
281-228281-228-6200. Internet address: www.nace.org. Preferred periodicals
6200.
Internet
address:
www.nace.org.
Preferred
periodicals
nonproft
nonproft postage paid at Houston, TX and additional mailing offces.
postage
paid at
Houston, TX
andAgreement
additional #40612608.
mailing offces.
Canada
Post:
Canada Post:
Publications
Mail
Canada
Returns
Publications
Mail Agreement
CanadaON
Returns
to be
sent to
to be sent to Pitney
Bowes, PO #40612608.
Box 25542, London,
N6C 6B2.
Copyright
Pitney
PO Box 25542,
London, ON
6B2. Copyright
by
2014 byBowes,
NACE International.
Reproduction
of N6C
the contents,
either as2014
a whole
NACE
International.
Reproduction
of the contents,
either
as a whole
in
or in part,
is forbidden
unless permission
has been
obtained
fromorthe
part,
is forbidden
permission
been obtained
from of
thethe
publisher.
publisher.
Articles unless
and editorials
hereinhas
represent
the opinions
authors
Articles
and editorials
herein
represent
the opinions
of theasauthors
and not
and not necessarily
those
of NACE.
Advertising
is included
an educational
necessarily
of NACE.
Advertising
included ascarry
an educational
service, andthose
products
and/or
servicesismentioned
no impliedservice,
or real
and
products and/or
services mentioned
carry no
implied
or real
endorsement
or recommendation
from NACE.
NACE
reserves
theendorseright to
ment
or
recommendation
from
NACE.
NACE
reserves
the
right
to
prohibit
prohibit any advertisement that is not consistent with the objectives of
any
advertisement that is not consistent with the objectives of NACE.
NACE.
POSTMASTER: Forwarding charges guaranteed. Send address changes to
POSTMASTER:
Forwarding
guaranteed.
Send address
changes
to
NACE FirstService,
15835charges
Park Ten
Place, Houston,
TX 77084.
SUBNACE
FirstService,
SouthasCreek
Houston,
TX U.S.
77084-4906.
SCRIPTION
RATES: To1440
members
part ofDrive,
annual
dues $12;
nonmemSUBSCRIPTION
RATES:
To members
as libraries
part of $205;
annualoverseas
dues $12;
U.S.
bers $115; overseas
nonmembers
$130;
libraries
nonmembers
nonmembers
$130; libraries
overseas
$220; single $115;
copy overseas
$20, availability
permitting.
Rates to$205;
nonmembers
libraries
$220;
singleSubscriptions
copy $20, availability
Rates made
to nonmemsubject to
change.
must be permitting.
prepaid. Claims
within
bers
subjectoftoissue
change.
must be availability
prepaid. Claims
made within
6 months
dateSubscriptions
flled at no charge,
permitting.
Non6airmail
months
of
issue
date
flled
at
no
charge,
availability
permitting.
Nonoverseas subscribers must wait 60 days from issue date to claim
airmail
overseas
subscribers
must
wait
60
days
from
issue
date
to
claim
a replacement issue. Individual back issues may be available for up to
a2 years.
replacement
issue.
Individualchanges
back issues
be available
up to of2
Requests
for address
shouldmay
include
previous for
address
years.
Requests
for ofaddress
should
include
previous
of
subscriber.
Change
addresschanges
should be
provided
6 weeks
prioraddress
to ensure
subscriber.
address should
be provided 6U.S.
weeks
prior
to ensure
continued Change
deliveryof(phone:
1 800-797-6223
and
Canada
or
continued
delivery (phone:
1 800-797-6223
U.S. and Canada or +1
281+1 281-228-6223
worldwide
or e-mail: frstservice@nace.org).
Cancel228-6223
e-mail:Refunds
frstservice@nace.org).
Cancellation
must
lation must worldwide
be made inorwriting.
will be prorated less
a $20 processbe
in writing. on
Refunds
will be
prorated
less acan
$20beprocessing
fee.
ing made
fee. Information
becoming
a NACE
member
obtained from
Information
on becomingServices
a NACEDepartment
member canatbethe
obtained
from the
NACE
the NACE Membership
above phone
number
Membership
ServicesPRINTED
Department
at the
above phone number and e-mail
and e-mail address.
IN THE
U.S.A.
address. PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.
Up Front
The MP Blog
Material Matters
14. 3D scanning tool uses structured light to create images of pipe surface corrosion
18. Permanently installed guided wave testing tool facilitates frequent pipeline
monitoring
21. Company News
22
96
98
111
Product Showcase
116
Corrosion Basics
Spotlight on NACE International Corporate Members

I AM NACE
Building Business Connections
111. Corrosion Engineering Directory
115. Advertisers Index
116. Stress Corrosion Cracking
NACE NEWS
100
103
104
105
106
107
109
NACE Area & Section News

New and Revised Standards Announced
NACE Foundation and Mears Group Team to Award Scholarship
NACE Corporate Members
Calendar of Events
NACE Course Schedule
NACE Headquarters Directory
UP FRONT
Pipeline Coating Assessment
Facility Opens in Australia
The National Facility for Pipelines Coating Assessment, an initiative of the Energy
Pipeline Co-operative Research Centre
(CRC), was recently launched at Deakin
Universitys Waurn Ponds campus in Victoria, Australia and will be jointly managed by the universitys School of Engineering and Institute for Frontier
Materials. The independent facility will
perform coating testing for oil and gas
pipelines and provide research that supports pipeline coating selection and development. The Energy Pipelines CRC is a
collaboration between Deakin, the University of Wollongong, Adelaide University, the Australian National University,
and the Australian Pipeline Industry Association. Source: Deakin University,
www.deakin.edu.au.
Spray-Applied
Composite Protects
Metals from Corrosion
Photo by Uwe Bellhuser.
An environmentally friendly sprayapplied composite material developed by

material researchers at the INMLeibniz
Institute for New Materials (Saarbrcken,
Germany) prevents corrosion of metals
exposed to aggressive aqueous solutions,
including salt solutions such as seawater
and salt spray on roads and aqueous acids
like acid rain. This is accomplished by the
protective layers structure, which is a few
micrometers thick. Several layers of protective particles are placed on top of each
other in an offset arrangement (similar to
roof shingles) to form a self-organized,
highly structured barrier. The composite,
which can be used to coat plates, pipes,
gear wheels, tools, machine parts, etc., adheres to the metal substrate after thermal
curing at 150 to 200 C, and is suitable for
steels, aluminum, magnesium, copper,
and metal alloys. For more information,
visit www.inm-gmbh.de.
Monitoring Sewer Gases Can

Determine Corrosion Risk
Researchers with the University of Colorado Boulder report that certain conditions in wastewater pipes can help utilities determine which ones need repairs.
Microbe communities have long been recognized as a factor in concrete pipe corrosion, but they have not been well studied.
To fill in the gaps, the research team measured bacterial diversity, gas concentrations in the air above the waste water, and
other factors from 10 different sewer systems in major U.S. cities. In the most worn
pipes, they observed elevated levels of
both hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) and carbon
dioxide (CO2) gases as well as low diversity
in the types of bacteria present. The researchers concluded that wastewater utilities could economically monitor combinations of these gases in sewage pipes to
determine which sites might be at higher
risk for corrosion. Source: American
Chemical Society, www.acs.org.
Self-Protecting Coatings
Contain Inhibitors to
Prevent Corrosion
A team of researchers from Max Plank
Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (Potsdam, Germany) explored how self-protecting anticorrosion coatings that contain
embedded spherical nanocontainers filled
with a corrosion inhibitor can be used to
autonomously protect expensive and
often difficult-to-reach metal parts and
infrastructure from surface corrosion.
Most conventional coatings are thinner
than 100 m, so nanocontainers should be
at least three times smaller in size to be
properly integrated into the coating. However, the total amount of a crack sealant
that can be loaded into these containers
isnt adequate to completely fill a typical
submillimeter-size scratch in the coating.
To overcome this problem, the researchers

extended the approach by using corrosion
inhibitors as the nanocontainers load. In
this situation, theres no need to cover the
scratch completelythe inhibitor adsorbed onto the scratchs bare metal surface can safely mitigate further corrosion
development. To read more, see the
Corrosion paper at http://dx.doi.org/
10.5006/0976.
Warning System Uses

Coating to Detect
Cracks in Concrete
Sensing skin report. Image by Aku

Seppnen.
A new sensing skin technology developed by researchers from North Carolina

State University (Raleigh, North Carolina)
and the University of Eastern Finland is
designed to serve as an early warning system for concrete structures, allowing authorities to respond quickly to damage in
critical infrastructure. The skin is an electrically conductive coating that can be applied to new or existing structures. Electrodes are applied around the perimeter of
a structure, and the sensing skin is
painted onto the structure and over the
electrodes. A computer program then runs
a small current between two of the electrodes at a time, cycling through a number
of possible electrode combinations. Every
time the current runs between two electrodes, a computer monitors and records
the electrical potential at all of the electrodes on the structure. If the skins conductivity decreases, that means the structure is cracked or damaged. A suite of
algorithms registers damage and determines where the damage has taken place.
To learn more, visit news.ncsu.edu.
Kathy Riggs Larsen
THE
BLOG
EDITORIAL
DIRECTOR, CONTENT DEVELOPMENT/ Gretchen A. Jacobson
MANAGING EDITOR
Editor:
In the May 2014 issue of MP there were
two excellent articles on corrosion and
materials for carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Although corrosion is
certainly a consideration when liquid
water is present, it is not when water is
soluble in supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) and
no free water phase is present. However,
for transport of SC-CO2 to the location of
injection for CCS, the most common
material for pipelines is carbon steel,
which has been the mainstay of the oil
and gas industry for over 30 years for
enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Yet while
corrosion is not an issue, the most important design consideration for transport of
SC-CO2 is the risk of a long-running
ductile fracture. This requires modeling
of the decompression behavior of the CO2
being transported coupled with the
so-called Battelle two curve method.
There are numerous references and
sources on this design requirement;
however, I felt the readers should be made
aware, since this is Materials
Performance, and not just a corrosion
publication, that even after corrosion is
considered for SC-CO2 there are still
major materials properties that must also
be evaluated for CCS.
Bruce Craig, Subject Matter Expert,
Materials and Corrosion, Stress Engineering
Services, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA
The following are excerpts from the NACE

International Corrosion Network (NCN)
and NACE Coatings Network. These are
e-mail-based discussion groups for corrosion professionals, with more than 3,000
participants.
The excerpts are selected for their
potential interest to a large number
of NACE members. They are edited for
clarity and length. Authors are kept
anonymous for publication.
Please be advised that the items are
not peer-reviewed, and opinions and
suggestions are entirely those of the
inquirers and respondents. NACE does
not guarantee the accuracy of the technical solutions discussed. MP welcomes
additional responses to these items. They
may be edited for clarity.
For information on how to subscribe

to these free list servers, click on the
Corrosion Central link and then Online
Corrosion Community List Servers on the
NACE Web site: www.nace.org.
John H. Fitzgerald III, FNACE
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Kathy Riggs Larsen
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Suzanne Moreno
CONTRIBUTOR
Husna Miskinyar
GRAPHICS
ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING
COORDINATOR
Weld degradation
from muriatic acid
Q:
Heavy-duty equipment, such as

concrete skips and system
propping, is often returned to us heavily
encrusted with dried concrete or cement,
so they are regularly soaked/cleaned with
a variety of powerful concrete removers/
cleaners normally used for cleaning
brickwork, tiles, etc.
On average, these cleaners contain
between 12 and 18% muriatic (hydrochloric) acid (HCl) and 1 to 6% sulfuric acid
(H 2SO 4), both of which we know to be
highly corrosive to metals.
The equipment in question is
commonly sprayed or brushed with
copious amounts of these cleaners and
often allowed to soak overnight
(sometimes much longer) before being
hosed or washed down.
A concrete skip can carry up to 5.5
metric tons of material, which is then
hauled by crane to tremendous heights
and may even be suspended for lengthy
periods of time on a bridle supported only
by two swivel pins.
Can the long-term, continuous use of
these corrosive chemicals allow them to
penetrate and damage the equipments
structural or load-bearing welds?
Having seen numerous photos
showing the corrosive effects of these
chemicals on various types of metal plate,
and knowing that the same acids are used
to clean metal in the production of stainless steel, you can understand my concern
when considering that the weld is generally the weakest point of any equipment.
Many of these concrete skips are now
several years old (some more than 10) and
over this period, a variety of these chemical cleaners have been used with much
gusto.
Are my concerns warranted and am I
worrying about nothing? Is there a
research paper or any other reference or
scientific document that I may obtain/
purchase that covers the above issues?
Continued on page 10
TECHNICAL EDITOR
GRAPHICS DESIGNER
Teri J. Gilley
Michele S. Jennings
ADMINISTRATION
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
Robert (Bob) H. Chalker
GROUP PUBLISHER
William (Bill) Wageneck
ADVERTISING
SALES MANAGER
ASSISTANT SALES MANAGER
ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES
Diane Gross
diane.gross@nace.org,
+1 281-228-6446
Teresa Wright
t.wright@nace.org,
+1 281-228-6472
Erica R. Cortina
erica.cortina@nace.org,
+1 281-228-6473
Brian Daley
brian.daley@nace.org,
+1 281-228-6455
Pam Golias
pam.golias@nace.org,
+1 281-228-6456
Jody Lovsness
jody.lovsness@nace.org,
+1 281-228-6257
Leslie Whiteman
leslie.whiteman@nace.org,
+1 281-228-6248
ADVERTISING/BOOKS
COORDINATOR
Brenda Nitz
brenda.nitz@nace.org,
+1 281-228-6219
REGIONAL ADVERTISING SALES

REPRESENTATIVES
The Kingwill Co.

Chicago/Cleveland/
New York Area
jim@kingwillco.com,
+1 847-537-9196
NACE International Contact Information

Tel: +1 281-228-6200 Fax: +1 281-228-6300
E-mail: Firstservice@nace.org Web site: www.nace.org
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

John P. Broomfield, FNACE
Raul A. Castillo
Irvin Cotton
Arthur J. Freedman
David D. He
Orin Hollander
W. Brian Holtsbaum
Russ Kane
Ernest Klechka
Kurt Lawson
Lee Machemer
Norman J. Moriber
John S. Smart III
L.D. Lou Vincent
Broomfield Consultants
Consultant
Arthur Freedman
Associates, Inc.
Arthur Freedman
Associates, Inc.
PG&E
Holland Technologies
Corsult Associates (1980),
Ltd.
iCorrosion, LLC
CITGO Petroleum Corp.
Mears Group, Inc.
Jonas, Inc.
Mears Group, Inc.
John Smart Consulting Engineer
L.D. Lou Vincent PhD LLC
BLOG
Continued from page 8
A:
Te short answer is yes, your

concerns are warranted. Any
crevices will be subject to accelerated
corrosion. I would be doubtful welds are
perfect 100% of the time.
A:
A more serious concern could be

the evolution of nascent hydrogen
by acids, which could be absorbed by the
steel or weld material and cause cracking.
I have seen cracking on scafolding clips
that we attributed to hydrogen absorp-
tion and cracking due to improper acid

cleaning techniques.
Cracking of the base material would
only be a problem for higher-strength
steels, and skip base material would not, I
would think, be at risk. However, depending upon the welding procedure followed,
the welds could be at risk. The swivel
pins, if exposed to the acid, could be of
particular concern.
I think it would be worthwhile having
a few welds, pad eyes, and swivel pins
destructively analyzed for cracking to see
if there is a problem before you have a
failure in the field.
We know from many sources that
hydrogen generated from acid
attack will cause fracture of hardened
steels. Te difcult part is to establish
how severe the attack must be before the
materials in your equipment are compromised. If they are all mild steel, the most
you should expect is an occasional blister.
On the other hand, if there are hardened
components, there is a good probability of
occasional failures. It sounds like you are
firting with disaster and, in addition, it
seems it would be very difcult to
accurately duplicate the type of feld
conditions you describe in a laboratory
environment. On the other hand, there
are probably thousands of similar cement
truck applications around the world and
we havent heard of many drums rolling
loose.
A:
Condenser materials
Q:
I am looking at a steam surface

condenser that may use circulating water with a chloride concentration of
up to 7,000 mg/L. What materials can be
used for the condenser tubes/tubesheets,
etc.? I understand that most stainless
steels (SS) cannot withstand this level of
chlorides. Is there a way to predict the life
of those tubes under those conditions?
Te best tube material is
titanium. Several SS and copper
alloys are also okay. For utility applications, however, copper may cause
problems in the turbine.
We have titanium condenser
tubes and a Muntz metal
tubesheet, and have had to coat the
tubesheet to prevent leaks. Titanium does
not easily roll in, and the tubesheet
undergoes galvanic corrosion at the tube
A:
A:
10
interface. Use of dissimilar metals should

be avoided!
I agree that titanium would be a
good choice, but would the
copper-based alloys be the most suitable
materials in terms of their performance
and cost? Many of the steam surface
condensers work well with 90-10 Ci-Ni or
70-30 Cu-Ni tubes where the cooling
medium may be seawater.
In my country, we use copperbased alloys, especially 70-30
Cu-Ni, and we have had very good results.
The chloride concentration of circulating
water is nearly 19,000 mg/L. Titanium is a
good choice, but is expensive and you
have to consider the galvanic corrosion.
Copper-based alloys with due
regard for water quality have
been successfully used for many years in
seawater heat exchanger applications.
They can offer benefits over SS in terms of
crevice corrosion behavior and recovery
from upset.
When using titanium materials,
use caution if cathodic protection
is used to control galvanic corrosion. The
very noble potential of titanium can only
be brought to 0.650 off vs. a copper/
copper sulfate (Cu/CuSO 4) reference
electrode without danger of hydrogen
embrittlement. This danger would
certainly eixist with magnesium and
possibly even with zinc condenser anodes
during times of no water flow. One should
consider the old-school wisdom: Avoid
use of dissimilar metals.
Te present slowing of deliveries
of titanium are making people
reexamine alternative materials such as
super ferritic and super-austenitic SS and
Cu-Ni for seawater-cooled heat exchangers and condensers. Regarding Cu-Ni,
90-10 has been favored by the U.S. Navy
since it was frst introduced in 1950, the
main reason being that 90-10 has sufcient fouling resistance in seawater to
eliminate the need for chlorination.
Unfortunately, 90-10 has to be periodically replaced since it sufers from poor
resistance to erosion-corrosion and very
much accelerated corrosion in the
presence of traces of hydrogen sulfde
(H 2S) (e.g., 3 ppm), and gives rise to the
turbine problems in certain applications.
As of a couple of years ago, the U.S. Navy
A:
Copper-based alloys with due regard for water quality

have been successfully used for many years in seawater
heat exchanger applications.
A:
A:
A:
A:
MATERIALS PERFORMANCE AUGUST 2014
11
BLOG
was focused on using titanium shipboard

condensers together with specifc chlorination and dechlorination procedures. I
would therefore examine and weigh the
materials choices very carefully.
From my experience, people need
to be extremely cautious about
mixing Cu-Ni and SS in seawater systems
where Cu-Ni piping has failed locally in
the vicinity of SS fttings, and also where
Cu-Ni tubes have failed where attached to
a SS tubesheet. It is not obvious from
looking at a galvanic series in seawater
that Cu-Ni and SS are incompatible. Use
either all SS or all copper-based materials, and never mix the two!
A:
Caustic embrittlement
in reinforced concrete
Q:
Are there documented cases of

caustic embrittlement of
reinforcing steel in concrete? When I look
12
at the Pourbaix diagram for water and Fe,

I am tempted to say that under certain
conditions of potential, although the pH
is caustic, you will get embrittlement.
I have never heard of this occurring. Also, I have never heard of
caustic embrittlement of steel at normal
ambient temperatures, where concrete is
generally used. At elevated temperatures,
the Pourbaix diagram is altered by expansion of the domain of stability for
dissolved species. Te application of a
cathodic current in an environment that
contains calcium ions could lead to
the formation of protective calcareous
deposits.
Ive never heard of it in concrete.
Tere can be hydrogen embrittlement with excessive cathodic protection
applied to high-strength steels used for
prestressing. High alkali content in the
cement can attack some siliceous aggre-
A:
A:
gate and rocks used in concrete through a

process known as alkali silica reaction,
but that is not a metal thing.
The alkalinity of concrete comes from
the cement. When water is added to the
mix, the cement rapidly produces a
saturated lime (calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2]) solution that has a nominal pH
of about 12.6. In the cement there are also
alkali oxides present including sodium
oxide (NaO) and potassium oxide (KO),
which react with the mix water to
produce sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and
potassium hydroxide (KOH). These alkali
hydroxides typically push the pH of
concrete up to and past pH 13. In the
ASM Handbook, Vol. 13C, Corrosion:
Environments and Industries (2006), in the
chapter on Corrosion in Bridges and
Highways, the role of pore water pH and
chloride-initiated corrosion is discussed.
It reports that a concrete with a pH of 13.6
has a chloride content corrosion threshold about five times that of a lower alkali
content concrete with a pH of 13.2.
The pH of cements used in Europe and
concretes made in North America with
pozzolans like fly ash and silica fume is
lower than standard mixes made with
Type I/II cements. This is because slag
cements are often used in Europe, and
because pozzolans react with Ca(OH)2
and the pH is reduced. Given the number
of structures that have been built with
non-pozzolan Type I/II cements, if
caustic embrittlement were a problem,
the cement alkali content would long ago
have been restricted.
Editors Note: Additional MP Blog items appear in the individual technical sections:
cathodic & anodic protection (p. 30), coatings & linings
(p. 38), chemical treatment (p. 50), and materials selection & design (p. 72).
Use of silver
Q:
How does silver perform in

corrosive environments? In the
past it has been assumed that silver is
very noble and therefore has been used for
downhole and other hydrogen sulfide
(H 2S) service conditions.
In addition to being very expensive in comparison with structural metallic materials, silver has a
strong afnity for sulfur with which it
forms a nonprotective surface compound.
Te ASM Metals Handbook notes that even
indoor atmospheres in large cities that
contain traces of sulfur compounds cause
sulfdation of silver at a rate in the order
of 70 micrograms per dm 2 per day. Te
handbook also notes that surface plating
of silver by rhodium over a nickel underplate prevents tarnishing.
Principle applications of silver
are in electronic contacts and
circuit boards. Such applications are
discussed in the Instrument Society of
America Standard ISA S71.04 published
in 1985 (which sets limits for contaminants found in the environment) and
various other publications. See NACE
International CORROSION 2007 paper no.
07400, for example, which principally
concerns copper components but also
references corrosion data for silver.
Tere are many old texts describing the corrosion behavior of
silver, including the 8th edition of the
ASM Metals Handbook, Vol. 1, pp. 1,1811,185.
A:
A:
A:
13
MATERIAL MATTERS
3D scanning tool uses structured

light to create images of pipe surface
corrosion
o successfully evaluate features

that may impact a pipeline or
other structures fitness for service, field data are collected on
corrosion defects in hazardous liquid and
gas pipelines after inline inspection runs,
direct assessment, and other maintenance activities. These data may need to
be further assessed using quantitative
tools to determine key parameters such

as the maximum allowable operating
pressure (MAOP) of the pipeline. Accurately calculating the severity of defects
such as corrosion pitting, dents, and
gouges helps determine the remaining
strength of the structure and whether or
not repair or replacement is required.
Technical Toolboxes (Houston, Texas)
and Seikowave, Inc. (Lexington, Kentucky) have developed and ruggedized a
field tool, the 3D Toolbox, that measures
the surface of any type of metallic pipe or
structure and creates a three-dimensional (3D) model of the surface. The tool
comprises a 3D imaging system that utilizes the 3D structured light technique,
A technician uses the 3D structured light scanning tool to take scans of external corrosion on a pipe
in the Algerian Desert. Photo courtesy of Joseph Pikas.
14
also known as phase measurement profilometry (PMP), to acquire 3D data. This

technique uses projected light patterns
and a camera to create a 3D image of the
surface under inspection, and an analytical software program that enables analysis of the 3D data. The measurement
approach used by the tool falls into a
class of 3D measurements called triangulation. Our eyes ability to assess three
dimensions is, for most people, based on
triangulation, says Matt Bellis, president
of Seikowave. A camera takes the place of
one eye and a projector is a substitute for
the other eye. Triangles are formed
between the camera sensor, the projector,
and the object under inspection.
To take a measurement of an object,
Bellis explains, specific patterns that
vary over time are projected onto the
object, and the camera captures images
of the object illuminated by the patterns
and computes the 3D pointscollecting
300,000 voxels (volumetric pixels or 3D
pixels) per scan. Based on the varying
projected patterns, a very precise triangle
is formed between the camera and the
object, which makes it possible to capture
the 3D features of the surface with a level
of precision within several thousandths of
an inch. Once the data are acquired, the
software generates a 3D image that replicates the objects surface. With this technology, the features of a pipes surface
topography can be accurately measured
within 2 mils (51 m), says Joseph Pikas,
vice president of pipeline integrity with
Technical Toolboxes.
The 3D structured light tool is typically used when the results of an inline
inspection, such as an intelligent pig run,
indicate an anomaly on an area of the
Information on corrosion
control and prevention
pipe and an additional inspection is necessary to verify the severity of the anomaly. Most types of anomalies that can be
observed visually can be assessed with
the 3D structured light scanning tool.
These include corrosion, gouges, and
dents. Taking a 3D image is similar to
capturing an image with a two-dimensional camera. The camera is aimed at the
anomaly to be inspected and the measurement is captured and stored digitally
on the laptop computer that is part of the
system. It takes less than one second to
acquire a 3D image.
The procedure for examining the pipe
with the 3D structured light scanning
tool is similar to the procedure used when
examining a pipe manually with a conventional pit gauge. Before taking a scan,
the pipe surface must be cleaned to

remove old coatings and debris, and prepared to white metal1 or near white
metal 2 by abrasive blasting or another
approved method to remove corrosion
products and scale. Drawing a grid on the
pipe to mark points for gauge readings is
not necessary.
In the case of a corrosion anomaly, the
software processes the 3D images and
creates a 3D model of the pipe surface
that is used to determine the maximum
pit depth of the corroded area. Once the
operator selects the grid size and interaction rules for pitting, the software plots
the river bottom profile, which indicates
the deepest defects and their location in
the corroded area of the pipe surface. The
data can be used to calculate the MAOP
Currently the 3D scanning tool is being tested for submarine and offshore applications. Photo
courtesy of Seikowave.
15
MATERIAL MATTERS
Left: A 3D image generated from a scan of a segment of corroded pipe with an original wall thickness of 0.5 in (13 mm). Right: A corrosion analysis of
the corroded pipe. The 3D river bottom profle is shown in the upper right photo, and a graph of the corrosion profle is shown beneath it. Images
courtesy of Joseph Pikas.
16
Information on corrosion control and prevention
and the predicted burst pressure using

RSTRENG (external pipeline corrosion
evaluation software), ASME B31G, 3 or
Modified B31G. According to Bellis, the
RSTRENG effective area calculation,
which incorporates the river bottom profile, provides the most repeatable MAOP
calculation.
The 3D structured light technology is
an easier and faster method to determine
the river bottom profile than any manual
assessment. In a manual assessment,
technicians draw a grid on the pipeline
and take depth measurements at intersecting points with a pit gauge; this is a
time-consuming process and is subject to
human error, Pikas says. A recent example, he notes, was an 8-ft (2.4-m) length of
pipe with corrosion completely along the
bottom between the 4 oclock to 8 oclock
positions on the pipes circumference.
With a 0.5-in (13-mm) grid, it would
require over 10,000 manual readings to
determine the river bottom profile; this
could take as long as a day and a half.
With the 3D structured light scanning
tool, the 3D images could be acquired in
less than an hour. The software can analyze the data and provide a river bottom
profile, maximum safe operating pressure, and predicted burst pressure within
a few minutes. Decisions can be made in
the field regarding the type of action to
take to address the anomalylower the
operating pressure, repair the pipe with a
composite sleeve, recoat the pipe, replace
a section of pipe, etc.
To ensure correct calculation of the
burst pressureor failure pressureand
safe pressure of the pipe, its very important that the depths along the river bottom are accurately measured, says Joe
Summa, president of Technical Toolboxes. Today were seeing river bottoms
run almost to the extent of the entire
length of the pipe joint: up to 40 ft (12 m).
Additionally, Summa notes, determining
the depth and location of the deepest
points manually when the corrosion is
complicated is challenging and it can be
difficult for a technician to accurately

gauge corrosion depths where a large portion of the pipe surface is corroded. This
is especially true when there is a significant amount of pitting and little or no
parent metal to which a manual pit gauge
can be anchored.
In a 3D analysis, the original condition of the pipe is used as a baseline,
Summa explains. Separate data are collected for both damaged and undamaged
areas of the pipe. Once the undamaged
points are identified, they are used to
form surfaces that serve as a reference
against which damaged areas are measured. The extent of metal loss or deformation can then be determined, he says.
Using the 3D structured light scanning tool, even when considering operator and tool variability, the variation in
predicted burst pressure is <1%, Pikas
comments. Its important to have good
assessments so we dont have unanticipated failures, he says. This is why we
feel this technology is so important.
The 3D structured light scanning tool
addresses the industrys need for documented, repeatable, and accurate measurements of corrosion defects on external pipe surfaces. The 3D data and
analysis reports provide traceable, verifiable, and complete documentation of corrosion, gouge, and dent evaluations and
help owners and operators to meet Fitness-for-Service (FFS) requirements.4
The technology has been tested in
both the laboratory and the field and has
been commercially available for over a
year. Currently, an underwater version of
the 3D structured light scanning tool,
with a maximum depth of 330 ft (100 m),
is being tested for offshore applications.
Contact Matt Bellis, Seikowavee-mail:
mbellis@seikowave.com; Joseph Pikas,
Technical Toolboxese-mail: jpikas@
ttoolboxes.com; and Joe Summa, Technical
Toolboxese-mail: jsumma@ttoolboxes.com.
NACE No. 2/SSPC-SP 10, Near-White Metal

Blast Cleaning (Houston, TX: NACE International).
ASME B31G2012, Manual for Determining

the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines (New York, NY: ASME).
API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, Fitness-For-Service,

Second Edition (Washington, DC: API,
2009).
Bibliography
Bellis, M. Measuring anomalies with the 3D
Toolbox. Pipelines International March
(2014).
Pikas, J. Understanding 3D Structured Light to
Assess Corrosion Defects. Technical Toolboxes Consulting, Ltd.
Summa, J. Improving Field Verification in
Pipeline Integrity Management Programs.
Pipeline & Gas Journal June (2014).
References
1
NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP 5, White Metal Blast

Cleaning (Houston, TX: NACE International).
Trade name.
17
MATERIAL MATTERS
Permanently installed guided wave testing tool

facilitates frequent pipeline monitoring
o assist in detecting corrosion in oil

and gas pipelines, Plant Integrity, Ltd.
(Cambridge, United Kingdom), a subsidiary of TWI, Ltd., has designed an ultrasonic guided wave testing (GWT) tool for
permanent installation. The tool, Teletest
Permamount, uses low-frequency, longrange guided waves to monitor pipe walls
for metal loss. The tool can identify
areas where changes in the pipe wall
cross-section thickness are occurring
along the entire length of pipeline being
monitored.
According to Paul Jackson, general
manager with Plant Integrity, this nondestructive testing (NDT) technology was
developed to cost-effectively enable
repeated GWT and monitoring of pipelines that are difficult to access or in
areas where the environment is hostile or
safety may be an issue, such as buried or
elevated pipelines, offshore risers, jetty

lines, and pipelines that cross under
roads or rivers. The permanent tool is
intended to be used where traditional
GWT can be successfully implemented. In
many cases, Jackson says, the cost of
accessing a pipeline far exceeds the cost
of the NDT inspection. He uses a buried
pipe as an example, where the costs to
access a point on the pipe to conduct the
test include excavating, shoring the
trench, and backfilling the trench afterward. To help reduce the costs for pipe
access when the pipe needs to be tested
multiple times, the permanent GWT tool
is left in place on the pipe after it is
installed and the testing process is managed from a more accessible location.
In addition to delivering a more convenient approach for repeatedly inspecting pipelines with GWT, the permanent
The GWT tools transducer array is attached with adhesive to the pipe surface at a particular axial
location, enclosed with a cover, and connected by cable to the pulser-receiver through a junction
box interface. Photo courtesy of Plant Integrity, Ltd.
18
tool also provides a means to increase

the sensitivity of the inspection data,
Jackson comments. The sensitivity of
GWT is stated in terms of the minimum
detectable percentage of change in a pipe
walls cross-sectional area, and typically
GWT inspections can identify crosssection loss of ~5 to 9%. Because the permanently installed GWT tool facilitates
more frequent testing, a baseline can be
established. When current test data are
compared to previous data, much smaller
degrees of cross-section change within
the pipe wall can be determineddown
to 1%. The testing frequency, he adds, can
be established based on the risk associated with the pipe being monitored. Data
can be collected more frequently for
high-risk pipelines or for localized portions of a pipeline with a known problem
area, and less frequently for low-risk
pipelines.
The tool is based on the GWT technology first developed by TWI in the 1990s to
detect corrosion under insulation (CUI)
in oil and gas pipelines. It uses the same
basic components as traditional guided
wave NDTa transducer ring (an array
comprised of multiple transducers) that
fits around the circumference of the pipeline and generates low-frequency acoustic
waves (usually <100 kHz), a pulserreceiver unit that controls the transducers and the mode and frequency of waves
generated, and computer software that
collects and interprets the test data.
For the permanent GWT tool, the
transducer array is attached with adhesive to the pipe surface at a particular
axial location and enclosed with a cover,
and connected by cable to the pulserreceiver through a junction box interface
that can be located up to 65 ft (20 m)
away. As with traditional GWT, ~2 ft (0.06
m) of pipe surface must be exposed to
install the tool. Buried pipelines dont
need to be completely excavated and
Information on corrosion control and prevention
The scan displays repeatable data from the tool. The responses in blue and green, grouped in
terms of temperature, were taken weeks apart but show minimal comparable error when overlaid.
The error can be quantifed by taking a residual between the two signals, which is displayed here as
the red trace. Image courtesy of Plant Integrity, Ltd.
insulation doesnt need to be completely

removed. The tool can be installed over
protective coatings such as fusionbonded epoxy and operate on pipes with
diameters ranging from 2 to 48 in (51 to
1,219 mm) and temperatures ranging
from 40 to 80 C.
The permanent transducer array will
sit dormant until it is connected to a
pulser-receiver, which directs the transducer array to generate low-frequency
acoustic waves that propagate in both
directions along the pipeline. According
to Jackson, the guided waves can propagate ~100 ft (30 m) in both directions from
the transducer array and provide 100%
pipe wall coverage. Pipe conditions can
influence the wave range, he says. If the
surface of the pipe wall is coated or
degraded (e.g., with pitting corrosion) or
the pipe geometry is complex, the distance of the wave transmission may be
reduced. Additionally, the wave distance
is affected by the viscosity of the pipe contents and can be reduced as the contents
viscosity increases. For a straight,
aboveground bare metal pipe conveying
gas, wave propagation distances of up to
590 ft (180 m) in both directions have
been achieved.
Two symmetric wave modes are transmitted and received by the pulserreceiverlongitudinal waves, which are
similar to compression waves, and torsional waves, which have more of a twisting motion. Jackson explains that where
there is a change in the cross-sectional
area of the pipe wall, such as a weld, bend,
or defect caused by corrosion, these
waves will convert into a flexural wave.
This change in acoustic impedance is
reflected back to the transducer array as
an echo. The distance of the detected feature from the transducer array can be
determined using the speed of the initial
wave and the receive time of the echo.
The test data collected by the pulserreceiver can be probed in two ways. At the
junction box, an operator can either collect and interpret the data in situ via a laptop computer and the accompanying software program, or swap out the replaceable
data storage component on the pulserreceiver unit and interpret the data at a
different location. In remote locations, a
battery-operated pulser-receiver can be
connected to the transducer array at the
junction box for several weeks to collect
data in bursts, then be removed and
19
MATERIAL MATTERS
reconnected at a later date to collect

another burst of data. The software program interprets the data and presents
them as A-scans, which display the amplitude of the reflected waves and their dis-
tance from the transducer array, and

C-scans, which plot the reflected amplitude using a color scale and show the features circumferential orientation as well
as distance from the transducer array.
Because welds are at known distances

from the transducer array and have a typical echo response, they are used to calibrate the tool so areas of cross-section
reduction can be located. To estimate the
degree of cross-sectional change, a system of distance amplitude correction
(DAC) curves is used. GWT is considered
a screening method and currently there
are no means of determining the dimensions of a detected flaw. Typically, when
remaining wall thickness measurements
are required, a quantitative follow-up
technique is used where metal loss is
detected by GWT.
Longevity and repeatability of data
are critical for a permanently installed
GWT tool, which must remain stable over
long periods of time in harsh environments. So that test results are repeatable
and small changes in pipe condition can
be detected, the coupling force between
the transducers and the pipe is carefully
controlled so variability with temperature is minimal. This is done with a backing mass on the transducer, a controlled
bond line between the transducer and the
pipe, and an individual transducer pressure. During data collection, temperature
is also monitored at the tool.
So that components remain
unchanged during the tools service life,
which is designed to be five to 10 years, all
components are fabricated to meet IP691
ratings for protection against water
immersion and dust ingress for subsea
applications as well as pipelines that are
buried.
Contact Kamer Tuncbilek, Plant Integrity,
Ltd.e-mail: kamer.tuncbilek@plantintegrity.co.uk.
Reference
1 BS EN 60529:1992+A2:2013, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP code) (London, U.K.: BSI, 1992).
Bibliography
Jackson, P., Guided wave activity at TWI, http://
youtu.be/Jhf5e7P515M ( June 17, 2014).
K.R. Larsen
20
COMPANY NEWS
U.S. Water Expands into Mid-Atlantic Region

U.S. Water Services (St. Michael, Minnesota
and Aberdeen, Maryland), a provider of
integrated water and process solutions for
industry, announces the acquisition of
Water Chemical Service, Inc. (Waterchem).
Waterchems Terry Bartley states, This acquisition is a game changer for us in the marketplace. U.S. Water has a similar culture and
attitude to Waterchem, as well as expanded
service offerings and locations across the U.S. Well leverage and combine our strengths
with U.S. Water to target the immense growth opportunities presented to us in the area.
Were excited about what this acquisition will bring in terms of service and capabilities
to our existing and future customers.
OEL Products Acquires

Ammonite and Cormetrics
Jim ORourke, President of OEL Projects, Ltd., is pleased
to announce the
companys acquisition of Ammonite
Corrosion Engineering and Cormetrics,
Ltd. Founded by
NACE Incoming Vice incoming NACE
President Sandy
International Vice
Williamson.
President Sandy
Williamson and based in Calgary, Alberta,
Canada, Ammonite provides corrosion engineering, materials selection advice, asset
integrity management programs, evaluation of chemical treatment, and inspection
programs for the oil and gas industry.
Williamson will retain his current role as
President of Ammonite. Cormetrics, Ltd.,
managed by Frank Hornsby, provides failure analysis, corrosion inhibitor testing,
and crude corrosivity testing for the oil and
gas industry. OEL Projects, Ltd. is an engineering, procurement, and project management contracting company headquartered
in Calgary that serves the oil and gas industry in Canada.
Sherwin-Williams Receives
Military Coatings Project
Award of Excellence
The Sherwin-Williams Co. (Cleveland,
Ohio) was awarded the SSPC: The Society
for Protective Coatings Military Coatings

Project Award of Excellence, along with
International Marine and Industrial Applicators, LLC (IMIA), for its work on the U.S.
Navys USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76). The
award recognizes exceptional coatings
work performed on U.S. military ships,
structures, or facilities. In the seven
months during the USS Ronald Reagans
dry docking at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (Bremerton, Washington) in 2012 and
2013, more than 17 acres (68,799 m2) of
steel would need to be preserved on the
ships freeboard; underwater hull; sea
chests; cat walks; and various tanks, voids,
and vent plenums. This project was the
largest preservation project to have ever
been completed at the shipyard.
ISHM Announces
2014 Laurence S. Reid
Award Recipient
The International
School of Hydrocarbon Measurement (ISHM)
(Norman, Oklahoma) proudly announces that
Edward E. Francisco, Jr. is the recipient of the 2014
Laurance S. Reid Award, which was presented posthumously. This award is
presented each year in recognition of outstanding individual contributions to the
measurement and/or control of hydrocarbon fluids. For more than 70 years,

Francisco was an international leader in
the design, manufacture, and calibration
of turbine flow meters for rocket propulsion and industrial fluid flow measurement applications. His engineering
accomplishments and inventions have
contributed significantly to the aerospace,
as well as the oil and gas industries.
Kapur Named President of

Honeywell Process Solutions
Honeywell (Morris
Township, New Jersey) announced
that Vimal Kapur
has been named
president of Honeywell Process
Solutions (HPS), a
Honeywell business that supplies automation control, instrumentation, and services to process
manufacturers in industries such as oil
and gas; refining; pulp and paper; petrochemicals; and metals, minerals, and mining. A near-30-year veteran of the process
automation industry, Kapur has been with
Honeywell for more than 25 years. He has
held a number of key strategic business
positions within Honeywell, including vice
president of Global Marketing and Strategy for HPS and managing director for
Honeywell Automation India, Ltd. (HAIL).
Prior to this appointment, he was vice
president/general manager of the Advanced Solutions line of business for HPS.
MP welcomes submissions of
Company News. Please send photos and
information to Husna Miskinyar;
e-mail: husna.miskinyar@nace.org.
21
PRODUCT SHOWCASE
Fire Safe Flange Isolation Kits
Lamons (Golden, Colorado), a manufacturer of fire safe flange isolation kits for
critical offshore platform and refinery
applications, introduces the DEFENDER
FSTM sealing/isolating gasket. The product
is designed to withstand the rigorous API
standard 6FB (Third Edition) test and
therefore provides a solution for those who
want to electrically isolate their flange,
provide a seal for media, and protect
against the introduction of fire in and
around the flange. Available in ANSI, API,
and PN pressure classes with a nominal pipe size range of through 36 in (13
through 914 mm), the gasket utilizes a Kammprofile design with a standard Type 316
(UNS S31600) stainless steel core (Inconel and duplex available upon request). Isolation materials are G10 or G11 and the Kammprofile seals are faced with Teflon and
Mica seal elements. Tel: +1 303-405-6812, Web site: www.lamons.com.
PosiTector PC Powder
Checker Now Available
DeFelsko
(Ogdensburg,
New York) is
pleased to
introduce the
next generation
of non-contact
powder thickness gages. The
PosiTector PC
Powder
Checker
measures uncured powder coatings
using ultrasonic technology to automatically calculate and display a
predicted cured thickness. The
PosiTector PC helps to control powder
consumption to ensure adequate coverage and reduce waste. The updated
PosiTector PC Powder Checker features
a color liquid-crystal display (LCD), an
expanded internal memory, and free
access to a full suite of PosiSoft
Solutions. The gage continually
displays/updates basic statistics and
automatically generates formatted
reports with measurement summaries
and charts. Notably, the PosiTector PC
22
now accepts all PosiTector probes to

easily convert from measuring uncured
powder to cured dry film thickness,
surface profile, and more. Tel: 1 800448-3835, Web site: www.defelsko.com.
First Hybrid Carbon

Fiber Material
applications, says Wisdom Dzotsi,

general manager, Quantum
Com posites. The hybrid carbon fiber
material, AMC-8590-12CFH, is an
advanced molding compound that
offers the performance benefits of
carbon fiber at a cost similar to highperformance fiberglass. It is easily
moldable, delivering parts that are high
strength, low density, and resistant to
fatigue. Tel: +1 989-922-3863, Web site:
w w w.quantumcomposites.com.
Hybrid Performance Precision

Grout for Construction
BASF (Shakopee, Minnesota) introduces
a new product in North America designed for precision grouting of critical
equipment. MasterFlow 4316 hybrid
performance grout combines the
strength of an epoxy grout with the ease
of applying cementitious grouting materials. MasterFlow 4316 grout is the
newest addition to the Master Builders
Solutions grout family, specified globally as premier products for demanding
applications such as compressors, generators, pump bases and drive motors,
tank bases, conveyors, and column supports. The one-component grout is easy
to mix, has low odor, and can be easily
cleaned up with water. Tel: 1 800-5261072, Web site: www.master-builderssolutions.basf.us.
New 27MG Ultrasonic

Thickness Gage
Quantum Composites (Bay City,

Michigan), a business unit of The
Composites Group, introduces its first
hybrid carbon fiber material, a costeffective, lightweight, and highstrength alternative for traditional
fiberglass and metal applications in the
automotive, heavy truck, medical,
sporting goods, and industrial markets.
This new materialwith its improved
f lexural and tensile moduli at a
sig nificant cost reductionhas created
the opportunity for new thermoset
Olympus (Waltham, Massachusetts) is

pleased to announce the release of the
27MG Ultrasonic Thickness Gage that is
designed to make accurate measurements from one side on internally
The Latest Tools for

Fighting Corrosion
corroded or eroded metal pipes and

structures. It weighs only 12 oz (340 g)
and is ergonomically designed for easy,
one-hand operation. Despite its
compact size, the 27MG has many innovative measurement features that
utilize the same technologies available
on more advanced thickness gages. The
durable, rugged 27MG is battery operated and features a large, backlit LCD
with easy-to-read numerals, and an
intuitive color-coded keypad with
direct access to many key features.
Tel: +1 781-419-3562, Web site: www.
olympus-ims.com.
New Metals from EOS
EOS (Krailling, Germany) metals portfolio now includes new titanium and
stainless steel (SS) for end-use production on its direct metal laser-sintering
(DMLS) systems. Lightweight EOS
Ti64ELI alloy has excellent corrosion
resistance and biocompatibility plus a
high grade of purity. It is extremely
well-suited for the additive manufacture of medical implants for orthopedics. EOS Type 316L SS (UNS S31603)
combines corrosion resistance with
high ductility and is appropriate for
surgical instruments, endoscopic
surgery, orthopedics, and implants.
Parts built from the new steel have a
chemical composition corresponding to
that specified in ASTM F138 (a standard
for SS bar and wire for surgical
implants). The steel also has potential
applications in the watch and jewelry
industries, as well as in harsh and
demanding environments such as the
aerospace or marine industries. Tel: +1
248-306-0143, Web site: www.eos.info.
Intertherm 228HS for

North American Market
International
Paint (Houston,
Texas) announces the introduction of
Intertherm
228HS into
North Americas offshore
and onshore industrial markets. This next-generation,
temperature-resistant epoxy phenolic
coating offers higher solids and lower
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to
provide improved protection to insulated steelwork. According to Chris McMillan, International Paints North
American marketing manager, One of
the many characteristics of Intertherm
228HS is its improved film build tolerance. While optimum performance can
be achieved in the typical 8 mil system
(2 by 100 m), the coating will perform
equally well at total film builds of up to
12 mils (300 m). This dramatically reduces the risk of cracking from over application when applied to weld areas
and equipment with complex geometries. Tel: 1 800-525-6824, Web site:
www.international-pc.com.
PPG to Reintroduce
DURANAR ADS Coatings
for Architectural Metals
PPG Industries (Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania) coil and building products coatings group announced that it
will reintroduce DURANAR ADS (airdried system) f luoropolymer coatings
this summer, three years after the products were withdrawn from the market.
This next-generation line of DUR ANAR
ADS coatings, based on a newly formulated f luorinated copolymer resin
combined with PPG proprietary chemistry, is designed to repair f luoropolymer coatings on architectural metals
damaged during production or after
field installation. In addition, these
high-performance coatings can provide
a wide range of color options for manufacturers and contractors in solid,

metallic, pearlescent, and infraredref lective (IR-ref lective) pigment technologies. Tel: 1 888-774-4332, Web site:
www.ppgideascapes.com.
General Purpose Industrial

Air Pressure Regulator Series
Marsh Bellofram Corp. (Newell, West

Virginia) announces the global market
launch of its Type T60 air pressure regulators. The industrial air pressure regulators are preset, fixed units for instrumentation and general purpose use.
Through a combination of careful
design engineering and the incorporation of quality materials, Type T60
regulators offer trouble-free operation
over an extended useful service life,
even in the most difficult industrial
environments. A rubberized, soft-seat
valve stem provides positive shut-off
and forgives dirt or other foreign
matter. An aspirator maintains downstream pressure and compensates for
droop when high f low occurs. The integral gauge port is also convenient for
pressure gauge installation, and can be
used as an additional full f low outlet.
Tel: 1 800-727-5646, Web site: www.
marshbellofram.com.
MP welcomes submissions of product
press releases and photos for Product
Showcase. Please send them to the
attention of Husna Miskinyar, NACE
International; tel: +1 858-768-0829;
e-mail: husna.miskinyar@nace.org.
23
FEATURE ARTICLE
Updating
NACE SP0169
for Controlling
External Corrosion
on Underground or
Submerged Metallic
Piping Systems
Kathy Riggs Larsen, Associate Editor
In October 2013, NACE International

released an updated version of SP0169,
Control of External Corrosion on
Underground or Submerged Metallic
Piping Systems, which presents methods
and practices for achieving effective
control of external corrosion on underground or submerged metallic piping
systems. The revision was accomplished
by NACE Task Group (TG) 360, Piping
Systems: Review of NACE SP0169-2007.
This task group is administered by
Specific Technology Group (STG) 35,
Pipelines, Tanks, and Well Casings,
and is comprised of corrosion control
personnel from oil and gas transmission
companies, gas distribution companies,
water and wastewater utilities, power
companies, corrosion consultants, and
others concerned with external corrosion
control of underground or submerged
metallic piping systems. This is the fifth
revision of the standard, which was origi-
24
nally published in 1969. The previous

revision was performed in 1992 by NACE
TG T-10-1, and since then the standard
was reaffirmed (without revisions) in 1996,
2002, and 2007.
SP0169 describes the use of electrically
insulating coatings, electrical isolation, and
cathodic protection (CP) as they relate to
external corrosion control, and is intended
to be used by corrosion control personnel
responsible for pipelines that transport oil,
gas, water, and other fluids, although the
methods outlined in the standard are also
applicable to many other underground or
submerged metallic structures. Significant
changes and additions were made in the
2013 revision of SP0169, particularly in
Section 5, External Coatings, and Section
6, Criteria and Other Considerations for
Cathodic Protection. Additionally, a review
of potential criteria in national standards
from around the world was added as an
appendix.
Corrosion personnel perform nondestructive testing

(magnetic-particle inspection) on an excavated
portion of pipe. Photo courtesy of Drew Hevle.

This is the standards fifth revision

since its original publication
in 1969.
A corrosion technician inspects an excavated portion of

pipe for coating damage and external corrosion. Photo
courtesy of Drew Hevle.
A pipe is recoated in the field with an airless-spray two-part epoxy coating,

which protects it from external corrosion. Photo courtesy of Mears Group, Inc.
25
FEATURE ARTICLE
To learn more about the recent
revisions made to SP0169 and their impact
on industry, Materials Performance asked
several members of NACE TG 360 and
others interested in the standard revision
to comment on the updated portions of
the standard. Panelists are Jim Chmilar
with Chmilar & Associates Consulting
Ltd.; Drew Hevle with Kinder Morgan;
Mark Lauber with Laclede Gas Co.; and
Norm Moriber with Mears Group. (See
their biographies in the sidebar, Meet the
Panelists.)
MP: How does industry use NACE
Standard SP0169? Why is this standard
important?
Drew Hevle: NACE SP0169 is the

de facto standard for CP of pipelines in
the world, the first standard that NACE
published, and one of the most influential
standards issued by NACE. It contains
sections on coatings, CP criteria, and
the design, installation, operation, and
maintenance of CP systems. Many regulatory agencies reference this standard.
For example, the U.S. Department of
Transportation references the SP0169 CP
criteria for its hazardous liquid pipeline
safety regulations in the Code of Federal
Regulations (49 CFR 195 Subpart H).1
Mark Lauber: As an operations
manager responsible for pipeline safety
regulatory compliance for both steel
natural gas distribution and transmission

systems, I feel that SP0169 is a valuable
technical document because it is a
comprehensive resource for any pipeline
owner who wishes to identify the necessary steps proven to adequately mitigate
corrosion of these valuable assets. The
standard is important for several reasons.
It provides specific criteria where corrosion control is expected to be achieved for
stated conditions, and it provides performance language for pipeline operators
who have documented empirical evidence
indicating corrosion control effectiveness
using other criteria. The standard also
provides an enormous number of technical references for coatings applications,
Drew Hevle
Drew Hevle is
manager of corrosion control for
Kinder Morgans
natural gas pipeline group, based
in Houston, Texas.
He has a Bachelor
of Science degree in mechanical engineering and holds several NACE certifcations, including Corrosion Specialist, CP Specialist, and Level 3 Coating
Inspector. Hevle heads several NACE
technical committees, is vice chair of the
NACE Technical Coordination Committee (TCC), and is also a NACE instructor.
His hobbies are corrosion control and CP.
Mark Lauber
Mark Lauber is
the manager of
pipeline safety
compliance for
the Laclede Gas
Co., which serves
eastern Missouri,
including St. Louis,
and western Missouri, including Kansas
City. A NACE-certifed CP Specialist since
1997, he is responsible for integrity management programs for the companys
gas transmission, gas distribution, and
hazardous liquid pipelines. This includes
corrosion control, main replacement,
and public awareness programs. In addition, Lauber has overall responsibility
for pipeline safety regulation compliance
for Laclede Gas. He holds a Bachelor of
Science degree in electrical engineering
from the University of Missouri-Rolla.
Lauber is a member of several NACE
technical committees, including TG 360.
Meet the Panelists

Jim Chmilar
Jim Chmilar graduated with an engineering degree
from the University
of Calgary in 1972
and started as a
feld engineer doing cathodic protection (CP) work with Associated Corrosion Consultants Ltd. in Calgary, Alberta,
Canada. He retired from that company
in 2003 after 30-plus years and formed a
one-man consulting company to enable his
continued involvement with NACE International. A NACE member since 1976, Chmilar has been the chair of various committees, including Instructor and Peer Quality
Committee, Quality Committee, Technical
Practices Committee (TPC), Technical and
Research Activities Committee, the Policy
Committee, and Task Group (TG) 360.
Chmilar received a NACE Distinguished
Service Award in 1990 for section and area
conference work, and was the recipient of
the NACE R.A. Brannon Award in 2010.
26

CP criteria from other standards around

the world, and completed CP research.
Norm Moriber: RP0169 was the first
recommended practice developed by
the National Association of Corrosion
Engineers and was a critical document in
establishing NACE as the world leader in
corrosion prevention and control. This
standard has provided the framework
for pipeline integrity management plans
since before that terminology existed.
Engineers and operators have relied on
RP0169 (and now SP0169) as a reference for the industry consensus on best
practices for corrosion control on pipeline
systems.
Jim Chmilar: Industry primarily cites
Norm Moriber
Norm Moriber is
chief engineer for
Mears Group, Integrity Solutions
Division, in San
Ramon, California.
He is a graduate of
the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and a Registered
Professional Corrosion Engineer in California with more than 40 years of experience
in the corrosion control industry. His areas
of specialization include CP design and
evaluation; external corrosion direct assessment, focusing on cased piping; and stray
current evaluation and mitigation. He has
served on the NACE International Board
of Directors, as chair of the Public Affairs
Administrative Committee, has been a
member of the Materials Performance Editorial Advisory Board since 2001, and is now
a technical editor for MP. He is a member
of TG 360 and has chaired Technology
Exchange Group (TEG) 179X, Cathodic
Protection, since 2004.
the criteria in Section 6 for external corrosion control of underground or submerged

metallic piping systems. Some also find
the accepted methods and practices
covered in the other eight sections very
useful for design, installation, operation,
and maintenance of the corrosion control
system they establish.
MP: Why was it necessary to revise
SP0169?
Moriber: Technical Coordination
Committee (TCC) procedures require that
standards be reviewed every five years to
determine whether they should be
reaffirmed, revised, or withdrawn. This
standard was revised in 1972, 1976, 1983,
and 1992; and it was reaffirmed in 1996,
2002, and 2007, which means it had been
more than 20 years since it was updated.
A blue-ribbon ad hoc committee reported
in 2002 that revisions were required in
several key areas, including clarification of
CP criteria, better guidance regarding
microbiologically influenced corrosion
(MIC) and elevated-temperature corrosion, and upper limits of protection to
avoid cathodic disbondment of coatings
and damage to high-strength steels. It was
also recommended that information be
provided on CP criteria used outside of
North America in recognition of NACEs
commitment as an international
organization.
Lauber: I believe it was necessary to
revise SP0169 because pipeline operators like me found the 850 mV criterion
language to be confusing and unclear.
Furthermore, because SP0169 was
reaffirmed several times without updating technical references to the advances
in coatings and coatings standards that
had been made in the last several years,
the previous version of this standard was
seriously dated.
Chmilar: The previous revision of
this standard occurred in 1992, thanks to
Ted Kazmierczak and TG T-10-1. A STG
05, Cathodic/Anodic Protection, ad hoc
committee on Criteria Review in RP016996 presented a report at CORROSION
2002 that stated: Section 6 could not be
reaffirmed as it exists; ambiguity exists

between the 0.850 vs. copper/copper
sulfate (Cu/CuSO4) electrode (CSE)
current-applied criterion and the 0.850
vs. CSE polarized criterion; there are
other international criteria that should
be considered; there is confusion regarding 100 mV formation and decay; more
guidance is needed on CP criteria for
controlling MIC and corrosion at elevated
temperatures; and upper limits on CP
criteria for coating damage and/or highstrength steels are needed.
STG 05 formed TG 285 in 2002 to
revise Section 6. That TG had numerous meetings and conference calls and
gathered significant information, but did
not achieve its goal of getting out a ballot
to the group and was disbanded in 2006.
The task was turned over to TG 360 under
STG 35 to review the entire document,
including Section 6. Part of the NACE and
ANSI protocol requires all standards to be
revised or reaffirmed every five years.
Hevle: The goals included updating
the standard (last revised in 1992), clarifying the CP criteria, and adding guidance
for special conditions such as alternating
current (AC) corrosion, MIC, dissimilar
metals, and high temperature. Other
sections needed updates, as technology
has changed in the last 20 years.
MP: What are the major changes made
during the latest revision?
Lauber: Without question, I believe
the criteria section has seen the most
significant changes. The definitions
section and coatings references have also
been expanded greatly. Additionally, information on criteria and cautionary notes
was enhanced for special conditions such
as high-resistivity soils, MIC, high pH, and
high-temperature environments.
Chmilar: The major changes were in
Section 5 and Section 6 plus the addition
of abbreviations and acronyms to an
updated definitions section. In Section
5 on external coatings, there was significant work done to upgrade and update
the standards lists with the addition of
numerous coating types and a table for
27
FEATURE ARTICLE
greater flexibility is now available for
operators to make choices that will meet
their corrosion control objectives. New
sections have been added to address CP
for copper, aluminum, and SS, along with
cautions about additional requirements to
address specific conditions. These include
MIC, high temperatures, SCC, overprotection and hydrogen evolution effects,
dissimilar metal piping systems, acidic
and high-resistivity environments, electrical shielding, and AC corrosion. Because
this standard addresses corrosion control
rather than CP alone, the section on
protective coatings was greatly expanded
and updated. This includes the removal of
references to numerous obsolete coating
standards and the addition of modern
coatings for steel and ductile iron. Other
sections address a variety of reference
electrodes and temperature correction for
potential measurements. New appendixes
describe CP criteria and other features
contained in ISO and European standards
in addition to those used in six other
countries.
A CP technician checks the rectifier outputs for a cathodically protected pipeline. Photo
courtesy of Mears Group, Inc.
ductile iron, plus additional references

in Appendix A. In Section 6, there was a
restructuring of the stated criteria and the
addition of stainless steel (SS) pipe as a
pipe class. There are Special Conditions
and Relevant Considerations listed in
Section 6 that deal with issues such as
MIC; elevated temperatures; high-resistivity electrolyte; mill scaled steel; mixed
metal piping; high-voltage AC (HVAC);
weak acid environments; stress corrosion
cracking (SCC); hydrogen embrittlement (HE) and blistering; and electrical
shielding. There is now a figure showing
corrosion rates as a function of AC with
CP current densities and a figure on SCC
range. There is now a statement that
potential measurements related to criteria
are intended to be made at 25 C (77 F)
and a table for correction factors where
reference electrodes are not within 10 C of
25 C. There are eight pages of references
and a bibliography where more detailed
28
information can be located. There is now

an Appendix B, Review of International
Standards, which is a summary of international and country standards as they
relate to CP criteria.
Hevle: Many needed changes were
made, and all the sections were updated.
The most controversial change was made
to the CP potential criteria section on
how voltage drop errors are addressed.
Previous versions of this standard had
a number of variations to the wording
regarding how these errors are to be
addressed. This version uses the original
language, consideration of the significance of voltage drops.
Moriber: There has been a major focus
on the CP criteria for steel piping systems,
and that is an important part of SP0169;
however, it is by no means the only section
where critical upgrades have been accomplished. CP criteria for steel and gray or
ductile cast iron have been clarified and
MP: Why are these changes significant?

Chmilar: The changes to the 2013
version are really a change from the last
major revision completed in1992 by
Kazmierczak and TG T-10-1. The changes
outlined in my previous answer provide
additional resource information and
the coating information has also been
updated. One general criteria statement
was added, but the 2007 criteria were not
changed other than combining two 850
mV criteria into one stated criterion. The
standard does not contain actual test
methods as there is a specific test method
(TM) for that purpose [TM0497-20122].
This TM was first issued in 1997 and
revised in 2012.
Hevle: The changes reflect the consensus standard practices of the industry. In
many ways the standard has changed to
recognize new technologies. The provisions of any standard must be applied by
competent persons, and it is impossible
to write a standard so inflexible that it
cannot be misapplied without compromis-

ing technically sound applications.

Moriber: These additions and
updates restore one of NACEs signature
standards to the level of quality that the
world has come to expect of the leading
corrosion control organization. SP0169
now includes a wealth of new information and references to related documents
that provide valuable guidance for those
responsible for pipeline integrity. This
standard will also be linked with the next
revision of TM0497, the TM standard that
will complement the clarifications to the
CP criteria. These documents, together
with the summaries of other internationally recognized standards, will provide
options and flexibility that will allow
operators to customize the procedures for
achieving their corrosion control
objectives.
Lauber: I believe that the ambiguity surrounding the 850 mV criteria in
the previous standard version has been
eliminated. The listed criteria calling for
a structure-to-electrolyte potential of
850 mV or more negative gives operators a roadmap that includes clear steps
that must be taken for interpretation if a
current-applied measurement is used.
MP: How will these changes impact
industry? How will they impact your
organization?
Hevle: Presently my organization
(Kinder Morgan Natural Gas Pipelines)
is not directly affected, because the U.S.
natural gas pipeline safety regulations do
not reference this standard, but industry consensus standards are extremely
valuable. Standards codify and improve
industry practices and allow a common
language. They make pipelines safer and
more reliable by incorporating expertise
and experience from across the industry.
Standards reduce costs by eliminating
duplication of effort in company
specifications.
Lauber: Even though the standard is
not incorporated by reference in 49 CFR
Part 192,3 the additional criteria guidance
included in the document will assist
pipeline operators in considering the
A self-propelled blast remediation system is brought into position to begin surface

preparation of a 36-in (914-mm) natural gas pipeline prior to recoating. Photo courtesy of
Mears Group, Inc.
significance of voltage drops in the earth

and metallic paths, which is a requirement
of Appendix D of these rules. My company
has steel pipelines of various vintages,
coatings, and CP systems, all operating
in a wide variety of conditions. Many of
our pipelines cannot have the CP current
disconnected easily or effectively. The
changes to the document provide validation of our current-applied CP monitoring
practices, because we incorporate many of
the same methods described to consider
voltage drops other than the structure-toelectrolyte boundary.
Moriber: Again, these revisions and
additions will provide guidance in the
development and application of specific
programs to address a wide range of corrosion control challenges for individual
piping systems. While SP0169 is by no
means a training course, it now offers an
up-to-date consensus of the best practices
along with references to useful coating and
CP standards. For our organization, it will
provide benefits as one of the background
documents for new employees and also
reinforce discussions with clients regarding sound engineering practices that were
not previously codified.
Chmilar: I would suggest that the
changes to the 2013 version are a result
of what the industry is now doing and the
standard practice reflects or is a consensus
of what is already happening in industry, so
there should not be an impact on industry.

The standard should actually make the
practitioners function easier as it is now
stating the proven methods and practices
for control of external corrosion on buried
or submerged steel, SS, cast iron, ductile
iron, copper, and aluminum piping systems
in one document. My organization is a
one-person consulting company specializing in corrosion control by CP and the
impact on my organization is that now
I will have more time to spend with my
grandchildren.
References
1 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
Title 49: Transportation, Part 195
Transportation of Hazardous Liquids
by Pipeline, Subpart HCorrosion
Control (Washington, DC: Office of the
Federal Register, 2014).
2 TM0497-2012, Measurement
Techniques Related to Criteria for
Cathodic Protection on Underground
or Submerged Metallic Piping Systems
(Houston, TX: NACE International,
2012).
3 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
Title 49: Transportation, Part 192
Transportation of Natural and Other Gas
by Pipeline: Minimum Federal Safety
Standards (Washington, DC: Office of the
Federal Register, 2014).
29
BLOG
Continued from The MP Blog, p. 13.
The following items relate to cathodic &
anodic protection.
suggestions are entirely those of the inquirers and respondents. NACE International does not guarantee the accuracy
of the technical solutions discussed.
MP welcomes additional responses to
these items. They may be edited for
clarity.
Protecting parallel pipelines
Q:
Four parallel underground pipelines with only 0.15 ft (0.5 m) between each one will be cathodically protected by impressed current. Each line is
8-in (203-mm) diameter and 1.9 miles (3
km) long, but their coatings and construction dates are different. Because the previ-
30
ous cathodic protection (CP) system is

insufficient, the owner wants to revamp it.
One of the engineers wants us to use
one rectifier with a current divider. The
current divider unit will have four outputs,
each sensing pipeline potentials by four
separate permanent reference electrodes.
The aim is to set each pipeline to a constant potential, which is 1,100 mV. The
idea is to minimize interference by keeping all pipelines at the same potential.
I am considering using only one constant potential rectifier and connecting
all the pipelines in parallel. I see no difference between the two systems in order to
minimize interference. Their potentials
will be the same on the drain point but
may be different in other places.
Could you please comment on using a
current divider? What is your practice to
protect multiple pipelines laid in parallel?
I would bond all the lines together and then bond them to the
A:
rectifer negative. Tey will then act as one

big structure, with currents going to the
various defects in the coating. Tere will
be no interference if they are bonded together properly. I suggest sticking with the
NACE International-recommended criteria and not the 1,100 mV.
I have no firsthand experience
with the current divider approach
but it sounds like a good idea considering
the spacing and the differences in coating.
I have worked with pipelines having more
than 0.3-ft (1-m) spacing and found that
shielding is a big problem. Connecting all
the pipes to a common negative, even on a
potential-controlled rectifier, will not prevent inadequately protected areas on lines
that do not have a good coating, particularly if the worst coating is on an interior
pipeline.
As short as the lengths are, IR
drop from worst case to best
(coating condition) would amount to only
A:
A:
a few mV. Connect the pipeline drain

points together through individual shunts
so the current demand can be individually
monitored. This would also allow isolation for underground short locating.
You may find that using a permanent
reference cell for potential control gives
reliability problems over time. If the
owner feels the need for potential control,
order the rectifier with constant current
as well as manual tap-set options for use
as necessary.
If these lines are electrically continuous at some point upstream
or downstream (this could be through
electrical apparatus), then the complex
system will not work anyway. It has been
my experience that treating multiple lines
as a common unit has presented no significant problems, especially when all are
coated lines. A simple system is usually
best in the long term.
Perhaps there should be more effort
placed on getting the groundbed electrically remote to all structures so that the
potentials would be more uniform.
I seriously doubt you can electrically
isolate each individual line, and that
would be essential for the selective protection. It is common to have electrical devices that sense pressure and monitor
flows and control valves. The grounding in
these devices bonds each line together. It is
not possible to create electrical discontinuity in an electrical grounding system.
It might be worth running a current requirement test on each individual pipeline. Tis would give a much
better picture of relative coating condition, not to mention isolation.
The current divider approach, or
bonding all four pipelines together and using a constant potential rectifier may work just fine. A key consideration in designing the CP system is the
actual quality of the coatings on each line.
If the coatings are in good shape, even
though the lines were installed at different times and with different coatings,
then both approaches should work.
Te last time I managed a set of
parallel pipelines with widely
varying coating conditions, we frst ran a
survey to locate unintended cross connections and bond cables and then removed
them all. Ten we installed individual rectifer connections (negatives) to each
and routed them through a bond box with
A:
A:
A:
A:
shunts for each pipeline so that we could

measure the current drain. Te reason we
did this was not because the old, bonded
system didnt work. Instead, ownership of
one of the lines changed and the new
owner insisted on knowing how much
current was used to protect it. Tey also
wanted the ability to conduct surveys on
each pipe individually.
Pipes needing more current naturally
received more current because of their
poor coating condition. In our case, the
pipes were ~31 miles (50 km) long. We did
need to install additional rectifiers to
overcome excessive pipe-to-soil potentials
that were encountered in order to satisfy
NACE criteria on the poorly coated line.
The coating conditions were wildly different: one line was a 1940s-vintage pipe with
poor coating and the newest was a modern fusion-bonded epoxy-coated pipe. We
also expected to have to resistor back
some of the current, so we built junction
boxes big enough to house resistors, but
they were never necessary.
I suggest placing the groundbed
at least 62 ft (100 m) from the parallel pipelines to avoid shielding among
the lines. Te groundbed should be as
deep as possible.
One method of lowering the applied voltage to the well-coated
pipelines without resistors is to install a
silicon diode in series. Te 0.7-V forward
voltage drop reduces the voltage on the
pipeline and the diode prevents reverse
current fow if the rectifer fails. Te diode
does not regulate current; it just reduces
the applied voltage because of its resistance.
The variable resistor may be required.
The purpose of the resistor is to control
the amount of current supplied to individual pipelinesit does this by reducing the
applied voltage to an individual pipeline.
The diode does the same thing, but it is
not variable. The diode works very well at
locations where one pipeline is parallel to
another pipeline of another company if
the other company insists on carrying a
higher voltage than you are comfortable
withinviting interference problems. The
diode not only reduces the applied voltage
to your pipelinethus the amount of currentbut it will also prevent your pipeline
from becoming a CP source if the other
owner has a problem keeping his rectifier
operating.
A:
A:
31
COATINGS & LININGS
Power Plant Condenser Tube

Sheet Retroft with Epoxy
Cladding and CP Evaluation
Zhiyuan Liu, Liaoning Institute of Science
and Technology, Liaoning, China
John yang, Overland Park, Kansas
A 900 MW coal-fred power plant utilizes a single pass, multi-pressure

condenser in its cooling system. After
years of operation, the condenser
tube sheets were severely corroded.
The condenser was built indoors.
Because of the restraints of the surroundings, it was concluded that
repairs with epoxy cladding would be
much more practical and cost effective than replacing all corroded tube
sheets. This article presents detailed
epoxy cladding procedures, and also
discusses cathodic protection issues
with the condenser.
A power plant condenser was

constructed in Minnesota in the mid-1980s.
The tube sheets had been replaced a couple
of times since then. The condenser water
boxes, inlet/outlet piping, and tube sheets
are carbon steel (CS) and the tubes are
Type 304 stainless steel (SS) (UNS S30400).
The ball-catching mechanism inside the
outlet piping is also Type 304 SS. Additional
information about the condenser follows:
Eight water boxes, two inlet pipes, two
outlet pipes, and two crossover pipes
Approximate tube sheet size: 16 by
9 ft (4.9 by 2.7 m); thickness: 1.5 in
(38 mm)
Number of tubes per water box: N =
9,450; tube ID: 1 in (25 mm); tube OD:
1.056 in (27 mm); tube length: L =
46 ft (14 m)
32
Water velocity in tube: 7 ft/s (2.1 m/s)

Inlet/outlet piping diameter : 5 ft
(1.5 m)
Existing lining on water boxes and
piping: epoxy primer plus an epoxy
novolac finish. Dry film thickness
(DFT): 8 to 12 mils (203 to 305 m)
Present Corrosion Status

Two easily accessible tube sheets on the
south side were replaced because of severe
corrosion. Figure 1(a) shows one of the tube
sheets that was replaced. The deepest corrosion penetration was >1 in. The four tube
sheets on the north side of the condenser
were not replaced because of the restraints
of the surroundings. All tubes were
replaced with new tubes. Figure 1(b) shows
a retubed tube sheet on which pitting was
~0.8-in (20-mm) deep.
There was severe pitting on the water
boxes around the tube sheets. Pitting also
occurred on water boxes away from the
tube sheets. Figure 1(c) shows pitting corrosion on the water box that was coated
during the last maintenance. Pitting corrosion was less severe on the crossover
pipes.
Two outlet spools also showed severe
corrosion (Figure 1[d]). The two outlet
spools were reinstalled as-is due to the
tight schedule. The corrosion on the two
spools was attributed mainly to two pieces
of the SS ball-catching mechanism inside
the pipes and the below-grade concrete
pipes that were connected to the outlet
spools by flanges.
Epoxy Cladding Materials

and Procedures
To retrofit the tube sheets, epoxy cladding was selected to cover the tube sheets.
The epoxy cladding system included two
coating materials: primer coating material
and build-up coating material. The primer
coating material is dark red and the buildup material is pink. The primer material, a
100% solid, lightly filled epoxy, had high
viscosity and could be applied to a surface
by airless spray or roller. The build-up
material was putty-like and could be
applied by trowel. The build-up material
was used mainly for building up coating
over the primer or filling in the voids. The
scope of work was to apply epoxy cladding
on eight tube sheets and coat a 2-ft (0.6 m)
band area on each water box along the tube
sheets periphery with two coats of the
primer material.
Following were the epoxy cladding
procedures:
Pre-job conference
Pre-inspection of condenser tube
sheets and water boxes
Setting up tooling and environmental
control equipment
Power washing and subsequent
drying
Plugging tubes
Abrasive blasting and subsequent
unplugging and cleaning of tubes
Re-plugging tubes
Applying primer material to the tube
sheets
Applying a build-up coating to cover
all the tube plugs
Grinding excess build-up coating to
expose plugs
Applying primer materials as final
touch-up
Inspection and repair
Surface Preparation
The life of a coating depends as much
on the degree and quality of surface preparation as on the selected coating system,
because most coating failures can be attributed to inadequate surface preparation or
lack of coating adhesion. Surface preparation, therefore, should receive thorough
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
FIGURE 1 (a) Pitting corrosion on a tube sheet, (b) retubed tube sheet, (c) pitting on a water box,
and (d) outlet spool internal corrosion.
consideration. The primary functions of

surface preparation are:
To remove surface contaminants that
can induce premature coating failure
To provide a clean surface with
adequate profile for good coating
adhesion1
The surface preparation process primarily included:
Initial inspection of the surfaces
Cleaning tube sheets with pressure
water wash and chemical spray
Verifying chloride contamination
prior to abrasive blasting
Abrasive blasting
Verifying surface cleanliness and
profile
The details of the surface preparation
are described in the following paragraphs.
revealed heavily pitted surfaces on the tube

sheets. The pitting was much worse than
Condition D described in SSPC-VIS 1.2
Pressure Water Wash

To remove surface contaminants, tube
sheet surfaces were washed with 2,600 psi
water pressure. The surfaces then were
treated with CHLOR*RID chemical spray
to assist in further removal of contaminating salts. A subsequent pressure water
wash rinsed the washing chemicals off the
surfaces. Chloride content was checked
after the surface was dry. The Kitigawa tube
test3 method was employed for the chloride
testing. The chloride content on the eight
tube sheets ranged from nil to 2.5 ppm (or
mg/cm2), which was lower than the 7 ppm
required by the coating specification.
Initial Inspection
Tube Plugging
The tube sheets had severe pitting to an

extent that was similar to the replaced tube
sheets (Figure 1). Because of the nature of
cooling water, the tube sheet surfaces must
have been contaminated by salts entrained
in the circulating water. Initial inspection
The SS tube interior needed to be protected from abrasive blasting. All tubes
were plugged with plastic plugs after the
tube sheets had dried out (Figure 2) and
Trade name.
33
COATINGS & LININGS
Abrasive Blasting
FIGURE 2 Tube plugging prior to abrasive blasting.
Aluminum oxide (Al 2O 3) abrasive was

used to blast the tube sheets. The abrasive
organic contamination was checked per
ASTM D7393. 4 Abrasive pH testing was
performed per ASTM D4972. 5 To achieve
the specified surface profile (2 mils [51
m] minimum), size #16 Al2O3 abrasive was
selected as the blasting medium. Compressed air was checked periodically for oil
contamination per ASTM D4285. 6 After
abrasive blasting, the surface profile was
checked per ASTM D4417, 7 Method C.
The surface roughness ranged from 2.5 to
7 mils (63.5 to 179 m). Figure 3 shows the
prepared surface, which met NACE
No. 1/ SSPC-SP 5.8 Chloride content measurement was also conducted after the
blasted surfaces were completely dry. The
chloride contaminants of the eight tube
sheets were <1 ppm, which satisfied the
surface specification.
Unplugging and
Re-plugging Tubes
On the completion of the surface preparation, the tube plugs were removed. The
surface then was blown off to ensure the
cleanliness of the prepared surface and all
tubes were re-plugged with new plugs for
the coating application.
Coating Application
First Coat
After final inspection of the surfaces,
the primer material was applied by a longnap roller. There was no wet film thickness
(WFT) requirement. The primer was
required to cover the tube ends regardless
of the surface terrain (Figure 4[a]).
FIGURE 3 A tube sheet surface prepared to NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP 5.
Second Coat
prior to abrasive blasting. From this point
on, the environmental measurement was
performed in the beginning of each shift
and at 4-h intervals. The dehumidifier and
heating system started working continuously for the rest of the process. Since the
condenser was located indoors, environmental control was relatively easy with
advanced equipment. Surface temperatures
34
ranged from 66 to 91 F (19 to 33 C) and

dew point temperatures ranged from 24 to
49 F (31 to 9 C). Tube sheet surface temperatures had been >5 F above dew point
throughout the entire process. Relative
humidity ranged from 1 to 39%. All of the
aforementioned procedures and measurements met the requirements of the coating
specification.
The build-up coat was applied by trowel

when the first coat was partially dry. The
build-up coat was applied to barely cover
the plastic plugs (Figure 4[b]).
Grinding Excess Build-up Coating

The excess build-up coating was
ground off as soon as the coating was hard
enough, but not fully cured. The surfaces
Power Plant Condenser Tube Sheet Retrofit with Epoxy Cladding

and CP Evaluation
were ground so that the plastic plugs were

revealed. Exposed voids were again filled in
with the build-up coating (Figure 4[c]).
Plastic Plug Removal

Plastic plugs were removed with care to
avoid damaging the coating. The entire surface was again blown off to remove dust
from the grinding (Figure 4[d]).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Final Touch-Up with the

Primer Material
Within the recoat window, the primer
material was lightly applied using a shortnap roller to cover the grinding marks
(Figure 5).
Water Box Touch-Up with

Primer Material
The 2-ft band of water box around the
tube sheet received two coats of the primer
material. The DFT was measured per
SSPC-PA 2.9 The DFT ranged from 9 to 14
mils (228 to 355 m). Some other damaged
areas on the water boxes and crossover
pipes were also touched up in the same
manner.
Final Inspection and Repair

Final overall inspection was performed
on the tube sheets and on the water boxes.
Within the recoat window, additional
touch up was applied to some low DFT
areas on the water boxes in the 2-ft band
around the tube sheet.
Quality Assurance and

Quality Control
Per the contract, a third-party NACEcertified Level III Coating Inspector was
retained to oversee the epoxy cladding
project to ensure that the surface preparation and the coating application met the
contract and the coating specification.
During the process, the Coating Inspector
monitored the environment parameters,
verified surface profile and surface cleanliness, observed all related activities such as
mixing and timing of the recoat window,
and documented/reported defects and
noncompliant activities.
FIGURE 4 Coating application. (a) First coat, (b) build-up coat applied, (c) surfaces ground and
voids flled, and (d) plugs removed.
Cathodic Protection
Evaluation
The condenser utilizes fresh circulating
water. After many cycles, the water
becomes more corrosive from the accumulated concentration of the soluble salts in
the water. The circulating water resistivity
was ~400 {cm. Corrosion attack on the CS
tube sheets and the water boxes was caused
mainly by dissimilar metal corrosion
between SS (~50 mV vs. a copper/copper
sulfate [Cu/CuSO 4 ] electrode [CSE] of
native potential) and CS (~550 mV vs. CSE
of native potential). Because of the huge
number of SS tubesa large cathode
areaa 500 mV potential difference could
cause severe corrosion on CS.
Initially, 22 aluminum anodes were
installed on the water boxes around the
tube sheets for cathodic protection (CP)
(Figure 6). The 4-lb (1.8-kg) anode dimensions were 12 by 6 by 1.25 in (305 by 152 by
32 mm) with the top surface exposed. The
anodes were replaced right before the
epoxy cladding project and still in a likenew condition. Twenty-two aluminum
anodes can provide only ~1/4 of the
amount of current required for full CP of

the CS tube sheets. The under-designed CP,
along with lack of maintenance of the CP
system, was the cause of the severe corrosion damage on the tube sheets and water
boxes.
The robust epoxy cladding will reduce
the tube sheets CP current demand to a
minimum. Now the dissimilar corrosion
threat will be transferred from the tube
sheets to the water boxes. Without adequate CP, the water boxes will take the heat.
With an under-designed CP system, any
coating defects on the water boxes could
cause accelerated pitting corrosion
because of the large cathode-to-anode area
ratio between SS tubes and coating defects
on the water boxes.
Conclusions
The corrosion of condenser tube sheets
was caused by dissimilar metal corrosion
between SS tubes and the CS tube sheets
due to an under-designed CP system and
lack of maintenance. Epoxy cladding has a
proven record as a cost-effective way to retrofit severely corroded CS tube sheets.
35
COATINGS & LININGS
FIGURE 5 Final touch-up.
Because of the low driving voltage, aluminum or zinc anodes may not be suitable for
CP of condenser water boxes. Magnesium
anodes would serve better than aluminum
or zinc anodes, but frequent replacement
would be expected because of their low efficiency. A small impressed current CP system
can provide full protection for over 25 years.
References
1
Coating Inspector Program Level 1 Class

Manual (Houston, TX: NACE International,
2007).
SSPC-VIS 1, Guide and Reference Photographs for Steel Surfaces Prepared by Dry
Abrasive Blast Cleaning, SSPC Publication
02-12 (Pittsburgh, PA: SSPC).
Coating Inspector Program Level 2 Class

Manual (Houston, TX: NACE, 2007).
ASTM D7393-07(2012), Standard Practice

for Indicating Oil in Abrasives (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International).
36
FIGURE 6 Aluminum anode.
ASTM D4972-13, Standard Test Method for

pH of Soils (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
ASTM D4285-83 (reapproved 2006), Standard Test Method for Indicating Oil or Water
in Compressed Air (West Conshohocken,
PA: ASTM).
ASTM D4417-03, Standard Test Method for

Field Measurement of Surface Profile of Blast
Cleaned Steel (West Conshohocken, PA:
ASTM).
NACE No. 1/SSPC-SP 5, White Metal Blast

Cleaning (Houston, TX: NACE International).
SSPC-PA 2, Procedure for Determining Conformance to Dry Coating Thickness Requirements (Pittsburgh, PA: SSPC).
ZHIYUAN LIU is an associate professor at

the Liaoning Institute of Science and
Technology, Xiang Huai Rd., #176,
Liaoning, Benxi, High Tech Developing
Zone 117004, China, e-mail: Liu.sspc@
gmail.com. Liu teaches courses in physical
science and laboratory technologies and
conducts lab tests for material selections.
He has a B.S. degree in physical science.
JOHN YANG is a corrosion engineer. Yang

provides material selections, coating
specifications, and CP for industries. He
has an M.S degree in corrosion engineering and is an eight-year member of NACE
International.
WANTED
Practical Technical Articles
Distinctive Cover Photos
News Product Releases
Send corrosion-related articles, photos,
and other information for publication to:
Director, Publications, NACE
International, 15835 Park Ten Place,
Houston, TX 77084
For MP article submission guidelines
and more detailed information on types
of information sought, call +1 281-2286207, e-mail: gretchen.jacobson@nace.
org, or see the Publications section of the
NACE Web site: www.nace.org.
BLOG
The following items relate to coatings
& linings.
clarity.
Old lining evaluation
Q:
We need to evaluate a two-coat,

30- to 35-mil (762- to 889-m)
glass flake-filled vinyl ester tank lining
with close to 17 years of service. Visually,
the lining appears to be intact. Several
pull tests resulted in a combination of
adhesive and cohesive failures between
coats and in the topcoat. We discovered
that a hold primer was used after the first

coat of vinyl ester. None of the pull
tests separated below this hold primer
layer. The tank has held a variety
of chemicals, oils, sludge, and solids
(simultaneously).
What other evaluations are available
to evaluate the condition of this liner for
continued service? Of course the owners
want another 10 years minimum (20
preferred) from the lining with minimal
expense.
It has been proposed that the topcoat
be removed by abrasive grit blasting
down to the intermediate hold primer
and that another two coats of the same
product be applied. The extra thickness is
to deal with an increase in operating
temperature.
I do not often recommend that
anyone attempt to overcoat a
tank lining, as it is much more difcult to
achieve satisfactory results after the
A:
coating has absorbed moisture and possibly other chemicals. If you continue with
this evaluation, you will spend a few
thousand dollars, but this is extremely
cheap insurance if the value of the existing coating is anything above zero. In
other words, you could easily spend a lot
of money to overcoat the existing system
only to fnd that money wasted plus it
destroyed the existing coating for any of
several reasons.
Adhesive failures between coats
is cause for concern! But when
you say cohesive failures of the topcoat,
what values are you using? Glass
fake-flled vinyl ester lining material
cohesive values are generally not that
high, (as compared to epoxies, and
urethanes). Do you have any documentation from the installation of the lining in
question (i.e., installing contractor, or
manufacturer of the lining material
itself)? Consulting the manufacturer for
A:
lining inspection and repair would be the

best place to start. Te adhesive failures
you have discovered defnitely need to be
further investigated!
Here is what my experience has
been. A couple of years ago I
worked for a large paint and coatings
manufacturer, which had a substantial
vinyl ester product ofering decades of
performance history. A customer asked
the very question you asked and the
answer from technical services was very
fuzzy: Lightly abrasive blast the entire
lining to see if any areas began peeling, if
not then its probably okay. Te justifcation was that over time a vinyl ester loses
elasticity and the only way to determine if
it has in fact lost its ability to fex with
temperature change was to blast the
topcoat. Te problem was there was no
way to defnitively tell what temperature
the original product was designed for. It
was determined that it would be better to
A:
blast the vessel and line it with an appropriate product for the new intended
service. A lining having lasted for 17 years
has most defnitely done its job.
One thing to remember is that the
pull tests performed showed you
only the weakest link in the chain. Tat
doesnt mean the underlying coating is
strong, just stronger than what failed. If
you can get a clean pull on the holding
primer that you mentioned, or the actual
primer coat of vinyl ester, I would try
that, too.
Secondly, remember that even if you
get a reasonable pull on the holding
primer, how much life can remain in a
17-year-old coating? At some point you
are going to have the coating against the
substrate fail before the coating on top of
it. Ive also seen times where putting a
new coating over on old coating stresses
the old coating as the new application
begins to cure and contract.
A:
One last thing to consider: it has been

my experience that blasters cannot
remove only one coat of paint at a time, or
stop where they want to efficiently. There
will be low spots and sometimes bare
metal. Now youre making spot repairs.
Ive found that starting to blast at Point A
and going to Point Z can be more time
and cost effective than hunting and
pecking the bad spots.
Fireproofing
Q:
I had a client inquire if plasterand cement-encased steel can

act as fireproofing. I was in the basement
of a large parking garage that went down
six stories and noticed that while it was
constructed of solid concrete, the only
fireproofing I saw was spray foam
sprayed on the bottom of the corrugated
decks that formed the ceiling, and this
made sense to me.
39
BLOG
If one has old construction scheduled

for remodeling and there is concrete that
will remain in place, how do you make the
determination that the concrete has the
ability to act as fireproofing and at what
hour rating?
Another general comment I have
regarding intumescent fireproofing is
about the claims some coating suppliers
make regarding their respective products.
It has been my experience that one needs
to know the size, shape, and function of
each respective structural member that
requires intumescent fireproofing, and
that you give these to a coating supplier
and they tell you at what dry film thickness (DFT) the materials need to be
applied to achieve a certain fire rating.
I was reviewing some literature lately,
and I was surprised that some companies
indicate just 50 mils (1.3 mm) DFT across
the board on everything and this just
seemed to knock my common sense and
experience around a bit.
An arbitrary thickness is wrong
as these are supposed to be
related to fre-tested assemblies in accordance with ASTM E119 testing that are
directly related to duration durability
during a defned time frame (e.g., 1 or 2 h,
etc.). Te calculations of the steel assembly also must take into account the wet/
dry measurements, so this is what fre
protection engineers focus upon.
I have seen many intumescent
coatings that have disbonded and will not
perform in a fire condition. If their swelling cannot be activated effectively, they
will not protect the steel as they are not
attached. They are no longer insulating
the steel that can lose half its structural
strength at 700 F (371 C). Thus, the
insurance issues and the liability about
this life safety issue are key, not to
mention other considerations.
I recommend referring to Table
2.3 in ACI 216.1-97/TMS 0216.197, Standard Method for Determining
Fire Resistance of Concrete and Masonry,
Construction Assemblies.
You are correct in saying that the
DFT of intumescent coatings
required to achieve a particular fre
rating depends on the structural steels
section factor, which varies from steel
member to member, and needs to be
calculated for each.
It has been my experience that one needs to know the

size, shape, and function of each respective structural
member that requires intumescent fireproofing.
A:
A:
A:
41
BLOG
Having said all of that, when you look

at loading tables for intumescent
coatings, you may find that the specified
DFT for a 30-min fire rating is almost
unchanged throughout the table. The
simple reason is that its the minimum
and sufficient for large and small pieces.
As soon as you move to 60- and 90-min
ratings, though, you will see the DFT
requirement changing over a wide range.
To take your example of 50 mils DFT,
that doesnt sound like a 30-min job, and
to have it uniform on all members is not
right; the caveat being, of course, that the
steel members on that project coincidentally have the same section factor and
require the same thickness.
Removal of epoxy
intumescent fireproofing
Q:
Does anyone have experience

removing epoxy intumescent
fireproofing from structural steel?
Abrasive blasting is proving to be inefficient. Is there another way?
At my previous workplace, I once
had the chance to try a new
technology called induction paint
removal and I am pretty impressed with
the results since it can remove 2,000 m
of paint on a 100 by 20 by 5 steel plate.
Most freproofng material, at
least on the inorganic side, are
applied at ~2 in (51 mm) and thicker.
Tose freproofng applications made of
epoxy products usually are applied at 0.05
in (13 mm) and up. So 2,000 m (~78 mils)
is a very thin application in this case.
Waterjetting seems to do the
trick.
Tere are several aboveground
storage tank contractors that
wont bid fber-reinforced lining removal
without the induction method. Te
general consensus I got was that it works
extremely well on large fat steel surfaces
and can cut the lining removal time of a
125-ft (38-m) diameter tank from 10 days
using two to three abrasive blasting
crews to three days with one crew. Of
course this number is skewed a bit when
you take into account the contractor
must then abrasive blast the steel once
the lining is removed to achieve the
proper surface profle. Te entire system
cuts labor by a little more than half when
you consider all the details but the extra
A:
A:
A:
A:
42
bonus using this technology is you can

have welders or any other tradesmen
inside the tank working while the lining
is being removed using the induction
method. Asset owners that are familiar
with the technology really like it for the
fexibility of scheduling contractors and
therefore the overall speed of the project.
Te folks that arent familiar with it are
concerned when they hear how the
process worksthe short version is it
heats the steel so quickly in a localized
area that it causes the lining to disbond.
Te fear is it will melt the steel (which it
wont) or that it will arc to the substrate
(which it cant).
Adhesion testing
Q:
I am looking for your considered

opinion on the following: Is fair
adhesion for the knife/tape tests acceptable for a newly applied inorganic zinc
(IOZ)/epoxy/urethane coating system in
terms of expected service life or performance?
Te problem with the knife test is
in the skill and experience of the
person conducting the test. It is highly
subjective and you can get various
degrees of results. Te tape test is a little
more objective, but it is still not a good
tool for predicting service life of a newly
applied IOZ/epoxy/urethane coating
system. Several other factors have to be
considered such as the plane of detachment within the coating system, the type
of detachment (fakes or peels), etc.
My only comment is that if you
get a number less than a three,
you probably have a problem. If you get a
four or five you probably do not have an
adhesion problem, but that does not
necessarily correlate to the coating life
cycle. A value less than three would
certainly warrant concern and further
evaluation of the coating system.
Likewise with tensile adhesion. A low
number might indicate a problem but a
high number does not necessarily mean
the coating system will achieve its full life
cycle. In general, lower than expected
numbers with either test indicate possible problems. High numbers dont tell
you as much.
An evaluation of the system that
you outlined resulting in
anything less than very good would
A:
A:
A:
seem to indicate that a more sophisticated evaluation should be performed.

Te time to deal with any skepticism is
prior to warranty expiration, while the
information on the project is still
somewhat fresh.
I would suggest asking the
coating manufacturer if it will
warrant its product with those test
results and maybe also what that
warranty would include.
The fear with the induction method is that it will melt the
steel (which it wont) or that it will arc to the substrate
(which it cant).
A:
Installing heat shrink sleeves
Q:
I would like to know about the

installation of heat shrink
sleeves on a pipeline. There are three
layers: primer (two-component epoxy),
adhesive (hot-melt adhesives), and
backing (radiation cross-linked sleeve).
After installing heat shrink sleeves on
girth weld joints, can a sleeve be
subjected to further heating after a time
lapse of 15 min? If we reheat the sleeve,
will the reheating change the properties
of the sleeve, which is radiation crosslinked? What is the curing period for heat
shrink sleeves? Can the sleeve be reheated
after curing completion?
Usually, the thickness is les over the
weld seam (0.3 to 1.4 mm). What is the
reason for this? How can the thickness be
increased on the weld seam?
Heat shrink sleeves must be well
selected for the intended service.
Teoretically, the heat shrink sleeve can
be reheated as many times as required (if
its radiation X-linked), because the
elastic memory is always there. You have
to consider other factors if reheat is
required. If the sleeve is well installed
from the beginning, you should never
need to reheat. If you should reheat,
consider if its for adhesion to the epoxy
frst layer or if it is for the overlap area.
Also, what type of line coating does the
pipe have? Te heat shrink sleeve requires
heat for two basic reasons: one, to ensure
the adhesive (lined on the polymeric
backing) melts and wets the surface,
and two, to ensure the backing shrinks
onto the surface for a perfect ft. Also, in
general, there is no curing time for the
heat shrink sleeves, only a safe cooling
period for the shrinkage to be completed,
although the sleeve can be quenched if
A:
43
October 6 - 8, 2014
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina USA
AIDING THE EAST COAST IN

MITIGATING CORROSION CONCERNS
Attend the 2014 Eastern Area Conference in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
for your opportunity to join more than 150 industry peers and 30
leading exhibiting companies for an event focused on modern
corrosion prevention and control strategies.
Featuring presentations and open forums from leading corrosion experts,
the Eastern Area Conference will include the following topics:
CORROSION
Cased Crossings
ILI (Pigging)
AC Mitigation
Atmospheric Corrosion
Stray Current
Pipeline Rehabilitation
CUI
New Products/Technology
COATINGS
Major Highway/Bridges
Submarine or Large Commercial Ships
Oil Platform
Water Tanks
Major Pipeline Coating Rehab
New Technology/Future Related to:
Pipeline Coatings
Paints
Applicators
REGISTER BEFORE SEPTEMBER 9, 2014

AND RECEIVE $50 OFF YOUR REGISTRATION FEES!
Ofcial Media Partners:
MATERIALS
PERFORMANCE
BLOG
required (usually for 2 to 3 min or more).

Te heat shrink sleeves have a fxed recovered thickness when fully recovered. Te
thickness may not be uniform once
shrunk because of surface profles and
restrictions. Te sleeve will tend to ft
over the surfaces and in some cases, as at
the weld seam, it will remain a little more
expanded than around the rest of the
joint. In that case its normal to see lower
thickness than around the pipe. You have
to watch that the weld seam is not too
pronounced.
Coating system quality
Q:
Based on experience and a

proven track record, what would
be the ranking of the following coating
systems for buried pipelines?
Epoxy-based
Polypropylene (PP)
Polyethylene (PE)
Tere is no magic coating for
every application. You must
always consider cost and efectiveness.
Fusion-bonded epoxy is effective for
many buried applications. If you want a
tougher coating, as for high-humidity
soils or submerged conditions, then you
could go for a three-layer PE for operating
temperatures up to 80 C. For temperatures >80 C, three-layer PP would be your
best choice.
Nevertheless, each situation requires
some careful considerations, because
100% solids epoxy resins may behave
quite well in most situations, depending
on the product.
If you choose the best available
coating, you may end up paying a lot more
money than needed.
Tere are numerous factors to
consider, including the advantages and disadvantages of each coating
type. Factors to consider include soil
stress, service conditions, chemical resistance, durability and resistance of the
coatings, ultraviolet resistance, resistance to mechanical damage, cathodic
shielding, cathodic disbanding, impact
resistance, fexibility in various weather
conditions, transportation needs, girth
weld, feld repair, and construction.
A:
A:
45
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
The Pursuit of a Green Carbon

Steel Corrosion Inhibitor
Part 1
Matthew LaBrosse and
donovan erickson, U.S. Water Services,
Inc., St. Michael, Minnesota
Corrosion control of carbon steel heat

exchangers is becoming more important as energy costs rise and the demand for environmentally friendly
chemicals increases. This article explores the effectiveness of various inhibitors in open system cooling tower
water that is both corrosive and scaling. Part 1 gives an overview of the
inhibitors tested and the criteria for
green inhibitors. Part 2 (September
2014 MP) will present the test results
in terms of environmental friendliness, effectiveness, and cost.
Metals have been used for many years to

minimize carbon steel (CS) corrosion.
Inorganic compounds such as chromate,
zinc, and molybdate, often times combined
with phosphate or polyphosphate, are
added to aqueous systems to provide
corrosion protection for CS. In the last
several years, these materials have been
regulated more stringently by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
and other governing agencies because of
their negative impact on the environment
and other safety concerns. Hexavalent
chromium compounds are considered to
be known human carcinogens 1 and the
overall non-biodegradability of the metals
is considered undesirable as they tend to
accumulate in the environment. 2 Molybdate has come under scrutiny because of
the negative response of lactating dairy
46
cows to high levels of dietary molybdenum.3 Phosphate from agricultural run-off

and other sources can promote algae
blooms that limit the oxygen in lakes and
streams and cause the death of aquatic life.4
Although these materials have worked well
for corrosion protection, they are becoming less and less available or the amount
that can be used for this purpose has been
substantially limited.
In light of these environmental and
safety restrictions, newer nonmetallic corrosion inhibitors have become commercially available. These organic inhibitors
are often based on low molecular weight
polymers, phosphonates, and amino phosphonates. Some of these organic molecules
have proven to be successful CS corrosion
inhibitors.5 Although they show improved
environmental acceptability, they too may
have some technical concerns. Organic
molecules may be more susceptible to oxidizing biocides than inorganic molecules.
Many azole-based copper corrosion inhibitors are susceptible to degradation by oxidizing biocides. Hydroxyphosphonic acid
(HPA) has shown susceptibility to chlorine,
even at low levels.5 This presents a problem
because oxidizing biocides are a necessary
part of any successful water technology
program for controlling potentially harmful bacteria, such as Legionella. Organic
inhibitors based on the phosphate molecule may lead to unexpected phosphorous
in an open cooling system because of reversion of some of the organic phosphonate to
orthophosphate. Reversion of the organic
TABLE 1. EVALUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS(A)

Inhibitor
Biodegradability
Ecological
Toxicity
NPDES
Status
Heavy
Metal
Drinking
Water
Safety
Total
(%)
Molybdate
45.8
Zinc
41.7
Tin
70.8
Phosphate/polyphosphate
58.3
Polyaminophosphonate
66.7
Hydroxyphosphonic acid
66.7
Phosphonocarboxylic acid
70.8
Aspartic acid polymer
87.5
Coffee extract
95.8
(A)
Based on six criteria outlined in the article under Green Chemistry Criteria. The total score for an inhibitor has been normalized to 24, the
maximum possible green score. Values of 1/2/3/4 represent poor/fair/good/excellent scores, respectively.
phosphorous molecule may render it less
effective as an inhibitor, but possibly a good
biological food source. Finally, organic
inhibitors can be deactivated by cationic
microbiocides such as the quaternary
ammonium compounds and other cationic
substances that may be present.6
Tin is one inorganic inhibitor recently
available that is less regulated than other
metals. It can be used in drinking water,
carries some U.S. Food and Drug Ad
ministration (FDA) accepted food uses,
and is considered quite safe for the envi
ronment7 and human safety in general.8 Tin
used for corrosion inhibition in cooling
towers currently has patents associated
with its use.9
Green chemistry has become a design
criterion in water treatment programs and
the chemical industry over the past decade.
The definition of green chemistry is con
stantly evolving to include new environ
mental regulations and customer expecta
tions. In general, it may be assumed that
green chemistr y is environmentally
friendly, but may have other connotations
that apply to safety, good manufacturing
practice, and even efficiency.
Methodology
Green Chemistry Criteria
In the pursuit of a green corrosion
inhibitor, the goal is to make an inhibitor
that is as green as possible, yet will also

perform adequately for the purpose
intended. For this article, the inputs that
are used to determine green status for an
inhibitor fall into six categories. Table 1
presents a summary of the evaluation. The
values are subjective interpretations by the
authors.
Biodegradability
An organic chemical substance is said
to be biodegradable if it can be broken
down by the metabolic action of living
microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi,
algae, and yeast. Biodegradation is one of
the most important processes governing
the fate of a chemical after its release into
the environment. A highly biodegradable
material is considered greener than more
persistent counterparts. Inorganic materi
als are not usually considered biodegrad
able; they tend toward bioaccumulation
instead, which implies a negative situation.
Thus, their green rating for this particular
criterion is low.
Ecological Toxicity
Toxicity testing can be done to deter
mine the effects of a material on aquatic
species like fish, water fleas, and algae. The
less ecologically toxic a material is, the
greener its status.
NPDES Status
The National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) issues per
mits regulating chemical discharge for the
protection of the environment. The materi
als that are regulated on these permits and
the concentrations allowed for discharge to
the environment will affect the green rank
ing of a material.
Heavy Metal Status
The EPA has established a list of heavy
metals, also called target analyte metals,
that are used to determine environmental
assessments such as NPDES permitting.
Materials listed as target analyte metals are
considered less green than others.
Drinking Water Additive
Certain additives are allowed by the
EPA as corrosion inhibitors in drinking
water systems. These normally carry a
maximum allowed use level. These materi
als usually carry a thirdparty certification
from the National Sanitation Foundation
confirming they are safe for use in drinking
water. A drinking water additive could be
considered greener than materials that
cannot be added to drinking water.
Safety
Materials are rated for safety by several
factors: the U.S. Occupational Safety and
Health Administration through a Safety
47
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
TABLE 2. SYNTHETIC WATER QUALITY USED IN ALL TRIALS

Item
Concentration
Unit (ppm)
Ca
543
CaCO3
Mg
140
CaCO3
HCO3
328
CaCO3
Cl
114
Cl
SO4
505
SO4
HEDP
Active
Copolymer
Active
Tolyltriazole
Active
Data Sheet (SDS), the U.S. Department of

Transportation through the Hazardous
Materials Table (HMT), the FDA through a
Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status,
and other sources as they apply. A higher
safety rating translates to a better green
status.
Chemical Inhibitors Used in

Pilot Testing
The additives chosen for pilot testing
are common inhibitors that are available in
industry. The list is not exhaustive but gives
a fair representation of the types of technology currently available. Descriptions of
various corrosion inhibitors can be found
in the AW T Technical Reference and
Training Manual.5
Molybdate
Molybdate is a precipitation inhibitor
at anodic sites on CS. Molybdate is often
combined with other corrosion inhibitors.
The molybdate source was sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4{2H2O).
Zinc
Zinc inhibits corrosion of CS by forming
hydroxide or hydroxycarbonate compounds on the surface. Zinc is often combined with other corrosion inhibitors. A
solution of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) was used.
Tin
The mechanism for tin corrosion inhibition of CS is not well understood. A 50%
tin chloride solution was used. The use of
48
this material as a corrosion inhibitor in

cooling towers is patented.9
Orthophosphate
Orthophosphate forms ferric phosphate,
a protective film, at anodic sites on CS. Both
monosodium phosphate (MSP) and disodium phosphate (DSP) salts were used.
Polyphosphate
The mechanism of polyphosphate inhibition is complex, but can be generalized by
precipitation at cathodic C S sites.
Polyphosphate is often combined with
other corrosion inhibitors. The polyphosphate source was tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP).
Polyaminophosphonate
Polyaminophosphonate (PAP) is a
phosphonate inhibitor that precipitates a
general protective film at both anodic and
cathodic sites on CS. A liquid solution of
PAP was used.
Hydroxyphosphonic Acid
HPA is a phosphonate inhibitor that
precipitates a general protective film at
both anodic and cathodic sites on CS. A liquid solution of HPA was used.
Phosphonocarboxylic Acid
Phosphonocarboxylic acid (PCA) works
similarly to HPA as a corrosion inhibitor,
but is claimed to have higher resistance to
chlorine degradation. A liquid solution of
PCA was used.
Aspartic Acid Polymer

The mechanism for aspartic acid polymer (AAP) inhibition of CS corrosion is not
well known. Manufacturer testing has
claimed CS corrosion inhibition under certain synthetic brine conditions. A liquid
solution of AAP was used.
Coffee Extract
It is unknown which chemical components of coffee extract directly contribute
to CS corrosion inhibition. 10 A viscous
coffee extract material was used in the
experiments.
Experimental Procedure
The test apparatus consisted of a circulation loop with the return water line aerated before entering the sump. This provided the necessary oxygen to simulate
cooling tower water. The flow rate was 7.0
gal/min (26 L/min) in 1-in (25-mm) diameter clear polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping for
ease of visual inspection. This corresponds
to a linear velocity of 3.2 ft/s (0.98 m/s).
This is in the range of accepted flow rates
for corrosion coupon racks.11
The temperature for each run was
maintained at 95 F (35 C); the heat was
provided by the main circulation pump
and booster pump. Synthetic water was
used to simulate both a scaling and corrosive environment. Table 2 shows the synthetic water quality. Scale was controlled
during each run by the addition of active
1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid
(HEDP) and a phosphate/iron dispersant
copolymer (AA/AMPS). Table 2 also shows
the active amounts of scale inhibitors. The
equilibrium pH for each run was 8.7 to 8.9.
This was the natural result of the amount
of synthetic bicarbonate alkalinity added,
the temperature, aeration, and test run
duration.
New CS coupons and corrator tips were
used for each run. Coupons and tips were
not passivated prior to an experimental
run. Each test consisted of a five-day run at
which time pictures were taken of the CS
coupon and corrosion data were graphed.
A copper coupon was also installed in the
loop for each run to provide a source of
The Pursuit of a Green Carbon Steel Corrosion InhibitorPart 1
copper to more closely simulate a mixed

metallurgy cooling water system. Tolyl
triazole was added to the system to mini
mize corrosion of the copper coupon. This
was done to further mimic field conditions.
No other metallurgy was present in the sys
tem; all fittings were Schedule 80 PVC. The
system was cleaned between runs with cit
ric acid and rinsed thoroughly. The rating
of an inhibitor was determined by the
appearance of the coupon, the corrosion
rate graphs, the green status, and the
use cost.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the
Association of Water Technologies for
allowing this paper to be presented and to
U.S. Water Services for the resources neces
sary to conduct the research.
Development of WHO Guidelines for Drink

ingwater Quality, World Health Organiza
tion, WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/115, 2004.
9
W.E. Stapp, G. Westlund, Corrosion Inhibi

tion Compositions and Methods for Using
the Same, U.S. Patent 7910024, 2011.
10 V.V. Torres, et al., Inhibitory Action of Aque

ous Coffee Ground Extracts on the Corrosion
of CS in HCl Solution, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011):
pp. 2,3852,392.
11 B.P. Boffardi, Corrosion and Fouling Moni
toring of Water Systems, The Analyst Technology Supplement (2010).
MATTHEW LABROSSE is a research engineer
at U.S. Water Services, 12270 43rd St. N.E.,
St. Michael, MN 55376, e-mail: mlabrosse@
uswaterservices.com. He has worked at the
company since 2010. He has a B.S. degree
from the University of Minnesota and a
Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh, both
in chemical engineering.
DONOVAN ERICKSON is the director, Research & Development, at U.S. Water Services, e-mail: derickson@uswaterservices.
com. He has more than 30 years of experience in water technology including production management, quality control, ISO
certification, and technical sales backup
to research and development and production process innovation. He holds patents
in water technology and fuel ethanol process technology. He has a B.S. degree in
physics and mathmatics and graduate
work in physics, and is a member of the
Association of Water Technologies and
Cooling Technology Institute. He is currently the vice chair of Cooling Technology Institute on Application of NonOxidizing Biocides.
References
1
Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition,

Department of Health and Human Services,
National Toxicology Program, 2011.
A. Qishlaqi, F. Moore, Statistical Analysis of

Accumulation and Sources of Heavy Metals
Occurrence in Agricultural Soils of Khoshk
River Banks, Shiraz, Iran, AmericanEurasian J. Agriculture and Environmental
Science 2 (2007): pp. 565573.
J.T. Huber, N.O. Price, R.W. Engel, Response

of Lactating Dairy Cows to High Levels of
Dietary Molybdenum, J. of Animal Science 32
(1971).
B. Oram, Phosphates in the Environment,

Water Research Center, B.F. Environmental
Consultants, Inc., http://www.water
research.net/Watershed/phosphates.htm
( June 30, 2014).
AWT Technical Reference and Training Manual, 2nd ed. (Rockville, MD: Association of
Water Technologies, 2009).
P. Puckorius, et al., PhosphonatesPart II

Corrosion ControlCooling Water, A Practical Guide to Water Treatment Chemicals
Newsletter 2, 1 (1998).
P. Howe, M. Wood, P. Watts, Tin and Inor

ganic Tin Compounds, World Health Orga
nization, Concise International Chemical
Assessment Document 65, 2005.
J. Fawell, R. Mascarenhas, Inorganic Tin in

DrinkingWater, Background Document for
49
BLOG
The following items relate to chemical
treatment.
YOU KNOW IT WHEN YOU SEE IT

clarity.
Testing water for

chloride content
Q:
Regarding the chloride content

of water used to hydrotest stainless steel, I understand that no problems
are encountered as long as:
Chloride content is <250 ppm
Hydrotest water remains <120 F
(49 C) until removed
Water is removed within 24 h
I request information regarding
typical values for chloride content of
natural water and how to test for chloride
content. Our laboratory has tested our
water and found very high chloride levels.
Natural water covers a wide
range of concentrations, right up
to seawater at 4% sodium chloride (NaCl).
Chloride is usually the predominant
anion in most waters, although there are
exceptions such as the Vaal River in South
Africa, which runs at ~25 mg/L chloride
and 400 mg/L sulfate.
The World Health Organization
recommendations for potable water are
usually <500 mg/L total dissolved solids
(TDS), about half of which would be
chloride. Excursions up to 1,000 mg/L
TDS are permitted, and 1,500 mg/L is the
recommended limit for cattle. Above this
level, water would be classified as brackish. The most precise and accurate
analytical method for chloride monitoring in the <1 to 100 mg/L range is ion
chromatography.
Tere are visual endpoint (Mohr/
Volhard) titrations available for
higher levels of chloride. I wouldnt
recommend them much below 200 mg/L
Cl. Potentiometric titration with silver
nitrate (AgNO2) titrant may give better
sensitivity. AgNO2 can cause nasty burns
if it is mishandled, however.
There are also methods involving the
use of mercuric nitrate [Hg(NO3)2] in
titration, or sodium tetrachloromercurate in trace chloride ultraviolet-visible
spectrophotometry. Personally, I dont
like these methods because of the toxicity
issues.
Our inspectors use chloride titrator strips for feld testing of water
prior to cleaning and hydrotesting. We
A:
NO FLASH RUST = A CLEAN SURFACE

HoldTight102 is the standard of performance
for preventing fash rust.
NO SALT.
Removes all contaminants
NO RUST.
Leaves a rust-free surface for 48 hours or moreoften 3 to 5 days
NO DETECTABLE RESIDUE.
There is nothing left on the surface that might interfere with your
coating.
Among rust preventers and salt
removers, HoldTight102 is the most
widely used, reliable, time-proven, labtested, feld-tested, recommended and
approved by coating companies.
Call, email or visit our website today
to see why HoldTight102 is the best
option for lowcost, easy-to-achieve,
and easy-to-measure contaminant-free
surface preparation.
Contact us today!
International +1 713 266 9339
1 800 319 8802
(Toll Free in N. America)
sales@holdtight.com
www.holdtight.com
A:
A:
50
BLOG
specify a maximum of 50 ppm chlorides

and are fortunate to have a water source
that typically runs 25 to 30 ppm. Lab tests
showed that the measurements made
with the titrator strips were accurate
enough for the purpose of approving or
rejecting water for cleaning and hydrotesting. Te strips are easy to use and
take only a minute or two to perform the
analysis.
Your fgures are correct. Tey
come from an MTI survey, which
concluded that any potable (city) water
would do. By defnition, potable water
may contain no more than 350 ppm
chloride (international) or 250 ppm
(United States).
If you have a company treating a
cooling water system in your boilers, they
can tell you about water analyses.
A:
Chloride content in
a reactor system
Q:
We have found high chloride

content in our reactor system
(~300 ppm), and we wonder if this will
cause problems in our system. Has
anyone experienced the same situation?
Are there limits on acceptable chloride
content in this system? We use Alloy 825
(UNS N08825) for the air cooler.
I have seen high chloride (in the
range of 100 to 200 ppm) in the
deposit sample at a stagnant location like
a high-pressure separator-level troll
stand pipe. Te concentration increase
could have been caused by longtime
accumulation at a stagnant point. We use
carbon steel material for reactors and
connected piping. We have observed an
increased corrosion rate at bends. We
checked common sources such as wash
water, make-up hydrogen, etc., and did
not fnd any. Finally, we suspect VGO feed
could be the source. I remember one
paper that stated under certain conditions, the source of the chlorides could be
unit feed itself.
I too have faced similar problems.
Trough detailed analysis, I came
to know that the source of chlorides was
the feed stream itself. Several species of
organic chloride were present in the feed
stream, which created a high chloride
count in the overhead steam/reactor of
the hydrotreater. Te normal chloride
A:
A:
52
BLOG
analysis detects only inorganic chloride

and not total chloride.
Inorganic chloride is usually
determined by extracting the
sample with water, based on the assump-
A:
tion that the majority of chlorides are

water soluble. Organic chlorides can be
determined in a number of ways; the
simplest is conversion of bound chlorides
to hydrochloric acid (HCl) by a procedure
known as Schoniger combusion, followed

by ion chromatography. Te method has a
detection limit of <0.05% chloride.
At the 2006 NACE annual conference, there were two papers (576
and 577) in which two important facts
were presented. Te chlorides do not
increase the corrosiveness of the sour
water up to 1,000 ppm, and there are better
alloys to use than Alloy 825 (i.e., AL6XN
[UNS N08367]). NACE members can
download the conference papers for free
from the NACE Web site: www.nace.org.
A:
Injection systems
Q:
Im doing a brief study on chemical injection systems used to

apply various kinds of inhibitors for
corrosion and scale/wax/hydrate control
in the oil and gas industry. The objective
is to give field designers some guidance
on how to select a system, which generic
types are most reliable, what monitoring
is required, and correct specifications.
As part of the study Im collecting
examples of field experience with the
injection systems. Does anyone have
experience (good or bad) with injection
systems? Im not looking for experience
with particular manufacturers but
generic types of equipment.
We operate ~1,200 wellheads
onshore, all with chemical injection pumps. Te main issue for us is
carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion. We have
had lots of problems with certain brands
of pumps, usually turndown rate issues.
Sites are remote (up to 100 km from
plants) and therefore monitoring is
typically done on less than a daily basis.
A:
Treatment of
abandoned pipe
Q:
What is the best practice to

temporarily abandon a subsea
pipeline to prevent corrosion? Is it acceptable to use seawater, biocide, oxygen
scavenger, and corrosion inhibitor? What
ppm do you suggest for the treatment?
Use a mixture of a corrosion
inhibitor, oxygen scavenger, and
biocide (THPS). Te concentration should
be 0.5% of the mixture based on the
volume of the pipeline full of water.
A:
54
An Analysis of the Updated

Cost of Corrosion in India
R. BhaskaRan, LaLit BhaLLa,
afzaLuR Rahman, suRuchi JuneJa,
upma sonik, sukhpReet kauR, and
Jasneet kauR, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
n.s. Rengaswamy, Central
Electrochemical Research Institute,
Karaikudi, India
Corrosion and its impact is often over

looked. India has to spend a huge
amount on rehabilitation of various
infrastructural facilities affected by
corrosion. This article estimates the
cost of corrosion for India during 2011
2012 based on a NBSBCL study of
the United States. The direct cost of
corrosion for India is U.S. $26.1 billion
(2.4% of the nations gross domestic
product) and the avoidable cost of
corrosion is estimated as U.S. $9.3
billion, which is equivalent to 35% of
the direct cost of corrosion. The indi
rect cost of corrosion is estimated at
U.S. $39.8 billion.
Corrosion is a very serious global

problem. Generally, metallic items are
unstable in the environment. When they
are put into service, they may lose properties such as strength, toughness, electrical
and thermal conductivity, and magnetic
and optical characteristics because of their
reaction with the surrounding environment. Corrosion of metallic items can be
controlled by the advanced corrosion
control technologies that are available. If
this is not done, then a nations cost of
consumption of metallic items will increase
tremendously.
Global Scenario
In 1932, Hadfield 1 estimated the
worlds annual cost of corrosion of iron
and steel at ~600 million. Uhlig carried
out a systematic analysis on the cost of
corrosion.2-3 He primarily divided the cost
56
of corrosion into direct losses from the use

of special alloys and replacement of corroded equipment, and indirect losses from
shutdown, overdesign, loss of product and
efficiency, explosion, and contamination.
He showed that the annual U.S. direct loss
from corrosion, including the cost of corrosion control, was $5,500 million per year
in the United States. He further predicted
that an annual savings of up to U.S. $922
million could be effected by embarking on
a five-year research and development education program on corrosion and control.
During 1999-2001, Corrosion Control
Technologies Laboratories (CC Technologies), Inc. conducted a study on the cost of
corrosion to the U.S. economy in a cooperative agreement with the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) and NACE International.4 In this study, the total direct cost
of corrosion was estimated as U.S. $276 billion (3.14% of the nations gross domestic
product [GDP]). The indirect cost of corrosion was conservatively estimated to be
equal to the direct cost, resulting in a total
direct and indirect cost of U.S. $552 billion
(6% of the gross domestic product [GDP]).
In 2013, G2MT Laboratories estimated the
cost of corrosion for the U.S. economy to
be more than U.S. $1 trillion.5
In 1970, the Hoar Committee on Corrosion and Protection6 worked out the annual
cost of corrosion in Britain as 1,365 million (3.5% of the gross national product
[GNP] in 1970). A detailed cost of corrosion
survey was conducted during 1998-2001 in
five specific industrial sectors by the Paint
Research Association of U.K.7 and the total
cost of corrosion was estimated to be
4,645 million.
Indian Scenario
In 1958, Rajagopalan followed the Uhlig
method to estimate the annual cost of corrosion in India. He projected a conservative
figure of U.S. $324 million as the annual
cost of corrosion for 1960-1961. 8 During
1983, Rajagopalan and Viswanathan
worked out the total cost of corrosion for
the soap and cosmetic industry in India as
U.S. $1,472 million.9 During 1986, Rajagopalan attempted to work out the cost of corrosion in various sectors of Indian economy
following the the National Bureau of Standards (now National Institute for Standards & Technology [NIST]) and the Battelle Columbus Laboratories (NBS-BCL)
analysis model. 10 He showed that for 22
industrial sectors, the direct cost of corrosion amounted to U.S. $3.1 million (1.96% of
GNP). After a gap of 15 years, Bhaskaran, et
al. embarked upon a venture to estimate
the updated cost of corrosion for India.
They showed that for the years 1996-1997,
the annual cost of corrosion could be ~U.S.
$6.8 million (2% of GNP).11 More recently,
the direct of cost of razor blade corrosion in
India was estimated as U.S. $272 million.12
Estimation of Direct
Cost of Corrosion for the
Indian Economy using
the NBS-BCL Model
The NBS-BCL study was the first to
combine the expertise of corrosion as well
as economy specialists to determine the
impact of corrosion on the U.S. economy.
The following three worlds were envisaged
for the analysis of the cost of corrosion:
World IReal world of corrosion
World IIHypothetical world without corrosion
World IIIHypothetical world in
which the most economically efficient corrosion prevention is practiced by everyone
The total national cost of corrosion is
the difference between the GNP of World I
and the GNP of World II. The avoidable cost
of corrosion, or cost which is amenable to
reduction by the most economic and efficient use of available corrosion control
technology, is the difference between the
GNP of World I and the GNP of World III.

The unavoidable cost of corrosion, or cost
which is not amenable to reduction by
presently available knowledge, is the difference between the GNP of World II and
the GNP of World III.
In the aforementioned study, the direct
costs of corrosion were included, but indirect costs were not included. Ultimately, all
the information was reduced to industry
indicators as coefficients for each of the
130 sectors per dollar of production. The
coefficients for direct cost varied from
0.0000 to 0.1008. By multiplying the dollar
value of production by the respective coefficients, they obtained the direct, indirect, and total corrosion costs as well as
avoidable costs for each of the 130 sectors
for the year 1975.13 The same exercise was
repeated after a gap of 20 years (1995). 14
Australia 15 and Japan 16 calculated their
nations annual cost of corrosion for a particular year by using the corrosion coefficient values worked out in the NBS-BCL
study.
In the present study, the corrosion coefficients worked out in the U.S. NBS-BCL
study for various industrial sectors were
carefully considered, and the most appropriate values were adopted for the Indian
economy to estimate the direct and avoidable cost of corrosion for the years 20112012. Table 1 shows results of the study.
During 2011-2012, the GDP for the Indian
economy was reported as Rs.52.435 trillion.17 During the same period, the annual
average exchange rate of Indian currency to
U.S. $1 was Rs.48.18 Based on this information, the GDP value of Indian rupees is converted into U.S. dollars and a figure of U.S.
$1,092.4 billion is obtained.
Table 1 shows that the total direct cost
of corrosion for the Indian economy is
U.S. $26.1 billion (2.38% of GDP) and the
avoidable cost of corrosion is U.S. $9.3 billion. It is equivalent to 35% of the direct
cost of corrosion.
Indirect Cost of Corrosion

Estimation of the indirect cost of corrosion is a difficult task. A rational method
was used by Bhaskaran19 to calculate the
indirect cost of corrosion at the global level.

There are five elements contributing to the
estimation of indirect cost of corrosion:
Social cost, or user cost, incurred
from loss of time and money during
the period of repair and rehabilitation
Loss of product from spillage or leakage
Loss of efficiency from accumulation
of corrosion product in the flow
stream
Production loss from unexpected
shutdown
Cost related to overdesign
The same methodology has been used
in this article to determine the indirect cost
of corrosion for India during 2011-2012
(Table 2).
Under this rational method, the indirect cost of corrosion for the Indian economy is estimated as U.S. $39.8 billion (3.64%
of the nations GDP). Thus, the total cost of
corrosion (direct plus indirect cost)
amounts to U.S. $65.9 billion. It is equivalent to 6.03% of the nations GDP.
Figure 1 shows the contribution made
by each sector in India toward the direct
cost of corrosion as well as avoidable cost
of corrosion for the years 2011-2012. Figure
2 shows the pattern of percentage contribution to the total direct cost of corrosion
by each sector in India.
As Figures 1 and 2 show, it is inferred
that the construction sector in India occupies the first position (28%), followed by
agriculture and allied activities (16%). The
manufacturing sector unregistered and
manufacturing sector registered jointly
contribute 21% of the total direct cost of
corrosion for the year 2011-2012. These
sectors are more prone to corrosion and
therefore the cost of corrosion is high when
compared to other sectors. Even though
the railway sector shows a low percentage,
its contribution is bound to increase in the
years to come since major railway projects
are underway.
Taking into account the contribution
made by various Indian states toward the
formation of the nations GDP, each states
share toward the total cost of corrosion for
57
TABLE 1. DIRECT COST OF CORROSION AND AVOIDABLE COST OF CORROISON FOR INDIAN ECONOMY
DURING 2011-2012 (BASED ON NBS-BCL STUDY)
Name of the Industrial

Sector
Contribution from
Industrial Sector
toward Formation
of Gross Domestic
Product (2011-2012)
Values in U.S.
$ Million
Coeffcient
Worked Out for
Direct Cost of
Corrosion
Coeffcient
Worked Out
for Avoidable
Direct Cost of
Corrosion
Direct Cost of
Corrosion for
the Years 20112012 (Values in
U.S. $ Million)
Direct
Avoidable
Cost of
Corrosion
for the Years
2011-2012
(Values
in U.S.
$ Million)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E) [B x C]
(F) [B x D]
I. Agriculture and Allied Activities
Agriculture
124,971.67
0.0215
0.0130
2,686.89
1,624.63
Livestock
52,244.79
0.0258
0.0159
1,347.92
830.69
Forestry and logging
17,784.58
0.0191
0.0103
339.69
183.18
8,932.92
0.0191
0.0103
170.62
92.01
10,862.08
0.0284
0.0121
308.48
131.43
627.92
0.0168
0.0080
10.55
5.02
11,676.46
0.0147
0.0041
171.64
47.87
1,642.92
0.0334
0.0159
54.87
26.12
128.96
0.0361
0.0186
4.66
2.40
Bauxite
58.96
0.0361
0.0186
2.13
1.10
Copper ore
43.33
0.0566
0.0237
2.45
1.03
Gold
25.21
0.0361
0.0186
0.91
0.47
433.54
0.0361
0.0186
15.65
8.06
Limestone
588.75
0.0186
0.0079
10.95
4.65
Mica stone
0.83
0.0186
0.0079
0.02
0.01
298.96
0.0195
0.0072
5.83
2.15
Food products
9,240.00
0.0037
0.0020
34.19
18.48
Beverages, tobacco, etc.
2,887.08
0.0037
0.0020
10.68
5.77
Cotton textiles
9,631.88
0.0017
0.0009
16.37
8.67
653.75
0.0161
0.0016
10.53
1.05
4,374.38
0.0181
0.0033
79.18
14.44
Fishing
II. Mining and Quarrying
A. Major Minerals
Coal
Lignite
Petroleum and natural gas
B. Metallic Minerals
Iron ore
Manganese ore
Others
C. Nonmetallic Minerals
Others
III. ManufacturingRegistered
Wood, furniture, etc.

Paper and printing, etc.
Leather and fur products
896.67
0.0028
0.0003
2.51
0.27
Chemicals, etc.
20,349.38
0.0216
0.0028
439.55
56.98
Petroleum and other related

products
17,262.50
0.0165
0.0013
284.83
22.44
6,416.88
0.0049
0.0025
31.44
16.04
Non-metallic products
58
TABLE 1. CONTINUED

Sector
Contribution from
Industrial Sector
toward Formation
of Gross Domestic
Product (2011-2012)
Values in U.S.
$ Million
Coeffcient
Worked Out for
Direct Cost of
Corrosion
Coeffcient
Worked Out
for Avoidable
Direct Cost of
Corrosion
Direct Cost of
Corrosion for
U.S. $ Million)
Direct
Avoidable
Cost of
Corrosion
for the Years
2011-2012
(Values
in U.S.
$ Million)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E) [B x C]
(F) [B x D]
Basic metal industries
16,934.58
0.0106
0.0012
179.51
20.32
Metal products
15,143.33
0.0576
0.0012
872.26
18.17
Electrical machinery
7,489.38
0.0145
0.0004
108.60
3.00
Transport equipment
14,367.92
0.0216
0.0009
310.35
12.93
Other manufacturing
4,312.08
0.0196
0.0004
84.52
1.72
Food products
5,240.83
0.0037
0.0020
19.39
10.48
Beverages, tobacco, etc.
1,419.58
0.0037
0.0020
5.25
2.84
Cotton textiles
7,975.21
0.0017
0.0009
13.56
7.18
Wood, furniture, etc.
5,818.33
0.0161
0.0016
93.68
9.31
Paper and printing, etc.
1,835.21
0.0181
0.0033
33.22
6.06
Leather and fur products
1,452.08
0.0028
0.0003
4.07
0.44
Chemicals, etc.
2,140.00
0.0216
0.0028
46.22
5.99
Rubber, petroleum, etc.
1,162.92
0.0165
0.0013
19.19
1.51
Nonmetallic products
3,893.13
0.0049
0.0025
19.08
9.73
Basic metal industries
2,235.00
0.0106
0.0012
23.69
2.68
Metal products
6,888.54
0.0576
0.0012
396.78
8.27
Electrical machinery
1,764.58
0.0145
0.0004
25.59
0.71
Transport equipment
2,944.58
0.0216
0.0009
63.60
2.65
Other manufacturing
4,029.38
0.0196
0.0004
78.98
1.61
17,077.92
0.1008
0.0030
1,721.45
51.23
Gas
1,366.88
0.0084
0.0017
11.48
2.32
Water supply
2,141.25
0.0492
0.0119
105.35
25.48
201,635.83
0.0321
0.0086
6,472.51
1,734.07
49,631.04
0.0311
0.0059
1,543.53
292.82
173,463.96
0.0211
0.0126
3,660.09
2,185.65
15,823.33
0.0275
0.0133
435.14
210.45
17,608.13
0.0282
0.0111
496.55
195.45
IV. ManufacturingUnregistered
V. Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply
Electricity
VI. Construction
New construction
Repair and maintenance
VII. Trade, Hotels, and Restaurants
Trade
Hotels and restaurants
VIII. Railways
Rail transport
Continued on p. 60
59
TABLE 1. CONTINUED

Sector
Contribution from
Industrial Sector
toward Formation
of Gross Domestic
Product (2011-2012)
Values in U.S.
$ Million
Coeffcient
Worked Out for
Direct Cost of
Corrosion
Coeffcient
Worked Out
for Avoidable
Direct Cost of
Corrosion
Direct Cost of
Corrosion for
U.S. $ Million)
Direct
Avoidable
Cost of
Corrosion
for the Years
2011-2012
(Values
in U.S.
$ Million)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E) [B x C]
(F) [B x D]
IX. Transport by Other Means
Road transport
52,073.33
0.0310
0.0162
1,614.27
843.59
Water transport
2,346.88
0.0352
0.0125
82.61
29.34
Air transport
2,945.00
0.0352
0.0054
103.66
15.90
Services incidental to
transport
4,532.08
0.0160
0.0078
72.51
35.35
762.08
0.0300
0.0118
22.86
8.99
437.08
0.0147
0.0080
6.43
3.50
20,342.08
0.0133
0.0014
270.55
28.48
150.21
0.0147
0.0080
2.21
1.20
X. Storage
Storage
XI. Communication
Postal
Telephones
Miscellaneous
XII. Real Estate, Ownership of Dwellings, and Business Services
Dwellings
44,596.25
0.0051
0.0027
227.44
120.41
Real estate
5,111.04
0.0051
0.0027
26.07
13.80
Legal services
3,353.96
0.0122
0.0056
40.92
18.78
Education
32,578.75
0.0030
0.0016
97.74
52.13
Medical and health
14,903.54
0.0045
0.0024
67.07
35.77
4,871.88
0.0033
0.0016
16.08
7.80
196.04
0.0076
0.0015
1.49
0.29
11,112.92
0.0492
0.0119
546.76
132.24
XIII. Other Services

A. Community Services
B. Recreation and
Entertainment Services
C. Radio and TV
Broadcasting
D. Sanitary Services
Total
26,084.79
9,275.60
Source: Compiled from various sources.

the years 2011-2012 is also estimated (Table
3 and Figure 3).
Figure 3 shows that Maharashtra state
occupies first position in the states share
toward the total cost of corrosion. Maharashtra state has many industries located
along the western coastal belt (Arabian
Sea). The lowest cost of corrosion is shared
60
by Andaman and Nicobar Islands since

infrastructural facilities located on these
islands are minimal. It is of interest to note
that the degree of advancement made by a
state is revealed by its contribution to the
cost of corrosion.
The total population in India during
2011 was 1.2 billion. 20 The corrosion cost
for every individual in India works out to

U.S. $55. Thus, the per-capita cost of corrosion for India is significantly high. One reason is the lack of emphasis on corrosion
education. Corrosion is not taught as a
compulsory subject in any of the university
or engineering college curriculums up to
the bachelors degree level. One elective
TABLE 2. INDIRECT COST OF CORROSION FOR INDIAN ECONOMY (2011-2012)
Name of the Sector
Contribution to GDP
of Indian Economy
(2011-2012) (Values
in U.S. $ Billion)
Elements of Indirect
Cost
Percentage of
Contribution (%)
Indirect Cost of
Corrosion (Values in
U.S. $ Billion) [B x D(A)]
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Social cost
4.5-5.5
16.539
Loss of product
2.0-3.0
2.629
Loss of effciency
1.5-2.0
4.241
Production loss
2.5-5.5
16.363
Overdesign
2.5-3.0
0.021
Construction
Railways
Transport by other means
Subtotal
Electricity, gas, and water
supply
Other services
Communication
Subtotal
Real estate, dwellings,
and business services
Trade, hotels, and
restaurants
Subtotal
Agriculture and allied
activities
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing industries
registered
Manufacturing industries
unregistered
Subtotal
Storage
251.267
17.608
61.897
330.772
20.586
63.663
20.929
105.179
53.061
189.288
242.349
203.934
26.388
129.960
48.799
409.081
0.762
Total indirect cost of corrosion
39.793
(A)
Mean value of percentage was used.
course is offered by a few regional engineering colleges and a few Indian institutes of
technology; and some other institutions,
including the Central Electrochemical
Research Institute (CECRI) in Karaikudi
and Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic
Research (IGCAR) in Kalpakkam, offer this
course at the masters and bachelors
degree level and for those pursuing a Ph.D.
on this subject. Presently, most of the persons involved in designing, maintaining,
and monitoring corrosion have no formal
education in corrosion. They are basically
engineers who have been given additional
assignments in corrosion protection. This
approach is acceptable as long as systems
work well. Whenever a serious mainte-
nance problem occurs because of sudden

failure, they are unable to determine the
cause and try to solve the problem by trial.
Secondly, addressing corrosion protection from the design stage is usually considered the last option after a failure has
already taken place; this is incorrect planning right from the inception.
Systematic Way to
Minimize Corrosion Loss
Preventive strategies include (i)
increasing awareness of large corrosion
costs and potential savings; (ii) changing
the misconception that nothing can be
done about corrosion; (iii) changing policies, regulations, standards, and manage-
ment practices to increase corrosion savings through sound corrosion management; (iv) improving education and
training of staff in recognition of corrosion
control; (v) advancing design practices for
better corrosion management; (vi) advancing life prediction and performance assessment methods; and (vii) advancing corrosion technology through research, development, and implementation.
Conclusions
The total annual cost of corrosion for
India during 2011-2012 is nearly U.S.
$66 billion, or 6% of Indias GDP. Out
of this, 2.4% constitutes direct cost
while 3.6% constitutes indirect cost.
61
FIGURE 1 Indian sectors share in direct cost of corrosion (2011-2012).
FIGURE 2 Pattern of percentage contribution by each Indian sector to total direct cost of corrosion (2011-2012).
62
TABLE 3. STATE-WISE CONTRIBUTION TOWARD THE TOTAL COST OF CORROSION FOR INDIAN ECONOMY
(2011-2012)
Name of States in India
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Contribution Made by the

States of India toward
Formation of Total GDP
for Indian Economy
(2011-2012) (Values
in U.S. $ Billion)
Percentage of Contribution
Made by the States of
India toward Formation of
Total GDP (%)
Total Cost of Corrosion

for the Years 2011-2012
Shared by the States of
India (Values Rupees in
Billion) (B x Total Cost of
CorrosionU.S. $65.878
Billion)
(A)
(B)
(C)
0.719
0.08
0.053
74.750
7.93
5.224
1.073
0.11
0.072
Assam
14.697
1.56
1.028
Bihar
27.044
2.87
1.89
Chandigarh
3.000
0.32
0.21
Chhattisgarh
24.833
2.64
1.739
Delhi
42.011
4.46
2.938
Goa
4.220
0.45
0.297
Gujarat
71.268
7.57
4.987
Haryana
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
33.674
3.57
2.352
Himachal Pradesh
7.034
0.75
0.494
Jammu and Kashmir
7.186
0.76
0.501
Jharkhand
16.507
1.75
1.153
Karnataka
52.578
5.58
3.676
Kerala
38.958
4.14
2.727
Madhya Pradesh
37.039
3.93
2.589
Maharashtra
153.675
16.31
10.745
Manipur
1.409
0.15
0.099
Meghalaya
2.031
0.22
0.144
Mizoram
0.957
0.1
0.065
Nagaland
1.816
0.19
0.125
21.231
2.25
1.482
Orissa
Puducherry
2.134
0.23
0.151
Punjab
28.599
3.04
2.002
Rajasthan
41.154
4.37
2.878
0.888
0.09
0.059
76.936
8.17
5.382
2.999
0.32
0.21
Uttarakhand
10.454
1.11
0.731
Uttar Pradesh
77.115
8.19
5.395
West Bengal
64.053
6.8
4.48
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Tripura
65.878
63
FIGURE 3 States and territory shares in total cost of corrosion.
The avoidable cost of corrosion is

estimated as 35% of the direct cost of
corrosion.
The construction sector, followed by
the agricultural and manufacturing
sectors, contributes significantly to
the cost of corrosion.
The degree of advancement made by
any Indian state is revealed by its
contribution to the total cost of corrosion.
The per capita cost of corrosion in
India is U.S. $55.
64
Acknowledgments
The authors sincerely thank Ashok Mittal, honorable chancellor; Dr. Sanjay Modi,
dean of Academic Affairs; Dr. Rajesh Verma,
head, School of Business; Suresh Kashyap,
head, School of Business; and other dignitary members at Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab for their support
and advice. The cooperation obtained from
the Ministry of Statistical and Programme
Implementation, New Delhi is also gratefully acknowledged. The authors thank the
faculties and other members of the Lovely
Professional University School of Business
for their kind encouragement in pursuing
this study. One of the authors would like to

acknowledge A. Thilip Kumar of Final MBA
(IT) for his continuous support to this
work.
References
1
R. Hadfield, Corrosion of Ferrous Metals,

Minutes of Proceedings Inst. C.E. 214 (1922):
p. 83.
H.H. Uhlig, The Cost of Corrosion to the

U.S., Chemical and Engineering News 27, 39
(1949): pp. 2,764-2,767.
H.H. Uhlig, The Cost of Corrosion to the

United States, Corrosion 6, 1 (1950): pp. 2933.
G.H. Koch, M.P.H. Brongers, N.G. Thompson,

Y.P. Virmani, J.H. Payer, Corrosion Cost and
Preventive Strategies in the United States,
FHWARD-01-156 (Washington, D.C.:
FHWA, 2002).
19 R. Bhaskaran, N. Palaniswamy, N.S. Rengaswamy, M. Jeyachandran, Global Cost of CorrosionA Historical Review, ASM Handbook
Vol. 13B: Corrosion: Materials (Materials
Park, OH: ASM International): pp. 621-628.
G2MT Laboratories, Cost of Corrosion Annually in the US Over $1 Trillion, http://

www.g2mtlabs.com/cost-of-corrosion ( June
26, 2014).
20 Census of India, Professional Population Totals: India: Census 2011, http://censusindia.

gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html
( June 26, 2014).
T.P. Hoar, Report of the Committee on Corrosion and ProtectionA Survey of Corrosion and Protection in the United Kingdom
(London, U.K.: H.M.S.O., 1971).
N. Whitehouse, Paint Research Association,

communication with author, 2003.
K.S. Rajagopalan, Metallic Corrosion: Cost

& Prevention, J. of Scientific & Industrial
Research 17(A) (1958): pp. 191-193.
K.S. Rajagopalan, R. Viswanathan, Cost of

Corrosion in the Soaps and Cosmetics Industry, Corrosion Bulletin 3, 5 (1983): pp. 230232.
10 K.S. Rajagopalan, Application of NBS-BCL

Analysis to Cost of Corrosion in Various Sectors of Indian Economy, Paint India 36, 3
(1986): pp. 35-40.
11 R . Bhaskaran , N.S. Rengaswamy, N.
Palaniswamy, Impact of Metallic CorrosionPart II Economic Impact, Corrosion
Update 60, 5-6 (2001): pp. 2-4.
12 R. Bhaskaran, N.S. Rengaswamy, Razor
Blades and the Cost of Corrosion, MP 51, 6
(2012): pp. 74-75.
13 L.H. Bennett, K. Kruger, R.I. Parker, E. Passaglia, C. Reimann, A.W. Ruff, H. Yakowitz, E.B.
Berman, Economic Effects on Metallic Corrosion in United StatesA Three Part Study
for Congress (Washington, D.C.: National
Bureau of Standards, 1978).
14 Economic Effects of Metallic Corrosion in
the United StatesA 1995 Update, Battelle,
1995.
15 B.W. Cherry, B.S. Skerry, Corrosion in AustraliaThe report of the Australian National
Centre for Corrosion Prevention and Control
Feasibility Study (Clayton, VIC, Australia:
Monash University, 1983).
16 T. Shibata, Cost of Corrosion in Japan,
Corros. Sci. 31, 2 (2002): pp. 97-102.
17 Ministry of Statistics and Programme ImplementationNational Accounts 2011 to 2012.
18 Reserve Bank of India publications, Table
147, Sept. 14, 2012.
R. BHASKARAN is an associate professor,

School of Business, Lovely Professional
University, Phagwara, Punjab. He received
h i s d o c t o r a t e f ro m B h a r a t h i d a s a n
University, Tiruchirappalli in 2005. His area
of specialization is corrosion auditing. He
has published 11 research papers in international journals. He filed an Indian patent
on anode backfill during 2009.
N.S. RENGASWAMY was formerly the dy.
director and head of Corrosion Science &
Engineering Division at the Central
Electrochemical Research Institute,
Karaikudi. He obtained his doctorate in
engineering from the Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore. He has 40 years of
R&D experience in the field of corrosion
and its control. He has more than 150
research papers and more than 10 patents,
including one international patent, to his
credit.
LALIT BHALLA is presently working as an
assistant professor at Lovely Professional
University. He is pursing his Ph.D. from
Himachal University. His areas of specialization are accounting and finance.
AFZALUR RAHMAN is an assistant professor at Lovely Professional University. He
received his doctorate from Patna
University, Patna in 2011. His areas of
specialization are accounting and finance.
SURUCHI JUNEJA is an assistant professor
at Lovely Professional University, Punjab.
Her areas of specialization are accounting
and finance.
UPMA SONIK is an assistant professor at
Lovely Professional University. Her areas of
specialization are accounting and finance.
SUKHPREET KAUR is an assistant professor at Lovely Professional University. Her
areas of specialization are finance and
business law.
JASMEET KAUR is an assistant professor
at Lovely Professional University. Her areas
of specialization are finance and human
resource management. She also has one
year of experience in the service sector.
65
Welding Consumable Issues

on Corrosion of X65QT Steel
Balraj Velu, rajnish GarG, and
Mukesh saxena, University of Petroleum
and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
Paul rostron, Petroleum Institute,
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
There are instances at pipeline construction sites that the unintentional

mix up of welding electrodes is encountered at times. This changes the
weld chemistry and microstructures,
which signifcantly affects the corrosion characteristics of the welds and
also other mechanical properties. The
galvanic corrosion of the weld zone in
a carbon dioxide (CO2) medium was
evaluated. The results were analyzed
using polynomial regression analysis
and found well-ftting with the experimental results. The equations can be
used to determine the corrosion rate
for a particular temperature.
Preferential weld corrosion (PWC) is a

specific phenomenon concentrated at the
weld zone alone. A failed carbon steel (CS)
pipe weld root from carbon dioxide (CO2)
corrosion (at 6% CO2 gas phase, 93 C with
85% water cut, and 875 psi), which was
treated with 5 ppm of a corrosion inhibitor,
is shown (Figure 1). 1 The weld had three
primary regionsbase metal, weld metal,
and heat-affected zone (HAZ).
The HAZ has three types of metallurgical zones, such as fine grain equiaxed ferrite (base metal), columnar grain at the
HAZ, and fine uniformly shaped grain, etc.
For all practical purposes, the HAZ can be
considered one region as the width is small
compared to other areas. A wide range of
microstructures can be produced at the
HAZ close to the fusion boundary. The HAZ
transformation to austenite during heating
is followed by transformation to a ferrite-
66
pearlite microstructure or bainite and martensite upon cooling, depending on the

material composition, peak temperature,
and cooling rate.2 Further from the weld,
the material is exposed to a lower peak
temperature, so only partial reaustenization occurs. The areas heated below the
ferrite-to-austenite transformation temperature are not significantly affected,
other than by some carbide coarsening and
tempering.
The chemical composition of the steel
favoring in creased hardenability (e.g., an
increase in manganese content) may lead
to increased localized corrosion, but microalloyed steels are not particularly susceptible.3 Studies on the HAZ show corrosion to be appreciably more severe when
the material composition and welding parameters are such that hardened structures
are formed. In some oil and gas production
environments, PWC may lead to enhanced
HAZ attack or weld metal corrosion. Where
enhanced HAZ corrosion is observed, the
composition was more influential than the
microstructure.4 Hence, consumables play
a major role in determining weld metal corrosion characteristics. The general conclusions are that steels between 235 and 515
MPa (34 and 75 ksi) minimum yield
strength with high manganese content
(1.4%) in the parent steel lead to enhanced
preferential HAZ attack, but this could be
reduced by controlling the heat input during welding.5
Experimental Work
Experiments were conducted using API
X65QT pipeline steel to determine the CO2
corrosion at temperatures ranging from 25
to 80 C under aerated conditions at a constant pH level of 5 using a potentiostat. Four

types of electrodesE7018, E8018G,
E8018B2, and E8018B6were used in this
work. The welding parameters were chosen
within the limits of the qualified welding
procedure. Experiments were conducted
using 60.3-mm diameter pipe with a wall
thickness of 8.7 mm. The microstructure
and hardness level were determined per
NACE International standard MR0175. 6
Repeated experiments were conducted per
the guidelines for the two-electrode technique as described in ASTM G57 and G598
along with the procedure of 5A9 for galvanic
current measurements to ascertain the
composition effects. The samples were prepared per the guidelines given in ASTM
G1.10 The weld zones were masked by epoxy
coating, leaving the zone of interest exposed
to the medium. The instantaneous corrosion rate was determined using a galvanic
corrosion technique. The sweep rate was
set at 0.125 mV/s. The corrosion rate was
calculated using a data logger and computer software.
FIGURE 1 Failed weld root corrosion in a CO2 medium.
Results and Discussion

The galvanic corrosion is essentially a
multi-electrode system in which each zone
of material has individual corrosion characteristics. In conducting media, the corrosion potential (coupling potential) will be
uniform over the surface and determined
by the corrosion activity and the relative
area ratios of the individual zones. For
materials in the passive state, coupling of a
more noble parent plate to a less noble and
more susceptible section of the weld zone
(e.g., the weld metal itself ) will raise the
potential of the latter and localized attack
may occur. For an isolated material suffering from localized attack, the corrosion
potential would tend to drop as corrosion
developed, which would lead to a decrease
in the corrosion rate. Coupling to the large
area of the parent plate, however, means
that the coupled potential will not decrease
significantly as localized corrosion develops in the weld metal.
For CS in the active state (no protective
passive film), the main concern is when
FIGURE 2 Galvanic corrosion of weld with CO2 under various temperatures.
regions of the weld are more electrochemically active than the parent plate. For CS
that is actively corroding (no protective
passive film), the parent plate should be
more active (lower potential) than the weld
regions to ensure that the latter is the cath-
ode. Since the area ratio of the weld metal

and the parent material is small, the electrode potential of the parent plate will not
be significantly affected by the weld metal.
Correspondingly, the electrochemical driving force on the parent plate will be
67
FIGURE 3 Galvanic corrosion of HAZ with CO2 at various temperatures.
Figures 2 and 3 show the galvanic corrosion of a weld and HAZ at various temperatures. At pH 5, the weld zone exhibited passive behavior, except that at temperatures
of ~50 to 60 C the base metal became
active for a short period. The HAZ of Electrode E7018 was active and then became
passive at temperatures above 35 C. The
HAZ of four welds exhibited little difference in the level of passivity, whereas the
welds show distinct differences in passivity
level. This must be caused by the composition effect. The passive nature of corrosion
is caused by the effect of pH level. The weld
made with Electrode E8018 shows a higher
level of passivity, possibly caused by the
higher Si and Cr content. As the temperature increases, the passivity also increases.
This may be the result of the scaling effect
at higher temperatures. The primary factor
for the difference between the HAZ and the
weld is primarily composition and the next
factor is microstructures. The welds exhibited ferrite grain growth and the HAZ
showed refined ferrite grain structures. The
base metal exhibited pearlite with a ferrite
matrix. Hence the effect of microstructure
is comparatively uniform under a CO2 environment at this pH level.
Data Analysis by Polynomial

Regression Response Model
FIGURE 4 Galvanic corrosion of base metal with CO2 at various temperatures.
unchanged. The effective area ratio, however, will be dependent on the potential
drop in the solution. Generally, the rate of
weld metal attack is dependent on the
nickel and copper contents of the welding
consumables and is less influenced by parent steel composition, although steel with
copper, nickel, and chromium additions
lead to more noble parent steel, hence
accelerating weld metal attack. It was noted
that low silicon content in the parent steel
leads to increased weld metal corrosion,
68
supporting the earlier findings that <0.2%

silicon can be detrimental; however, the
opposite was observed for silicon in the
weld metal. Several case studies on galvanic
corrosion failures on CS within a short time
period after commissioning are presented
elsewhere.11-13 It is reported that the examples demonstrate the necessity for testing
each galvanic couple in the environment for
which it is intended. Hence, higher-alloy
filler metals are advantageous for preventing rapid preferential weld corrosion.
In this polynomial model,14 the mean of

the dependent variable is a function of a
single dependent variable. The degree (or
order) of an individual term in a polynomial
is defined as the sum of the powers of the
independent variables in the term. The
degree of the entire polynomial is defined
as the degree of the highest degree term.
The higher degree polynomial models provide greatly increased flexibility in the
response surface. This flexibility of the
higher degree polynomials allows any true
model to be approximated to any desired
degree of precision. This model is useful as
approximating function to unknown and
possible, very complex nonlinear relationships. The experimental data were analyzed using this regression model.
There are three types of model fits. They
are R-squared, F-test, and the Root Mean
Welding Consumable Issues on Corrosion of X65QT Steel
Square Error. The model fit was determined by the R-squared fit. The results fit
well with the experimental values. A useful
property is that its scale is intuitive. It
ranges from zero to one. Zero indicates the
proposed model does not improve prediction over the mean model and one indicates perfect prediction. Figures 4 through
6 show the R-squared value curves for Electrode E8018G weld. These were determined
for all the weld zones of all the tested welds
and found to be ~0.9; this is considered a
good fit. The equations are given for the
E7018, E8018B2, and E8018B6 welds, which
can be used to calculate the corrosion rate
(y) at any temperature (x).
Equations for E7018 weld and HAZ
include:
y = 2E06x6 + 0.0006x5 0.0652x4 + 3.7395x3
117.81x2 + 1932.2x 12922 (R2 = 0.998)
(1)
y = 2E05x6 + 0.004x5 0.557x4 + 35.48x3
1239.x2 + 22460x 16454 (R = 0.985)
(2)
FIGURE 5 Galvanic corrosion of E8018G weld with CO2 at various temperatures.
Equations for E8018B2 weld and HAZ

are as follows:
y = 0.0009x3 0.1963x2 + 6.9094x 136.76
(R = 0.99)
(3)
y = 2E06x6 + 0.0005x5 0.053x4 + 3.113x3
100.56x2 + 1689x 11616 (R = 0.9974)
(4)
Equations for E8018B6 weld and HAZ

include:
y = 0.006x3 + 0.7274x2 36.584x + 479.98
(R = 0.9967)
(5)
y = 0.000x4 + 0.069x3 4.923x2 + 140.0x 1479
(R = 0.999)
(6)
Conclusions
The influence of composition is more
significant than the microstructure at the
tested conditions in a CO 2 environment.
The increased temperatures led to
increased passivity of the weld zones; however, the HAZ of the E7018 and E8018G
welds were active at temperatures below
45 C. The weld zone made with Electrode
E8018B6, which contains a higher Cr level,
FIGURE 6 Galvanic corrosion of E8018G weld HAZ with CO2 at various temperatures.
was more cathodic at all the temperatures

compared to other welds. The weld E8018G,
which has the highest Ni content, was less
passive than other welds. The passivity of
the E7018 weld is comparable with the
E8018G weld, which may be caused by the

higher Si content compared to the rest of
the welds. There is not much variation in
hardness level and hence, its effect is not
significant. The experimental data were
69
validated using a polynomial regression

model and fit well with the experimental
results.
NACE MR0175/ISO 15156, Petroleum and

natural gas industriesMaterials for use in
H2S-containing environments in oil and gas
production (Houston, TX: NACE).
11 E. Gulbrandsen, et al., Effect of Microstructure and Composition on Inhibition of CO2

Corrosion, CORROSION 2000, paper no. 23
(Houston, TX: NACE, 2000).
References
ASTM G5, Standard Reference Test Method

for Making Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM).
12 K. Videm, The Influence of Composition of

Carbon Steels on Anodic and Cathodic Reaction Rate in CO2 Corrosion, CORROSION/98,
paper no. 30 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1998).
ASTM G59-97, Standard Test Method for

Conducting Potentiodynamic Polarization
Resistance Measurements (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 2014).
N.G. Thompson, J.H. Payer, DC Electrochemical Test Methods (Houston, TX: NACE, 1998).
13 M. Ueda, H. Takabe, Effect of Environmental

Factor and Microstructure on Morphology of
Corrosion Products in CO2 Environments,
CORROSION/99, paper no. 13 (Houston, TX:
NACE, 1999).
Internal report, Corrosion Monitoring.
J.F. Lancaster, Metallurgy of Welding (London,

U.K.: Chapman & Hall, 1962).
M.B. Kermani, et al., Corrosion Control in

Oil and Gas Production, European Federation of Corrosion, Publication 23, 1997.
C.G. Arnold, Galvanic Corrosion Measurement of Weldments, CORROSION/80, paper

no. 71 (Houston, TX: NACE International,
1980).
R.J. Brigham, et al., Evaluation of Weld Zone

Corrosion of Shipbuilding Steel Plates for
Use in the Arctic Environment, Canadian
Metall. J. 27 (1998).
10 ASTM G1-03, Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test
Specimens (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM,
2011).
NACE NEW ORLEANS SECTION
16TH ANNUAL EDUCATION WEEK

DECEMBER 1-6, 2014 NEW ORLEANS AIRPORT HILTON
www.nace.org/nolaedu to register for NACE Section Local Courses
NACE NEW ORLEANS SECTION COURSES
NACE MEMBER &

NONMEMBER
DATES
INSTRUCTOR
Corrosion in Oil & Gas Production (COG)
December 1-3
$400
Charlie Speed
Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
December 1-3
$300
Peter Bock
Rectifier School (RECTIFIER)
December 2-3
$250
Bob Speck
Oilfield Chemical School (OCS)
December 4-5
$300
Charlie Speed
GENERAL NACE EDUCATION
DATES
PRICING &
REGISTRATION
INSTRUCTOR
Basic Corrosion (BC)
December 1-5
Designing for Corrosion Control (DCC)
December 1-5
Corrosion Control in the Refining Industry

(CCRI)
December 1-5
Protective Coatings Specialist PCS-1

Basic Principles
December 1-3
Protective Coatings Specialist PCS-2

Advanced
December 4-6
Raul A. Castillo
For pricing and to
register for these NACE
General Education
courses, go to
www.nace.org/
nolacourses
Jerry Byrd
Ray Quinter
Dannie Vickers
Dannie Vickers
Students are responsible for hotel reservations. Contact the New Orleans Airport Hilton at
+1 504-469-5000 or 1 800-445-8667 and ask for the NACE Event Rate Code: NAC. Room rate is $129/night.
70
14 J. Rawlings, et al., Applied Regression Analysis:

A Research Tool, 2nd ed. (New York, NY:
Springer-Verlag, 1998).
BALRAJ VELU is a senior project engineer
at the National Petroleum Construction
Co., NPCC Projects, Abu Dhabi, PO Box
2058, United Arab Emirates, e-mail:
balrajv@npcc.ae. He has 30 years of
experience in materials, welding, inspection, nondestructive testing, coatings,
corrosion, and quality assurance for oil and
gas-related construction and maintenance.
He has published numerous papers on
materials, corrosion, and welding in
national and international journals. An
18-year member of NACE International, he
received a NACE West Asia regional award
for an article published in MP.
RAJNISH GARG is a professor at the
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies,
Energy Acres, PO Bidholi Via-Prem Nagar,
Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India,
e-mail: rajgarg28@yahoo.com. He has a
Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering and a
post doctorate in materials engineering. He
has been involved in academics and
research for the last 15 years. He has
published many articles in referenced
journals.
MUKESH SAXENA is a professor at the
University of Petroleum & Energy Studies.
PAUL ROSTRON is an assistant professor
of chemistry at The Petroleum Institute,
Um al Naar, Abu Dhabi, AD, Box 2533,
United Arab Emirates, e-mail: prostron@
pi.ac.ae. He has 20 years of experience as
a research chemist/academic faculty,
focusing on fundamental and applied
research in corrosion. He has published
more than 20 papers and teaches undergraduate and post graduate courses in
corrosion as well as short residential
courses. He has a Ph.D. and is a member of
the Royal Society of Chemistry and the
Institute of Corrosion. An eight-year
member of NACE, he was awarded a
NACE West Asia regional award in 2011
for technical achievement.
BLOG
The following items relate to materials
selection & design.
clarity.
Metal failure in oxygen

scavenger service
Q:
During the overhaul of various

proportional safety valves
(PSVs) installed about two years back, it
was found that many valves are clogged
with greenish deposit and the Inconel
750X springs used in the PSVs are found

thinned and broken with greenish
powdery deposits on them. Chemical
analysis of the greenish powdery deposit
revealed that it contained high percentages of chromium and nickel that were
obviously coming from the corrosion of
the spring material.
The oxygen scavenger is typically
ammonium bisulfite [(NH4)HSO 4] in
liquid form.The temperature is ambient,
varying from 15 C to ~45 C over a year.
The PSVs are used for liquid service.
The valves are placed on the discharge of
injection pumps and upon any excess
pressure beyond the set pressure, the
valve opens and the liquid is discharged
back into the chemical day tank.
Why and what is this type of failure in
a short service span? What could be the
best material for the springs?
A:
NACE mentions X-750 in MR0175/

ISO 15156 and in its Corrosion
Data Survey. You can fnd X-750 in Table
A.36. Interestingly enough, NACE speaks
specifcally about using X-750 as springs
as long as the hardness doesnt exceed 50
HRC. Te Corrosion Data Survey lists
(NH4)HSO 4 as having an average penetration of 0.020 in (0.51 mm)/y at certain
concentrations and temperatures.
The Outokumpu Stainless
Corrosion Handbook (9th ed., p.
II:5), in describing corrosion of alloys in a
10% (NH4)HSO 4 solution, notes the following caution: If air is present, attack by
sulfurous and sulfuric acid can occur in
the gaseous phase. It could be relevant.
Interesting conversation. Sulfurous acid (H 2SO3) (gaseous
phase) is extremely corrosive. It is worse
than concentrated sulfuric acid (H 2SO 4).
A:
A:
72
BLOG
When one molecule of H 2SO3 interacts

with one water molecule, sulfuric acid
(H 2SO 4) is formed.
Oxygen ingress is a possibility
with so many fange connections
in the piping system. Pure oxygen scavenger solution (63%) degrades upon contact
with oxygen. H 2SO3 can form, and is
surely corrosive.
A:
Acoustic emission inspection
Q:
What are your opinions about

acoustic emission (AE) inspection? Do you believe that AE is a reliable
and accurate method for detecting
fatigue cracks and stress corrosion cracks
in pressure vessels, tanks, and other
equipment? Have you compared AE
inspection with magnetic particle
testing, and ultrasonic inspection? If so,
have you found AE inspection to be more
or less reliable than the other methods of
crack detection?
74
A:
Every method of nondestructive

examination has its own specifc
capabilities and limitations. AE has
certainly gained acceptance in many
industries for the testing of pressure
vessels, for a variety of reasons. As long as
the system can be pressurized (or loaded)
and assuming that an adequate number
of appropriate sensors are properly
placed, AE performs a great go/no go
test for the presence or absence of cracks
that propagate upon being stressed. Te
Kaiser efect relates to the fact that
once an event (AE) has occurred, it will
not reoccur until the vessel is loaded
again beyond the point at which it was
frst generated. With proper sensor placement, defects can be pinpointed via
measurements of the time-of-fight of the
acoustic wave form. Ten, additional
nondestructive evaluation techniques
can be employed to further qualify and
quantify the defect.
A:
We have third-party AE inspections on numerous (large) bottles

(built into our ships) that hold the life
support gas for saturation diving operations. Tese bottles also receive a close
visual inspection of exteriors and interiors (especially the threads). When the AE
test reveals no initiation of fatigue cracks,
there would be little point in backing up
the results by performing additional
tests. I recall reading about the protocols
established for pinpointing and quantifying stress cracks that have been revealed
by AE tests on railroad tankers.
AE has been described as a combination of both art and science. Though
much has been learned, it could still be
said that this method is closer to its
infancy than to full maturity. As with any
inspection technique, the accuracy of the
findings is heavily dependent on the
experience of the operator.
Need reprints of MP ads,

articles, or covers?
A:
AE will detect only faws that

become active under loading.
Teoretically, its possible to detect very
shallow cracking in its most early stages
if stress levels are high enough to force
the faw to move or propagate. Its a rare
circumstance that one could fnd
standard pressure equipment that does
not have some cracks or crack-like
defects. Whether its welded, forged, or
cast, there is an assortment of faws.
Unfortunately, many react to that knowledge with disbelief.
One of the very useful aspects of AE is
that if the flaw remains dormant under a
predefined load cycle, then its a flaw and
not a defect. A lot has to do with the skill
of the technician performing the test.
Training is lax and the customer assumes
that the work will be performed properly.
Testing isnt adequately monitored.
REPRINTS ARE A GREAT INVESTMENT!

Professionally printed reprints
and photocopied reprints of all
MP ads, articles, and covers are
available for purchase. Reprints
can be customized with your
companys logo, additional
product information, or the
magazine coverwith no limits
on creativity!
Order your reprints today;
it simply makes good business sense!
For reprint information and rates,
call +1 281-228-6219.
75
PIPES AND PIPELINES SUPPLIER GUIDE

BY CATEGORY
Advertisers in this issue are in bold type and are highlighted. Because of space limitations, a limited number of categories related to pipelines
are included. Companies that advertise in this issue receive up to 10 category listings; all other companies receive fve. Advertisers in the
alphabetized company listing beginning on p. 82 are highlighted and have company descriptions and logos. The listings in this section are based
on the online version, www.mpbuyersguide.com, which is compiled by MultiView, Inc. The data download for this print guide occurred on May
15, 2014. Companies that did not add or renew listings prior to that date are welcome to do so at any time throughout the year. To add, renew,
or edit a listing, go to www.mpbuyersguide.com.
Index
Casing Spacers/Isolators ..................................................................... 76

Corrosion Inhibitors ............................................................................. 76
CP Modeling ....................................................................................... 76
Fabrication/Spooling ........................................................................... 77
Internal Pipeline Coating..................................................................... 77
Lined Pipe ........................................................................................... 77
Non-Contact/Non-Invasive ................................................................. 77
Pipe Cleaners/Pigs .............................................................................. 77
Pipe Conditioning ............................................................................... 77
Pipe Fittings ........................................................................................ 77
Pipeline Coating/Protection ................................................................ 77
Pipeline Installations............................................................................ 78
CASING SPACERS/ISOLATORS
Advance Products & Systems, Inc.
Allied Corrosion Industries, Inc.
Cathodic Protection Management, Inc.
Corrosion Service Co., Ltd.
Farwest Corrosion Control Co.
Glas Mesh Co.
GMC Electrical, Inc.
Hoff Co., Inc.
Interprovincial Corrosion Control Co., Ltd.
Rustrol Systems
Keshar Pipeline Fittings Pvt., Ltd.
Liberty Sales and Distribution
MESA
Midwestern Pipe Line Products Co.
Pipe Wrap, Inc.
PSI-Pikotek
Public Works Marketing, Inc.
RiserClad International
CORROSION INHIBITORS
3N International, Inc.
AA Thread Seal Tape, Inc.
Advanced Corrosion Control Technologies
A J M Additives, Inc.
Allied Biochem (Shenyang) Co., Ltd.
ANMAC Service Co.
AquaTrol Division of Momar
Baker Hughes
B&W Distributors, Inc.
Basic Industries, Ltd.
Berry Plastics Corrosion Protection Group
Brant Corrosion Control
BWA Water Additives
Caradan Chemicals
76
Pipeline Integrity ................................................................................. 78

Pipeline Repair .................................................................................... 79
Pipes/Tubes ......................................................................................... 79
Piping Inspection................................................................................. 79
Plastics ................................................................................................. 80
Scavenging Chemicals ........................................................................ 80
Sealants ............................................................................................... 80
Software .............................................................................................. 80
Surveys ................................................................................................ 80
Tapes/Pipeline Wraps .......................................................................... 80
Water/Wastewater Facilities................................................................ 80
Wire Products ...................................................................................... 80
Clariant Oil Services

Composi Sleeve
Continental Products of Texas
Corrmet Engineering Services
CorrosionControl.Nu, B.V.
CorrX Solutions, Inc.
Cortec Corp.
CorTech, Ltd.
Danlin Chemical
Denso North America
DuPont Tefon Industrial Coating (Intech Services)
Eco Seal Protective Coatings
FUJIFILM Hunt Smart Surfaces, LLC
GE Water & Process Technologies
Grace Distributing
HinderRUST, Inc.
HoldTight Solutions, Inc.
Houston Plating & Coatings, LLC
ILFC, Inc.
InduMar Products, Inc.
Ion Science
KBS Coatings
Litek Composites Corp.
Lonza, Inc.
Mascoat
MESA
Platt Bros. & Co., The

Pro-Seal Systems
RCSL Corrosion Monitoring
Roemex, Ltd.
Roxar, Inc.
Sauereisen
Soda Works, The
Stone Tucker Instruments, Inc.
Superior Products Intl. II, Inc.
Sypris Technologies Tube Turns Division
TMS Metalizing Systems, Ltd.
Tnemec
Transhield, Inc.
Unisert Multiwall Systems, Inc.
Wasser Corp.
WBI Energy Corrosion Services
Weatherford Pipeline & Specialty Services
Whitford Corp.
ZCL Composites, Inc.
Zerust Corrosion SolutionsAn NTIC Co.
MK Battery
Multi-Chem
Nalco Champion, an Ecolab Co.
Nalco Co.
Northtown Co.
Orca Maritime
Pittsburgh Corning
Corrpro Companies, Inc.

CP Solutions, Inc./Sustaining Infrastructure
DNV GL
General Corrosion Corp.
IRT Integrated Rectifer Technologies, Inc.
Katodica Projetos Eletronicos & Servicos, Ltda.
CP MODELING
Baker Hughes Pipeline Management Group
BEASY
B.S.S. Technologies
Chapman Engineering
Coastal Corrosion Control

BY CATEGORY
MESA
MetriCorr Aps
MSES Corrosion Products Division
Northland Corrosion Services
Penspen, Ltd.
RK&K
SESSafe Engineering Services &
Technology, Ltd.
Shafer Kline & Warren, Inc.
Skystone Engineering
Taku Engineering
Ti Anode Fabricators Pvt., Ltd.
FABRICATION/SPOOLING
Arcelor Mittal Industeel
Associated Tube Group
Dynamic Industries
ECC Corrosion, Inc.
Edgen Murray
Ellett Industries, Ltd.
Fabricated Plastics
Genfabco, Ltd.
High-Tech Consultants, Inc.
Houston PolyTank, LLC
KLAD Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
L & M Fiberglass, Inc.
MESA
P.A., Inc.
Pipeline Controls & Services
Reinforced Plastic Systems, Inc.
T Bailey, Inc. Industrial Coatings Group
Troy Manufacturing
Waldemar Suckut VDI
Zhejiang Guobang Steel Co., Ltd.
INTERNAL PIPELINE COATING

3M Infrastructure Protection Division
Advanced Polymer Coatings
Carboline Company
Chromafo Technologies
Clean Harbors Industrial Services
Cortec Corp.
Ductile Iron Pipe Research Assn.
DuraSeal Coatings Co.
Enerclear Services, Inc.
FRP Products Co. Pte., Ltd.
Gemite Products, Inc.
HEBNA Corp.
Madison Chemical Industries
MESA
Mobley Industrial Services, Inc.
North Basin Coating, Inc.
Park Derochie, Inc.
PPG Protective & Marine Coatings
Remote Orbital Installations, LLC
Rumford Industrial Group
Tnemec
Trenton Corp.
LINED PIPE
PIPE CONDITIONING
A.C. Plastiques/Plasticon Composites

Armor Plate, Inc.
BALL WINCH Pipeline Services
Blair Rubber Co.
Corr Tech, Inc.
Fisher Co.
Future Pipe Industries
Goodwest Rubber Linings
H. BUTTING GmbH & Co., KG
HEBNA Corp.
Jiuli USA, Inc.
Norpoint Sandblasting & Painting
OMNI Metals Laboratory, Inc.
Onstream Pipeline Inspection, Ltd.
Protech EIS
Rema Tip Top/North America, Inc.
Rovanco Piping Systems
Sauereisen
St. Louis Pipe & Supply
Tamburini SpA
Tioga Pipe Supply Co., Inc.
TPSTechnitube
Troy Manufacturing
3X Engineering
Baoji Yirun Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.
Clock Spring Co., LP
Dai-Ichi High Frequency Co., Ltd.
J.D. Rellek Co., Inc.
Oceaneering International, Inc.
Scapa North America
TIB Chemicals AG
Waldemar Suckut VDI
PIPE FITTINGS
NON-CONTACT/NON-INVASIVE
DSI/Dalco Services, Inc.
Roxar, Inc.
Speir Hunter, Ltd.
TesTex NDT, Ltd.
PIPE CLEANERS/PIGS
BlastingParts.com
Brance-Krachy Co. Inc.
Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services
Delta Tech Service, Inc.
Dustcontrol, Inc.
Enduro Pipeline Services, Inc.
Girard Industries
Goff, Inc.
Greenes Energy Group
Hunter McDonnell Pipeline Services, Inc.
Inline Services, Inc.
Maloney Technical Products
Montipower, Inc.
Pigs Unlimited International, Inc.
Pipeline Inspection Co., Ltd.
Pipeline Pigging Products
Pipetech Corp., Ltd.
Praxair Services, Inc.
Pro-kote Engineering and Supply
PT. Sentra Inti Nusa Energi (SINERGI)
RBW Enterprises, Inc.
ROPLAST
ROSEN USA
Roxar, Inc.
Rustibus
Stuart Steel Protection Corp.
Tremco Pipeline Equipment
Absolute Stainless, Inc.

AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH
Alloy Metals & Tubes International
Alloy Stainless Products Co./ASP
Baoji First Titanium Industry (Group) Co., Ltd.
Baoji Shoushan Pipe Fittings Co., Ltd.
BlazeMaster Fire Sprinkler Systems
Brass Terminal Blocks
CDM Titanium
Chemline Plastics, Ltd.
Coastal Flange, Inc.
Copper Nickel Task GroupCopper Development
Association
Corrosion Materials, Inc.
Corrotherm International, Ltd.
Corzan Industrial Systems
Energy & Process Corp.
EZEFLOW, Inc.
Farmers Copper
GF Piping Systems
Haynes International, Inc.
High Performance Alloys, Inc.
King Innovation
Langley Alloys, Inc.
Mangalam Metal Corp.
Metals, Inc.
Outokumpu High Performance Stainless, Inc.
PAC Stainless, Ltd.
Pennsylvania Machine Works, Inc.
Pipe Valve & Fitting
Rolled Alloys
Samuel Son & Co., Ltd.
Sandvik Materials Technology
Shanghai Lanling Electric Co., Ltd.
Simona America, Inc.
TICO Titanium, Inc.
TPSTechnitube
Uni-Spray Systems
United Titanium, Inc.
Waldemar Suckut VDI
Yonsin Industry Group, Ltd.
PIPELINE COATING/PROTECTION
A&E Anti-Corrosion Systems, LLC
Absolute Coatings
Accoat A/S
ACOTEC N.V.
77

BY CATEGORY
AkzoNobel Coatings, Inc.
Allweld Mobile Sandblasting, Ltd.
Alocit & Enviropeel USA
Alpine Painting & Sandblasting
Amchem Products Pvt., Ltd.
Amercoat Canada
Anotec Industries, Ltd.
ARC Composites
Automatic Coating, Ltd.
Belmont Metals, Inc.
Blastco Texas, Inc.
Blastech
Borealis AG
Bredero Shaw
Brock Services, LLC
Brothers Coatings
Canusa-CPSA Division of ShawCor, Ltd.
Capital Inspectors
Caplugs
Carboline Company
Cathwell
Certifed Coating Specialists, Inc.
CL Coatings, LLC
Cor-Pro Systems
Cortec Corp.
Custom Linings, Inc.
Dairyland Electrical Industries, Inc.
D-Angelo Industrial Coatings
De Nora Tech, Inc.
Denso North America
DNV Columbus
Dunkin & Bush, Inc.
Duomar, B.V.
Dynalog Technologies (C-Scan), LLC
Elcometer
Enviroline/International Paint Protective Coatings
Exceletech Coatings and Applications, LLC
Five Star Marine, Inc.
Fyfe Co., LLC
G.M.A., S.r.l.
Gema USA, Inc.
Great Lakes Copper, Inc.
Hartman Walsh Industrial Services
HEBNA Corp.
Hi-Temp Coatings Technology
Hyperseal, Inc.
Induron Coatings, Inc.
Industrial Coatings & Fireproofng
Industrial Marine Services
Industrial Solutions USA
International Paint
Rustrol Systems
Isotec International, Inc.
ITW American Safety Tech
Johnson Contracting Co.
Joint Specialists
78
KCC Corrosion Control

KEMA Coatings, Ltd.
Kirk Engineering Co., Inc.
L.B. Foster Co.
Lena e Anticorrosion
Lone Star Specialties, LLC
Long Painting Co.
Mach3 Engineering Sdn. Bhd.
Manta Industrial, Inc.
MATED, S.r.l.Materials Technology for Durability
Mears Group, Inc.
MESA
M-I SWACO
MONTI Tools, Inc.
NCP Coatings, Inc.
NRI-Neptune Research, Inc.
PermaDri, Inc.
Pipeline Induction Heat, Ltd.
PipeMedic by QuakeWrap, Inc.
Pittsburgh Corning
PolyCorp. Protective Linings
Polyguard Products, Inc.

Precision Pipeline Solutions
Raven Lining Systems
Resodyn Corp.
Roberts Corrosion Services, LLC
Robroy Industries
RPI Coatings, Inc.
Rubber Lining Specialist
Rust Bullet, LLC
Saekaphen
Sauereisen
Scapa North America
Scott Derr Painting
SEMicro Division
Technology, Ltd.
Sherwin Williams Co., The
SMC Commercial Services, Inc.
Southern Painting & Blasting
Specialty Polymer Coatings, Inc. (SPC)
Sub-One Technology/InnerArmor
Sulzer Mixpac USA
SWD Urethane Co.
Techni-Kote, Inc.
Tek-Rap
T.F. Warren Group
Thermion
Thomas Industrial Coatings, Inc.
Tnemec
Total Cathodic Protection Services
Trenton Corp.
Tuff-N-Nuff
ULVA USA, LLC
V&A Consulting Engineers
V.I.P. Verniciatura Industriale Pesarese, S.r.l.
Vulcan Painters, Inc.
Waldemar Suckut VDI
Watson Coatings, Inc.
Wilko Paint, Inc.
Winn & Coales (Denso), Ltd.
Wolverine Coatings Corp.
Wood Group Integrity Management (WGIM)
Zequanox by Marrone Bio
PIPELINE INSTALLATIONS
CECO Pipeline Services Co.
Dynamic Industries
EnhanceCo, Inc.
Technology, Ltd.
Simdex
PIPELINE INTEGRITY
Accurate Corrosion Control, Inc.
Accurate Tool Co.A Division of Sentry
Equipment Corp.
A. HAK Industrial Services
All Pro Inspection and NDT Services
Alpha Pipeline Integrity Services
American Innovations, Inc.
Ammonite Corrosion Engineering, Inc.
Applus RTD
ARK Corrosion Services
BJ Pipeline Inspection Services
Borin Manufacturing, Inc.
Bouchard, Inc.
Broadsword Corrosion Engineering, Ltd.
Brown Corrosion Services, Inc.
BSI Sentry Systems
Cathodic Technology, Ltd.
CMS Corrosion Services, Inc.
Coast to Coast Inspection Services, Inc.
Coffman Engineers
Corrosion Control, Inc.
Corrosion Control Services, Ltd.
Creaform
DC Voltage Gradient Technology & Supply, Ltd.
(DCVG, Ltd.)
Elecsys Corp.
ELK Engineering Associates, Inc.
Elsyca, Inc.

FOX-TEK Canada
GE Gemini
Girard Industries
GL Noble Denton
H T Engineering, Inc.
iicorr Pty., Ltd.
Integrity Corrosion Consulting, Ltd.
Rustrol Systems
Isinyithi Cathodic Protection (ICP)
Kadlec Associates, Inc.
KeyTech, Ltd.
Lamontagne Pipeline Assessment Corp.
Macaw Engineering, Ltd.
MATCOR, Inc.
Mears Group, Inc.

BY CATEGORY
MESA
MFE Enterprises, Inc.
MISTRAS Group, Inc.
Mobiltex
NDT Global, LLC
OmniMetrix
Pipeline Integrity, Ltd.
Pipeline Integrity Resources, Inc.
Pipeline Strategies & Integrity, LLC
Pipetel Technologies, Inc.
Pro-tech CP, Ltd.
Providence Corrosion, Ltd.
Pure Technologies US, Inc.
Quest Integrity Group, LLC
RAE Engineering and Inspection, Ltd.
R.A. Hoffmann Engineering P.C. d.b.a. Hoffmann
& Feige
Rohrback Cosasco Systems, Inc.
Roxar, Inc.
Rysco Corrosion Services, Inc.
Technology, Ltd.
SGS Industrial Services
Southern Cross Pipeline Integrity Services
Structural Integrity Associates, Inc.
Team Industrial Services
Technical Toolboxes
Teledyne Oil & Gas
Tinnea & Associates, LLC
Tuff-N-Nuff
Utility Technologies International Corp.
Valenti Technological Innovations
Vivax-Metrotech Corp.
Wood Group Intetech
WrapMaster, Inc.
PIPELINE REPAIR
Argosy International USA
Cathwell
Clemco Industries Corp.
Denso North America

Dynamic Industries
El Paso Corp.
HEBNA Corp.
Interplastic Corp.
Mears Group, Inc.
MESA
Metabo Corp.
PennWell Corp.
Permabond Engineering Adhesives
Roxar, Inc.
TIB Chemicals AG
Tuscan Corrosion Control, Ltd.
Waldemar Suckut VDI
WrapMaster, Inc.

Schmidt + Clemens Group
Simdex
Steel Service Oilfeld Tubular, Inc.
Stemcor Special Steels
TIMET Titanium Metals Corp.
TPSTechnitube
Tricor Metals
Triple D Bending
Valbruna Stainless, Inc.
Vallourec
PIPING INSPECTION
PIPES/TUBES
American Cast Iron Pipe Co.
Ameri-Ti, Inc.
ATI Wah Chang
Baoji Baoye Titanium-Nickel Industry Co., Ltd.
CDM Titanium
CENTRAVIS
Copper Nickel Task GroupCopper Development
Association
Crompion International
CTI
Durafex, Inc.
Dustcontrol, Inc.
Dynamic Flowform Corp.
ECC Corrosion, Inc.
Enerquip, LLC
Farmers Copper
Fiber Glass Systems, L.P.
Flexpipe Systems
Hamilton Metals, Inc.
Hebei Smart Steel Pipe Mill Co., Ltd.
HOWCO Metals Management
Jiuli USA, Inc.
Maverick Applied Science, Inc.
Metals, Inc.
Multimetals, Ltd.
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal
Outokumpu High Performance Stainless, Inc.
PAC Stainless, Ltd.
P.A., Inc.
PCC Energy Group
Prince Rubber & Plastics Co., Inc.
Pro-Mark Utility Supply, Inc.
Proto Manufacturing
Robroy Industries
Rolled Alloys
Sandusky InternationalA Division of MetalTek
Intl.
Access Plug Flange, Inc.

Bay Area Coating Consultants, Inc.
BRER Technical, Inc.
Creaform
DeFelsko Corp.
D. E. Stearns Co., The

DJA Inspection Services, Inc.
Eclipse Scientifc, Inc.
Elcometer
Element
GE Gemini
Guenther Inspections & Consulting, Ltd.
Guided Wave Analysis, LLC
HMT, Inc.
Rustrol Systems
ISQ Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade
JANX
Kirt Smith Consulting, LLC
Laboratory Testing, Inc.
MESA
MONTI Tools, Inc.
NDT Global, LLC
NDT Seals, Inc.
Opus International Consultants, Ltd.
PCA Engineering, Inc.
Pittsburgh Corning
REOD, LLC
Roxar, Inc.
Technology, Ltd.
Tanknology, Inc.
TesTex, Inc.
Tinker & Rasor
Transkor Group, Inc.
Underwater Construction Corp. (UCC)
Waldemar Suckut VDI
79

BY CATEGORY
PLASTICS
D.B. Becker Co., Inc.
Evonik Corp.
Paul N. Gardner Co.
Tuff-N-Nuff
SCAVENGING CHEMICALS
BWA Water Additives
Force Chem Technologies
Greenes Synergy Services
Ingeveld and Associates, Ltd.
Jacam
Lonza, Inc.
ParchemFine Specialty Chemicals
Strategic Chemistry Pty., Ltd.
Sulzer Chemtech USA, Inc.
SEALANTS
Denso North America
EnDiSys
Flexitallic, Ltd.
Foam King Industries, Inc.
Pelseal Technologies, LLC
VISCOTAQ (Amcorr Products & Services)
SOFTWARE
About Time Technologies
Borgtech
Corrosion Software Solutions
DeFelsko Corp.
Elcometer
Electro Sciences, Inc.
Epiqtech
EUPEC Pipeline Services Espaa, SAU
FORCE Technology Norway AS
GL Noble Denton
LiquidFrameWorks
Pipeline Software, Inc.
Roxar, Inc.
Technology, Ltd.
Simdex
Thermo-Calc Software
TruQC
SURVEYS
Bass Engineering Co., Inc.
CEM Resources, Inc.
Cescor, S.r.l.
CorroMetrics Services, Inc.
80

Global Cathodic Protection, Inc.
A CerAnode Co.
Hanson Survey & Design, LLC
Heath Consultants, Inc.
ICORR Technologies
Rustrol Systems
Leidos Health
Marine Project Management, Inc.
MESA
North American Survey Corp.
RAM Services, LLC
Technology, Ltd.
Subspection, Ltd.
Utility Safety & Design, Inc.
TAPES/PIPELINE WRAPS
Air Graphics, LLC
Berry Plastics Corrosion Protection Group
Champion Corrosion Products, Inc.
Denso North America
DeWAL Industries, Inc.
ENECON Corp.
Georg Fischer Central Plastics, LLC
Rustrol Systems
MONTI Tools, Inc.
Ningbo Ideal Anticorrosion Material Co., Ltd.
Northtown Co.
Protection Engineering
Pro-Tect Services, Inc.
Scapa North America
SRT Solutions, LLC
Tek-Rap
Timco Global Enterprises W.L.L.
Tuff-N-Nuff
WrapMaster, Inc.
CP Solutions, Inc./Sustaining Infrastructure

Ergon Armor/Novocoat
Freedom Chemical Corp.
GF Piping Systems
Intercontinental Corrosion Engineers (ICE)
Rustrol Systems

JDH Corrosion Consultants, Inc.
KLM Engineering, Inc.
Pate Engineers, Inc.
Perry Electric
Plas-Tanks Industries, Inc.
PPC Coatings (MTR, Inc.)
Ritepro Corp.
Sauereisen
Sprayroq, Inc.
Waldemar Suckut VDI
Water & Wastewater Equipment Co.
WIRE PRODUCTS
Anomet Products, Inc.
COR-MET, Inc.
Energy Economics, Inc.

Northtown Co.
Performance Wire & Cable, Inc.
Safetrack AB
thermOweld (Continental Industries)
Voestalpine Bohler Welding USA
WATER/WASTEWATER FACILITIES
3Hach Co.
Advantage Resources Consulting, LLC
ARC Specialties, Inc.
Bray International
BSI Sentry Systems
Carboline Company
Cascade Water Services
CH2M Hill
PIPES AND PIPELINES SUPPLIER

CONTACT INFORMATION
NACE Corporate Member
Suppliers, Manufacturers, & Consultants

Welcome to the alphabetized list of companies participating in this list of suppliers involved with pipes and pipelines.
Companies in highlighted boxes with descriptions and logos are our display advertisers in this issue. A line of text at the
end of each of these advertiser listings directs readers to the associated ads. Because of space limitations in the print version of the guide, some descriptions have been shortened compared to what is published in the online guide. To view
complete descriptions for all companies listed in the guide, visit the online version at www.mpbuyersguide.com.
3Hach Co.
AkzoNobel Coatings, Inc.
Web site: www.hach.com/nace.
Web site: www.resicoat.com.
3M Infrastructure Protection Division
Allied Biochem (Shenyang) Co., Ltd.
Web site: www.3m.com/corrosion.
Web site: www.allied-biochem.com.
3N International, Inc.
Allied Corrosion Industries, Inc.
Web site: www.3ninc.com.
Web site: www.alliedcorrosion.com.
3X Engineering
Web site: www.3xeng.com.
A&E Anti-Corrosion Systems, LLC

Web site: www.ae-sys.com.
AA Thread Seal Tape, Inc.

Web site: www.aathread.com.
About Time Technologies

Web site: www.abouttimetech.com.
Absolute Coatings
Web site: www.por15.com.
Absolute Stainless, Inc.

Web site: www.absofast.com.
Access Plug Flange, Inc.

Web site: www.inspectionplug.com.
Accoat A/S
Web site: www.accoat.com.
Accurate Corrosion Control, Inc.

Web site: www.accuratecorrosion.com.
Web site: www.alloy-metals.com.
Accurate Tool Co.A Division of

Sentry Equipment Corp.
966 Blue Ribbon Cir. N., Oconomowoc, WI
53066, USA. Tel: +1 262-567-7256. Fax: +1 262567-4523. Web site: www.atcoinc.net. E-mail:
sales@sentry-equip.com. Accurate Tool Co.,
a division of Sentry Equipment Corp., has
been supplying retractable quills, spray nozzles, pneumatic atomizers, corrosion coupon
holders, and related equipment to the pipeline, oil and gas production, and refning industry for over 30 years.In addition, Accurate
Tool Co. offers the ability to design and
manufacture custom equipment for special
application needs.
See p. 65 for our ad.
ACOTEC N.V.
Web site: www.alloystainless.com.
All Pro Inspection and NDT Services

Web site: www.apindt.com.
Allweld Mobile Sandblasting, Ltd.

Web site: www.allweldsandblasting.com.
Alocit & Enviropeel USA

Web site: www.ae-sys.com.
Alpha Pipeline Integrity Services

Web site: www.alphaleak.com.
Alpine Painting & Sandblasting

Web site: www.AlpinePainting.com.
Amchem Products Pvt., Ltd.
Web site: www.acotec.be.
Web site: www.amchemproducts.com.
Advanced Corrosion Control

Technologies
Amercoat Canada
E-mail: tsievert@wi.rr.com.
Do you need to add

your company to the
MP Buyers Guide or
edit your current
listing? Go to
www.mpbuyersguide.com.
Alloy Stainless Products Co./ASP
Web site: www.amercoatcanada.com.
American Cast Iron Pipe Co.
Advanced Polymer Coatings
Web site: www.acipco.com.
Web site: www.adv-polymer.com.
Advance Products & Systems, Inc.
Web site: www.aiworldwide.com.
Web site: www.apsonline.com.
Advantage Resources Consulting, LLC

E-mail: arc_jmg@yahoo.com.
AGRU Kunststofftechnik GmbH

Web site: www.agru.at.
A. HAK Industrial Services

Web site: www.a-hak-is.com.
Air Graphics, LLC
Ameri-Ti, Inc.
Web site: www.ameri-ti.com.
Ammonite Corrosion Engineering, Inc.

Web site: www.ammonite-corrosion.com.
ANMAC Service Co.

Web site: www.anmacserviceco.com.
Anomet Products, Inc.

Web site: www.anometproducts.com.
Web site: www.agismfg.com.
A J M Additives, Inc.
Web site: www.AJM-Additives.com.
82

CONTACT INFORMATION
B&W Distributors, LLC
Web site: www.bwdist.com.
Baoji Baoye Titanium-Nickel Industry

Co., Ltd.
Web site: www.titaniumChina.com.
Anotec Industries, Ltd.

5701 Production Way, Langley, BC V3A 4N5,
Canada. Tel: +1 604-514-1544. Fax: +1 604-5141546. Web site: www.anotec.com. E-mail:
hsci@anotec.com. Anotec is a dedicated
manufacturer of high silicon cast iron anodes.
Anotec operates with pride under its ISO 9001
Quality System and has a history of consistently providing top-quality anodes and impeccable customer service for over 25 years.
Anotec is located near Vancouver, BC, in
Western Canada, where we have established
road, rail, air, and ocean routes that allow
Anotec to effciently provide anodes across
the globe.
Web site: www.frstti.com.

Web site: www.tiftting.com.
Baoji Yirun Titanium Industry Co., Ltd.

Web site: www.alloyti.com.

Web site: www.basiccrp.com.
Bass Engineering Co., Inc.

Web site: www.bass-eng.com.
Bay Area Coating Consultants, Inc.

Web site: www.bayareacoating.com.
Applus RTD
Web site: www.ApplusRTD.com.
AquaTrol Division of Momar

Web site: www.momar.com.
ARC Composites
Web site: www.chesterton.com.
Arcelor Mittal Industeel

Web site: www.industeel.info.
ARC Specialties, Inc.

Web site: www.arcspecialties.com.
Argosy International USA

Web site: www.argosychemical.com.
ARK Corrosion Services

Web site: www.ARKcorrosion.com.
Armor Plate, Inc.

Web site: www.armorplateinc.com.

Web site: www.associatedtube.com.
ATI Wah Chang

E-mail: ellaina.davis@atimetals.com.
Automatic Coating, Ltd.

Web site: www.automaticcoating.com.
Baker Hughes
Web site: www.bakerhughes.com.
Baker Hughes Pipeline Management

Group
Web site: www.bakerhughespmg.com.

Web site: www.ballwinch.com.
Baoji First Titanium Industry (Group)

Co., Ltd.
BEASY
Web site: www.beasy.com.
Belmont Metals, Inc.

Web site: www.belmontmetals.com.
Berry Plastics Corrosion Protection

Group
Web site: www.berrycpg.com.
BJ Pipeline Inspection Services

Web site: www.bjservices.com.
Blair Rubber Co.

Web site: www.blairrubber.
Blastco Texas, Inc.

Web site: www.blastco-texas.com.
Blastech
Web site: www.blastech.com.
BlastingParts.com
Web site: blastingparts.com.

Web site: www.corzancpvc.com.
Borealis AG
Web site: www.borealisgroup.com.
Borgtech
Web site: www.borgtech.com.au.
5741 Buckingham Pkwy., Ste. B, Culver City, CA

90230, USA. Tel: +1 310 -822-10 0 0. Fax:
+1 310-822-0789. Web site: www.borin.com.
E-mail: gregg@borin.com. Borin Manufacturing, Inc. is the largest manufacturer of reference
electrodes and P.C.-based remote monitoring
units worldwide. Borins Stelth Reference Electrodes are recognized as an industry leader in
stable 30-year design life electrodes and is
revolutionizing the half-cell market with its
Stelth Hydro-Carbon Proof (HCP) Reference
Electrodethe one reference electrode that
can be used in any and all environments, including those with high chloride levels. Borin is also
the longest standing manufacturer of state-ofthe-art remote monitoring and controlling
equipment with its Comanche and Dart
systemsallowing its users access to their data
from any computer or smart phone worldwide.
Borin brings a wealth of experience to the corrosion industry with its staff of Ph.D. engineers
and software designers. Borins products are
sold worldwide through a network of over 95
distributors in 93 countries.
See back cover for our ad.
Bouchard, Inc.
E-mail: lbouchard@cox.net.
Brance-Krachy Co. Inc.

Web site: www.brancekrachy.com.
Brand Energy & Infrastructure Services

Web site: www.beis.com.
Brant Corrosion Control

Web site: www.tfwarren.com.
Brass Terminal Blocks

Web site: www.brassterminalbars.com.
Bray International
Web site: www.bray.com.
Bredero Shaw
Web site: www.brederoshaw.com.
BRER Technical, Inc.

Web site: www.brertechnical.com.
Broadsword Corrosion Engineering, Ltd.

Web site: www.enpICDA.com.
Brock Services, LLC

Web site: www.brockgroup.com.
Brothers Coatings
Web site: www.brotherscoating.com.
83

CONTACT INFORMATION
Brown Corrosion Services, Inc.
Certifed Coating Specialists, Inc.
Web site: www.browncorrosion.com.
Web site: www.ccscoatings.ca.
BSI Sentry Systems
Cescor, S.r.l.
Web site: www.bsisentry.com.
Web site: www.cescor.it.
BSS Technologies
CH2M Hill
Web site: www.corrosion.ae.
Web site: www.CH2M.com.
BWA Water Additives
Web site: www.wateradditives.com.
Web site: www.championcorrosion.com.
Canusa-CPSA Division of
ShawCor, Ltd.
Chapman Engineering
Web site: www.canusa.com.
Capital Inspectors
Web site: www.capitalinspectors.com.
Caplugs
Web site: www.caplugs.com.
Caradan Chemicals
Web site: www.caradanchemicals.com.
Web site: www.chapmanengr.com.
Chemline Plastics, Ltd.

Web site: www.chemline.com.
Web site: www.plasticolors.com.
Clariant Oil Services

Web site: www.clariant.com.
CL Coatings, LLC
Web site: www.nacoatings.com.
Clean Harbors Industrial Services

Web site: www.cleanharbors.com.
Carboline Company
2150 Schuetz Rd., St. Louis, MO 63146, USA.
Tel: 1 800-848-4645 or +1 314-644-1000. Fax:
+1 314-587-2693. Web site: www.carboline.
com. E-mail: mbentley@carboline.com. Carboline Company is dedicated to supplying
high-performance coatings, linings, and freproofng products around the world through
continuous technological improvements and
frst-class service.
Cascade Water Services

Web site: www.cascadewater.com.
Cathodic Protection Management, Inc.

Web site: www.corrosionspecialists.com.
Cathodic Technology, Ltd.

Web site: www.cath-tech.com.
Cathwell
Web site: www.cathwell.com.
CDM Titanium
Web site: www.cdmtitan.com.

Web site: www.cecopsc.com.
CENTRAVIS
Web site: www.centravis.com.
Coastal Corrosion Control, Inc.

10172 Mammoth Ave., Baton Rouge, LA 70814,
USA. Tel: +1 225-275-6131. Fax: +1 225-2756134. Web site: www.coastalcorrosion.com.
E-mail: info@coastalcorrosion.com. At Coastal
Corrosion Control, we know that when work
needs to be done, people matter in the process. For over two decades, we have served
clients in the corrosion prevention feld, based
out of our home offce in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. We are thrilled to announce our brand
new satellite location in The Woodlands,
Texas. With both onshore and offshore capabilities, we work in a wide range of industries:
oil and gas exploration, production and transportation, petrochemical refneries, terminal
facilities, municipal and government facilities,
engineering frms, electrical power, and mining companies. We look forward to serving
you.
Coastal Flange, Inc.

Web site: www.coastalfange.com.

Clemco Industries Corp.
Web site: www.coastnde.com.
One Cable Car Dr., Washington, MO 63090,

USA . Tel: +1 6 3 6 -239- 43 0 0. Web site:
www.clemcoindustries.com. E-mail: info@
clemcoindustries.com. Clemco Industries
Corp. of Washington, Missouri, is a leading
global manufacturer of air-powered abrasive
blast equipment serving industry since the
early 194 0 s. Clemco ser ves customers
through a network of authorized distributors.
Contractors, fabricators, and manufacturers
worldwide rely on Clemco blast equipment
to clean, prep, and fnish products ranging
from masonry, to castings, to fabricated metal
products, pipes, and structural steel. The
company also engineers and fabricates
NIOSH-approved supplied-air respirators,
operator safety equipment, blast cabinets,
blast rooms, media recovery systems, dust
collectors, portable vacuum systems, dehumidifcation, and portable dust collection.
The Clemco quality system is ISO 9001:2008
certifed.
Coffman Engineers
Web site: www.coffman.com.
Composi Sleeve
Web site: www.composisleeve.com.
Continental Products of Texas

Web site: www.cptonline.com.
Copper Nickel Task Group

Copper Development Association
Web site: www.coppernickel.org.
COR-MET, Inc.
Web site: www.cor-met.com.
Cor-Pro Systems
Web site: www.cor-pro.com.
Corrmet Engineering Services

Web site: www.corrosiontesting.com.
CorroMetrics Services, Inc.

Web site: www.corrometrics.com.
Corrosion Control, Inc.
CEM Resources, Inc.

Web site: www.cemresources.com.

Web site: www.clockspring.com.
CMS Corrosion Services, Inc.
Web site: www.corrosioncontrolinc.com.
Web site: www.corrosioncontrol.nu.
Web site: www.cmscorrosion.com.
84

CONTACT INFORMATION
Corrosion Control Services, Ltd.
CorTech, Ltd.
Web site: www.corrosioncontrolservices.co.uk.
E-mail: mister.darkhan@gmail.com.
Web site: www.corrosionmaterials.com.
Web site: www.corzancpvc.com.
Corrosion Service Co., Ltd.
CP Solutions, Inc./Sustaining
Infrastructure
Web site: www.corrosionservice.com.
Corrosion Software Solutions

Web site: www.CorrosionSoftwareSolutions.com.

Web site: www.corrotherm.co.uk.
DC Voltage Gradient Technology &

Supply, Ltd. (DCVG, Ltd.)
Web site: www.dcvg.com.
Web site: www.cpsolutionsinc.net.
DeFelsko Corp.
Creaform
Web site: www.creaform3d.com/en/ndt-solutions.
Crompion International
Web site: www.crompion.com.
CTI
Web site: www.cti-ind.com.
Custom Linings, Inc.

Corrpro
Web site: www.customlinings.com.
7000 B Hollister, Houston, TX 77040, USA. Tel:

1 800-443-3516 or +1 330-723-5082. Web site:
www.corrpro.com. E-mail: corrpro@corrpro.
com. For over 25 years, Corrpro has been a
leading provider of cathodic protection (CP)
systems. As a subsidiary of Insituform Technologies, Inc., Corrpro strives to provide highquality CP and cost-effective corrosion services, including engineering, pipeline integrity, construction, and coating inspection.
Corrpro offers corrosion solutions for every
industrial market including pipeline, refnery,
above and underground storage tanks, water,
waste water, concrete, infrastructure, offshore,
and marine. Dedicated to ensuring preservation of energy resources, protection of the
environment, and the integrity of the worlds
infrastructure, Corrpro has more than 30 operating facilities and warehouses worldwide,
including the United States, Canada, Europe,
and the Middle East.
CorrX Solutions, Inc.

Web site: www.corrx.com.
Web site: www.dhf.co.jp.

PO Box 187, Stoughton, WI 53589, USA. Tel:
+1 608-877-9900. Fax: +1 608-877-9920. Web
site: www.dairyland.com. E-mail: marketing@
dairyland.com. Established in 1983, Dairyland
applies the concepts of isolation, grounding,
and over-voltage protection to a wide variety
of applications including: AC voltage mitigation, insulated joint protection, gradient
control mats and decoupling, separating
structures with cathodic protection from
grounding systems, and many more. Dairylands solid-state solutions are trusted around
the world to provide the industrys safest and
most reliable decoupling and protection.
Dairylands design techniques lead to proven
long life and maintenance-free operation.
Dairyland is the leader in the industry with
popular products such as the PCR, SSD, OVP,
and OVP2, as well as a full line of accessories
to make installation quick and easy. Dairyland
is an ISO 9001:2008-certifed company positioned to deliver the exceptional product
quality and service customers expect.
Cortec Corp.
4119 White Bear Pkwy., St. Paul, MN 55110,
USA. Tel: 1 800-426-7832 or +1 651-429-1100.
Fax: +1 651-429-1122. Web site: www.cortecvci.
com. E-mail: info@cortecvci.com. Cortec
Corp. is a global leader in innovative, environmentally responsible VpCI and MCI corrosion control technologies for the packaging,
metalworking, construction, electronics, water
treatment, oil/gas, and other industries. Headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota, Cortec is
ISO 9001 and ISO 14001:2004 certifed.
D-Angelo Industrial Coatings

Web site: d-angelopbe.net.
Danlin Chemical
Web site: www.danlin.us.
D.B. Becker Co., Inc.

Web site: www.dbbecker.com.
802 Proctor Ave., Ogdensburg, NY 13669, USA.

Tel: 1 800-448-3835 or +1 315-393-4450. Fax:
+1 315-393-8471. Web site: www.defelsko.com.
E-mail: techsale@defelsko.com. DeFelsko is a
U.S. manufacturer of coating thickness gages
and inspection instruments including the
PosiTector 6000 and PosiTector 200 series
of coating thickness gages. The simple, durable, and accurate PosiTector 6000 Series are
ideal for measuring coating thickness on all
metal substrates while the PosiTector 200
series measure coatings on non-metals including wood, concrete, and more. The New
PosiTector RTR Replica Tape Reader measures
peak-to-valley surface profle height using
replica tape while the PosiTector SPG measures peak-to-valley surface profile height
using a durable tungsten carbide tip. Also
featured are the PosiTest Adhesion Tester,
PosiTector Dew Point Meter, and the PosiTector Ultrasonic Thickness Gage.
See pp. 41 and 43 for our ads.
Delta Tech Service, Inc.

Web site: www.deltatechservice.com.
De Nora
7590 Discovery Ln., Concord, OH 44077, USA.
Tel: +1 440-710-5300. Fax: +1 440-710-5301.
Web site: www.denora.com. E-mail: infolida@
denora.com. De Nora is a pioneer and leader
in the feld of mixed metal oxide (MMO) anodes
for over 40 years with the longest life anodes
for superior system performance. Tens of
thousands of groundbeds have been installed
worldwide using Lida anodes. De Nora
provides a full range of anode structures including tubes, wire, ribbon, and rod geometries. De Nora can provide virtually any anode
configuration to meet your special needs.
To contact one of De Noras distributors, please
visit the following Web site link: www.denora.
com/Produc ts/Ox ygenAndSpecialities/
CathodicProtection/LidaTechnologicalPartners.
aspx.
85

CONTACT INFORMATION
Denso North America

9747 Whithorn Dr., Houston, TX 77095, USA.
Tel: 1 888-821-2300 or +1 281-821-3355. Fax:
+1 281-821-0304. Web site: www.densona.
com. E-mail: info@densona.com. Denso North
America, Inc. is a subsidiary of Winn & Coales
International, a leading manufacturer of anticorrosion coatings that include Protal liquid
epoxies, Denso petrolatum tapes, mastics,
primers, bitumen tapes, butyl tapes, hotapplied tapes, and a full line of marine pile
protection systems. Winn & Coales was originally established as a business in London,
England, in 1883, and the frst petrolatum tape
manufactured in the United Kingdom was
Denso tape, manufactured under license by
Winn & Coales (Denso), Ltd. Denso tape was
developed over 80 years ago for the Long Life
Protection of buried steel pipelines against
corrosion. The Denso SeaShield Marine Systems include fberglass forms, epoxy grouts,
underwater epoxies, injectable epoxies, petrolatum tape wrap systems, and much more.
Dunkin & Bush, Inc.
Elecsys Corp.
Web site: www.dunkinandbush.com.
Web site: www.elecsyscorp.com.
Duomar, B.V.
Electrochemical Devices, Inc.
Web site: www.duomar.com.
Web site: www.edi-cp.com.
DuPont Tefon Industrial Coating

(Intech Services)
Electro Sciences, Inc.
Web site: www.intechservices.com.
Durafex, Inc.
Web site: www.durafexinc.com.

Web site: www.durasealcoatings.com.
Dustcontrol, Inc.
Web site: www.dustcontrol.com.

Web site: www.dynalog.co.uk.
Dynamic Flowform Corp.

Web site: www.fowform.com.
Dynamic Industries
Web site: www.dewal.com/ptfeproducts/index.

php/en/.
DJA Inspection Services, Inc.

Web site: www.djainspection.com.
DNV Columbus
Web site: www.dnvcolumbus.com.
DNV GL
Web site: www.dnvusa.com.
DSI/Dalco Services, Inc.

Web site: www.dalco.ca.
Web site: www.element.com/home.
ELK Engineering Associates, Inc.

Web site: www.elkeng.com.
Ellett Industries, Ltd.

Web site: www.ellett.ca.
El Paso Corp.
Web site: www.elpaso.com.
Elsyca, Inc.
Web site: www.elsyca.com.
EnDiSys
Web site: www.endisys.com.
Web site: www.advancedfberglass.com.
Eclipse Scientifc, Inc.
Web site: www.ecosealants.net.
DeWAL Industries, Inc.
Element
ECC Corrosion, Inc.
Eco Seal Protective Coatings
PO Box 3456, Shreveport, LA 71133-3456, USA.

Tel: +1 318-635-5351. Fax: +1 318-636-6969.
Web site: www.destearns.com. E-mail: info@
destearns.com. For more than 70 years, The
D. E. Stearns Co. has manufactured holiday
detectors for the pipeline and associated industries. The D. E. Stearns Co. holiday detectors
are used throughout the world and The D. E.
Stearns Co. is widely recognized as the leading
holiday detector manufacturer in the world.
Web site: www.electrosciences.com.
Web site: www.dynamicind.com.
Web site: www.eclipsescientifc.com.
D. E. Stearns Co., The
Edgen Murray
Web site: www.edgenmurray.com.
Elcometer
1893 Rochester Industrial Dr., Rochester Hills,
MI 48309, USA. Tel: 1 800-521-0635 or +1
248-650-0500. Fax: +1 248-650-0501. Web
site: www.elcometer.com. E-mail: sales@
elcometerusa.com. Elcometer is a leader in
coating, ultrasonic NDT, flaw detection,
concrete inspection equipment, and rebar
and metal detection. We offer products to
measure coating thickness, surface preparation, climate, porosity, and adhesion, as well
as a wide range of physical test parameters
required for the formulation of coatings. With
a truly global presence, all Elcometer products are readily available through our own
sales offces in the United Kingdom, United
States, Singapore, Japan, The Netherlands,
Belgium, France, and Germany, and through
our extensive network of distributors in more
than 150 countries around the world.
See pp. 7, 16, and 38 for our ads.

Web site: www.dipra.org.

5002 S. 45th W. Ave., Tulsa, OK 74107, USA. Tel:
1 800-752-1628 or +1 918-446-1934. Fax: +1
918-446-8125. Web site: www.enduropls.com.
E-mail: billd@enduropls.com. Enduro is a
vertically integrated manufacturer/supplier
of all types of pipeline scrapersmetal body
(can be rebuilt) and uni-body (all urethane) for
uni-directional and bi-directional applications
used to clean and maintain pipe internal surfaces. A complete line of attachments is offered to accomplish all pigging applications
and uses. MFL Combo ToolILI Services for
online, off-line applications plus new construction caliper survey services during construction and or rehabilitation of pipelines. Project
managementcleaning services, mechanical
and liquid plus cleaning pig typesrecommendations and custom design/manufacture
for specialty applications. Pig tracking services
and GPS data collection/mapping service. Pig
Popperpig passage indicatormanual reset, electrical wired to control panel, plus
buried pipe locations.
ENECON Corp.
Web site: www.enecon.com.
Enerclear Services, Inc.

Web site: www.enerclear.ca.
Energy & Process Corp.

Web site: www.energyandprocess.com.
Energy Economics, Inc.

Web site: www.eei.com.
86

CONTACT INFORMATION
Enerquip, LLC
Fiber Glass Systems, L.P.
Web site: www.enerquip.com.
Web site: www.fberglasssystems.com.
EnhanceCo, Inc.
Fisher Co.
Web site: www.enhanceco.net.
Web site: www.fsherutah.com.
Enviroline/International Paint
Protective Coatings
Web site: www.international-pc.com.
Epiqtech
Web site: www.epiqtech.com.
Ergon Armor/Novocoat
Web site: www.ergonarmor.com.
EUPEC Pipeline Services Espaa, SAU

Web site: www.eupec-pipecoatings.com.
Evonik Corp.
Web site: www.protectosil.com.
Exceletech Coatings and Applications, LLC

Web site: www.excelcoatings.com.
EZEFLOW, Inc.
Web site: www.ezefow.com.
Fabricated Plastics
Web site: www.fabricatedplastics.com.
Farmers Copper
Web site: www.farmers-copper.com.
Global Cathodic Protection, Inc.

A CerAnode Co.
Web site: www.5star-marine.com.
9300 Lawndale, Ste. A, Houston, TX 77012,

USA. Tel: +1 713-784-9588. Fax: +1 713-9539395. Web site: www.globalcorrosion.com.
Global Cathodic Protection, Inc. is a full service
corrosion mitigation company located in
Houston, Texas, offering engineering, surveys, construction, materials supply, and
consultation.
Flexitallic, Ltd.
Web site: www.fangerescuegasket.com.
Flexpipe Systems
Web site: www.fexpipesystems.com.
Foam King Industries, Inc.

Web site: www.foamkingindustries.com.
Force Chem Technologies
G.M.A., S.r.l.
Web site: forcechemtech.com.
Web site: www.gma-tech.com.
FORCE Technology Norway AS

Web site: www.forcetechnology.com.
FOX-TEK Canada
Web site: www.fox-tek.com.
Freedom Chemical Corp.

Web site: www.freedomchemicalcorp.com.

Web site: www.frp-products.com.
FUJIFILM Hunt Smart Surfaces, LLC

Web site: www.fujiflmsmartsurfaces.com.
Future Pipe Industries

Web site: www.futurepipe.com.

12029 Regentview Ave., Downey, CA 90241,
USA. Tel: 1 888-532-7937 or +1 310-532-9524.
Web site: www.farwestcorrosion.com. E-mail:
sales@farwestcorrosion.com. For more than 58
years, since 1956, Farwest has been a leading
provider of cathodic protection (CP) services
and materials for a wide variety of industries,
including oil and gas, pipelines and tanks,
marine, nuclear, water, and wastewater systems. Our pipeline materials division (formerly
Corrosion Control Products Co.) is the largest
supplier of corrosion control products in the
world and many of our eight regional locations
across the U.S. provide installation and engineering services. Together with our eight
warehouse locations, we offer you the type of
complete CP and corrosion control solutions
that no other company can. Check out our new
Web site, www.farwestcorrosion.com. It is the
largest corrosion-related site in the world and
contains over 1,000 pages of products, instructions, videos, printable MSDS sheets, and
much, much more.
Fyfe Co., LLC

Web site: www.fyfeco.com.
GE Gemini
Web site: www.gepower.com/pii.
Gema USA, Inc.

Web site: www.gemapowdercoating.com.
Gemite Products, Inc.

Web site: www.gemite.com.
1932 Lynx Pl., Ontario, CA 91761, USA. Tel:

+1 909-947-6016. Fax: +1 909-947-9430. Web
site: www.gmcelectrical.net. E-mail: Sales@
gmcelectrical.net. The STAPERMTM permanent
reference electrode is a long-life, highly stable
electronic device for measuring the voltage
potential of the structure to be cathodically
protected or measured in the surrounding
electrolyte. Available through a worldwide
distribution network of GMC Electrical, Inc.,
STAPERMTM reference electrodes can be used
in installations of fresh water, underground,
salt water, and saturated saline soil conditions.
STAPERMTM provides the means of accurately
measuring the effectiveness of cathodic protection systems.
General Corrosion Corp.

Web site: www.generalcorrosioncorp.com.
Genfabco, Ltd.
Web site: www.gfabco.com.
Georg Fischer Central Plastics, LLC

Web site: www.centralplastics.com.

Web site: www.gewater.com.
Girard Industries
Web site: www.girardind.com.
Glas Mesh Co.

Web site: www.glasmesh.com.
GL Noble Denton
Goff, Inc.
Web site: www.goff-inc.com.
Goodwest Rubber Linings

Web site: www.goodwestlining.com.
Grace Distributing
Web site: www.gracedistributing.com.
Great Lakes Copper, Inc.

Web site: www.glcopper.com.
Greenes Energy Group

Web site: www.greenesenergy.com.
Greenes Synergy Services

Web site: www.syn-serv.com.
Web site: www.gl-nobledenton.com.
87

CONTACT INFORMATION
Guenther Inspections & Consulting, Ltd.
Web site: www.steamengineer.com.
Web site: www.honeywell.com.
Guided Wave Analysis, LLC
Houston Plating & Coatings, LLC
Web site: www.gwanalysis.com.
Web site: www.houstonplating.com.
Hamilton Metals, Inc.
Web site: www.hamiltonmetals.com.
Web site: www.houstonpolytank.com.
Hanson Survey & Design, LLC
HOWCO Metals Management
Web site: www.hansonsurvey.com.
Web site: www.howcogroup.com.
Hartman Walsh Industrial Services
H T Engineering, Inc.
Web site: www.hartmanwalsh.com.
Web site: www.htengineering.com.
Hunter McDonnell Pipeline Services, Inc.
Web site: www.haynesintl.com.
Web site: www.hmpsi.com.
Hyperseal, Inc.
Web site: www.butting.com.
Web site: www.hypersealinc.com.
Heath Consultants, Inc.
ICORR Technologies
Web site: www.heathus.com.
Web site: www.icorrtechnologies.com.
Hebei Smart Steel Pipe Mill Co., Ltd.
iicorr Pty., Ltd.
Web site: smlspipe.com/zhongrui/index.asp.
Web site: www.iicorr.com.au.
HEBNA Corp.
ILFC, Inc.
Web site: www.hebna.com.
Web site: www.ilfcinc.com.
InduMar Products, Inc.
Web site: www.hpalloy.com.
Web site: www.indumar.com.
High-Tech Consultants, Inc.
Induron Coatings, Inc.
Web site: www.hightechconsultants.net.
Web site: www.induron.com.
HinderRUST, Inc.
Industrial Coatings & Fireproofng
Web site: www.hinderrust.com.
Web site: www.icf-usa.com.
Hi-Temp Coatings Technology
Industrial Marine Services
Web site: www.hitempcoatings.com.
Web site: www.imsyacht.com.
HMT, Inc.
Industrial Solutions USA
Web site: www.hmttank.com.
Web site: industrialsolutionsusa.com/elastomericlinings-coatings.html.
Hoff Co., Inc.

Web site: www.pipelinesupplies.com.
Ingeveld and Associates, Ltd.

Web site: www.odourcontrolsystem.com.

Web site: www.inlineservices.com/serviceshome.php.

PO Box 27907, Houston, TX 77227, USA. Tel:
1 800-319-8802 or +1 713-266-9339. Fax: +1
713-266-1022. Web site: www.holdtight.com.
E-mail: info@holdtight.com. HoldTight Solutions, Inc. develops, makes, sells, and services
surface preparation solutions (additives that
solve problems) for the coatings industry
worldwide for wet abrasive and water blasting
and after dry blasting. Our HoldTight 102
fash rust preventer/salt remover has set the
standard of performance for more than a
decade. Just ask Sherwin-Williams or Tnemec
or Carboline or PPG or Keeler & Long or
Ameron or Hempel or Sigma or Dampney or
Wasser or most any other coating supplier.
88
Integrity Corrosion Consulting, Ltd.

E-mail: fraser.king@shaw.ca.
Intercontinental Corrosion Engineers (ICE)

Web site: www.icecathodic.com.
International Paint
Web site: www.international-pc.com.
Interplastic Corp.
Web site: www.interplastic.com.
Interprovincial Corrosion Control

Co., Ltd.Rustrol Systems
930 Sheldon Ct., Burlington, ON L7L 5K6,
Canada. Tel: +1 905-634-7751. Fax: +1 905333-4313. Web site: www.rustrol.com. E-mail:
contact@rustrol.com. International/Interprovincial Corrosion Control has been providing corrosion control/cathodic protection (CP) materials
and professional engineering services to major
end users throughout North America since 1957.
ICCC is recognized by NACE and AWWA, with
accredited corrosion engineering staff. ICCC is
the manufacturer of the Rustrol Cathodic Isolator DC Decoupler providing AC mitigation, AC
fault current and lightning protection, certifed
to ATEX/IECEx and ETL Certifcations. Specializing in the protection of buried, immersed, or
aboveground steel structures including: underground storage tanks, pipelines, petroleum refneries, elevated water storage tanks, utilizing
the proven technique of CP.
Ion Science
Web site: ionscienceusa.com.
IRT Integrated Rectifer

Technologies, Inc.
15360-116 Ave., Edmonton, AB T5M 3Z6,
Canada. Tel: +1 780-447-1114. Fax: +1 780-4540004. Web site: www.irtrectifer.com. E-mail:
sales@irtrectifer.com. IRT is a leading manufacturer of custom cathodic protection (CP)
rectifers and panel boxes and supplier of related products such as remote monitoring
units and current interrupters. IRT has the
product solution for the majority of your pipeline, water tank, and other CP applications and
we have worked closely with numerous clients
to develop custom solutions for special situations as well. Whether youre with a CP engineering/material supply company, oil producer, utility company, electrical contractor,
etc., contact IRT for your CP rectifer and related product requirements.
Isinyithi Cathodic Protection (ICP)

Web site: www.isinyithi.co.za.
Isotec International, Inc.

Web site: www.isotecintl.com.

CONTACT INFORMATION
ISQ Instituto de Soldadura e Qualidade
L & M Fiberglass, Inc.
Marine Project Management, Inc.
Web site: www.isq.pt.
Web site: www.lmfberglass.com.
Web site: www.mpmi.com.
ITW American Safety Tech
Langley Alloys, Inc.
Mascoat
Web site: www.astantislip.com.
Web site: www.langleyalloys-usa.com.
Web site: www.mascoat.com.
Jacam
LB Foster Co.
MATCOR, Inc.
Web site: www.jacam.com.
E-mail: mbrumbaugh@lbfoster.com.
Web site: www.matcor.com.
JANX
Leidos Health
Web site: www.janxndt.com.
Web site: www.leidos.com.
MATED, S.r.l.Materials Technology

for Durability
JDH Corrosion Consultants, Inc.
Lena e Anticorrosion
Web site: www.jdhcorrosion.com.
Web site: www.lenaanticorrosione.it.
J.D. Rellek Co., Inc.
Web site: www.jdrellek.com.
Web site: www.libertysales.net.
Jiuli USA, Inc.
LiquidFrameWorks
Web site: www.jiuli.com/eng.
Web site: www.liquidframeworks.com.
Johnson Contracting Co.
Web site: www.jccinc.com.
Web site: www.frpsupply.com.
Joint Specialists
Lone Star Specialties, LLC
Web site: www.jsicoatings.com.
Web site: www.lonestarspecialties.net.
Kadlec Associates, Inc.
Long Painting Co.
Web site: www.kadlecassociates.com.
Web site: www.longpainting.com.
Web site: www.mated.it.
Maverick Applied Science, Inc.

Web site: www.maverickappliedscience.com.
Mears Group, Inc.

Web site: www.mears.net.
MESA
Katodica Projetos Eletronicos &

Servicos, Ltda.
E-mail: katodica@uol.com.br.
KBS Coatings
Web site: www.kbs-coatings.com.
KCC Corrosion Control

Web site: www.kcccontrol.com.
KEMA Coatings, Ltd.

Web site: www.4pipelines.com.

Web site: www.kesharpipeline.com.
KeyTech, Ltd.
E-mail: key.tech@ntlworld.com.
King Innovation
Web site: www.kinginnovation.com.
Kirk Engineering Co., Inc.

Web site: www.kirkcell.com.
Kirt Smith Consulting, LLC.

Web site: www.kirtsmithconsulting.com.
KLAD Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

Web site: www.kladmfg.com.
KLM Engineering, Inc.

Web site: www.klmengineering.com.
Laboratory Testing, Inc.

Web site: www.labtesting.com.
Lamontagne Pipeline Assessment Corp.
Lonza, Inc.
90 Boroline Rd., Allendale, NJ 07401, USA. Tel:
+1 201-316-9200. Web site: www.lonza.com.
E-mail: oilfelds.americas@lonza.com. Lonzas
specialty chemicals are used in upstream oil
and gas activities including drilling, production, stimulation, and unconventional oil and
gas recovery. Lonza focuses innovation on
environmentally responsible solutions and
high-performance chemicals for challenging
technical environments.
Macaw Engineering, Ltd.

Web site: www.macawengineering.com.
PO Box 52608, Tulsa, OK 74152, USA. Tel:

1 888-800-6372. Fax: +1 918-627-2676. Web
site: www.mesaproducts.com. E-mail: sales@
mesaproducts.com. MESA is a turnkey solutions provider of technical, construction, and
material services for anything that rustsall
marketsall assets. With nationwide service
and offces coast-to-coast, our capabilities
include: AC mitigation, tanks and terminals
corrosion control programs, corrosion control
with CorroLogic inhibitor system (AST/cased
crossing/hydro testing/CUI), pipeline integrity
engineering and analysis (ECDA/ICDA/DCVG/
ACVG), turnkey design/build projects, complete technical CP services, CP systems, and
programs for well casings and gathering systems, CP systemsall types and designs,
anode manufacturing (impressed and galvanic), and a full line of CP materials and test
equipment.
Mach3 Engineering Sdn. Bhd.

Web site: www.mach3engineering.com.
Metabo Corp.
Web site: www.metabousa.com.
Web site: www.madisonchemical.com.
Metals, Inc.
Maloney Technical Products
Web site: www.metalsinc.com.
Web site: www.maloneytech.com.
MetriCorr Aps
Web site: www.metricorr.com.
Web site: www.mangalammetal.com.
MFE Enterprises, Inc.
Manta Industrial, Inc.
Web site: www.mfescan.com.
Web site: www.mantaindustrial.com.
Midwestern Pipe Line Products Co.

Web site: www.midwesternpipeline.com.
Web site: www.pipe-life.com.
89

CONTACT INFORMATION
MISTRAS Group, Inc.

Web site: www.mistrasgroup.com.
M-I Swaco
Web site: www.miswaco.com.
MONTI Tools, Inc.

10690 Shadow Wood Dr., Ste. 113, Houston,
TX 77043, USA. Tel: +1 832-623-7970. Fax: +1
832-623-7972. Web site: www.monti-tools.
com. E-mail: info@monti-tools.com.
MONTI Werkzeuge, GmbH
MK Battery
1631 S. Sinclair St., Anaheim, CA 92806, USA.
Tel: 1 800-372-9253 or +1 714-937-1033. Web
site: www.mkbattery.com. E-mail: sales@
mkbattery.com. MK Battery is the supplier of
Deka Solar Batteries for the renewable energy
industry. The Deka Solar line includes sealed
VRLA GEL and AGM batteries, in multiple
confgurations, as well as select fooded products. The Deka Solar GEL batteries are a
premiere, deep-cycling choice for renewable
energy and remote power applications including cathodic protection, telemetry, SCADA,
and chemical injection applications. You can
trust and rely on Deka Solar Batteries, which
have been designed for use in even the harshest environments.
Mobiltex
Web site: www.corTalk.com.
Reisertstr. 21, Hennef DE-53773, Germany.

Tel: +49 228 8544670. Web site: www.monti.de.
E-mail: thelen@monti.de.
Blasting without grit! The BRISTLE BLASTER
is a hand-held industrial power tool system
providing a surface preparation fnish ideal for
the application of industrial coatings. Easily
removing corrosion, coatings, and mill scale
from surfaces including steel, aluminum, and
stainless steelthe BRISTLE BLASTER restores a surface to a near-white/white metal
fnish (exceeds SSPC SP-10 and NACE No. 2
standards) while simultaneously generating an
anchor profle averaging 3.0 mils satisfying
coating manufacturers surface preparation
requirements. Available as pneumatic (ATEX
certifed Zone 1) or electric drive, the BRISTLE
BLASTER provides a portable and easy-touse surface preparation solution. Contact
MONTI Tools for sales, service, and a demonstration. MONTI Tools, Inc. is the North
American offce and distribution center of
MONTI Werkzeuge GmbH. Quality manufactured in Germany since 1987.
Mobley Industrial Services, Inc.
NDT Seals, Inc.

Web site: www.ndtseals.com.
Ningbo Ideal Anticorrosion

Material Co., Ltd.
Web site: www.nbideal.com/ad/en/default.asp.
Web site: www.tubular.nssmc.com.
Montipower, Inc.
Next Month in MP:

Corrosion in Marine
Environments
1550 0 International Plaza Dr., Houston,

TX 77032, USA. Tel: +1 832-462-1000. Fax: +1
832-462-1001. Web site: www.ndt-global.com.
E-mail: usa@ndt-global.com. NDT Global is a
leading supplier of ultrasonic pipeline inspection and pipeline integrity management. The
company counts ~500 specialists based in
Germany, the U.S., Canada, Mexico, Russia,
U.A.E., Malaysia, and Singapore. Its state-ofthe-art inspection feet provides the entire inline
inspection service spectrum for onshore and
offshore pipelines worldwide. First run success,
best data quality, and rapid report delivery are
key benchmarks. A skilled engineering and
project management team, complemented by
one of the best data analysis teams in the industry, has inspected and analyzed millions of kilometers of pipelines worldwide.
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal
Web site: www.mobleyservices.com.

Web site: mbxit.com.
NDT Global, LLC
Norpoint Sandblasting & Painting

PO Drawer 190, Clarksburg, W V 26302,
USA. Tel: 1 877-624-9700 or +1 304-624-9700.
Fax: +1 3 0 4 622- 0 981. Web site: w w w.
msesproducts.com. E-mail: j.rine@msesinc.
com. MSES supplies test kits, coupons, equipment, products, and services for corrosion
monitoring. ICDA, ECDA, APB, SRB, and MIC
testing services are provided by MSES Corrosion Products Division.
Web site: www.norpoint.ca.
North American Survey Corp.

Web site: www.nascorp.biz.

Web site: www.northbasincoating.com.
Northland Corrosion Services

Web site: www.northlandcorrosion.com.
Northtown Co.
Web site: www.northtown.com.
Special Section:
Company Showcase
90
Multi-Chem
NRI-Neptune Research, Inc.
Web site: www.multichem.com.
Web site: www.neptuneresearch.com.
Multimetals, Ltd.
Web site: www.multimetals.in.
Web site: www.oceaneering.com.
Nalco Champion, an Ecolab Co.
OMNI Metals Laboratory, Inc.
Web site: www.nalcochampion.com.
Web site: www.OMNImetalslab.com.
Nalco Co.
OmniMetrix
Web site: www.nalco.com.
Web site: www.omnimetrix.net.
NCP Coatings, Inc.
Web site: www.ncpcoatings.com.
Web site: www.onstream-pipeline.com.

CONTACT INFORMATION
Opus International Consultants, Ltd.
Pipeline Integrity Resources, Inc.
Web site: www.opus.co.nz.
Web site: www.pirtx.com.
Orca Maritime
Pipeline Pigging Products
Web site: www.orca-maritime.com.
Web site: www.pipepigs.com.
Outokumpu High Performance

Stainless, Inc.
Pipeline Software, Inc.
PPG Protective and Marine Coatings
Web site: www.pipelinesoftware.com.
One PPG Pl., Pittsburgh, PA 15272, USA. Tel:

1-888-PPGPMC. Web: www.ppgpmc.com/
northamerica. E-mail: PMCMarketing@ppg.
com. PPG Protective & Marine Coatings decades of experience in the worlds most challenging conditions, has enabled us to develop
a complete range of proven coating solutions.
Web site: www.outokumpu.com/us.
PAC Stainless, Ltd.

Web site: www.pacstainless.com.
P.A., Inc.
Web site: www.painc.com.
ParchemFine Specialty Chemicals

Web site: www.parchem.com.
Park Derochie, Inc.

Web site: www.ParkDerochie.com.
Pate Engineers, Inc.

Web site: www.pateeng.com/home.htm.
Paul N. Gardner Co.

Web site: www.gardco.com.
PCA Engineering, Inc.

Web site: www.pcaengineering.com.
PCC Energy Group

Web site: www.pccenergygroup.com.
Pelseal Technologies, LLC

Web site: www.pelseal.com.
Pennsylvania Machine Works, Inc.
Pipeline Strategies & Integrity, LLC

Web site: www.PipeStrat.com.
PipeMedic by QuakeWrap, Inc.

Web site: www.pipemedic.com.

Web site: www.pipetechcorp.com.
Web site: www.praxair.com/services.
Web site: www.pipetelone.com.
Precision Pipeline Solutions
Pipe Valve & Fitting
Web site: precisionpipelinesolutions.com.
Web site: pvfco.com.
Prince Rubber & Plastics Co., Inc.
Pipe Wrap, Inc.
Web site: www.princerp.com.
Web site: www.piperepair.net.
Pro-kote Engineering and Supply
Pittsburgh Corning
Web site: www.pro-kote.com.
Web site: www.foamglas.com/industry.
Pro-Mark Utility Supply, Inc.
Plas-Tanks Industries, Inc.
Web site: www.promarksupply.com.
Web site: www.plastanks.com.
Pro-Seal Systems
Platt Bros. & Co., The
Web site: www.prosealproducts.com.
Web site: www.plattbros.com.
Pro-tech CP, Ltd.
PolyCorp. Protective Linings
Web site: www.protechcp.com.
Web site: www.poly-corp.com.
Web site: www.pennusa.com.
Protech EIS
PennWell Corp.
Web site: www.protecheis.com.
Web site: www.global-energy-events.com.
Protection Engineering
Penspen International, Ltd.

Web site: www.penspen.com.
Performance Wire & Cable, Inc.

Web site: www.performancewire.com.

Web site: www.permabond.com.
PermaDri, Inc.
Web site: www.permadri.com.
Perry Electric
Web site: www.perryelectric.net.

Web site: www.pigsunlimited.com.
Pipeline Controls & Services

Web site: www.pipecs.com.
Pipeline Induction Heat, Ltd.

Web site: www.pih.co.uk.
Pipeline Inspection Co., Ltd.

Web site: www.picltd.com.
PO Box 755, Ennis, TX 75120, USA. Tel: 1 800541-4994 or +1 281-580-5700. Fax: +1 281-5805703. Web site: www.polyguardproducts.com.
E-mail: polyguard@polyguardproducts.com.
Polyguards RD-6 corrosion coating is nonshielding wrap designed to work in conjunction with cathodic protection (CP) systems.
Our NHT-5600 is a 100% solid, volatile organic compound (VOC)-free epoxy designed
specially formulated for extended pot life.
Both the RD-6 and NHT-5600 are used for
feld joint girth welds, fttings, holiday repair,
and for pipeline coating rehab. We also offer
the ReactiveGel corrosion treatment used for
corrosion under insulation (CUI). The gel reacts
with steel to form an invisible glasslike corrosion protection layer. Polyguard IRO is a watercured fberglass and polyurethane tape. The
hardened IRO is an excellent impact and
abrasion resistant system used for harsh soils
and as a HDD coating.
See inside front cover for our ad.
Pro-Tect Services, Inc.

Web site: www.pro-tectservices.com.
Proto Manufacturing
Web site: www.protoxrd.com.
Providence Corrosion, Ltd.

Web site: www.providencecorrosion.ca.
PSI-Pikotek
Web site: www.pikotek.com.
PT Sentra Inti Nusa Energi (SINERGI)

Web site: www.sinergiservices.net.

Web site: www.publicworksmarketing.com.
Pure Technologies US, Inc.

Web site: www.puretechltd.com.
Quest Integrity Group, LLC

Web site: www.QuestIntegrity.com.
RAE Engineering and Inspection, Ltd.
PPC Coatings (MTR, Inc.)
E-mail: avivkam@netvision.net.il.
Web site: www.ppccoatings.com.
Web site: www.corrosioncoatings.com.
Web site: www.raeengineering.ca.
91

CONTACT INFORMATION
R.A. Hoffmann Engineering P.C. d.b.a.
Hoffmann & Feige
Scott Derr Painting

Web site: www.scottderrpainting.com.
Web site: www.hoffmann-feige.com.
SEMicro Division
RAM Services, LLC
Web site: www.adhesiontesting.com.
Web site: www.ramservicesllc.com.
Raven Lining Systems

Web site: www.ravenlining.com.
RBW Enterprises, Inc.

Web site: www.rbwe.com.
RCSL Corrosion Monitoring

Web site: utv.rosecorrosionservices.co.uk/en.aspx.
Reinforced Plastic Systems, Inc.

Web site: www.rps.ca.
Rema Tip Top/North America, Inc.

Web site: www.rematiptop.com.
Remote Orbital Installations, LLC

Web site: www.roi360.com.
REOD, LLC
Web site: www.reodllc.com.
Roxar, Inc.
Gamle Forusveien 17, PO Box 112, Forus, 4033
Stavanger, Norway. Tel: +47 51818800. Web
site: www.roxar.com. E-mail: info.roxar@
emerson.com. Roxar is an international provider of technology for reservoir management
and production optimization. Roxar combines
data from its instrumentation with advanced
software models to help operators monitor
production in real-time and use up-to-date
feld information when making operational
decisions. Roxars topside and subsea corrosion monitoring technology provide the industrys leading measurement technology for
detection and quantifcation of corrosion,
erosion, sand production, pressure, temperature, and fow momentum. By using quality
data on the production and control of the
pipeline, operators can make better, more
accurate decisions on a continuous basis.
Resodyn Corp.
Web site: www.resodyn.com.
RPI Coatings, Inc.
Web site: www.riserclad.com.
Web site: www.rpicoatings.com.
Ritepro Corp.
Rubber Lining Specialist
Web site: www.ritepro.com.
Web site: www.rubberliningspecialists.com.
RK&K
Rumford Industrial Group
Web site: www.rkk.com.
Web site: www.rumfordgroup.com.
Roberts Corrosion Services, LLC
Rust Bullet, LLC
Web site: www.RobertsCorrosionServices.com.
Web site: www.rustbullet.com.
Robroy Industries

Technologies, Ltd.
3055 Blvd. Des Oiseaux, Laval, QC, H7L 6E8,
Canada. Tel: 1 800-668-3737 (U.S. & Canada)
or +1 450-622-5000. Web site: www.sestech.
com. E-mail: info@sestech.com. World Leader
in Electromagnetic Interference, Grounding,
Lightning, and Shielding: CDEGS Consulting
Software Training and Support Research
and Development. SES has been recognized
as an undisputed world authority on the effects between electric installations and other
utilities such as gas and oil pipelines, communication industries, and railway electrifcation. SESs technical know-how is showcased
through its ongoing R&D program, regular
involvement in the analysis of industrial problems, and its excellent customer support.
SES's CDEGS software package is the industry-leading application designed to accurately
analyze problems involving grounding, electromagnetic interference including AC/DC
interference mitigation studies, lightning
shielding, cathodic protection, and anode bed
analysis.
Rustibus
SGS Industrial Services
Web site: www.robroy.com.
Web site: www.rustibus.com.
Web site: www.sgs.com/industrial.
Roemex, Ltd.
Rysco Corrosion Services, Inc.
Shafer Kline & Warren, Inc.
E-mail: Gillian@Roemex.com.
Web site: www.ryscocorrosion.com.
Web site: www.skw-inc.com.
Rolled Alloys
Saekaphen
Shanghai Lanling Electric Co., Ltd.
Web site: www.rolledalloys.com.
Web site: www.saekaphen.de.
Web site: www.lanlingchina.com.
ROPLAST
Safetrack AB
Sherwin Williams Co., The
Web site: www.roplast.de.
Web site: www.pinbrazing.eu.
Web site: www.sherwin-williams.com/protective.
ROSEN USA
Simdex
Web site: www.roseninspection.net.
Web site: www.samuel.com.
Web site: www.simdex.com.
Sandusky InternationalA Division of

MetalTek Intl.
Web site: www.rovanco.com.
Web site: www.metaltek.com.

Web site: www.smt.sandvik.com/nafta.
Sauereisen
Web site: www.sauereisen.com.
Scapa North America

Web site: www.scapa.com.
Web site: www.simona-america.com.
Skystone Engineering
Web site: www.skystone.ca.
SMC Commercial Services, Inc.

Web site: www.smcservices.net.
Soda Works, The

Web site: www.sodaworks.com.
Schmidt + Clemens Group

Web site: www.schmidt-clemens.com/home.html.
92

CONTACT INFORMATION
Southern Cross Pipeline Integrity
Services
Web site: SouthernCrossCorp.com.
Southern Painting & Blasting

Web site: www.southern-paint.com.
Specialty Polymer Coatings, Inc. (SPC)

Web site: www.spc-net.com.
Speir Hunter, Ltd.

Web site: www.speirhunter.com.
Sprayroq, Inc.
Web site: www.sprayroq.com.
SRT Solutions, LLC

Web site: www.srtsolutions.us.
Steel Service Oilfeld Tubular, Inc.

Web site: www.steelserviceoilfeld.com.
Stemcor Special Steels

Web site: www.stemcorspecialsteels.com.
Team Industrial Services
TICO Titanium, Inc.
Web site: www.teamindustrialservices.com.
Web site: www.ticotitanium.com.
Technical Toolboxes
Timco Global Enterprises W.L.L.
Web site: www.technicaltoolboxes.com.
Web site: www.timcoglobal.com.
Techni-Kote, Inc.
TIMET Titanium Metals Corp.
Web site: www.techni-kote.com.
Web site: www.timet.com.
Tek-Rap
Web site: www.tek-rap.com.
Teledyne Oil & Gas

Web site: www.cormon.com.
TesTex, Inc.
Web site: www.testex-ndt.com.
TesTex NDT, Ltd.

Web site: www.testexndt.co.uk.
T.F. Warren Group
Tinker & Rasor
Web site: www.tfwarren.com.
791 S. Waterman Ave., San Bernardino, CA

92408, USA. Tel: +1 909-890-0700. Web site:
www.tinker-rasor.com. E-mail: info@tinkerrasor.com. Tinker & Rasor has manufactured
quality instruments for more than 60 years. Its
products include holiday detectors, cathodic
protection (CP) test stations, CP instruments,
locators, and much more.
Thermion
Web site: www.thermioninc.com.
Web site: www.stlpipesupply.com.
Stone Tucker Instruments, Inc.

Web site: www.stone-tucker.com.
Strategic Chemistry Pty., Ltd.

Web site: www.strategic-chemistry.com.

Web site: www.structint.com.
Stuart Steel Protection Corp.

Web site: www.stuartsteel.com.
Sub-One Technology/InnerArmor
Web site: www.sub-one.com.
Subspection, Ltd.
Web site: www.subspection.com.
Sulzer Chemtech USA, Inc.

Web site: www.sulzerchemtech.com.
Sulzer Mixpac USA

Web site: www.sulzer.com.
Superior Products Intl. II, Inc.

Web site: www.spicoatings.com.
SWD Urethane Co.

Web site: www.swdurethane.com.
Thermo-Calc Software
4160 Washington Rd., Ste. 230, McMurray,
PA 15317, USA. Tel: +1 724-731-0074. Web
site: www.thermocalc.com. E-mail: paul@
thermocalc.com. Thermo-Calc Software is a
leading developer of software and databases
for calculations involving computational
thermodynamics and diffusion-controlled
simulations. Thermo-Calc is a powerful tool
for performing thermodynamic calculations
for multicomponent systems. Calculations are
based on databases developed using the
CALPHAD approach. Databases are available
for steels, Al-, Mg-, Ni-superalloys, Ti-, and
other materials. Databases are also available
for aqueous systems. Applications related to
corrosion include alloy design, high-temperature coatings, high-temperature oxidation,
carburization, heat treatment, metal dusting,
hot salt corrosion, aqueous corrosion, including predicting Pourbaix diagram for multicomponent alloys, and more.

Web site: www.sypris.com.
thermOweld (Continental Industries)
Taku Engineering
Web site: www.Thermoweld.com.
Web site: www.takuengineering.com.
Thomas Industrial Coatings, Inc.
Tamburini SpA
Web site: www.thomasindcoatings.com.
Web site: www.tamburini.it.
Ti Anode Fabricators Pvt., Ltd.
Tanknology, Inc.
Web site: www.cpanode.com.
Web site: www.tanknology.com.
TIB Chemicals AG
T Bailey, Inc. Industrial Coatings Group
Web site: www.tib-chemicals.com.
Tinnea & Associates, LLC

Web site: www.tinnea.net.

Web site: www.tiogapipe.com.
TMS Metalizing Systems, Ltd.

Web site: www.tmsmetalizing.com.
Tnemec Co., Inc.

6800 Corporate Dr., Kansas City, MO 64120, USA.
Tel: 1 800-863-6321 or +1 816-483-3400. Web
site: www.tnemec.com. E-mail: marketing@
tnemec.com. Tnemec Co., Inc. is a leading
manufacturer of high-performance architectural and industrial coatings, with innovative
coating formulations that protect a wide range
of substrates and enhance aesthetics. From
water tanks and treatment plants, to manufacturing plants, industrial facilities, and specialty
architectural buildings, Tnemec coatings can
be found protecting virtually all types of structures and buildings.
Web site: www.tbailey.com.

93

CONTACT INFORMATION
Total Cathodic Protection Services
V&A Consulting Engineers
E-mail: tcp2664@yahoo.com.
Web site: www.vaengineering.com.
TPSTechnitube
V.I.P. Verniciatura Industriale

Pesarese, S.r.l.
Web site: www.tps-technitube.com.
Transhield, Inc.
Web site: www.transhield-usa.com.
Transkor Group, Inc.

Web site: www.transkorgroup.com.

Web site: www.tremcopipeline.com.au.
Trenton Corp.
Web site: www.trentoncorp.com.
Tricor Metals
Web site: www.vippesaro.com.

Web site: www.amcorrusa.com.
Vivax-Metrotech Corp.
Web site: www.vivax-metrotech.com.
Voestalpine Bohler Welding USA

Web site: www.voestalpine.com/welding.
Vulcan Painters, Inc.

Web site: www.vulcan-group.com.
Web site: www.tricormetals.com.
Triple D Bending
Web site: www.pipebending.com.
Troy Manufacturing
Web site: www.troymfg.com.
TruQC
Web site: www.truqcapp.com.
Tuff-N-Nuff
Web site: www.tuff-n-nuff.com.
Tuscan Corrosion Control, Ltd.

Web site: www.tuscancc.com.
ULVA USA, LLC

Web site: www.ulva.co.uk.
Underwater Construction Corp. (UCC)

Web site: www.uccdive.com.

Web site: www.unisert.com.
Uni-Spray Systems
Web site: www.uni-spray.com.
Waldemar Suckut VDI

Itagstrae 20, D-29221 Celle, Germany. Tel:
+49 5141 21125. Fax: +49 5141 28875. Web site:
www.suckut-vdi.de. E-mail: info@suckut-vdi.
de. Since more than 30 years, Suckut Process
is the leading manufacturer and supplier of
ISO KIT insulating fanges and cathodic protection (CP) accessories for the international
oil and gas, chemical, water, and process industries. Designed for high performance,
strong reliability, and maintainability, ISO KIT
insulating sets are meeting highest safety
standards and all international codes, certifed
by independent third parties. For all liquids
and gases, pressure class up to API Class
10.000 and tailor-made for newly built or rehabilitation and modernization of existing CP
systems.
Utility Safety & Design, Inc.

Web site: www.usdi.us.
Utility Technologies International Corp.

Web site: www.uti-corp.com.
Valbruna Stainless, Inc.

PO Box 50988, Billings, MT 59105, USA. Tel:
+1 406-248-6985. Web site: wbienergy.com.
E-mail: Brent.Cathey@wbienergy.com. WBI
Energy Corrosion Services provides a wide
variety of innovatively engineered corrosion
prevention solutions for effectively managing
many different types of buried or submerged
metal structures. Cathodic protection, facility
inspections, leak detection, air/hydro excavation, and solar power installations are just
some of the services offered. With over 25
years of experience, we also offer close interval surveys and all indirect inspection techniques for pipeline integrity. See us for all your
corrosion control equipment and materials
including anodes, anode accessories, cable,
instruments, and rectifers.
Weatherford Pipeline & Specialty

Services
Web site: www.weatherford.com/pss.
Whitford Corp.
Web site: www.whitfordww.com.
Wilko Paint, Inc.

Web site: www.wilkopaintinc.com.
Winn & Coales (Denso), Ltd.

Web site: www.denso.net.
Wolverine Coatings Corp.

Web site: www.WolverineCoatings.com.
Wood Group Integrity Management

(WGIM)
Web site: www.wgim.com.
United Titanium, Inc.

Web site: www.unitedtitanium.com.
Wasser Corp.
Web site: www.wassercoatings.com.
Water & Wastewater Equipment Co.

Web site: www.wwe-co.com.
Watson Coatings, Inc.

Web site: www.watsoncoatings.com.
Web site: www.valbrunastainless.com.
Valenti Technological Innovations

Web site: www.v-t-i.com.
Vallourec
Web site: www.vallourec.com.
Wood Group Intetech

Web site: www.intetech.com.
WrapMaster, Inc.
Web site: www.wrapmaster.us.
Yonsin Industry Group, Ltd.

Web site: www.yonsinindustry.com.
ZCL Composites, Inc.

Web site: www.zcl.com.

Web site: www.zequanox.com.
Zerust Corrosion Solutions, An NTIC Co.

Web site: www.zerust.com.
Zhejiang Guobang Steel Co., Ltd.

Web site: www.guobangsteel.com.
94
September 21-25, 2014 Alexandria, Virginia, USA
Corrosion Technology Week

is where YOU can Make
a Difference
This annual work week brings together more than 500 industry professionals
and includes a series of meetings focused on methods of identifying, preventing,
and combating corrosion problems impacting many industries.
Why Attend?
Develop and revise the standards and reports that
industry professionals rely on when seeking solutions
to their corrosion problems
Cultivate ideas and plan committee goals that will

be implemented in future conferences
Establish best practices that focus on methods of

identifying, preventing, and combating corrosion
in diferent industries
Network with colleagues in an informal setting while

attending a wide spectrum of industry and technology
specifc sessions
Register Today!
FREE* for NACE Members
and Students
$150*USD for Non-Members
* Pricing refects advance registration,
which ends August 22, 2014.
Students, please contact FirstService
at 1-800-797-6223 to register.
Exhibit and Sponsorship Opportunities Available. Email sales@nace.org or call +1 281-228-6446
For more information, visit www.nace.org/ctw2014
On NACE International
Corporate Members
SPOTLIGHT
THIS MONTH: DIAMOND
CORPORATE MEMBER
PMAC GROUP
MAC Group and its subsidiary companies provide flow assurance and
integrity support services to the oil, gas,
and water industries. PMAC was formed
in 2000 and has offices in Aberdeen and
Singapore. PMACs engineers are experts
in the chemical processes affected by corrosion, and the company has designed
and developed a range of cathodic protection (CP) and subsea inspection products
that employ PMACs own proprietary
equipment and software including video
capture and data management.
Drawing on a combined knowledge of
practical experience in chemistry, corrosion, inspection, and electronic engineering, we pride ourselves in providing clients with a unique range of services, says
Chairman John Fyfe. Our success derives
from being able to manage a diverse
range of projects from conception to

implementation.
Subsea CP and flooded member detection surveys are a PMAC specialty. Our
CP technicians hold CSWIP and/or NACE
certifications in cathodic protection to
assure quality of service, says Gareth
Allan.
The company offers a series of products for monitoring scale and wax in process pipe work and a number of corrosion
monitoring systems for laboratory use.
Matt Wilson adds that PMACs Centre
for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS)-approved gels are
an innovative range of green gel chemistry that include solid gels, viscous gels,
treatment, sealants, and lubricants. Our
gels are used for pipeline plugging and
sealing, a range of gel pigging, sand and
debris pick up, inhibitor deployment, and
assistance with the removal of stuck
mechanical pigs, he says.
In addition to its commitment to the
quality of its products and services,
PMAC supports the professional development of young students through the Oil
and Gas Graduate Program, which gives
recent university graduates the opportunity to continue their professional devel-
opment through further training while in

the commercial environment.
PMAC is involved in the Knowledge
Transfer Partnership with Aberdeen &
Robert Gordons Universities, which
enables establishing collaborative projects between academia and industry in
order to support the development of new
products, processes, and markets, says
Fyfe.
PMAC joined NACE as a corporate
member in 2012. Through NACE participation we are now in a position to offer
services to an international client base,
says Fyfe. We value being part of NACE
and take advantage of the resources that
are available to us through membership.
Whilst purely academic qualifications
provide a foundation, it is important that
personnel develop real world experience
and specialist knowledge. Having NACEcertified personnel shows that they have
acquired specialist knowledge above and
beyond purely academic qualifications
and that they are developing as experts in
their field.
To learn more about the company and
its products, visit www.pmacsystems.
com.
NACE/ASTM G193-12d, Standard Terminology and Acronyms

Relating to Corrosion, presents common corrosion terms, defned
by industry experts from NACE International and ASTM.
The joint standard includes:
Over 400 corrosion terms and defnitions
200 defned acronyms
Consistent defnitions for related terms used in NACE and
ASTM standards
List: $37
NACE Member: $28 (for a printed copy of the standard)
Item # 21137
.nace.org/nacestore!
96
Corrosion Management
The Key to Asset
Integrity Management
October 19 21, 2014 | St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada

Join 150 conference attendees and more than 30 industry-leading companies at
the Northern Area Eastern Conference for an educational and informative event
on modern asset management. Featuring 4 unique industry tracks, the Northern
Area Eastern conference is your chance to learn from foremost experts on valuable
corrosion integrity lessons, including:
Corrosion in Transportation and Municipal Infrastructure

Oil and Gas
Corrosion in Marine and Seawater Environments
Mining and Industrial
Register before September 19 and save $100

instantly on your registration fees!
REGISTER TODAY!
Ofcial Media Partners:
MATERIALS
PERFORMANCE

97
NACE member Alec Groysman

currently serves as the chairman
of the Israeli Society of Chemical
Engineers and Chemists in Israel.
Groysman worked for 22 years at the
oil refinery in Haifa and also taught
corrosion and corrosion control,
materials, and standards in oil and
gas engineering at Technion (Israeli
Institute of Technology) Haifa and
ORT Braude College of Engineering
in Karmiel, Israel. He is passionate
about education and sharing
knowledge about corrosion science
and engineering with young people.
Q:
A:
What is your educational

background?
I was born in Yalta, Crimea in
the South Ukraine. I studied at
Chemico-Technological University in
Moscow. My specialty was separation of
isotopes and producing pure substances.
I am originally a chemical engineer, and I
graduated from the university in 1973 with
a masters degree. I moved to the South
of Moscow in Astrahan and I organized a
corrosion laboratory that dealt with coatings
for fuels and water, for atmosphere and soil,
then corrosion inhibitors and different kinds
of corrosion monitoring. I organized the
Corrosion Society in Astrahan with the aim
of disseminating knowledge about corrosion.
After five years, I received a Ph.D. in physical
chemistry. My specialty was in corrosion.
Q:
A:
When did you learn

about NACE?
When I repatriated in Israel, I
began to work for the oil refinery
in Haifa. In 1991 I sent my first paper to
NACE and it was published in 1992 at the
NACE CORROSION conference. I organized
the first NACE Israel Section in 1992. I was
the first with my friends and colleagues to
organize this section. In 1993 I began to
take part in NACE conferences. At the first
98
DR. ALEC GROYSMAN

Career:
NACE Honors:
Quote:
Physical chemist with specialty in corrosion

MP Corrosion Innovation of the Year Award Recipient,
2012, for the book Corrosion for Everybody
I personally appreciate NACEs main mission to
disseminate knowledge.
conference I attended I gave a presentation physics, and physical chemistry, we can

about offspray coatings. Every year I try to show these young people that corrosion
attend NACE events.
is connected with humanitarian aspects
of life.
How do you reach out to young
students to get them interested
What are you working on now?
in corrosion?
I try to attract young engineers to
Ive been working on a book, which
corrosion and show them that it
was recently published: Corrosion
is an interesting field. If we want to attract in Systems for Transportation and Storage of
young generations to corrosion, materials, Petroleum Products and Biofuels.
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
To view Alecs video interview, photo slide show, and

full Q&A, visit www.nace.org/i-am-nace.
Share Your Story

iamnace@nace.org
Do you have a product that is

revolutionary to the corrosion industry?
Know of or use a product that you feel deserves this title?
Visit www.nace.org/MPInnovationAwards and nominate today!
NOMINATIONS OPEN UNTIL OCTOBER 15, 2014

99
NACE NEWS
Your Association
in Action
East Asia and Pacifc Rim Area
NACE members, staff, and FICCI staff at an International

Corrosion Awareness Day function at FICCI.
Samir Degan (left) and John M. McCaslin with the

MoA between NIGIS and USDC.
he International Corrosion
Awareness Day was celebrated
at the Federation House in
New Delhi, India, on April 24,
2014, with more than 110
people present from industry, academia,
and government.
Honored guests included Joint
Secretary A.J.V. Prasad, Ministry of
Chemicals, Government of India; John
McCaslin, minister counselor, United
States Department of Commerce (USDC);
S. Vasudeva and S.K. Manglik, former
chairmen of Oil and Natural Gas Corp.
(ONGC), Ltd.; C.R. Prasad, former chairman of GAIL India Ltd.; R.K. Malhotra,
director (R&D) of Indian Oil Corp. Ltd.
(IOCL); Ashok Anand, director general
100
Elaine Bowman presented information about the IMPACT cost of corrosion study to
the audience.
of Petrotech; Anand Kumar, director of

Petrotech and former director (R&D)
of IOCL; A. Prasad, director general of
the Federation of Indian Chambers of
Commerce and Industry (FICCI); Vinay
Mathur, deputy secretary general of FICCI;
and P.S. Singh, head, Chemicals and
Petrochemicals, FICCI.
Leadership from NACE International
included Past Presidents Elaine Bowman
and Tushar Jhaveri; NACE International
Gateway India Section (NIGIS) Chairman
Samir Degan; NIGIS Vice Chairman Anand
Kulkarni; NIGIS Treasurer Manohar Rao;
NACE Chief Regulatory and Public Affairs
Officer and NACE Institute Executive
Director Helena Seelinger; and NIGIS
committee members Narendra Kumar,
Kamachi Mudali, and Anil Bhardwaj.
Highlights of the day included the
following activities:
Past President Bowman gave an
overview of the new global IMPACT
corrosion cost study being conducted
over two years. FICCI announced its
support of the study and will garner
support for the more than 250,000
companies that are associated with the
organization.
NIGIS and FICCI signed a
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
on April 3, 2014. The MoU was formally
announced at this function. FICCI was
established in 1927, and is the largest

and oldest apex business organization in India. Its history is closely
interwoven with Indias struggle for
independence, its industrialization, and
its emergence as one of the most rapidly
growing global economies. FICCI has
contributed to this historical process
by encouraging debate, articulating the
private sectors views, and influencing
policy. A non-government, not-forprofit organization, FICCI is the voice
of Indias business and industry. FICCI
draws its membership from the corporate sector, both private and public. As
of January 2014, NIGIS is also a member
of FICCI.
The Memorandum of Agreement (MoA)
between NIGIS and the USDC was
signed and exchanged with McCaslin. In
this agreement, the USDC will partner
with NIGIS for CORCON 2014 and
support all other NIGIS events in India.
The USDC will also assist U.S.-based
companies with participation in
CORCON 2014.
Delegates present were from GAIL, EIL,
IOCL, ONGC, NTPC, OIL, Petrotech,
and many other lead industry players.
Prasad, the chief guest of the day,
stated that his ministry will also extend
support to the IMPACT study.
AREA & SECTION

NEWS
Your Association
in Action
Eastern Area
Left to right: NACE Philadelphia Section Career

Development Chair David Krause with thenNACE Vice President Harvey Hack at the 2014
Liberty Bell Corrosion Course.
NACE Foundation President Neil Thompson

addressed attendees about the Workforce
Development Program administered through the
NACE Foundation. Photo by Frank Rampton.
Keith Boswell (left) and Marty Strom (right)

presented Zack Martinez with a $3,000
scholarship check. Photo by Frank Rampton.
he NACE International Detroit

Section held its 7th Annual
Vendor Show at The Soaring
Eagle Casino and Resort in Mt.
Pleasant, Michigan on
Wednesday, April 16, 2014. This all-day
event showcased 19 vendors and was
attended by more than 90 participants.
Highlights for the day included
presentations by Neil Thompson, FNACE,
president of the NACE Foundation, and U.S.
Army Captain Nick Anderson. Anderson
spoke on behalf of U.S. military veterans
about the difficulties they encounter reentering civilian life, and in applying their
U.S. Army Captain Nick Anderson spoke about

military veterans return to civilian workforce.
Photo by Frank Rampton.
military skills to the civilian workforce. In

an effort to address this growing issue, the
NACE Detroit Section is working with the
NACE Foundation to provide training and
mentors to military veterans who will
eventually join the corrosion industry
workforce. Thompsons presentation
highlighted the NACE Foundation
Workforce Development Program for
veterans, as well as other programs that
benefit the future workforce and leaders in
our industry.
Also in attendance was the 2014 NACE
Detroit Section Scholarship recipient, Zack
Martinez. Martinez is currently a secondyear student in the mechanical engineering
program at Central Michigan University.
Additionally, he is an intern at Mears Group
within its Engineering Department, and
participates in the Marines reserves.
Three members from the Detroit
Section celebrated 25 years of NACE
membership: Bill Marshall, Tom Cairns,
and Steve Wixsom.
To conclude the day, a presentation
titled Internal Corrosion Monitoring
Utilizing Permanent UT Sensors was
presented by Kurt Schweitzer and Kevin
OReilly from Consumers Energy.
he NACE International
Philadelphia Section
conducted its 2014 Liberty Bell
Corrosion Course from
February 12 to 13, 2014 in
Horsham, Pennsylvania. Liberty Bell
provides classes in developing corrosion
technology and state-of-the-art expertise.
The school featured three tracks including
Rectifier Troubleshooting and Repair, Basic
Corrosion Control, and Underground
Corrosion Control.
The school had 19 exhibitors and
60 students. Feedback indicated that
the program was well accepted and the
course content was enjoyed by all who
participated. We were thrilled to have
Harvey Hack, FNACE, at that time the vice
president and now the president of NACE
International, as our featured speaker for
the program. Hack spoke about the growth
the association has been experiencing and
the many benefits that NACE membership
can provide for our members.
On February 14, 2014, we conducted a
joint meeting of the Eastern Pennsylvania
and New Jersey Corrosion Committees. The
meeting was sponsored by Liberty Bell and
was held in the Liberty Bell Exhibit Hall.
(David Krause)
101
AREA & SECTION NEWS

Western Area
n March 6, 2014, 30
members of the NACE
International San
Francisco Section
toured the new East Span
of the Bay Bridge that links Oakland with
San Francisco, California. The original East
Span of the Bay Bridge suffered collapse of a
short section of the upper deck during the
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Though no
lives were lost, the incident underscored its
seismic vulnerability. Rather than retrofit
the existing bridge, it was decided to
construct a new East Span. The new $6.4
billion bridge has a 2,050-ft (625-m) long
self-anchored suspension span (SAS)
supported by a 525-ft (160-m) high central
tower. A one-mile (1.6-km) long continuous
cable bundle passes over the tower and
loops under the western end of the
suspended deck. Both ends of the cable are
anchored on the east side of the suspension
span and support the suspended bridge
deck. This is currently the longest SAS
bridge deck in the world.
The California Department of
Transportation (Caltrans) has established
a Bay Bridge Public Information Office
where the trip attendees gathered before
the boat tour to view the new Bay Bridge
East Span. Caltrans Public Information
Officer Victor Gauthier narrated an excellent slide presentation summarizing the
construction of the East Span and proudly
highlighted the innovative construction
techniques that were used to assemble this
complex, yet artistic structure. Following
the slide introduction and a brief safety
meeting, the group assembled on a
platform boat and was transported underneath the new East Span to see various
construction and environmental features
on the structure. Although the span is in
full operation, crews are still finishing the
last construction details. The beauty of this
bridge can best be appreciated after dark,
when it is bejeweled by a dazzling array of
LED lights. The bridge is also adhering to
Californias often strict environmental code
by providing nesting places for cormo-
102
NACE San Francisco Sections new Bay Bridge tour group assembled on the Caltrans shuttle boat.
rants that currently use the old Bay Bridge

iron work as nesting sites. The designers
even went so far as to mount decoys in the
nesting structures underneath the bridge
deck to lure the birds to the new bridge as
the old one is being dismantled. So far the
cormorants have chosen to remain on the
old bridge.
Beneath the sheer beauty and excitement of the new Bay Bridge East Span lies
the publicity surrounding recent corrosion
issues that threaten to overshadow its other
attributes. In March 2013, nearly one-third
of the 96 large bolts used to anchor seismic
components, called shear keys, failed
when they were being tightened. The shear
keys prevent the bridge suspension deck
from swaying during an earthquake. The
fix was to cover the anchor bolts with an
exterior saddle and cable system encased
in concrete. Opponents to this repair
method call into question the durability
of the remaining shear key anchor bolts
and proclaim the East Span to be unsafe.
Central to this issue is the conclusion by
some metallurgical experts that the root
cause of the bolt failures is a corrosiondriven process that quite likely continues
to attack the remaining bolts, and that
may ultimately lead to their failure as well.

This controversy rages on today, fueled by
profuse exposure in the local news media.
The NACE San Francisco Section
wishes to thank the staff at the Caltrans Bay
Bridge Public Information Center for its
excellent exhibit of new Bay Bridge literature and technical information, and for a
superb slide show summarizing its salient
features and highlighting its construction
milestones. Sincere gratitude goes out to
Gauthier, who skillfully narrated the slideshow and answered numerous questions
from the audience. Our special thanks
go to San Francisco Section Secretary
Michelle Anderson for tackling the tour
registrations, and to Vice Chair Mongkol
Mahavongtrakul, who contacted colleagues
in Caltrans to arrange the tour for our
section members. Editor-in-Chief Dan Day
organized a sandwich lunch for attendees,
and Treasurer Larry Wong handled the
financial aspects of the tour registration.
Photographs of the event were taken by
Communications Chair Raman Singh.
These will no doubt appear in this years
Annual Christmas Dinner slideshow to
remind everyone of the fun they had on the
excursion! (Dan Day)
Your Association in Action
East Asia and Pacifc Rim Area
ORSYM14, the International

Corrosion Prevention
Symposium for Research
Scholars, was held at Victor
Menezes Convention Center,
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
(IIT Bombay) on February 20 to 21, 2014.
The event was organized and sponsored by
the NACE International Gateway India
Section and the NACE East Asia and
Pacific Rim Area, and co-sponsored by
DST, DRDO, CSIR, BRNS, and Outokumpo.
The symposium was well supported by the
Department of Metallurgical Engineering &
Materials Science at IIT Bombay.
CORSYM14 had two essential distinguishing features that made it even more
special than CORSYM13. First, it included
a two-day workshop that provided the
participants with hands-on experience in
various electrochemical direct current (DC)
and alternating current (AC) techniques
for corrosion analysis. The second new
feature was the participation of students
all across Asia in the symposium and at

special lectures by experts from five different countries.
The response to the workshop was
truly overwhelming. Because of logistics
constraints, the workshop was limited to 50
participants. Participants included undergraduate and postgraduate students as well
as faculty from universities and colleges
all across India. They were exposed to DC
polarization and AC impedance techniques
through lectures by Professor V.S. Raja
(IIT Bombay) and Professor Nick Birbilis
(Monash University, Australia). Later they
were given hands-on training by a group
of enthusiastic research volunteers from
the Aqueous Corrosion Laboratory at IIT
Bombay.
The symposium was also met with
tremendous response from students in India
and abroad. Over 100 abstracts for oral and
poster presentations were received and
presented. The symposium included four
plenary and four keynote lectures on differ-
ent aspects of corrosion by eminent experts

on corrosion science from India and abroad.
The plenary and keynote speakers included
T. Shoji, a professor from Tohoku University,
Japan; Wan Ta Tsai and Prof Huang from
Taiwan; Birbilis; K.A .Natrajan from IISc
Bangalore; Vivekananand Kain from BARC;
Daniel Blackwood from the National
University of Singapore; and Kamachi
Mudali from IGCAR Kalpakkam.
Subhasis Choudhary, professor
and deputy director of Academic &
Infrastructural Affairs at IIT Bombay, was
the chief guest to inaugurate the conference. Samir Degan, NACE EAPA director;
Tushar Jhaveri, NACE president; Raja, chair
of CORSYM14; and Ajay Krishnan, convener of CORSYM14, addressed the student
delegates.
CORSYM14 concluded with a one-day
Mumbai Darshan trip on February 22
for interested participants, which was
sponsored by CORSYM2014. (Samir
Degan).
New and Revised Standards Announced
ACE Internationals
Technical Activities
Department announces
that the following
standards have been
revised:
SP0177-2014 (Formerly RP0177),
Mitigation of Alternating Current and
Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures
and Corrosion Control Systems
SP0395-2013 (Formerly RP0395),
Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating of Steel
Reinforcing Bars
The following standards are newly
published:
Four circulars regarding NACE MR0175/
ISO 15156:
MR0175-ISO 15156-Part 1 Technical
Circular 1 (2014), Petroleum and
natural gas industriesMaterials for
use in H2S-containing environments
in oil and gas productionPart 1:
General principles for selection of cracking-resistant

materials
MR0175-ISO 15156-Part 2
Technical Circular 2 (2014),
Petroleum and natural
gas industriesMaterials
for use in H2S-containing
environments in oil and gas
productionPart 2: Cracking-resistant
carbon and low-alloy steels, and the
use of cast irons industries
Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosionresistant alloys) and other alloys

Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosionresistant alloys) and other alloys
SP0313-2013, Guided Wave Technology
for Piping Applications
If you have any questions or are interested in participating in the technical
committees that made the publication of
these standards possible, please contact
Everett Bradshaw at +1 281-228-6203 or
e-mail: everett.bradshaw@nace.org.
(Everett Bradshaw)
103
NACE OFFICERS
NACE NEWS
PRESIDENT
HARVEY P. HACK, FNACE*
Northrup Grumman Corp.
Annapolis, MD
VICE PRESIDENT
Jim Feather*
ExxonMobil Research
Fairfax, VA
TREASURER
Keith Perkins*
Williams Gas Pipeline Transco
Houston, TX
PAST PRESIDENT
Tushar Jhaveri*
Vasu Chemicals
Mumbai, India
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Robert H. Chalker*
NACE International
Houston, TX
DIRECTORS
Jenny Been | 2012-2015 | Northern Area
TransCanada Pipelines
Calgary, AB, Canada
Timothy Bieri | 2012-2015 | Publications Activities
BP America Inc.
Houston, TX
Sylvia Hall | 2012-2015 | Western Area
HDR Inc.
Claremont, CA
Abdullah Al-Ghamdi | 2013-2016 | West Asia & Africa Area
Saudi Aramco
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Jane Brown | 2013-2016 | Central Area
Brown Corrosion Services
Houston, TX
Steven Hoff | 2013-2016 | Eastern Area
South Carolina Electric and Gas
Camden, SC
Scott Lillard, FNACE | 2013-2016 | Technical Research Activities
University of Akron
Akron, OH
Sam McFarland | 2013-2016 | European Area
Shell
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Fabian Sanchez | 2013-2016 | Latin America Area
OCP Ecuador S.A.
Quito, Ecuador
Bruce Cookingham | 2014-2017 | Education Activities
BP
Houston, TX
Peter Harkins | 2014-2017 | Conferences & Expositions Activities
Tinker & Rasor Co.
San Bernardino, CA
Michelle Lau | 2014-2017 | East Asia & Pacifc Rim Area
Mach3 Engineering
Selangor, Malaysia
EX OFFICIO DIRECTORS
Neil G. Thompson, FNACE
President, NACE International Foundation
Chris Fowler, FNACE
President, NACE International Institute
*Executive Committee members
104
NACE Foundation and

Mears Group Team to Award
Scholarship
ince 2013, Mears Group Inc.,

through its partnership with
the NACE International
Foundation, has offered
scholarships to students
enrolled in the corrosion engineering
program at Curtin University in Perth,
Western Australia. The scholarship is
funded through an annual donation to
the NACE Foundation from Mears, a
Quanta Services company. Mears is a
leader in corrosion control engineering
and integrity management for pipelines,
electric power, and other industries. The
inaugural 2013 scholarship was awarded
to Dylan Biggs of Perth, Western
Australia. Biggs is progressing well with
his studies and is taking a keen interest in
the area of corrosion science.
The 2014 scholarship has been
awarded to Matthew Dunn, who was
carefully selected from among 20 highquality applicants, each of whom excelled
academically, and exhibited a strong
interest in corrosion prevention.
Kevin Garrity, senior vice president
of Mears Integrity Solutions and past
president of NACE International, says,
Once again Mears is excited to partner
with NACE to support the corrosion
engineering program at Curtin University,
and we look forward to the day that
their students enter the workforce. Our
resources at Mears, both people and
equipment, are among the most extensive in the industry; therefore we know
how essential it is that we, as an industry, continue to renew and advance our
global corrosion expertise for improved
safety and integrity of the worlds energy
infrastructure.
Professor Rolf Gubner directs the
Corrosion Engineering program at Curtin
University. The program provides educa-
Jason Paterson (right), Mears general manager

in Australia, awards the 2014 scholarship to
Matthew Dunn.
tion and research to advance corrosion

science and technology for increased
safety and reliability, and to reduce the
cost of corrosion. We are extremely
grateful that Mears and the NACE
Foundation have partnered together once
again to support students in our program
with this scholarship; it shows that both
organizations are sincerely dedicated
to the advancement of the corrosion
industry and the development of the next
generation of corrosion leaders, says
Gubner.
Neil Thompson, president of the
NACE International Foundation, added,
Mears Group continues to be a very
special partner to the NACE International
Foundation and we are grateful for their
support in our endeavors to nurture the
corrosion professionals of the future.
For more information visit the following Web sites: www.curtin.edu.au, www.
mears.net, and www.nace-foundation.
org.
NACE Corporate Members

MP publishes the names of all Diamond and Gold Corporate Members in each issue, in addition to that months new
corporate members of all levels. Following are the companies that are in these categories as of June 15, 2014:
DIAMOND
BP Exploration & Production Operating Co.,
Ltd., Middlesex, United Kingdom
Carboline Company, St. Louis, Missouri,
USA
Chinese National Environmental Corrosion
Platform, Beijing, China
Corrpro, Houston, Texas, USA
Denso North America, Houston, Texas, USA
DNV, Dublin, Ohio, USA
Dunn-Edwards Corp., Los Angeles,
California, USA
Elcometer, Rochester Hills, Michigan, USA
Exova, West Midlands, United Kingdom
MESA, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
NALCO Champion, an Ecolab company,
Houston, Texas, USA
Oneok Partners, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
PMAC Group, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Polyguard Products, Inc., Ennis, Texas, USA
Research Institute of Lanzhou Petrochemical
Co., Lanzhou, China
Saipem SpA, Milanese, Italy
Saudi Aramco, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Seal for Life LLC BVBA, Stadskanaal, The
Netherlands
Southern California Gas Co., Los Angeles,
California, USA
U.S. Department of Defense Corrosion
Prevention and Control Integrated Product
Team, Arlington, Virginia, USA
NEW CORPORATE MEMBERS
GOLD
Alpha Pipeline Integrity Services, Kemah,
Texas, USA
Atmos Energy, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Bechtel Group, Inc., Houston, Texas, USA
Bharat Heavy Electrical, Ltd., Hyderabad,
India
BP US Pipeline, Naperville, Illinois, USA
ConocoPhillips Co., Bartlesville, Oklahoma,
USA
Corrosion Technology Services, LLC, Sharjah,
United Arab Emirates
Corrosion Testing Services, Taft, Tennessee,
USA
Crompion International, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana, USA
Deepwater Corrosion Services, Houston,
Texas, USA
DYCE Global, Seoul, South Korea
E-TECH Energy Technology Development
Corp., Tianjin, China
Evraz, Inc., Regina, SK, Canada
Galvotec Companies, McAllen, Texas, USA
Haynes International, Inc., Kokomo, Indiana,
USA
High Performance Alloys, Inc., Windfall,
Indiana, USA
HJ3 Composite Technologies, Tucson,
Arizona, USA
Integrated Global Services, Midlothian,
Virginia, USA
Interprovincial/International Corrosion
Control, Inc., Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Kuwait Pipe Industries and Oil Services Co.,
Safat, Kuwait
Ledcor Industrial Maintenance, Ltd.,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
MATCOR, Inc., Chalfont, Pennsylvania, USA
NRI, Lake Park, Florida, USA
NTPC, Ltd., New Delhi, India
Oceaneering International, Inc., Houston,
Texas, USA
Pacific Gas & Electric Co., Walnut Creek,
California, USA
Park Derochie, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada
RK&K, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
Rosen Group, Stans, NW, Switzerland
Southern Star Central Gas Pipeline,
Owensboro, Kentucky, USA
TransCanada Pipelines, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada
United States Coast Guard, Baltimore,
Maryland, USA
Williams, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
Wood Group Integrity Management, Perth,
WA, Australia
Xodus Group, Houston, Texas, USA
Global Pipe Co., Jubail, Saudi Arabia

Silver
Forrest Services, La Porte, Texas, USAIron
Houston Community CollegeSoutheast,
Houston, Texas, USAIron
Khurram Engineering Co., Karachi, Sindh,
PakistanIron
Maverick Testing Laboratories, Inc., La
Porte, Texas, USAIron
NGK Metals Corp., Sweetwater, Tennessee,
USAIron
Promigas SA, Barranquilla, ColombiaIron
Roc-Master Piping Solutions, Ltd.,
Shanghai, ChinaIron
Total NACE membership was 33,799 as of

June 15, 2014. For more information about
NACE corporate membership levels and
individual member benefits, contact the
FirstService department at phone:
+1 281-228-6223 or e-mail: firstservice@
nace.org.
105
NACE NEWS
Calendar of Events
SEPTEMBER 2014
NACE EAST ASIA & PACIFIC RIM AREA

CONFERENCE & EXPO 2014
September 2-4, 2014
Bali, Indonesia
More Info: NACE Indonesia Jakarta Section, e-mail: sales@
nace-jakarta.org, Web site: www.nace-jakarta.org/conference-2
CORROSION & PREVENTION CONFERENCE &

EXHIBITION
September 21-24, 2014
Northern Territory Convention Centre Darwin, Australia
More Info: Jacqui Martin, tel: +613 98907866, e-mail: jmartin@
corrosion.com.au, Web site: www.acaconference.com.au
CORROSION TECHNOLOGY WEEK 2014

Alexandria, VA
More Info: Lesley Williams, tel: +1 281-228-6413, e-mail: lesley.
williams@nace.org, Web site: www.naceorg/ctw2014
INTERNATIONAL PIPELINE EXPOSITION

September 30 - October 2, 2014
Calgary, AB, Canada
More Info: Janina Kano, tel: 403-209-3555,
e-mail: janinakano@dmgevents.com, Web site: http://
internationalpipelineexposition.com/
OCTOBER 2014
NACE EASTERN AREA CONFERENCE 2014

October 7-9, 2014
Myrtle Beach, SC
More Info: Lesley Williams, phone: +1 281-228-6413, e-mail:
lesley.williams@nace.org
NACE NORTHERN AREA EASTERN

CONFERENCE 2014
October 19-21, 2014
St. Johns, NF, Canada
More Info: Katie Flynn, phone: +1 281-228-6410, e-mail:
Katie.flynn@nace.org, Web site: http:www.nace.org/
NorthernAreaEastern
LATINCORR 2014
October 28-31, 2014
Medellin, Colombia
More Info: Judith Chovit, phone: +1 571-620-6801, e-mail:
directora@nacecolombia.com, Web site: latincorr2014.org
NOVEMBER 2014
19TH INTERNATIONAL CORROSION CONGRESS

November 2-6, 2014
Korea Republic of Jeju
More Info: Deok-soo Won The Corrosion Science Society
of Korea (CSSK), e-mail: secretariat@19thicc.com, Web site:
www.19thicc.com
NACE WESTERN AREA CONFERENCE 2014

November 5-7, 2014
Seattle, WA
More Info: Katie Flynn, phone: +1 281-228-6210, e-mail: katie.
flynn@nace.org, Web site: www.nace.org/westernarea
CORCON 2014
November 12-15, 2014
Mumbai, India
More Info: NACE Gateway India Section, phone: +91 22
25797354, e-mail: info@corcon.org
DECEMBER 2014
2014 ANNUAL NACE NEW ORLEANS

EDUCATION WEEK
December 1 - 6, 2014
New Orleans Airport Hilton
Kenner, LA, USA
More Info: Charlie Speed, NACE New Orleans, tel: +1
504-400-7878 e-mail: Charlie Speed@gmail.com, Web
site: www.nace.org/cstm/Membership/Chapters/Chapter.
aspx?id=0f5fef73-ee23-db11-953d-001438c08dca
FEBRUARY 2015
LIBERTY BELL CORROSION COURSE

February 11-12, 2015
Williamsons Banquet Hall
Horsham, PA, USA
More Info: David Krause, NACE Philadelphia Section,
tel: +1 610-868-9352, e-mail: corban598@outlook.com
NORTHERN AREA WESTERN

CONFERENCE 2014
February 24-26, 2015
Calgary, AB, Canada
More Info: Yasir Idlibi, tel: +1 403-514-2334, e-mail:
Yasir@adanacglobal.com, Web site: www.nace.org/cstm/
Membership/Chapters/Chapter.aspx?id=35ef461b-7426-dc1187e5-0017a4466950
Denotes NACE International event
106
NACE Course Schedule

BASIC CORROSION
Seattle, WA
October 12-17, 2014
Houston, TX
August 25-29, 2014
Houston, TX
October 13-18, 2014
Mumbai, India
Houston, TX
October 19-24, 2014
Fahaheel, Kuwait
Houston, TX
October 20-25, 2014
Orlando, FL
Melbourne, Australia
October 20-25, 2014
Calgary, AB, Canada
Houston, TX
October 25-30, 2014
Calgary, AB, Canada
Houston, TX
October 26-31, 2014
Las Vegas, Nevada
Albuquerque, NM
October 26-31, 2014
Houston, TX
October 13-17, 2014
Houston, TX
October 27-November 1, 2014
CIP LEVEL 1
Hong Kong, China
Bogota, Colombia
August 11-16, 2014
Chennai, India
Durban, South Africa
August 18-23, 2014
Harrogate, UK
Beijing, China
August 18-23, 2014
CIP EXAM COURSE 1
Singapore
August 18-23, 2014
Houston, TX
October 5-7, 2014
Imabari, Japan
August 21-26, 2014
Ulsan, Korea
October 13-15, 2014
Dubai, UAE
August 23-28, 2014
CIP LEVEL 2
Shanghai, China
August 24-29, 2014
Dammam, Saudi Arabia
August 9-14, 2014
Kolkatta, India
September 1-6, 2014
Auckland, New Zealand
August 11-16, 2014
Pattaya, Thailand
September 1-6, 2014
Houston, TX
August 17-22, 2014
Marabella, Trinidad
Mobile, AL
August 24-29, 2014
Newington, NH
Beijing, China
August 25-30, 2014
Chennai, India
Dubai, UAE
August 30-September 4, 2014
Houston, TX
Shanghai, China
Johannesburg, South Africa September 8-13, 2014
Red Deer, AB Canada
Mumbai, India
Pattaya, Thailand
Houston, TX
Marabella, Trinidad
Baton Rouge, LA
Houston, TX
Spijkenisse, Netherlands
Mumbai, India
Kansas City, MO
Chennai, India
Houston, TX
Nagasaki, Japan
Houston, TX
Denver, CO
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Pittsburgh, PA
Brasschaat, Belgium
Houston, TX
September 28-October 3, 2014
Houston, TX
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
October 6-11, 2014
Dubai, UAE
October 4-9, 2014
Johannesburg, South Africa October 6-11, 2014
Anaheim, CA
October 5-10, 2014
Dubai, UAE
October 11-16, 2014
Houston, TX
October 5-10, 2014
Red Deer, AB Canada
October 12-17, 2014
Milan, Italy
October 5-10, 2014
Houston, TX
October 12-17, 2014
October 6-11, 2014
October 13-18, 2014
Imabari, Japan
October 9-14, 2014
Antwerp, Belgium
October 13-18, 2014
Anaheim, CA
October 12-17, 2014
Shanghai, China
October 19-24, 2014
Houston, TX
October 12-17, 2014
Seattle, WA
October 19-24, 2014
Shanghai, China
October 12-17, 2014
Houston, TX
October 20-25, 2014
Melbourne, Australia
107
NACE NEWS
CIP EXAM COURSE 2
CP 4CATHODIC PROTECTION SPECIALIST
Houston, TX
August 6-8, 2014
Bogota, Colombia
Houston, TX
October 8-10, 2014
Beijing, China
Ulsan, Korea
October 16-18, 2014
DESIGNING FOR CORROSION CONTROL
CIP ONE-DAY BRIDGE

Houston, TX
Fahaheel, Kuwait
September 13, 2014
CIP PEER REVIEW
INTERNAL CORROSION FOR PIPELINESADVANCED

Cairo, Egypt
August 16-20, 2014
Houston, TX
August 22-24, 2014
Houston, TX
August 18-22, 2014
Darwin, Australia
Madrid, Spain
Houston, TX
Houston, TX
Johannesburg, South
Africa
October 11-13, 2014
Bogota, Colombia
October 20-24, 2014
October 18-20, 2014
Cairo, Egypt
Yokosuka, Japan
October 16-19, 2014
MARINE COATING TECHNOLOGY
Houston, TX
October 17-19, 2014
Houston, TX
Seattle, WA
October 24-26, 2014
PCS 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES
INTERNAL CORROSION FOR PIPELINESBASIC

August 9-13, 2014
CORROSION CONTROL IN THE REFINING INDUSTRY
Saint Louis, Missouri
September 5-7, 2014
Houston, TX
August 25-29, 2014
Houston, TX
Madrid, Spain
Fahaheel, Kuwait
October 19-23, 2014
Subang Jaya, Selangor,

Malaysia
October 27-29, 2014
CP 1CATHODIC PROTECTION TESTER
PCS 2 ADVANCED
Dubai, UAE
August 9-14, 2014
Houston, TX
Dubai, UAE
Midrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa
Subang Jaya, Selangor,

Malaysia
Rosebush, MI
October 5-10, 2014
PIPELINE COATING APPLICATOR TRAINING

Edmonton, AB Canada
October 6-10, 2014
CP 2CATHODIC PROTECTION TECHNICIAN
PIPELINE CORROSION INTEGRITY MANAGEMENT (PCIM)
Dubai, UAE
August 16-21, 2014
Houston, TX
Houston, TX
August 17-22, 2014
Dubai, UAE
SHIPBOARD CORROSION ASSESSMENT TRAINING

(S-CAT)
Houston, TX
Mumbai, India
Houston, TX
Houston, TX
October 12-17, 2014
Johannesburg, South Africa October 27-November 1, 2014
Houston, TX
October 20-24, 2014
August 11-15, 2014
For the most up-to-date course schedules

and course information,
visit www.nace.org/eduschedule.
CP 3CATHODIC PROTECTION TECHNOLOGIST

Johannesburg, South Africa August 18-23, 2014
Las Vegas, Nevada
Dubai, UAE
Joliet, Illinois
Mumbai, India
Beijing, China
October 20-25, 2014
108
NACE Headquarters Directory

To reach NACE staff in the following areas, dial +1 281-228-6200. After the frst ring, enter the desired extension number if you have a touchtone phone. Enter 0 to reach the receptionist during business hours (7:30 a.m. to 4:15 p.m. CST). If calling from a rotary phone, wait through
the 15-second recording and the operator will direct your call. The fax number for staff members is +1 281-228-6300. The fax number for
all general membership inquiries and orders is +1 281-228-6329.
Advertising
All Inquiries ....................................................................................6219
Annual Conference
General Information.......................................................................6223
Exhibits ................................................................................6227, 6242
Registration ....................................................................................6223
Technical Papers ............................................................................6287
Area and Section SupportOffcers
Inquiries and Orders
USA & Canada ...............................................................................6240
International ...................................................................................6240
Awards 6276
Board of Directors/Board Committees
Information ....................................................................................6209
Books
Editorial..........................................................................................6219
Sales...............................................................................................6223
Certifcation
Professional Recognition/Status
Inquiries ..................................................................................6211
Recertifcation .........................................................................6211
Coating Inspector Program
Peer Review Scheduling
Registered Candidate .............................................................6233
Registration .............................................................................1802
Update & Renewal ..................................................................6211
Verify Certifcation ..................................................................6211
Courses and Seminars
Area/Section-Sponsored Courses ..................................................6258
Contract Courses ................................................................. 6230/6246
Home Study
General Information and
Registration .............................................................................1802
In-House Training ................................................................. 6230/6246
Instructor Applications ...................................................................6233
RegistrationAll Course Types .....................................................6223
Schedules.......................................................................................6223
Computer Software
Sales...............................................................................................6223
Technical Support ..........................................................................6255
Corrosion
Advertising.....................................................................................6219
Authors Guide ...............................................................................6223
Managing Editor ............................................................................6260
Subscriptions/Reprints ...................................................................6223
Corrosion Technology Week
Information ....................................................................................6264
Registration ....................................................................................6223
Education ..........................................................see Courses and Seminars

Executive Offce ..................................................................................6209
FirstService
Inquiries, Records/Dues .................................................................1803
Membership...................................................................................6223
Literature Searches ..............................................................................6219
Marketing ............................................................................................6239
Materials Performance
Advertising.....................................................................................6219
Authors Guide/Inquiries ................................................................6223
Managing Editor ............................................................................6207
Subscriptions/Reprints ...................................................................6223
NACE Foundation ...............................................................................6205
Public Affairs
Government Activities ...................................................................6223
Publications
Sales...............................................................................................6223
Public Relations/Media Contact ..........................................................6223
Research
Seed Grants ...................................................................................6221
Student Poster Session, Researchin Progress Symposium.............6221
Sales ................................................1 800-797-6223 (U.S. & Canada) or
............................................................................+1 281-228-6223
Standards Information .........................................................................6221
Scholarships/Areas and
Sections Only .................................................................................6240
Symposia/Topical Conferences
Information ....................................................................................6223
Registration ....................................................................................6223
Technical Activities/Committees
C2, N1, S, ISO, Symposia ..............................................................6287
MR0175..........................................................................................6221
C1, N2............................................................................................6208
Committee Membership/Inquiries,
Minutes, Agendas ..........................................................................6264
Technical Coordination Committee
& Subcommittees ..........................................................................6221
Video Courses .....................................................................................6223
15835 Park Ten Place

Houston, Texas 77084-4906
www.nace.org
109
NACE International
Training CenterDubai
Register Today
Located in the Dubai International Academic City (DIAC) Campus

COURSE SCHEDULE
COURSE
DATE
CIP Level 1
August 23 28, 2014
CIP Level 2
August 30 September 4, 2014
CP 1 Cathodic Protection Tester
August 30 September 4, 2014
CP 2 Cathodic Protection Technician

CP 3 Cathodic Protection Technologist
September 6 11, 2014

September 13 18, 2014
Pipeline Corrosion Integrity Management (PCIM)
October 11 15, 2014
CIP Level 1
October 11 16, 2014
CIP Level 2
October 18 23, 2014
CIP Level 1
November 1 6, 2014
CIP Peer Review
November 9 11, 2014
To learn more, visit
www.nace.org/traindubai
* All certifcations are administered by the NACE International Institute, the independent certifcation
afliate of NACE International. Certifcations are subject to periodic reviews and revisions, please refer to
www.naceinstitute.org for the most current certifcation information.
110
CORROSION ENGINEERING DIRECTORY

Exclusive Authorized Distributor
Belzona Western Ltd.

Calgary, Alberta Canada
Phone: 1-800-249-7197
Fax: 403-278-8898
Web site: www.belzona.ca
E-mail: belzona1@telus.net
ISO 9001-2000 certifed
Belzona Polymeric Coatings combat erosion, corrosion and

abrasion in high temperature immersed conditions. Rebuild
and line tanks, process vessels and plant equipment.
and Procedures.
P.O. Box 425 Medina, OH 44258

Phone: 330/769-3694
Fax: 330/769-2197
Web site: www.bushman.cc
E-mail: BnA@bushman.cc
BUSHMAN & Associates, Inc.

CORROSION
n Corrosion Studies
n Cost Analysis
n Training Seminars
n Expert Witness
C O N S U LTA N T S
n CP Design & Inspection

nSpecifcationWriting
n Coatings Evaluations
n Research & Development
Complete Corrosion
Control Systems
ACCESS FITTINGS ER PROBES LPR PROBES COUPONS

COUPON HOLDERSCHEMICAL INJECTIONINSTRUMENTS
SOFTWAREANALYSISISO 9001:2000 CERTIFIED
Manufacturing & Installation
4815 Elenlak Road, Edmonton, Alberta, T6B 2N1

Tel (780) 465-1187 E-mail caproco@caproco.com
Fax (780) 466-4632 Web Site www.caproco.com
COASTAL CORROSION CONTROL, INC.

800-894-2120
www.coastalcorrosion.com
For over 25 years, Coastal Corrosion Control has been
the Gulf Souths leader in cathodic protection
We offer services nationwide including:
Construction/Installations Pipeline - Integrity - ECDA
Engineering & Design
Right-of-Way Maintenance
Material Sales
Survey
Offshore
CORROSION AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY, INC.

WILLIAM (BILL) J. NEILL JR., FNACE
PRESIDENT
CORROSION AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
CONSULTING SERVICES
23 MANCHESTER DRIVE
WESTFIELD, N.J. 07090-2255
(908) 233-3509
FAX: (908) 233-8966
E-MAIL: camti@verizon.net
NACE INTERNATIONAL
CERTIFIED CORROSION
SPECIALIST NO. 622
PROTECTING THE FUTURE BY SAVING THE PAST

CP Installation Engineering & Technical Services Pipeline Surveys
Solar Design & Installation AC Mitigation Design & Installation
Office Locations:
Corporate Guthrie, OK
Houston, TX Midland, TX Gonzales, LA Denver, CO
Rock Springs, WY Williston, ND
Phone: +1 405-657-7948
Web: www.cpmasters.com
THE D.E. STEARNS COMPANY

Manufacturers of Worry-Free Holiday
Detectors Since 1941
www.destearns.com
111

Galvotec Corrosion
Services, LLC
ISO-9001 Certifed
Aluminum-Magnesium-Zinc/Retroft-Platform-Bracelet/Hull-Tank
Onshore/Offshore
QUALITY-PERFORMANCE-RELIABILITY
Sales Office
181 Grefer Lane
Harvey, LA 70058
Tel.: (504) 362-7776
Fax: (504) 269-1418
ANODES
Headquarters6712 S. 36th Street

Mc Allen, Texas 78503
Tel.: (956) 630-3500
Fax: (956) 630-3595
Cathodic Protection for Offshore Platforms, Pipelines,

Docks, Petrochemical Plants, Tanks, Vessels
Pin Brazing, Lockheed Marine VTAs & ECDA Surveys
Engineering, Inspection, Installation & Materials
300 Bark Dr.
Harvey, LA 70058
Email: anodes@galvotec.com
www.galvotec.com
Ph: 504-362-7373
FX: 504-362-7331
Email: service@galvotec.com
Pin Brazing
Easybond equipment & consumables
available in the USA through sole
importers Galvotec Corrosion Services
and GMC Electrical
Contact
Dave Johnson on (504) 362 7373
or
Gary Matlack on (909) 947 6016
ER-LPR Instruments
Corrosion Probes
Corrosion Monitoring Systems

Phone: (256) 358-4202
Fax: (256) 358-4515
E-mail: msc@alspi.com
www.metalsamples.com
112
Coupons & Racks

Coupon Holders
Access Fittings
Retrieval Systems
ISO 9001 Certified
Phone/fax: 210/923-5999
E-mail: metaspec@earthlink.net
METASPEC
Co.
METAL TEST SPECIMEN, COUPONS, PANELS

RODS, FIXTURES, RACKS AND HOLDERS
P.O. BOX 240898
SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 78224
IndependentadviceonOilfeldChemicalsprograms
advice@strategic-chemistry.com
ConfdentialOFCstaffrecruitmentservice
recruit@oilfeldchemicalscareers.info
ConfdentialOFCjobsearch
apply@oilfeldchemicalscareers.info
www.tinker-rasor.com
www.teststations.com
TRI-STAR INDUSTRIES PTE LTD
Website: www.tristar.com.sg
Email:
sales@tristar.com.sg
Tel:
Fax:
Specialist Manufacturer of
Aluminum & Zinc
Anodes. We also provide full CP surveys, installations &
commissioning, including ICCP systems.
We have a space reserved for

your business card.
Call the Advertising Department
at +1 281-228-6219.
Plated and PTFE Coated Fasteners.

ZINGA Film Galvanizing System.
The Marine Coatings Users Handbook

by
Louis D. Vincent, Ph.D.

A practical approach to every
major marine coating challenge
$120.00 $90.00
LIST PRICE
NACE MEMBER PRICE
ORDER
YOUR COPY TODAY

Item No. 37594
nace.org/store
403 Pages
12 Chapters
Softbound
ISBN 15792532
1 (800) 797 6223
For more information and additional titles
Published 2012
A NACE Publication
113
AD INDEX
Advertiser ............................Page No.
Advertiser ............................Page No.
Accurate Tool, a div. of Sentry Equipment Corp.,

Oconomowoc, Wisconsin .................................................................................. 65
Tel: +1 262-567-7256, Web site: www.atcoinc.net
MESA, Tulsa, Oklahoma .................................................................................. 11

Tel: 1 888-800-6372, Web site: www.mesaproducts.com
Anotec Industries, British Columbia, Canada............................................... 31

Tel: +1 604-514-1544, Web site: www.anotec.com
Australasian Corrosion Association, Inc., Victoria, Australia ............... 40
Web site: www.acaconference.com.au
Borin Manufacturing, Culver City, California ..............................................BC
Tel: +1 310-822-1000, Web site: www.borin.com
MK Battery/Deka Solar, Anaheim, California ............................................... 5

Tel: 1 800-372-9253, Web site: www.mkbattery.com
MONTI Tools, Inc., Houston, Texas ............................................................. 42
Tel: +1 832-623-7970, Web site: www.monti-tools.com
MSES Corrosion Products Division, Clarksburg, West Virginia ................ 9
Tel: 1 877-624-9700, Web site: www.msesproducts.com
New Orleans, Louisiana .............................. 70
Carboline Company, St. Louis, Missouri ....................................................... 1

Tel: +1 314-644-1000, Web site: www.carboline.com
CerAnode T
Dayton, Ohio ............................... 3
Tel: +1 937-278-6547, Web site: www.apsmaterials.com or www.ceranode.com
Clemco Industries Corp., Washington, Missouri ........................................ 10
Tel: +1 636-239-0300, Web site: www.clemcoindustries.com/pipetools
Coastal Corrosion Control, Baton Rouge, Louisiana ................................. 30
Tel: 1 800-894-2120, Web site: www.coastalcorrosion.com
Corrpro, Houston, Texas ................................................................................ 13
Tel: 1 800-443-3516, Web site: www.corrpro.com
Cortec Corp., St. Paul, Minnesota ................................................................ 49
Tel: 1 800-426-7832, Web site: www.cortecvci.com
Dairyland Electrical Industries, Stoughton, Wisconsin ............................ 45
Tel: +1 608-877-9900, Web site: www.dairyland.com
Web site: www.nace.org\nola

NDT Systems & Services, Houston, Texas ................................................ 71
Tel: +1 713-799-5400, Web site: www.ndt-global.com
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal, Houston, Texas ................................. IBC
Tel: +1 713-654-7111, Web site: www.tubular.nssmc.com
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania .................................. 54
Tel: 1 800-545-5001, Web site: www.foamglas.com/industry
Polyguard Products, Ennis, Texas ..............................................................IFC
Tel: +1 214-515-5000, Web site: www.polyguardproducts.com
PPG Protective & Marine Coatings, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania................. 81
Phone: 1 888-9PPGPMC, Web site: www.ppgpmc.com
Roxar, Stavanger, Norway ............................................................................... 72
Tel: +1 47 51 81 8800, Web site: www.roxar.com
DeFelsko Corp., Ogdensburg, New York ................................................ 41, 43

Tel: 1 800-448-3835, Web site: www.defelsko.com
Quebec, Canada ............................................................................................... 31

Tel: 1 800-668-3737, Web site: www.sestech.com
De Nora T
Concord, Ohio ....................................................................... 20
Tel: +1 440-710-5300, Web site: www.lidaproducts.com
McMurray, Pennsylvania ....................................... 75

Tel: +1 724-731-0074, Web site: www.thermocalc.com
Houston, Texas ...................................................... 55

Tel: +1 281-821-3355, Web site: www.densona.com
Tinker & Rasor, San Bernardino, California ................................................... 39

Tel: +1 909-890-0700, Web site: www.tinker-rasor.com
Shreveport, Louisiana. ........................................... 45

Tel: +1 318-635-5351, Web site: www.destearns.com
Tnemec, Kansas City, Missouri ....................................................................... 37

Tel: +1 816-483-3400, Web site: www.tnemec.com
Elcometer, Rochester Hills, Michigan ................................................... 7, 16, 38

Tel: +1 248-650-0500, Web site: www.elcometer.com
Waldemar Suckut VDI, Celle, Germany ..................................................... 52

Tel: +01149-5141-21125, Web site: www.suckut-vdi.de
Albion, Rhode Island ................................ 12

Tel: +1 617-484-9085, Web site: www.edi-cp.com
WBI Energy Corrosion Services, Billings, Montana ................................. 74

Tel: +1 406-248-6985, Web site: www.wbienergy.com
Enduro Pipeline Services, Inc., Tulsa, Oklahoma ..................................... 53

Tel: 1 800-752-1628, Web site: www.enduropls.com
Gardena, California ............................... 15
Tel: 1 888-532-7937, Web site: www.farwestcorrosion.com
GMC Electrical, Inc., Ontario, California...................................................... 19
Tel: +1 909-947-6016, Web site: www.gmcelectrical.net
HoldT
Houston, Texas ................................................. 50
Tel: 1 800-319-8802, Web site: www.holdtight.com
Interprovincial Corrosion Control Co., Ltd., Ontario, Canada .............. 17
Tel: +1 905-634-7751, Web site: www.rustrol.com
NACE International
Phone: +1 281/228-6223, Web site: www.nace.org
2014 Eastern Area Conference ......................................................................... 44
2014 Northern Area Eastern Conference .......................................................... 97
CORCON Corrosion Conference & Expo 2014 ............................................... 114
Corrosion Technology Week 2014..................................................................... 95
MP Corrosion Innovation Award ........................................................................ 99

New NACE International Training CenterDubai............................................. 110
IRT Integrated Rectifer T

Alberta, Canada ............... 52
Tel: +1 780-447-1114, Web site: www.irtrectifer.com
LONZA, Allendale, New Jersey....................................................................... 51
Tel: +1 201-316-9200, Web site: www.lonza.com
Loresco International, Hattiesburg, Mississippi .......................................... 73
Tel: +1 601-544-7490, Web site: www.loresco.com
115
CORROSION BASICS
Understanding the basic principles

and causes of corrosion
Stress Corrosion Cracking
tress corrosion cracking (SCC)

is a mechanical-chemical
process leading to the cracking of certain alloys at stresses
below their tensile strength.
The required elements are a susceptible
alloy, the proper chemical environment,
and an enduring tensile stress. Usually
there is an induction period, during which
cracking nucleates at a microscopic level,
followed by actual propagation.
SCC is an anodic process, a fact that

can be verified by the applicability of cathodic protection (CP) as an effective remedial measure. SCC can sometimes lead
to fatigue, or vice versa. Usually, the true
nature of the cracking can be identified by
the morphology of the cracks. Typically,
SCC occurs under only very mildly corrosive conditions, although there are exceptions, as in the cracking of UNS N04400 in
aerated hydrogen-fluoride vapors.
TABLE 1. FACTORS INVOLVED IN SCC OF PIPELINES

Factor
High-pH SCC
Near-Neutral SCC
pH range
9 to 13
5 to 7
Location
Usually gas transmission

piping within 20 km of a
compressor station and
>60% SMYS
Locations of cyclic stress
Temperature
> 40 C
No apparent correlation
Soil chemistry
Concentrated carbonate/
bicarbonate solution
Dilute bicarbonates
Intensifed by sulfatereducing bacteria
Potential range (to copper/

copper sulfate [Cu/CuSO4]
electrode)
600 mV to 750 mV with

generally effective CP
760 mV to 790 mV with

locally ineffective CP
Crack morphology
Intergranularnarrow
Transgranularwide
TABLE 2. SOME SCC ENVIRONMENTS FOR METALS

Aluminum alloys
Sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions, NaCl-H2O, seawater, mercury
Copper alloys
NH3 vapors and solutions, mercury
Gold alloys
Ferric chloride (FeCl3) solutions, acetic acid (CH3COOH)/salt solutions
Inconel
Caustic soda solutions
Lead
Lead acetate [Pb(C2H3O2)2{3H2O] solutions
Magnesium alloys
NaCl-potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solutions, rural and coastal

atmospheres, distilled water
Nickel
Fused caustic soda
Carbon steels
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions; NaOH-sodium silicate (NaSiO3)

solutions; calcium nitrate (CaNO3), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and
sodium nitrate (NaNO3) solutions; mixed acids; hydrogen cyanide
(HCN); hydrogen sulfde (H2S); seawater; sodium lead (NaPb) alloy
Stainless steels
Barium chloride (BaCl2) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) solutions,

NaCl-H2O2 solutions, seawater, H2S, NaOH-H2S solutions
Titanium
Red fuming nitric acid (HNO3)
116
There are two distinct types of SCC that

affect pipeline steels in soils: high-pH SCC
and near-neutral SCC. Table 1 summarizes
a comparison of guidelines for relevant
factors.
Because the other factors are essentially
fixed at susceptible locations, the primary
approach to the control of SCC is the maintenance of potentials outside the specified
ranges.
There is usually little metal loss or
general corrosion associated with a failure
by SCC. If there is severe general corrosion, SCC usually will not occur. Thus, the
failure of a stressed bolt rusted away until it
eventually cannot sustain the applied load
is not classified as SCC but as the result
of a simple stress corrosion cell. However,
if products from general corrosion are
trapped so as to exert stress in a structure,
they can cause SCC.
While the traditional belief that only
alloys and not pure metals are susceptible
to SCC may be correct, truly pure metals
have few practical applications. Cracking
has been observed in materials that would
be considered commercially pure, such as
copper containing 0.004% phosphorous or
0.01% antimony in environments containing
ammonia (NH3) or ammonium ions; steel
containing less than 0.01% carbon along
with small amounts of manganese, sulfur,
and silicon in a boiling ammonium-nitrate
solution; or commercial titanium containing
600 ppm of oxygen and 100 ppm of hydrogen.
Table 2 lists some environments in which
SCC has been observed for at least some
alloys of the systems listed. This listing does
not imply that all alloys of a given material
will be equally susceptible or that there are
none in the class that may be immune to the
environments listed.
This article is adapted by MP
Technical Editor Norm Moriber from
Corrosion Basics: An Introduction, Second
Edition, Pierre R. Roberge (Houston, TX:
NACE International, 2006), pp. 394-395.

354215-Aug 2014

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

354215-Aug 2014

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Click Here To View Previous Issues

CORROSION PREVENTION AND CONTROL WORLDWIDE

Updating NACE SP0169 for Controlling External Corrosion

Pipes and Pipelines Supplier Guide

COATINGS & LININGS

Power Plant Condenser Tube Sheet Retroft with Epoxy

About the Cover

The Pursuit of a Green Carbon Steel Corrosion Inhibitor

A 36-in (914-mm) diameter natural gas pipeline was

MATERIALS SELECTION & DESIGN

An Analysis of the Updated Cost of Corrosion in India

Welding Consumable Issues on Corrosion of X65QT Steel

R. Bhaskaran, Lalit Bhalla, Afzalur Rahman, Suruchi Juneja, Upma Sonik,

AUGUST 2014 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE

NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8

CORROSION PREVENTION AND CONTROL WORLDWIDE

Spotlight on NACE International Corporate Members

AUGUST 2014 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE

NACE Area & Section News

NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8

Photo by Uwe Bellhuser.

An environmentally friendly sprayapplied composite material developed by

Monitoring Sewer Gases Can

AUGUST 2014 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE

To overcome this problem, the researchers

Warning System Uses

Sensing skin report. Image by Aku

A new sensing skin technology developed by researchers from North Carolina

NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8

The following are excerpts from the NACE

For information on how to subscribe

John H. Fitzgerald III, FNACE

Kathy Riggs Larsen

Heavy-duty equipment, such as

AUGUST 2014 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE

Robert (Bob) H. Chalker

William (Bill) Wageneck

ASSISTANT SALES MANAGER

REGIONAL ADVERTISING SALES

The Kingwill Co.

NACE International Contact Information

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8

Te short answer is yes, your

A more serious concern could be

tion and cracking due to improper acid

I am looking at a steam surface

AUGUST 2014 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE

NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8

interface. Use of dissimilar metals should

Copper-based alloys with due regard for water quality

NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8

MATERIALS PERFORMANCE AUGUST 2014

was focused on using titanium shipboard

Are there documented cases of

at the Pourbaix diagram for water and Fe,

AUGUST 2014 MATERIALS PERFORMANCE

gate and rocks used in concrete through a

NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8

How does silver perform in

NACE INTERNATIONAL: VOL. 53, NO. 8

MATERIALS PERFORMANCE AUGUST 2014