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Desalination,73
(1989)27-36
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam
TREATED
WASTEWATERS
AS A GROWING
Printed
in The Netherlands
WATER RESOURCE'
FOR AGRICULTURE
USE
Al-Mutaz
I.S.
P.O.Box
800,
ABSTRACT
About
72% of
purposes.
the 1985
Wastewater
By the year
Saudi
treatment
2000, wastewater
Arabia
water
consumption
was
for agriculture
would account
balance.
supply.
This
paper
important
will
water
investigated.
the country
discuss
resource
A breif
the contribution
for agriculture
description
of
uses.
the treated
The Saudi
of the major
wastewater
wastewater
Arabian
as an
case will be
treatment
plant
in
made
in
will be presented.
INTRODUCTION
The
Paris
initial
attempts
in 1970.
Not
were available.
programs
receive
common
in
much
for
In
1880-1890.
attention
practice
in USA only
source
of water.
started
United
in 1945(I).
Figure
Health
treatment
Low-cost
An economical
its earlier
wastewaters
of wastewaters
wastewater
wastewater
States,
was
treatment
processes
reclaimation
treatment
Great
are
wastewater
of commercial
attention
did
for
is the oldest
irrigation
is not strictly
for irrigation
treatment
reuse of water.
for irrigation
minimal
not
became
consideration
municipal
up to 1886.
Advance
the
of
hundreds
plants
reuse.
treatment
required.
of
and largest
non-food
crops.
The advantages
of
are(21:
source of water.
way
to dispose
of wastewater
to prevent
pollution
and sani-
tary problem.
-
An effective
Providing
additional
treatment
contained
before
reservoir.
OOll-9164/89/$03,50OElsevier
SciencePublishersB.V.
being
in wastewater.
recharged
to the ground
water
Figure
1: Possible
Municipal
Wastewater
Reuse
6000
ng?Y
5000
_,
1000
d
E 3000
5
CT
YVA
kl 2000
e
1000
_//---zc
a
1975
7-----1
1980
-----r-------
1985
1990
1995
YecJr
Figure 2: Municipal
and Agriculture
in Saudi Arabia.
2000
29
In the
following
Saudi Arabia
sections,
for agricultural
million
water
m3/day
demand
in Saudi Arabia
in 2000.
consumption.
m3/day
Agriculture
Agriculture
model
for municipal
Saudi projected
of reusing
is 5724 million
accounts
consumption
m3/day
and agriculture
water
rose
in 1985.
from
in Saudi Arabia
m3/year)
1990
2000
3450
3450
3450
3450
Renewable
1145
1145
1145
1145
63
605
794
1199
_-
140
335
730
502
828
1211
2279
27
28
31
38
1832
1873
2345
3220
2247
2611
2137
986
4658
5340
5724
6523
4658
5340
5724
6523
in accordance
with
Utilization
agriculture
Surplus
Total
Resources
Total Utilization
demand
in major
growth
of water
central
non-renewable
and
supply
Saudi
the
cities
in the country
part
of Saudi
water
of
industrial
is underground
Replenishable
subsurface
is growing
implementation
and non-replenishable.
age of 10 years
ago.
Non-renewable
years
1 below
1985
replenished
of the
2000 million
1980
Urban Waste
in the
than
80%
Water Balance
Desalination
source
less
in 1990 and
than
Resourcs
Water
in
Table
(Million
Water
m3/day
for more
Figure
sectors while
Table
population
wastewater
balance.
Projected
Water
treated
will be discussed.
SUPPLY
the benefits
purposes
Arabia.
water.
A proven
m3.
reserve
which
may
the vast
The
with
an average
It is mainly
of 338 billion
be
major
ground water
is estimated
projects.
formed
some
found
m3 of
20,000
30
Desalination
in
Saudi
Arabia
major
This
the other
The
is 1.82 million
(81.14 mgd).
water
is considered
cities.
present
m3/day
only
(480.5
accounts
alternative
capacity
mgd)
is presented
Table
The growing
attention
exported
141,732
increase.
eggplant,
total
This
wastewater
from
54
33
1980
205
120
80
1985
270
180
100
1990
315
210
130
2000
420
280
170
SOLUTION
agriculture
water
and
nearby
wheat,
to 7,105,632
different
Saudi
is now treated
other
onions
Oonums
Arabia
agriculture
The
is
in Riyadh,
products
like
products.
shown
in
wheat
barlely,
was 3,080,428
requirements
3.
production
was
squash,
.The
in Saudi Arabia.
Donums
can be obtained
The expected
Table
wheat being
tomatoes,
an increase
and Madina.
Saudi Arabia
Surplus
were planted
crops
Jeddah
activities.
annual
to 2,048,OOO
in 1985 representing
water
wheat production.
and cucumber
for non-food
cities
in Saudi
countries.
increased
of the winter
vast agriculture
specially
of national
It was
areas
demand
okra, carrets,
cultivated
increased
waters
I47
Besides
The
m3/year)
1975
Europe
demand.
Saudi Cities
Mekkah
sulf-sufficiency
to
m3/day
in Table 2 below.
Jeddah
tons in 1980.
in Saudi
of 307,400
Riyadh
the government
now attains
an addition
Year
TREATMENT
fresh water
seawater
Demand of Major
(Thousand
THE WASTEWATER
with
for supplying
desalted
Water
of
in 1982 which
rate of 131%.
from the treated
municipal
Small
wastewaters
fraction
of
these
31
Table
Available
Wastewaters
(Thousand
City
2000
Riyadh
292
456
Jeddah
271
441
Mecca
112
184
Madina
61
101
Taif
51
75
Dammam
65
122
270
583
1123
1962
Total
wastewater
the country
which
1982.
due
plant
growth
capacity
m3/day
of the city.
in operation
capacity
Riyadh
m3/day.
This
population
and expected
in
on average
is 370,000
one million
plant
m3/day
in
rapid expansion
is
was
about
to be about
665,000
in
two millions
in
2000.
These
housing
fast
It was designed
Now it approaches
the year
plant
later on to 80,000
The maximum
to the
1974.
treatment
since 1972.
expanded
in Saudi Arabia
m3/day)
1990
Other cities
Riyadh
are
areas
complexes.
other
small
solely
These
wastewater
for
includes
of Foreign
landscape
Ministry
Diplomatic
quality
an important
Affairs
Housing
The quality
in Riyadh
purposes
inside
Housing
in
certain
the
housing
is displayed
quality
selection
treatment
of 1,135 m3/day.
of 9,000 m3/day.
with an ultimate
wastewaters
role in process
plants
the following:
raw water
treatment
irregation
capacity
capacity
of 10,000 m3/day.
on Table
of the produced
and in combination
processes
of 172,800m3/day
4.
Generally,
treated
water
of processes.
contamanents.
the
play
Figure
Figure 3: Typical
Wastewater
Treatment
Processes
33
Table
Typical
Composition
of Riyadh Wastewater,
mg/L
Constituent
Concentration
Influent
Total
dissolved
Suspended
solids
250
35
ND
BOD5, 200C
200
30
COD
450
90
25
25
Ammonia
solids
(mL/l)
- nitrogen
Nitrates
-1
as nitrogen
Phosphates
10
10
Chlorides
190
210
Alkalinity
200
190
Grease
100
10
29
27
Temperature,
oC
Free available
chlorine
0.8
Total chlorine
residual
"4.0
Dissolved
sulfonates
Historically,
Riyadh
the Riyadh
balance
was
oil refinery
water,
decided
small
secondary
Riyadh
and
(3)
treatment
with
three
feedwater,
available
near
plant
grades
(2) process
boiler
to be made
villages
wastewater
cooling
Dariyah,
5
-5
was
essentially
of waters;
water
crude
About
92,000
built
to
the highest
for agricultural
Riyadh.
mL
50-lOO/lOO
Millions/mL
Total coliforn
and
0
12-20
oxygen
Alkyl benzene
satisfy
7.4
7.3
PH
and
1100
1300
solids
Settleable
cess
Effluent
grade
irrigation
m3/day
pro-
water.
are
The
at Dirab
pumped
to
to Dariyadh.
wastewater
chlorination
treatment
treatment.
media,
plant
It
incorporates
has
followed
a high
preliminary,
rate
by two aerated
trickling
lagoons
primary,
filter
and
Sludge
chlorination.
sand drying
secondary
beds.
treatment
denitrification
the
be mentioned
tion
of the
be
and
The
nitrification
of
sand
filtration
The proposed
and USA
chemical
Saudi
EPA quality
characteristics
standards
for
quidlelines
of
for unristricted
the effluent
analysis
of Table
treatment
of the recent
K. Al-Dhowalia
However,
plant
et al(4)
for
Riyadh
treated
irrigation.
4 was before
expa"sion.
had found
these constituents
from sanitary
with
viewpoint
treated
high
are essential
It
the opera-
With
regard
to
concentrations
plant nutrients
farm.
In Dariyah
wastewater.
plant.
the FAO
by drying on
treatment.
to plant growth.
irrigate
vegetable
system with
consists
required
and phosphate,
Finally,
sludge
treatment
the standards
that
of these components.
should
as
physical
tertiary
and contribute
treatment
followed
are within
must
tertiary
as well
irrigation
Generally,
wastewater
nitrates
sewage
effluents
unrestricted
The
digesters
from Riyadh
wastewater
is by anaerobic
plant expansion
is done by an activated
process.
and chlorination.
effluent
treatment
The latest
Also
no crops
before
eating
are allowed
and Dirab,
wheat,
fodder,
with sewage
that eaten
date
raw or
to be cultivated
palms
and some
are grown.
CONCLUSIONS
Saudi
in
major
Arabia
cities.
biological
solely
These
systems
and
Water
demand
If
facilities
in irrigation
essential
use
equipments.
in Saudi
satisfied
tertiary
The
Arabia
treatment
processes
treated
water
accounts
by the treated
be accomplished.
irrigiation
plant nutrients.
mainly
wastewater
facilities
that
have
wastewaters
are
purposes.
this partially
for establishing
disinfection
demand.
saving
is planning
wastewater,
Wastewater
a considerable
treatment
as well
plants
pro-
as supplying
35
Table 5
Water Quality
Standards
for Unrestricted
Maximum
Parameter
Proposed
Saudi
contaminant
Irrigation
level
EPA
FAO
(MCL), mg/L
Agricultural
Landscaping
Standards
BOD
10
TSS
10
20
15
Aluminium
5.0
5.0
5.0
Arsenic
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Beryllium
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Boron
0.7
0.75
Cadmium
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Chromium
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Cobalt
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
Copper
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.2
Cyanide
0.05
Fluoride
2.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
Iron
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Lead
0.1
5.0
5.0
5.0
Lithium
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
Manganese
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Mercury
0.001
Molybdenum
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Nickel
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
Selenium
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
Vanadium
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
Zinc
4.0
2.0
2.0
pH in units
6.0-8.4
Absent
Phenol
MPN 2.2/10OmL
Turbidity
50
MPN 1000/100mL
MPN 2.2/100mL
2.2 NTU
Chloride
280
100-200
200-400
Sulfate
Nitrogen
Sodium
Nil
0.002
Fecal coliform
2.0
6.0-9.0
adsorption
10
ratio
8-18
36
REFERENCES
1.
G.
2.
3.
H.I.
Shammas,
in
Human
4.
and A.M.
Irrigation",
Health
October,
Wastewater",
October,
Engineering:
The
and Reuse",
El-Rehaili,
Symposium
and Agriculture
Treatment,
Disposal,
Reuse",
1984.
Academic
"Tertiary
Press,
Filtration
on the
Effect
of Water
in The G.C.C.
States
Al-Khobar,
Quality
for
on the
Saudi Arabia,
1986.
K. Al-Dhowalin,
Health
New Delhi,
"Water Renovation
Shuval,
N.K.
Use
"Wastewater
Tchobanoglous,
Tata McGraw-Hill,
and
The
symposium
Agriculture
1986.
in
on
The
the
Effect
G.C.C.
"Utilization
of Water
States,
of Riyadh
Quality
Al-Khobar,
on
Treated
the
Saudi
Human
Arabia,