Exercise 1: Matrix-Fracture Transfer Estimation in A Transient Well Test

Naturally Fractured Reservoirs ENSG 2011
Exercise 1: Matrix-Fracture transfer estimation in a

Transient well test
(from L.H. Reiss The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Fractured Formations)
Definition:
T1: end of first radial flow period
T2: beginning of the second radial flow period
Taft= end of wellbore storage effect
2
0.625.10 4 a f C tf
with time in seconds, viscosity in cp, compressibility in bar-1, a in m,
T1 =
n(n + 2 )
km
K in millidarcys
750.10 4 a f Ctf
with time in seconds, viscosity in cp, compressibility in bar-1, a in m,
n(n + 2 )
km
K in millidarcys
2
T2 =
Taft = 9.576.10 7
C oV
with time in seconds, viscosity in cp, compressibility in bar-1, h in m, K
kfh
in millidarcys and V in m3
Compute T1, T2, and Taft with the following parameters:

Number of fracture sets (n)
Ctm
Ctf
Co
kf
km
Fracture porosity
Matrix porosity
Wellbore volume (V)
Height (h)
Fracture spacing (a)
Fluid viscosity
T1 (s)
0.000375
T2 (s)
0.45
Copyright 2011. Beicip-Franlab All rights reserved
3
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
5.00E-05
1000
0.1
0.001
0.1
1
40
0.3
1
-1
bar
-1
bar
-1
bar
mD
mD
fraction
fraction
3
m
m
m
cp
Taft (s)
0.1197
page 1/10
Exercise 2: Conductivity determination from flowmeter

1.1 Please draw the PLT using the available data.
HORIZONTAL PRODUCER
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
7400
7600
7800
8000
8200
8400
8600
Horizontal Well
Fracture Swarm
1.2 Interpret the PLT.

The vertical producer should be crossing a high permeability region (maybe a diffuse fracture,
as shown in the picture) between 6721 ft - 6726 ft. The probability of a vertical well crossing
a fracture swarm is extremely small.
The horizontal producer crosses a fracture swarm at 8048 ft - 8059 ft.
1.3 Determine the conductivity of the available fractures.

From the previous interpretation only the horizontal well seems to cross a fracture swarm. The
Q
swarm conductivity is going to be equal to:
cF = L F K M
QM
L= 8442-7660 = 782 ft
page 2/10

Km = 107.7mD
Qf = (5100-566) = 4534 rb/d
Qm = 9606-4534= 5072 rb/d
C fracture = 75288 mD.ft

K = intrinsic permeability = 75288 / (8059-8048) = 6844 mD
page 3/10
Exercise 3: Fracture Classification

1. Classify the four wells according to their proximity to the existing lineaments by
completing the following table.
ETR
SIGNATURE
MTR
LTR
KH Analysis
KHw/KHc
PLT
Fracture?
WELL
CLASSIFICATION
WELL Y1
WBS +S
HOMOG
n/a
Matrix
Matrix
WELL Y2
Cond Fault
n/a
n/a
30
1 Fract
1 Fract Swarm
WELL Y3
WBS +S
HOMOG
Const Press
Boundary
15
Matrix
Near a Swarm
WELL Y4
WBS +S
HORIZ
n/a
n/a
Matrix
2. Given the PI/L versus well distance to the lineament graph, name each point with
the correspondent well name.
PI/L vs Distance to Lineament
25
WELL Y2
PI/L (stb/d/psi/m)
20
WELL Y3
15
10
5
WELL Y4
WELL Y1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Distance to Lineament (m)
page 4/10
Exercise 4: Fracture upscaling

1) Fracture porosity:
Compute the porosity of the fracture
network knowing that:
Fracture density = 1 frac/m
Aperture = 1mm
10m
10m
f =
Vf
10 0.001 10
=
= 0.001 = 0.1%
Vrock
10 10
2) Abacuses:
Using the 4 abacuses, compute for each of them, the fracture aperture and the fracture
porosity knowing that kf = 100 mD and a (spacing) = 1m
Sheets model
Matches model
horizontal flow
Matches model
vertical flow
Cubes model
Fracture aperture
100m
100m
Fracture porosity
0.01%
0.02%
80m
0.015%
90m
0.023%
page 5/10
Exercise 5: Matrix fracture transfer; Recovery time in the

cases of single phase pressure depletion and capillary
imbibition
A good approximation of the recovery time is given by the following formula:
1
T =
2 Dm
With Dm the diffusion coefficient and the shape factor
km
1
(Dm in ft2/d)
158.0206 Ctm
km
1
'
In the case of capillary imbibition: Dm ( S w ) =
k ro ( S w ) f w ( S w ) Pc ( S w ) (Dm in
158.0206
2
ft /d)
In the case of single phase pressure depletion: Dm =
Compute the recovery time for both production scenarios using the following parameters:
km
Phi
Viscosity
Total matrix comp.
Fracture spacing
0.1
0.1
1
1.00E-04
3
mD
fraction
cp
-1
psi
ft
Sw
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
Kro*fw*Pc'
0.000E+00
8.239E-05
3.038E-03
1.993E-02
6.437E-02
1.395E-01
2.240E-01
2.460E-01
1.366E-01
3.135E-02
3.577E-03
0.000E+00
Note: for capillary imbibition, compute the recovery time assuming Dm is maximum.
Single phase pressure depletion T = 102.4s

Recovery as a function of time is given by the following equation:
Np
= Ctm (Pi Pf )[1 exp( Dmt )]
N
page 6/10
Single phase depletion

1
0.9
Recovery in % (Np/N)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Time (s)
Capillary imbibition
Dm max = 1.56E-4 T = 481.8d
page 7/10
Exercise 6: Equivalent fracture permeability computation

Km = 100mD
0.25 m
250 m
Cd = 100 000 mD.m
A. What is the intrinsic permeability (kf) of the fracture swarm?

B. What is the fracture permeability (Kf) at the simulation cell size?
C. What is the total permeability (Kf+m) of the simulation cell crossed by the fracture
swarm?
kf the intrinsic fracture permeability = 400 000 mD

Kf the up-scaled fracture permeability = 400 mD
Kf+m the up-scaled fracture and matrix permeability = 500 mD
TAB =
k f = Cd / e
TAB =
k f .(e.Z )
LAB
K f .(X .Z )
LAB
k f .(e.Z )
LAB
Kf =
K f .(X .Z )
LAB
k f .e Cd
=
X X
For a single porosity model, the average permeability in the cells crossed by the fractures is:
K av =
(250m 0.25m ).Km + kf .e
250m
(250m 0.25m ).100 + Cd = 500mD
K av =
250m
page 8/10
Exercice 7: Matrix fracture transfer; Imbibition and gravity

drainage
Water-Oil Capillary Pressure
Water-Oil Capillary Pressure (bar)
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
-4.00
Water Saturation (fraction)
Gas-Oil Capillary Pressure
Gas-Oil Capillary Pressure (bar)
1.600
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Gas Saturation (fraction)
page 9/10
Swi
Sorw
Sorg
0.13
0.35
0.17
2) What can you say from these curves?

The rock is strongly oil wet.
3) Calculate the maximum saturation change in a matrix block with the block size in Z given
in the table below:
in a case of water injection
In a case of gas injection
Pc = .g .c = .c / 10.2 with in g/cm3, c in m and Pc in bar
Block size (m)

2
5
7
10
20
Pc (Bar)
-0.083
-0.208
-0.291
-0.416
-0.831
Water Drive
Sw max
0.24
0.56
0.59
0.60
0.63
Soil min
0.76
0.44
0.41
0.40
0.37
Pc (Bar)
0.113
0.282
0.395
0.565
1.129
Gas Drive
Sg max
0.00
0.39
0.54
0.63
0.69
Soil min
0.87
0.48
0.33
0.24
0.18
For water drive Soil=1-Sw: for gas drive Soil=1-Swi-Sg

4) What is the minimum block height in case of gas injection?
Cmin = 3.2 m
5) What can you conclude?
Soil min (irreductible oil saturation in matrix)
Saturation
1.00
0.90
0.80
Water Drive
Gas Drive
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
Block Size (m)
For a b lock height below 7 m, water injection is the best development strategy. Above 7
m, gas injection will give the best recovery.
page 10/10

Exercise 1: Matrix-Fracture Transfer Estimation in A Transient Well Test

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Naturally Fractured Reservoirs ENSG 2011