This is the teaching module for work energy. This module has to be followed in the class.

VK Bansal

TEACHING NOTES
WORK ENERGY
In XIII 5 Lectures in Bull's Eye 6 Lectures & ACME 6 Lectures including discussion.

Syllabus in IIT JEE : Kinetic and potential energy; Work and power; Conservation of mechanical
energy.

INTRODUCTION :
Whatever we have learnt till now is more or less sufficient for solving any problem involving particles. By
doing force analysis we can find acceleration & then we can find velocity, position, etc. That means we
should be finished with particle dynamics.
But it is not so. We will learn a new technique and concept which will make problem solving faster and
will give simple solution to complicated problems. Work Energy Theorem is an extension to Newton's
Laws but much simpler to use (mainly because of absence of vectors).

WORK :
When we say 'work' in physics it is different from word 'work' we use in daily life. Work done by force

F is defined as

dW = FdS ,

There are two interpretations of ds .

(1)
If the body is moving as a complete unit, ds is the displacement of the body e.g. when we walk on earth,

there is a force of friction on earth. The earth moves as a unit. Each point has same displacement. So ds
is displacement of earth.
(2)

If the different points of body have different displacement, d s is the displacement of point of application

of force. In the example above displacement of different parts of our body are different. So ds is
displacement of point of contact i.e. the foot in contact with the ground. So we can say clearly that work
by earth on us is also zero.

OPTIONAL

Actually, there are no 2 divisions dW = FdS , where d s is point of application of force on body. With
this, you can explain both answers.

i)

We can note that work is a scalar quantity.

ii)

dW = | F || dS | Cos i.e. if component of force is along displacement ( < 90) work is positive otherwise
work is negative ( > 90)

Questions
In light of these discussions, consider the following true-false questions:
(1)True or False?
A boy jumps up into the air by applying a force downward on the ground. The work-kinetic energy
theorem W = K can be applied to the boy to find the speed with which he leaves the ground.

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[1]

(2)True or False?
A balloon is compressed uniformly from all sides. Because there is no displacement of the balloons
center of mass, no work is done on the balloon.
Both of these claims are false. Question (1) refers to a simple, everyday experience that unfortunately
cannot be analyzed by means of traditional physics teaching without the introduction of additional worklike quantities and energy-like equations. The upward force on the boy that projects him into the air is the
normal force on his feet from the ground. The center of mass of the boy indeed moves through an
upward displacement. The normal force, however, goes through no displacement in the reference frame
of the ground, and therefore no work is done by this force on the boy. The change in the boys kinetic
energy does not come from work done on the system of the boy. This is a case of a deformable system.
Other cases include a person climbing stairs or a ladder, a girl pushing off a wall while standing on a
skateboard, and a piece of putty slamming into a wall. In all of these cases, no work is done by the
contact force, because there is no displacement of the point of application of the force
Illustration:

A block kept on rough surface is being pulled by force F, as shown

Work by F is positive
Work by friction is negative
Meaning of negative and positive Work

FH on B

S
(a)
Ball does
positive work
on hand

FB on H
(b)

S
(c)

Hand does
negative work
on ball

When you catch a ball as in figure (a), your hand and the ball move together with the same displacement

s (figure b). The ball exerts a force FB on H on your hand in the same direction as the hand's displacement,
so the work done by the ball on your hand is positive. But by Newton's third law your hand exerts an

equal and opposite force FH on B FB on H on the ball (figuure c). This force, which slows the ball to a
stop opposite to the ball's displacement. Thus the work done by your hand on the ball is negative.
Because your hand and the ball have the same displacement, the work that your hand does on the ball is
just the negative of the work that the ball does on your hand.
Caution: Always specify exactly which force is doing the work, and on what. When you lift a book, you
exert an upward force on the book and the book's displacement is upward, so the work done by the
lifting force on the book is positive. But the work done by the gravitational force (weight) on a book
being lifted is negative because the downward gravitational force is opposite to the upward displacement.
iii)

Work depends on reference frame because displacement is relative. (Remember force is not dependent
on reference frame)
Illustration: A lift is going up with constant velocity. We will calculate work
from two
reference frames. In both reference frame
N-mg = 0 N = mg
Work Done in 2nd ref. frame = 0
Work Done in 1st ref. frame = Nut
(We can observe that work is dependent on reference frame.)

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[2]

3.

Calculation of work
Case 1:
When Force is uniform

dW = FdS

W = dW = FdS = F dS

W = FS (This is true only for uniform forces)

W=

Ex.

A block of mass m is taken from A to B along spherical bowl.

Work Done by gravity = mgR(1cos)
Work Done by force F = FR(Sin
Work Done by normal = 0

Ex.

Find work done by gravity and normal when block comes fromA to B
Wg = mg(lsin) = (mgsin)l
WN = 0 (because displacement is
perpendicular to Force)

Q.

[Sol.

mg

A particle is moving along a straight line from point A to point B with position vectors 2 i 7 j 3 k and

5 i 3 j 6 k respectively. One of the force acting on the particle is F 20 i 30 j 15 k . Find the

work done by this force.
[Ans. 315]

W F. d
d 3i 10j 3k
F = 20i 30j 15k

W = 60 + 300 45 = 315

Ans.

Case 2: When Force is nonuniform (either magnitude or direction)

dW = FdS W = FdS ( F cannot come out of integer since it is varying)
Ex.

F xi y 2 j .Particle moves from (1,2) to (3,4)

dW = FdS
( dS dxi dyj )
dW = xdx + y2dy
3

x2
xdx

y
dy
W =
= 2

1
2

y3
+ 3

=
2

68
3

* If force is not expressed as function of (x,y,z) then also we can solve problem by expressing force and
displacement in same format.
Solved Example 4, 6 of HCV
[Home work : HCV (part-1) Chapter-8, Ex-1 to 9 ]

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SPRING FORCE :
Natural length of spring is l0.
Similarly, when we compress spring by x1 from natural length, then
work done by spring force.

F kxi

dS (dx )( i ) {dx is +ve as x is increasing}

dW = FdS
x1

dW = 0 kx dx = 2 k x1
Ex.
Sol.

Find work done by spring if we compress it further by x2.

dS = dx( i )
F kxi

dW = FdS = kx dx
( x 2 x1 )

W = k

x dx = 12 k[(x2 + x1)2 x12 ]

x1

WorkEnergy Theorem
The total work done on a body by external forces is related to the body's displacement-that is, to
changes in its position. But the total work is also related to changes in the speed of the body. To see this,
consider figure, which shows several example of a block sliding on a frictionless table. The forces acting

on the block are its weight w , the normal force n and the force F exerted on it by the hand.
In figure (a) the net force on the block is in the direction of its motion. From Newton's second law, this
means that the block speeds up ; from equation, this also means that the total work Wtot done on the
n

block is positive.

(a)
v

w
Wtot > 0

The total work is also positive in figure (b), but only the component F cos contributes to Wtot. The
block again speed up, and this same component F cos is what causes the acceleration.
n

(b)
v

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F
w
Wtot > 0

[4]

The total work is negative in figure (c) because the net force opposes the displacement ; in this case the
n
F

block slows down.

(c)
v

w
Wtot < 0

The net force is zero in figure (d), so the speed of the block stays the same and the total work done on
the block is zero . We can conclude that when a particle undergoes a displacement, it speed up if
Wtot > 0, slow down if Wtot < 0, and maintains the same speed if Wtot = 0.

(d)
F
w
Wtot = 0

A block sliding on a frictionless table.

(a) The net force causes the speed to increase and does positive work.
(b) Again the net force causes the speed to increase and does positive work.
(c) The net force opposes the displacement, causes the speed to decrease, and does negative
work.
(d) The net force is zero and does no work, and the speed is constant.
Derivation:
For a particle

F =m a

dV
FdS = m dS
dt
v

Work Done by resultant Force =

f


F dS = m v dv

vi

1
2 1
2
Summation of work by all the forces = ( FdS) = mv f mv i
2
2
W = kf ki

i.e. Sum of work done by all the forces on a particle is equal to change in kinetic energy of the particle
So the kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the total work that was done to accelerate it from rest to its
present speed.
The kinetic energy of a particle is equal to the total work that particle can do in the process of being
brought to rest. This is why you pull your hand and arm backward when you catch a ball. As the ball
comes to rest, it does an amount of work (force times distance) on your hand equal to the ball's initial
kinetic energy. By pulling your hand back, you maximize the distance over which the force acts and so
minimize the force on your hand.
Q.
[Sol.

A 60 gm tennis ball thrown vertically up at 24 m/s rises to a maximum height of 26 m. What was the work
done by resistive forces?
1
wg + wres = (0 mu2)
2
1
mgh + wres = mu2
2

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[5]

wres = 0.06 10 26
= 1.68 J
Q.

1
0.06 24 24
2
]

A force of (3 i 1.5j) N acts on a 5 kg body. The body is at a position of ( 2 i 3j) m and is travelling at
4 ms1. The force acts on the body until it is at the position (i 5j) m. Assuming no other force does

[Sol.

work on the body, the final speed of the body.

Given
Mass of the body = 5 kg

Force F = 3i 1.5j

[Ans. 10 ms1]

Now displacement s = { (i 5j) ( 2i 3j) } m = ( i 8j) m

From Work Energy principle
1

W = F s = m(v2 u2)
2

v = 10 m/s ]

Ex.

A block is connected to spring while spring is in relaxed state. Find maximum extension of spring.

Sol.

Forces acting on block are spring and gravity

Work done for x displacement
1
W = mgx kx2
2
for max. displacement velocity should become zero
ki = 0
kf = 0
1
mgx kx2 = 0
2
2mg
x=
k

Applying Work Energy theorem on system

We have been careful to apply the work energy theorem only to bodies that we can represent as particles
- that is, as moving point masses. The reason is that new complexeties appear for more complex systems
that have to be represented in terms of many particles with different motions.Here's an exmaple.

n1 n2

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Consider a man standing on frictionless roller skates on a level surface, facing a rigid wall. He pushes

against the wall, setting himself in motion to the right. The forces acting on his are his weight w , the

upward normal forces n1 and n 2 exerted by the ground on his skates, and the horizontal force F

exerted on him by the wall. There is no vertical displacement, so w , n1 and n 2 do not work. The force

F is the horizontal force that accelerates him to the right, but the parts of his body where that force is

applied (the man's hands) do not move. Thus the force F also does no work. So where does the man's
kinetic energy come from ?
The difficulty is that it's simply not correct to represent the man as a single point mass. For the motion as
we've described , different parts of the man's body must have different motions ; his hands are stationary
against the wall while his torso(upper body) is moving away from the wall. The various parts of his body
interact with each other, and one part can exert forces and do work on another part. Therefore the total
kinetic energy of this composite system of body parts can change, even though no work is done by
forces applied by bodies(such as the wall) that are outside the system. This would not be possible with
a system that can be repesented as a single point particle.
While using Work Energy Theorem for a system or applying work energy equation on many particles
together we must remember that work due to all the forces (external & internal) must be written.
Otherwise use this equation seperately on individual particles. ( Although total work done
by static friction, tension and normal contact force i.e. by action and reaction on a system will
always be zero.)
According to newtons laws, the body moves under the influence of the external force only. Internal
forces do not accelerate the body. But work can still be done by them, even if they do not accelerate the
body. In the case of work energy theorem, we should be cautious. Do not forget to take into account the
work done by the internal forces.
To illustrate these points about work, let us take a simple daily life example. Suppose a boy of mass 40
kg is walking on a rough ground with a uniform acceleration of 1 m/s2. We wish to find the work done on
the boy when he moves a distance of 1 m starting from rest.
Sol: It is clear that the horizontal acceleration of the boy is possible only by an external force. This force
is friction force between him and the ground. We can imagine trying to walk on a smooth surface. We will
slip!
This friction force f = ma = 40 N.
But who does work on the boy? Obviously not the friction force. Then none of us need to eat
anything, cars need not be supplied any petrol! Friction cannot do any work. But we studied that work
is

W = F .S = FS cos.
What is wrong here? Let us examine the motion of the boy more closely. When the boy walks, he does
not slip his feet on the ground. Rather, he places one foot on the ground, lifts another foot and moves that
foot further. The force of friction is not acting on the moving foot. It is acting on the foot which is in
contact with the ground. So this is the case of a body where different parts of the body having different
displacements.
`

Just now we said that in such cases, the work done by the force is W = F .S = FS cos. where S is the
displacement of the point of application of the force. So although the boy as a whole is moving, the point
at which friction force is being applied is not moving. On close examination, we can say that it is the
muscles of the body who are rotating the legs, imparting the energy to the boy. Their work can be
estimated with the help of the work energy theorem.
V2 = U2 + 2as = 0 + 2 1 1

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[7]

Wint = K =

40 2 = 40 J

Observe the same thing from the frame of the boy and explain it.
The work done by internal forces should be same as before. This should be! After all the work done by
the boy reflects in his food consumption. This should be the same from every frame of reference.
Frictional work
Consider a block sliding across a horizontal table and eventually coming to rest due to the frictional force
exerted by the table.
As the kinetic energy of the block decreases, there is a corresponding increase in the internal energy of
the system of block + table. This increase in internal energy might be observed as a slight increase in the
temperature of the surfaces of the block and the table. It is a common observation that kinetic friction
between two surfaces causes an increases in the temperature, as for example in the case of holding a
piece of metal against a grinding wheel or applying the brackes to an automobile or a bicycle (in which
case both the brakes and the sliding tires can become warmer). You can even observe that effect by
rubbing your hands together.
We might be tempted to write the magnitude of the work done by the frictional force as the product of
the frictional force times the displacement through which the object moves : |Wf| = fs.
If r in the definition of work is identified as the displacement of the object, it often follows in textbook
and lecture discussions that the work done by friction on a block sliding on a surface is W = fkd, where
fk is the force of kinetic friction on the block and d is the distance through which the block moves relative
to the surface. The negative sign indicates that the friction force is in the opposite direction to the
displacement. This expression for work is then incorporated into the work-kinetic energy theorem for
the block.
This approach ignores the fact that the displacement of the block is not the same as the many displacements
of the friction force at a large number of contact points. This latter displacement is complicated and
involves deformations of the lower surface of the block. IT HAS TO BE NOTED THAT THE
WORK DONE BY FRICTION CANNOT BE CALCULATED BECAUSE WE CANNOT
FIND THE DISPLACEMENT AT LARGE NUMBER OF CONTACT POINT. EVEN IN
THE CASE OF STATIC FRICTION, THERE IS VERY SMALL DISPLACEMENT AT THE
CONTACT POINT SO THE WORK DONE BY STATIC FRICTION IS ALSO NOT ZERO.
BUT FOR TEACHING IN JEE, WE WILL ASSUME THE FOLLOWING FOR FINDING
THE WORK DONE BY FRCTION.
A student may have little difficulty with W = fkd, based on his or her understanding of evaluating the
work done by any force by performing a path integral over the path followed by the object. In the case
of a block sliding over a stationary surface, the friction force is always oppositely directed to each
infinitesimal displacement of the block. For a constant friction force, this integral reduces to the product
of the force and the length of the path (not the displacement).
Eg.

The force 15 N pulls the lower block for 2m, Find final speed.

Sol.(I) For individual bodies

W = 30 = kEsys =

wA

52

wB

15 2 +(5) 2

1
1
10v2 + 5v2
2
2

v=2

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[8]

(II) We know work done by static friction will be zero because actionreaction will be in opposite direction

but displacement of contact point will be same. Thus f A dSA f B dSB 0 because dSA = d S B but

f A = fB
Thus 15 2 = (1/2) 10v2 + (1/2) 5v2
v=2
METHOD OF VIRTUAL WORK :
The method of virtual work for finding constraint relation is very useful in complicated situations where
visual inspection is difficult and number of strings is more.
StepI :
Constraint forces are those forces whose work on the entire system is zero. To apply this method
we should write the tension acting on each block.
StepII:
Displace each of the movable bodies in +ve direction by SA.SB etc. Here we need not bother
whether these displacements are physically possible or not. Automatically the analysis will tell
the relationship between them.
StepIII :
Find the work done by tension on each of the bodies. The sum total of all these works should be
zero.

Assume that m1 moves a distance S1 down and m2 moves a distance S2 down.{ This is not physically
possible, but we are dealing with vectors here. If the displacements are in opposite directions, the
answer will be negative for them.

W1 = F.S Fs cos
= TS1.cos180
= TS1
Since the pulley is massless, the tension in teh string connecting m2 to the pulley can be found out
Newtons law for pulley

f = 2T
W2 = 2TS2.cos180 = 2TS2
W1 + W2 = 0
This principle that the work done by the string is 0 is called the principle of virtual work.
Here we are actually using the fact that the work done by the two strings on the total system is 0. But that
is as good, becuase sum of two zeroes will also be zero.

TS1 2 TS2 = 0

S1 + 2S2 = 0

V1 + 2V2 = 0

a1 + 2a2 = 0
Principle of virtual work seems to be more complicated, but once we get an understanding of it, it
becomes a very easy tool.

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[9]

Ex.

In the figure shown, the ring starts moving down from rest. What will be the relation between the velocity
of the ring and the velocity of the block at any position? What will be the distance that the ring moves
before coming to rest?

a
y

yH
H

Sol.

To find the relationship between the velocities of the block and the ring, we will use the concept of virtual
work. We have already studied that the total work done by tension on a system is always zero. Assuming
small displacements of the bodies when the angle made by the string is ( displacement is assumed to be
small so that the angle made by the string does not change appreciably)
TSRcos TSB = 0
SRcos + SB = 0

vRcos + vB = 0
Here we should be careful, the relationship between the small displacements is same as that of the
velocities because we have divided the entire relationship by small time interval dt. But to obtain the
relationship between accelerations, we have to differentiate this expression which will involve derivative
of cos also because is also a variable.
Since tension does not do any work, only work here is done by the force of gravity.
Wg = K1 + K2
1
2

1
2

mgh MgH = mv R 2 mvB2

The interesting thing to note here is that even if mass of the ring is less than that of the block, the ring will
go down. Explain.
At the position of rest, vB = 0. So from the equation of constrained motion, vR is also 0.
mgh MgH = 0.
also from the geometry, the original length of the string is
a + y = .
a2 h2 y H

a 2 h2 a H
h 2 H 2 2aH
2

MH
2

H 2aH
m
2aM 2
H 2
M m2

2aMm
M 2 m2

It is clear from the equation that the physically admissible solution is available only when M>m. If M<m
h comes out to be negative which is not possible. This means that if M<m, the block and the ring will
never come to rest.
[Home work : HCV (part-1) chapter-8 Ex.10 to 18, 28 to 35 ]

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[10]

(OPTIONAL)
Ex.
mA = 1 kg, mB = 2 kg, mC = 10kg
Find velocity of A, B & C when C
has descended 2m
Sol.
Here work is done by kinetic
friction between A & B so it will not
cancel out. But by tension
on A & C will cancel out.

wA = T 2 1 2
wC = 100 2 T 2
Total work = 100 2 1 2
99 2 =

1
1
10v2 + 1 v2
2
2

99 2 2
| v = 6 m/s | A and C
11
Finding displacement of B
aB = 0.5 ms2, u = 0, t from A and C
t = 2/3

v2 =

s=

FS

1
1
4
1
= m
2
2
9
9

1
1
1
= 2 v2 or vB = ms1
9
2
3
you can see that work done by kinetic friction on A & B is not cancelling out completely.

Note : Thus except tension, normal & static friction even if we write work because of action & reaction on a
system it is not necessary that total work will be zero.
NATURE OF FORCES :
[1]
Conservative forces: Forces for which calculation of work is
independent of path taken by body. e.g. gravity,spring.

Ex.

In this case work done by force of gravity is same for taking body from A to B by any path (You
can show it mathematically)
* In conservative forces total work done for around closed path = 0
[2]
Nonconservative forces: Forces for which calculation of work
depends on path not just on initial and final position eg. friction.
WfI
= mgl
WfII = mg(3l)

F = xy i + xy j
Calculate work required to take particle from (0,0) to (2,2) (give it w/o path) Then remind them it cannot
be calculated w/o path
then show

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w OP w
I

II OAP

[11]

POTENTIAL ENERGY :
It can be defined only for conservative forces.
Definition : It is defined as negative of work done by conservative forces

Formula: F represents force for which we are writing potential energy

dU = FdS
2
dU
= FdS
2

U2 U1 = FdS
2

thus

Purpose: By defining PE we can avoid repeated calculation of work for conservative forces and since
PE depends only on position (initial and final), we can directly write effect of conservative forces in terms
of their respective PE's
We will define PE for gravity and spring
Gravity

U2 U1 = mg ( j)dh ( j)
0

U2 U1 = mgh
U3 U1 = mgh(similarly)
Emphasise that by definition we can only find difference of PE not absolute value.
If we assume U1 = 0 then U2 = mgh
U3 = mgh
Ex.1

If chain starts slipping find its KE when chain becomes completely straight

Hint:

Wg = (KEf KEi)
But Wg = (Uf Ui)
Uf + Ui = KEf KEi
KEf + Uf = KEi + Ui find U by using calculus
emphasise that if we have tried to find work due to gravity directly then it would have been very difficult
as compared to the solution we are giving.

Ex.

Sol.

Chain is on the verge of slipping, find the velocity of the chain, when it has slipped.

3Mg
4
3Mg
3Mg

=
=3
4
4
work done by friction force when chain completely slip off the table.
df = dmg

f=

L/4

dw = df x

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M
dx gx
L

[12]

L/4

x2
3Mgl

=
2
32
0
Now decrease in PE = inc. in KE + wf
Mg
wf = 3
L

l/4
f

u=0

x
dx

1
PEi PEf = mv2 + wf
2

3l 4

9 Mgl Mgl 1
3Mgl

= Mv2 +
32
2 2
32

7Mgl
1
3Mgl
= Mv2 +
32
2
32
1
4 Mgl
Mv2 =
2
32
1
gl
2
As we have learnt from previous problem if some forces are acting on a body
W1 + W2 + ... + Wn = KEf KEi
if some of them are conservative and others are nonconservative then for conservative forces we can
write PE
Wc + Wnc = KEf KEi
(Uf Ui)} + Wnc = KEf KEi
Wnc = KEf KEi + (Uf Ui)
Term on RHS is often called mechanical energy. Emphasise that effect of a force can either be
written as work on LHS or it can come as PE on RHS

v=

Optional Eg. Find vel. of A & B when A is about to touch the

ground. Also verify that work done by tension on the
whole system and N between A and B is zero.
mA = 5 kg
mB = 10 kg

Sol.
|V| = |u|
Net speed of block
v
(37)

Vb =

u 2 u 2 2u 2 cos 37 =

2u 2 2u 2

4
=v
5

2
5

By energy conservation

m
v

Dec. in P.E. of block = Increase in KE of wedge + block

mgh. =

1
1
mv2 + mvb2
2
2

mgh =

1
1
2
mv2 + mv2
2
2
5

5 10 2 =

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u
m

370

1
1
2
10v2 + 5 v2
2
2
5

[13]

5 10 2 =

12 2
v
2

T cos

T
T sin

12 2
5 10 2 =
v
2

v=

50
3

velocity of wedge = 5

2
m/s
3

velocity of block = v

2
=
5

50 2

3 5
T

20
5
=
=2
m/s
3
3
work done by tension
(1) on wedge
w = (T T cos ) x
(2) on the block
T cos (x x cos ) T sin x sin
T cos Tx
Net w = TX T x cos + Tx cos Tx = 0
By normal reaction between A & B
(1) on the wedge
N sin . x
(2) on the block
N sin (x cos ) + ( N cos x sin )
= N sin x + N x sin cos N x sin cos
= N sin x
Net work done by normal raction

T sin

T cos

x cos
x
x
x sin

N
N sin
N
x

N cos

N cos
N
N sin
x cos
x

x sin

N sin x N sin x
=0
Solved Example 7 & 9 of HCV
[Home work : HCV (part-1) chapter-8 Ex.36 to 40]

SPRING :
In case of spring natural length of spring is assumed to be reference point and always assigned zero
potential energy (This is a universal assumption). In gravity we can take any point as reference and
assign it any value of potential energy.

Uf Ui = FdS
f

xi

Uf 0 = kx ( i )(dx ) i
o

U=

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1
kx 2
2 1

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xi

Uf Ui = FdS = kx i (dx )( i )
f

for compression

U=

1 2
kx
2

Thus if spring is either stretched or compressed from natural length by x the potential energy is

1 2
kx .
2

Emphasise that for solving problems of spring always measure distances from nature length.

Ex.
[Sol.

Find how much m will rise if 4m falls away.

Blocks are at rest and in equilibrium
Applying WET on block of mass m
wg + wsp = kf ki
Let finally displacement of block from equilibrium is x
5mg

1
x + k
mg
2
k

25 m 2 g 2 1

k 2 kx2 = 0

1 2
15 m 2 g 2
kx + mgx
=0
2
2k

x=

3mg
k

displacement from initial is

Ex.

5mg
3mg
8mg
+
=
k
k
k

Find velocity of ring when spring becomes horizontal

m = 10 kg
k = 400 Nm1
A

Sol.

37

4m

3m=h
B

m = 10 kg
k = 400 N/m
natural length of spring = 4m
decreasing in PE = inc. in KE
1
1
k 1 + mgh = mv2
2
2
1
1
400 12 + 10 10 3 = 10V2
2
2
2
200 + 300 = 5V
5V2 = 500

V = 100 m/s

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= 10 m/s

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EX. (a) A 2 kg block situated on a smooth fixed incline is connected to a

spring of negligible mass, with spring constant k = 100 Nm1, via a
frictionless pulley. The block is released from rest when the spring is
unstretched. How far does the block move down the incline before
coming (momentarily) to rest? What is its
acceleration at its lowest point?
(b) The experiment is repeated on a rough incline. If the block is observed to move 0.20 m down along the
incline before it comes to instantaneous rest, calculate the coefficient of kinetic friciton.
[Ans. (a) s = 0.24 m, a = 6 m/s2, (b) x = 1/8]
[Sol.(a) Applying work-energy theorem
mgs sin 37 =

1 2
ks
2

3
1
= 100s2
on solving s = 0.24 m
5
2
accelerating at its lowest point

210s

(b)

3
100 0.24 2 10
ks mg sin 37
5
a=
=
= 6 m/s2
a = 6 m/s2
m
2
Work done by gravity + work done by friction = Energy stored in spring
mg s sin37 mg cos 37 s =
mg sin 37

1 2
ks
2

1
ks = mg cos 37
2

3 1
4
100s = 2 10
5 2
5
given s = 0.20 m
12 50 s
=
16
1
=
]
8

2 10

Ex.

Draw Ux graph

Finding F from U

F ( U)

i
j k
represents

x y z
Ex.

If U = 4x2y + 2yz2 find force

dU
* if U depends on only one variable lets say r, then F r
dr

Ex.
Sol.

U = 4r3 find force

F = 12 r2( r )

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EQUILIBRIUM :

dU
If F and U are dependent only on one variable F
( x )
dx
dU

Thus, if we say equilibrium F 0

=0
dx
i.e. maxima or minima of PE represents
equilibrium. Maxima is unstable
equilibrium and minima is stable
equilibrium

u(x)

maxima

neutral

d 2U
< 0 maxima unstable equilibrium
dx 2

i.e.

d 2U
> 0 minima stable equilibrium
dx 2
d 2U
= 0 neutral equilibrium
dx 2
x1 is unsatble & x2 is stable.

minima
x

x
1

x2

(Optional)
To check whether a force is conservative. Explain this by the concept of potential energy.

0
z

Fx

Fy

Fz

Fz Fy
F F

i + z x j +

x z
y z

Fy Fx

x y = 0

POWER :
Rate of doing work is called power delivered by the force.
Poweravg =

W total work
= total time
t

dS
dW
d
Powerinst =
= ( FdS) = F
= FV
dt
dt
dt

P = (| F | cos ) | V | = (comp. of F along V )Speed

Ex.

If power delivered by net force if P0 find velocity as function of time (t = 0, vel. = u).

Sol.

dv
P = m v Pdt = mv dv
dt

Solved Example 3 of HCV

Home work Q.No. 19 to 27, 41 to 51

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VERTICAL CIRCULAR MOTION:

EX.

What is the minimum speed to reach B and C.

(B)

1
mu2 = mg (R)
2

u = 2gR
Solve for (C) like this
(C)

1
mu2 = mg (R)
2

u = 4gR . This is wrong.Why?

At any with vertical.
N = mg cos =

mV 2
R

N = mg cos +

mV 2
R

This equation is valid through out for >

direction of normal. For O < <

as cos will go negative and comp. of mg will act in the

N will never be zero as both mg cos and

mV 2
R

are positive.

Hence it will be contact and will have circular motion.

Using work energy
mg (R(1cos )) =

mV 2
2

2 mu 2

mu 2
2

V2 = m 2 mgR (1 cos )

V2 = u2 2gR (1 cos )
V2 = u2 2gR + 2g R cos
N = mg cos +
= mg cos +
N=

m(u 2 2gR 2gR cos

R
mu 2
R

2 mg + 2 mg cos

m 2
[u 2gR + 3g R cos ]
R

O<<

Normal will not become zero.

If we want to find minimum value to reach B there is no need to see the equation of normal all that matters
is speed.

at
=
2
O = u2 2gR + 2gR (O)
u = 2gR

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Case I:

u = 2gR it will just reach B.

Motion:

A B A D A B
At B, N = O but it wil not loose constant.

Case II:

u<

2gR
The body will not reach B but its velocity will become zero before B.
e.g. Let u = gR
O = gR 2gR + 2gR cos
1
2

cos =

at 60 the body will stop. The body will not remain stationary as its tangential acceleration will not be
zero.
>

what if

Here the normal will become zero before velocity. This is why 4gR was wrong as we were considering
speed and not normal where as to reach C it is necessary that 'N' does not become zero.
Find minimum speed to reach C.
O = u2 5gR
[ = ]
u = 5gR
Case III:

u = 5gR
v2 = 5gR 2gR 2gR
= gR
v = gR

Minimum possible value of 'N' and 'v' is at 'C'.

v = gR
As mg =

mv2
R

is valid

so the body will continue moving in circular motion.

u = 5gR implies the body has just completed circular motion.
Note: We check for '' as cos has maximum negative value. If N is not O at this point then for all < the
normal will never be zero.
Case IV:
u > 5gR
The body will freely move in a circle and 'N' will never be zero.
Case V:
5gR > u > 2gR .
The normal will become zero some where between B and C. At this point v O. It will leave circular
motion and will become projectile because symmetry will no more be there as in the next instant velocity
will decrease further for which N should be negative which is not possible and so it will leave circular
motion and will have projectile motion.

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For a mass tied by a string about O.

Here instead of normal 'Tension' is the worrying factor.
T = O String is slack and 'm' wil leave circular motion.

All previous cases are valid similarly.

Case I:

u < 2gR Pendulum

Case II:

u = 2gR will reach B and come back.

Case III:
4gR > u > 2gR . The body will continue moving in circular motion as tension of a rod can go
negative which is allowed as then the rod instead of pulling the body will push it.

A P Q P A P' Q'
Case IV:

u = 4gR
v = 0, T ve
The body will stop at the top.

Case V:

u > 4gR Forever will do circular motion.

Q.

Block kept on a fixed smooth sphere give this as a classroom exercise to students.

(a)Find at which block will break off.

(b) Initial velocity, so that block breaks off in initial position itself.
Solved Example 14 of HCV
[Home work : Remain questions of chapter-8 ]

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