Ashby E5.

Low alloy steel

Titanium alloys

Yield strength (elastic limit) (Pa)

1e9

1e8

1e7

1e6

100000

10000
100

1000

10000

Density (kg/ m^3)

Figure 1 : Yield strength vs Density CES Chart

Titanium alloy has higher specific strength than low alloy steel. Based on the
given material index

M 1=

YS
, Titanium alloy has higher yield strength and lower

density as compared to low alloy steel. This leads to higher specific strength.

Ashby E5.9

Fracture toughness (Pa.m^0.5)

1e8

Polycarbonate (PC)

1e7

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)

1e6

Alumina
Polystyrene (PS)
100000

10000

1e6

1e7

1e8

1e9

1e10

1e11

Young's modulus (Pa)

Figure 2 : Fracture Toughness vs Youngs modulus CES Chart

The average value of fracture toughness of each material is extracted from the
graph as follows :
Type of material
Average fracture toughness (Pa.m^0.5)
Polycarbonate(PC)
3.11e+06
Polystyrene (PS)
8.77e+05
ABS
2.26e+06
Alumina
3.98e+06
Table 1 : Average Fracture Toughness of Materials
Based on the data provided above, we could conclude that the fracture toughness
of PC, PS and ABS is greater than technical ceramic alumina. The equation of
fracture toughness can be derived to obtain the logarithmic relationship.

K 2IC
GIC =
E
1
1
log K IC = log E+ log GIC
2
2

1e12

Ashby E5.13
Objective : 1) Reasonable cost
2) Higher yield strength
Constraint : KIc>30 Mpa.m1/2
a)
Stainless steel

Fracture toughness (Pa.m^0.5)

1e8

Low alloy steel

1e7

Nickel-chromium alloys

1e6

100000

10000

10000

100000

1e6

1e7

1e8

1e9

Yield strength (elastic limit) (Pa)

Figure 3 : Fracture Toughness vs Yield Strength CES Chart

Three candidate materials for final assessment are stainless steel, low alloy steel
and nickel-chromium alloys. All of these three materials meet the constraint and has
the highest yield strength.
b)

Yield strength (elastic limit) (Pa)

1e9

Low alloy steel

1e8

Nickel-chromium alloys

Stainless steel
1e7

1e6

100000

10000
0.1

10

100

1000

10000

Price (CAD/ kg)

Figure 4 : Yield Strength vs Price CES Chart

Based on Figure 4, low alloy steel is the best material to be selected.
This is because it is the cheapest material and has the highest yield strength as
compared to the other two materials.

Ashby E5.17

Thermal conductivity (W/ m.C)

100

10

Silica glass

0.1

1e-6

1e-5

1e-4

Thermal expansion coefficient (strain/ C)

Figure 5 : Thermal Conductivity vs Thermal Expansion Coefficient CES

Chart
The best material for an optical window is silica glass. The material index given can
be derived in order to plot the CES chart.

M=

log =log + log M

Thus a straight line with slope =1 is plotted. In addition, it is also constrained to
have an optical quality as set in the limit section.

Problem 1(b)
Figure 6 : Yield Strength vs Density CES Chart
1e9

Yield strength (elastic limit) (Pa)

Wrought magnesium alloys

1e8

1e7

1e6

100000

10000
100

1000

Density (kg/ m^3)

KHAIRUL AZMI,

10000

FAHMI
1152700
ENG 4T04
ASSIGNMENT 1