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siqgur pRswid]

wjkB f;Zy :'Xk

ns/ ioB?b
;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk

fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN, dwKw

qqkrw
pihlI vwr CpI
2013
sB h`k pRkwSk dy rwKvyN hn
lyKk fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN
ipMf dwKw, kwlj rof dwKw,
ijlHw luiDAwxw[

e-mail : sekhonhsd@yahoo.com
Pon ; 9463377009 (Bwrq)

kYnyfw

Dr Harbhajan Singh Sekhon

13130 69 Ave
Surrey B.C. Canada
V3WIR7
Phone 001-778-218-1432

mwiek shwieqw
gurduAwrw isMG sBw
kwlj rof, dwKw dI sMgq
Cwpk
PuAwiel pirMtRz
luiDAwxw

+91-161-2404979, 2404093
email: foil@vsnl.com
www.foil printers Ludhiana.com.

pMnw
mu`K bMd
BUimkw

i-vi
xiii-xv

1.

jIvn idRStI

2.

mulqwn dI jMg

30-45

3.

kSmIr qy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI

46-83

4.

iSmlw imSn dw muKI

84-95

5.

ipSwvr dw prdySpqI

96-107

6.

jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq

108-127

7.

SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw inrmwx

128-140

8.

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

141-158

pusqk prmwx

159-160

1-29

sm`rpx
is`K kOm dy mhwn hIry Aqy Syir-ey-pMjwb
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy is`K rwj dy hIro jrnYl
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy smUh ShId isMGW Aqy
isMGxIAW ijnHW dyS vwsIAW dIAW gulwmI dIAW
zMjIrW k`tx leI jwnW vwrIAW[

qqkrw
pihlI vwr CpI
2013
sB h`k pRkwSk dy rwKvyN hn
lyKk fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN
ipMf dwKw, kwlj rof dwKw,
ijlHw luiDAwxw[

e-mail : sekhonhsd@yahoo.com
Pon ; 9463377009 (Bwrq)

kYnyfw

Dr Harbhajan Singh Sekhon

13130 69 Ave
Surrey B.C. Canada
V3WIR7
Phone 001-778-218-1432

mwiek shwieqw
gurduAwrw isMG sBw
kwlj rof, dwKw dI sMgq
Cwpk
PuAwiel pirMtRz
luiDAwxw

+91-161-2404979, 2404093
email: foil@vsnl.com
www.foil printers Ludhiana.com.

pMnw
mu`K bMd
BUimkw

i-vi
xiii-xv

1.

jIvn idRStI

2.

mulqwn dI jMg

30-45

3.

kSmIr qy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI

46-83

4.

iSmlw imSn dw muKI

84-95

5.

ipSwvr dw prdySpqI

96-107

6.

jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq

108-127

7.

SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw inrmwx

128-140

8.

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

141-158

pusqk prmwx

159-160

1-29

mu`K bMd
jdoN qoN mnu`K hoNd iv`c AwieAw hY, audoN qoN hI in`jqw dI Bu`K ny
ies dw ip`Cw nhIN C`ifAw[ mnu`K svwrQI soc dw gulwm hY[ hmySw
ieh Awpxw qy AwpixAW dw hI Blw cwhuMdw hY, dUijAW dw nhIN[ mu`F
kdIm qoN mnu`K Awpxw iF`f Brn leI dUjy dw glw Gutdw Aw irhw hY[
AwpxIAW loVW leI ieh dUijAW nUM frwauNdw, DmkwauNdw, lu`tdw,
ku`tdw qy mwrdw Aw irhw hY[ audoN jMgl dw rwj sI[ smwj nhIN sI[
smwijk kdrW kImqW pYdw nhIN sn hoeIAW[ hOlI hOlI mnu`KI jIvn
qr`kI v`l quirAw jMgl qoN bwhr AwieAw, soc bdlI, kMm-ik`qy SurU
hoey, jwqW, goqW qy DrmW dI hoNd hoeI[ smW pw ky sMivDwnk kdrW
pYdw hoeIAW, pr dUjy dI qbwhI Aqy Awp dI cODr vwlI soc ny mnu`K
dI soc nUM jrvwxw, inrdeI, lutyrw, kwql bxw id`qw[
Bwrq dI g`l krIey qW ies iv`c vsdy ihMdU muslmwnW dI kdy
nhIN sI bxI[ 'ijs kI lwTI aus kI BYNs' dy AKwx vWg kdy muglW
Aqy kdy ihMdU rwijAW dw rwj ho jWdw sI[ iehnW zr, zorU Aqy zmIn
dy lVweI JgiVAW ny SWqI dyvI nUM BwjVW pweI r`KIAW[
gurU nwnk swihb dI soc ny nvIN kRWqI dw nwhrw id`qw[ ies
kRWqI iv`coN is`K Drm dw prkwS hoieAw[ dsW hI gurU swihbwnW dy
mhwn isDWqW nUM ^qm krn dI smyN smyN dIAW srkwrW ny koeI ksr
nhIN C`fI[ pMjvyN gurW sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI dI qsIihAW BrI
Shwdq ny ij`Qy ie`k pwsy frwkl mnW nUM BWj id`qI auQy dUjy pwsy AxK
Aqy Awzwd jIvn ijaux leI BgqI Aqy SkqI dy isDWq nUM jnm
id`qw[ auprMq nOvyN siqgurW gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI lwswnI Shwdq ny
^wlsy dy pRkrx nUM surjIq kr id`qw[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny ^wlsy
dw pRkwS kr ky mOq iv`coN nvW jIvn surjIq kIqw[ AwpixAW cOhW
sihbzwidAW dI ShIdI, AnykW isMG isMGxIAW qy Bujg
M IAW dw ShwdqI
gVH, is`K pMQ nUM nvIN rUh Aqy juJwrU soc dy igAw[ k`Px isrW qy bMnH
(i)

ky isMGW nUM Gr Gwt C`fxy pey Aqy Awpxy imSn dI pUrqI leI jUJdy
gey[
isMGW ny Coty Coty rwj pYdw kr ley, ienHW nUM imslW dw nwm id`qw
igAw[ ienHW imslW dI sMGrSmeI pRIiKAw dI bdOlq mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG dw rwj hoNd iv`c AwieAw[ ies rwj iv`c lokW nUM
KuShwlI, SWqI Aqy Awzwd jIvn nsIb hoieAw[ ies rwj iv`c
pMjwb ny BUgoilk, rwjnIiqk, AwriQk qy Dwrimk KuShwlI hMFweI[
is`K rwj dI POj AMdr ivdySI &OjI, musilm, ihMdU Aqy is`K BrqI
sn[ ienHW &OjIAW ny jwnW qlI aup`r Dr ky v`fIAW m`lW mwrIAW[ ienHW
iv`c fogry gdwr vI BrqI sn pr dyS kOm dy Anmol Aqy su`cy hIirAW
dI lVI vI by-imswl sI jo srIrk qOr qy swfy iv`c nhIN rhy pr
swihq Aqy ieiqhws iv`c auynHW dw nwm ikAwmq q`k cmkdw rhygw[
ienHW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dI dyx bVI mhwn hY[
jd bMdy dw jIvn, ijauxw krqw AOKw,
qUPwn J`ly jbr zUlm dy nrk-AnyrI Jokw[
iPr nwnk dIAW ds joqW ny, BgqI SkqI ApxweI[
sUirAW jwm ShIdI pIqy, Brdw ieiqhws gvwhI[
mOq 'coN jIvn lY isMGW ny, julm dI kIqI vwFI,
h`k, s`c dw sUrj ciVHAw, su`qI AxK sI jwgI[
Xu`DW ny iPr sUry prKy, G`t nw au~qry pUry[
dyS kOm dy mrn leI, dOVy ie`k dUjy qoN mUhry[
sUrimAW dI cVHq sukwvy, hr duSmx dw qlUAw,
cmkx sUry qwirAW vWgUM, cMd iesy iv`c nlUAw[

fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN swihb dI ieh s`qvIN pusqk hY[ swihq
ivSw lMmy smyN dw pRqIk hY[ kuJ ivSy huMdy hn ijnHW qy ricAw swihq
sdw jIvq rihMdw hY pr kuJ iviSAW vwlw swihq QoVHy smyN bwAd
Alop ho jWdw hY[ syKoN swihb ny Awm qOr qy ieiqhws nUM hI ivSw
(ii)

mu`K bMd
jdoN qoN mnu`K hoNd iv`c AwieAw hY, audoN qoN hI in`jqw dI Bu`K ny
ies dw ip`Cw nhIN C`ifAw[ mnu`K svwrQI soc dw gulwm hY[ hmySw
ieh Awpxw qy AwpixAW dw hI Blw cwhuMdw hY, dUijAW dw nhIN[ mu`F
kdIm qoN mnu`K Awpxw iF`f Brn leI dUjy dw glw Gutdw Aw irhw hY[
AwpxIAW loVW leI ieh dUijAW nUM frwauNdw, DmkwauNdw, lu`tdw,
ku`tdw qy mwrdw Aw irhw hY[ audoN jMgl dw rwj sI[ smwj nhIN sI[
smwijk kdrW kImqW pYdw nhIN sn hoeIAW[ hOlI hOlI mnu`KI jIvn
qr`kI v`l quirAw jMgl qoN bwhr AwieAw, soc bdlI, kMm-ik`qy SurU
hoey, jwqW, goqW qy DrmW dI hoNd hoeI[ smW pw ky sMivDwnk kdrW
pYdw hoeIAW, pr dUjy dI qbwhI Aqy Awp dI cODr vwlI soc ny mnu`K
dI soc nUM jrvwxw, inrdeI, lutyrw, kwql bxw id`qw[
Bwrq dI g`l krIey qW ies iv`c vsdy ihMdU muslmwnW dI kdy
nhIN sI bxI[ 'ijs kI lwTI aus kI BYNs' dy AKwx vWg kdy muglW
Aqy kdy ihMdU rwijAW dw rwj ho jWdw sI[ iehnW zr, zorU Aqy zmIn
dy lVweI JgiVAW ny SWqI dyvI nUM BwjVW pweI r`KIAW[
gurU nwnk swihb dI soc ny nvIN kRWqI dw nwhrw id`qw[ ies
kRWqI iv`coN is`K Drm dw prkwS hoieAw[ dsW hI gurU swihbwnW dy
mhwn isDWqW nUM ^qm krn dI smyN smyN dIAW srkwrW ny koeI ksr
nhIN C`fI[ pMjvyN gurW sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI dI qsIihAW BrI
Shwdq ny ij`Qy ie`k pwsy frwkl mnW nUM BWj id`qI auQy dUjy pwsy AxK
Aqy Awzwd jIvn ijaux leI BgqI Aqy SkqI dy isDWq nUM jnm
id`qw[ auprMq nOvyN siqgurW gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI lwswnI Shwdq ny
^wlsy dy pRkrx nUM surjIq kr id`qw[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny ^wlsy
dw pRkwS kr ky mOq iv`coN nvW jIvn surjIq kIqw[ AwpixAW cOhW
sihbzwidAW dI ShIdI, AnykW isMG isMGxIAW qy Bujg
M IAW dw ShwdqI
gVH, is`K pMQ nUM nvIN rUh Aqy juJwrU soc dy igAw[ k`Px isrW qy bMnH
(i)

ky isMGW nUM Gr Gwt C`fxy pey Aqy Awpxy imSn dI pUrqI leI jUJdy
gey[
isMGW ny Coty Coty rwj pYdw kr ley, ienHW nUM imslW dw nwm id`qw
igAw[ ienHW imslW dI sMGrSmeI pRIiKAw dI bdOlq mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG dw rwj hoNd iv`c AwieAw[ ies rwj iv`c lokW nUM
KuShwlI, SWqI Aqy Awzwd jIvn nsIb hoieAw[ ies rwj iv`c
pMjwb ny BUgoilk, rwjnIiqk, AwriQk qy Dwrimk KuShwlI hMFweI[
is`K rwj dI POj AMdr ivdySI &OjI, musilm, ihMdU Aqy is`K BrqI
sn[ ienHW &OjIAW ny jwnW qlI aup`r Dr ky v`fIAW m`lW mwrIAW[ ienHW
iv`c fogry gdwr vI BrqI sn pr dyS kOm dy Anmol Aqy su`cy hIirAW
dI lVI vI by-imswl sI jo srIrk qOr qy swfy iv`c nhIN rhy pr
swihq Aqy ieiqhws iv`c auynHW dw nwm ikAwmq q`k cmkdw rhygw[
ienHW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dI dyx bVI mhwn hY[
jd bMdy dw jIvn, ijauxw krqw AOKw,
qUPwn J`ly jbr zUlm dy nrk-AnyrI Jokw[
iPr nwnk dIAW ds joqW ny, BgqI SkqI ApxweI[
sUirAW jwm ShIdI pIqy, Brdw ieiqhws gvwhI[
mOq 'coN jIvn lY isMGW ny, julm dI kIqI vwFI,
h`k, s`c dw sUrj ciVHAw, su`qI AxK sI jwgI[
Xu`DW ny iPr sUry prKy, G`t nw au~qry pUry[
dyS kOm dy mrn leI, dOVy ie`k dUjy qoN mUhry[
sUrimAW dI cVHq sukwvy, hr duSmx dw qlUAw,
cmkx sUry qwirAW vWgUM, cMd iesy iv`c nlUAw[

fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN swihb dI ieh s`qvIN pusqk hY[ swihq
ivSw lMmy smyN dw pRqIk hY[ kuJ ivSy huMdy hn ijnHW qy ricAw swihq
sdw jIvq rihMdw hY pr kuJ iviSAW vwlw swihq QoVHy smyN bwAd
Alop ho jWdw hY[ syKoN swihb ny Awm qOr qy ieiqhws nUM hI ivSw
(ii)

bxwieAw hY[ ieiqhws nUM swihq iv`c pyS krnw ie`k imAwn iv`co do
qlvwrW pwaux dy qu`l huMdw hY[ ies pusqk dw KrVw pVH ky mYnUM mhW
kvI vwirS Swh dI hIr dI g`l Xwd AweI hY, aunHW hIr rWJy dy ipAwr
dI g`l kridAW ij`Qy r`bI ipAwr dI pySkwrI kIqI, au~Qy mnu`KI srIr
nUM l`gx vwlIAW by-igxq bImwrIAW dy nusKy vI ilK id`qy jo pMjwb
dy jn-jIvn nUM qMdrusq krdy Aw rhy hn[ kvI v`loN vrqy AKwxW
vWg ieh nusKy pMjwbI lokW dI zbwn qy cVHy hoey hn, iqvyN syKoN swihb
dI ies pusqk iv`coN vI bhu BWqI igAwn pRwpq huMdw hY[ kSmIr iv`c
kysr dI KyqI, kysr dy AnykW guxW, srIrk suMdrqw Aqy srIrk
ielwj dw vI izkr hY[
pihly kWf iv`c nlUey srdwr dw jIvn ibrqWq hY[ ienHW dy
bwbw jI Aqy ipqw jI sMpUrn guris`K Aqy isrl`Q sUrmy sn, ijs kr
ky sUrmqweI dI guVHqI bMs iv`coN hI iml geI sI[ s`q swl dI aumry
XqIm ho gey Aqy nwnky Gr srb shUlqW nwl srb p`KI igAwn
pRwpq kIqw[ AMimRqpwn kr ky isMG sj gey Aqy gurU ikRpw sdkw
drSnI juAwn sn qy pyNfU KyfW iv`c g`qky bwjI Aqy qlvwrW dy AYsy
jOhr idKwaux l`gy ik dyKx vwly ienHW dI PurqI Aqy klw qy A`S A`S
kr auTdy sn[ Syr dw iSkwr krky 'nlUey' dw pd hwsl kIqw Aqy
ies Xogqw kwrn Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy ijgr dy
toty bx gey[ auprMq byigxq pdvIAW dy mwlk bxy, au~cy Awcrn
dIAW DuMmW pweIAW, svrg vrgw rwj pYdw kIqw, ienHW dy nwm dw
is`kw c`ilAw jo ie`k mhwn ikRSmw sI[
dUjy kWf iv`c mulqwn dI jMg, im`Ty itvwxy dI ij`q au~c dy pIrW
dI suDweI, koihnUr hIry dw ivvwd Kqm krnw, rjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI
ij`q, mulqwn qy kbzw, jMqw dI hrmn ipAwrqw ij`q lYxI Awid ivSy
bVI hI fUMiGAweI q`k CUhy gey hn[

(iii)

qIjw kWf ies pusqk dI ijMd jwn hY[ au~Gy XoiDAW dI vrdI
qy sunihrI inSwn mVHny, qlvwrW qy hIry jVHny, GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW
dI jVHq jvwhrW nwl krnI, ij`qy hoey ielwikAW iv`c ikilHAW dw
inrmwx krnw[ ikilHAW dIAW dIvwrW dI Kws aucweI cVHweI qoN
ielwvw bwhrvwr fUMGy Kwly putvw ky pwxI nwl Brny srdwr hrI isMG
nlUey dy idmwg dI Ascrz kwF sI[ ies qoN ielwvw kSmIr dI
kdm kdm dI qsvIr, auQoN dy mOsm qy kudrqI suMdrqw, lokW dw
husn, kMm DMdy, smwijk Aqy AwriQk AvsQw bwry jwxkwrI hwsl
krnw nlUey dy mhwn kwrnwimAW dw vrnx hY[ XoDy ny vgwr dw kohV
v`iFAw, Dwrimk AwzwdI dvweI, KyqI bwVI iv`c suDwr kIqw, ByfW
b~krIAW r`Kx vwilAW nUM mwlI m`dd dyxw, Swl audXog pRP`ulq
krnw, kwgz dI dsqwkwrI iv`c suDwr krnw, AwvwjweI leI rsqy
bnwauxy, v`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky kwSqkwrW nUM vMf dyxIAW,
KyqI audXog sWBx leI godwm bnwauxy, nihrW k`Fvw ky brwn zmInW
'c isMjweI dw pRbMD krnw, ijns KRIdx vycx leI nvyN qol mwp
krny, lokW Kws kr kwimAW dy jIvn iv`c suDwr Aqy KuShwlI
ilAwauxI Awid rwhIN srdwr dI s`cI-su`cI soc nUM drswieAw igAw
hY[ ies kWf dw kuJ ih`sw qW BulyKw pwauNdw hY ijvyN ieh sB kuJ
krnw ie`k sPrnwmw hovy[
coQw kWf ^wlsw rwj dy Kyqr nUM drswauNdw hY ik ieh ikqnw
ivSwl sI[ nwl hI ieh vI Kulwsw krvwauNdw hY ik iSmly vrgy
imSn iv`c srdwr nlUAw jI gorIAW AOrqW dy ArD nMgy srIrW nwl
nwc dy pUry iKlwP sn[ ie`k Kws g`l ieh sI ik srdwr gorI srkwr
nwl Syir-ey-pMjwb dI iksy vI sMDI dy jwqI qOr qy iKlwP sn[ Bwv
Awp rbV dI mohr nhIN sn sgoN qrk BrI soc dy mwilk sn[
pMjvyN kWf iv`c ipSwvr ielwky dI vDIAw rwj sQwpqI dw
izkr hY[ Cyvy kWf nUM vYrwgmeI kWf AwKWgy[ is`K ieiqhws iv`c

(iv)

bxwieAw hY[ ieiqhws nUM swihq iv`c pyS krnw ie`k imAwn iv`co do
qlvwrW pwaux dy qu`l huMdw hY[ ies pusqk dw KrVw pVH ky mYnUM mhW
kvI vwirS Swh dI hIr dI g`l Xwd AweI hY, aunHW hIr rWJy dy ipAwr
dI g`l kridAW ij`Qy r`bI ipAwr dI pySkwrI kIqI, au~Qy mnu`KI srIr
nUM l`gx vwlIAW by-igxq bImwrIAW dy nusKy vI ilK id`qy jo pMjwb
dy jn-jIvn nUM qMdrusq krdy Aw rhy hn[ kvI v`loN vrqy AKwxW
vWg ieh nusKy pMjwbI lokW dI zbwn qy cVHy hoey hn, iqvyN syKoN swihb
dI ies pusqk iv`coN vI bhu BWqI igAwn pRwpq huMdw hY[ kSmIr iv`c
kysr dI KyqI, kysr dy AnykW guxW, srIrk suMdrqw Aqy srIrk
ielwj dw vI izkr hY[
pihly kWf iv`c nlUey srdwr dw jIvn ibrqWq hY[ ienHW dy
bwbw jI Aqy ipqw jI sMpUrn guris`K Aqy isrl`Q sUrmy sn, ijs kr
ky sUrmqweI dI guVHqI bMs iv`coN hI iml geI sI[ s`q swl dI aumry
XqIm ho gey Aqy nwnky Gr srb shUlqW nwl srb p`KI igAwn
pRwpq kIqw[ AMimRqpwn kr ky isMG sj gey Aqy gurU ikRpw sdkw
drSnI juAwn sn qy pyNfU KyfW iv`c g`qky bwjI Aqy qlvwrW dy AYsy
jOhr idKwaux l`gy ik dyKx vwly ienHW dI PurqI Aqy klw qy A`S A`S
kr auTdy sn[ Syr dw iSkwr krky 'nlUey' dw pd hwsl kIqw Aqy
ies Xogqw kwrn Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy ijgr dy
toty bx gey[ auprMq byigxq pdvIAW dy mwlk bxy, au~cy Awcrn
dIAW DuMmW pweIAW, svrg vrgw rwj pYdw kIqw, ienHW dy nwm dw
is`kw c`ilAw jo ie`k mhwn ikRSmw sI[
dUjy kWf iv`c mulqwn dI jMg, im`Ty itvwxy dI ij`q au~c dy pIrW
dI suDweI, koihnUr hIry dw ivvwd Kqm krnw, rjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI
ij`q, mulqwn qy kbzw, jMqw dI hrmn ipAwrqw ij`q lYxI Awid ivSy
bVI hI fUMiGAweI q`k CUhy gey hn[

(iii)

qIjw kWf ies pusqk dI ijMd jwn hY[ au~Gy XoiDAW dI vrdI
qy sunihrI inSwn mVHny, qlvwrW qy hIry jVHny, GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW
dI jVHq jvwhrW nwl krnI, ij`qy hoey ielwikAW iv`c ikilHAW dw
inrmwx krnw[ ikilHAW dIAW dIvwrW dI Kws aucweI cVHweI qoN
ielwvw bwhrvwr fUMGy Kwly putvw ky pwxI nwl Brny srdwr hrI isMG
nlUey dy idmwg dI Ascrz kwF sI[ ies qoN ielwvw kSmIr dI
kdm kdm dI qsvIr, auQoN dy mOsm qy kudrqI suMdrqw, lokW dw
husn, kMm DMdy, smwijk Aqy AwriQk AvsQw bwry jwxkwrI hwsl
krnw nlUey dy mhwn kwrnwimAW dw vrnx hY[ XoDy ny vgwr dw kohV
v`iFAw, Dwrimk AwzwdI dvweI, KyqI bwVI iv`c suDwr kIqw, ByfW
b~krIAW r`Kx vwilAW nUM mwlI m`dd dyxw, Swl audXog pRP`ulq
krnw, kwgz dI dsqwkwrI iv`c suDwr krnw, AwvwjweI leI rsqy
bnwauxy, v`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky kwSqkwrW nUM vMf dyxIAW,
KyqI audXog sWBx leI godwm bnwauxy, nihrW k`Fvw ky brwn zmInW
'c isMjweI dw pRbMD krnw, ijns KRIdx vycx leI nvyN qol mwp
krny, lokW Kws kr kwimAW dy jIvn iv`c suDwr Aqy KuShwlI
ilAwauxI Awid rwhIN srdwr dI s`cI-su`cI soc nUM drswieAw igAw
hY[ ies kWf dw kuJ ih`sw qW BulyKw pwauNdw hY ijvyN ieh sB kuJ
krnw ie`k sPrnwmw hovy[
coQw kWf ^wlsw rwj dy Kyqr nUM drswauNdw hY ik ieh ikqnw
ivSwl sI[ nwl hI ieh vI Kulwsw krvwauNdw hY ik iSmly vrgy
imSn iv`c srdwr nlUAw jI gorIAW AOrqW dy ArD nMgy srIrW nwl
nwc dy pUry iKlwP sn[ ie`k Kws g`l ieh sI ik srdwr gorI srkwr
nwl Syir-ey-pMjwb dI iksy vI sMDI dy jwqI qOr qy iKlwP sn[ Bwv
Awp rbV dI mohr nhIN sn sgoN qrk BrI soc dy mwilk sn[
pMjvyN kWf iv`c ipSwvr ielwky dI vDIAw rwj sQwpqI dw
izkr hY[ Cyvy kWf nUM vYrwgmeI kWf AwKWgy[ is`K ieiqhws iv`c

(iv)

jmrOd dy iklHy dw Kws AsQwn hY[ ies ielwky iv`c sUrmy nUM mOq dy
PirSqy keI idn l`Bdy iPrdy rhy[ pr ieh XoDw isr qy k`Px bMnH
ky rwxI mOq nUM mKOlW krdw irhw[ isAwixAW dy kQn Anuswr hoxI
nhIN tldI, aus ny Awpxw kMm kr id`qw[ XoDy dy AMq nwl is`K rwj
dy isMGwsn dw ieh QMm Fih FyrI ho igAw[ArQwq isMGwsn fol
igAw qy ieh is`K rwj dy ^wqmy dw sMkyq bixAw[

kwiv totikAW dI KUb vrqoN kIqI hoeI hY[ r`b A`gy Ardws krIey ik
fwktr swihb Koj BrI rcnw krdy rihx qy pMjwbI swihq dI syvw
krdy rihx[
dws
surjIq isMG
muKI-pMjwbI ivBwg (swbkw)
gurU nwnk nYSnl kwlj
nkodr
jlMDr

nlUey ny Awpxy smyN iv`c bhuq swry ikilHAW, SihrW Aqy Drm
AsQwnW dw inrmwx kIqw[ sRI gurU hir ikRSn jI dy nwm qy hzwry dy
iklHy dI auswrI krvweI, hrIpur Sihr nUM sPweI Aqy shUlqW BrpUr
bxwieAw, ipSwvr iv`c iklHy bxwey, pMjw swihb gurU Gr dI syvw
sMBwl dy p`ky pRbMD kIqy, iklHw guzrW vwlw, iklHw jmrOd, kSmIr iv`c
Dwrimk AsQwnW dI auswrI Aqy iklHy bxvwey, sRI Akwl q^q
swihb dy guMbd dI syvw sonw jVw ky krvweI, qrnqwrn, mukqsr
swihb iv`c mhwn srovrW dI syvw Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW au~cIAW
SwnW nUM buMigAW rwhIN pyS kIqw[
fwktr swihb ny ies pusqk iv`c mhwn ivSy dI Koj krky pyS
kIqw hY[ ieiqhws iksy vI qrHW bxwey nhIN jWdy sgoN ieh hwlwqW dI
dyx huMdy hn[ hwlwqW dI pIVw ieiqhws isrjdI hY[ ies ivcly
pwqrW dy ikrdwr ies nUM au~cw nIvW krdy hn[ sMswr iv`c sYNkVy kOmW
AijhIAW hn ijnHW dw koeI ieiqhws nhIN hY[ AsIN irxI hW Awpxy
gurUAW, BgqW, isrl`Q XoiDAW vIrW Aqy BYxW dy, ijnHW ny Awpxy nwmoinSwn imtw ky is`K ieiqhws dw prp`k mh`l auswirAw hY[ DMnvwdI
hW syKoN swihb dy ijnHW ieiqhws dI lMmI lVI nUM ivigAwnk soc Aqy
qrkmeI sUJ bUJ nwl pyS kIqw hY[ pusqk dI bolI muhwvry BrpUr
TyT pMjwbI hY, ikqy ikqy mwlvy dw ielwkweI Asr idsdw hY[ vwk
bxqr ikqy ikqy Ax-suKwvIN hY pr Awp jI nUM g`l pwTk dy p`ly pw
dyx dw FMg AwauNdw hY[ lyKxI nUM rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy

(v)

(vi)

jmrOd dy iklHy dw Kws AsQwn hY[ ies ielwky iv`c sUrmy nUM mOq dy
PirSqy keI idn l`Bdy iPrdy rhy[ pr ieh XoDw isr qy k`Px bMnH
ky rwxI mOq nUM mKOlW krdw irhw[ isAwixAW dy kQn Anuswr hoxI
nhIN tldI, aus ny Awpxw kMm kr id`qw[ XoDy dy AMq nwl is`K rwj
dy isMGwsn dw ieh QMm Fih FyrI ho igAw[ArQwq isMGwsn fol
igAw qy ieh is`K rwj dy ^wqmy dw sMkyq bixAw[

kwiv totikAW dI KUb vrqoN kIqI hoeI hY[ r`b A`gy Ardws krIey ik
fwktr swihb Koj BrI rcnw krdy rihx qy pMjwbI swihq dI syvw
krdy rihx[
dws
surjIq isMG
muKI-pMjwbI ivBwg (swbkw)
gurU nwnk nYSnl kwlj
nkodr
jlMDr

nlUey ny Awpxy smyN iv`c bhuq swry ikilHAW, SihrW Aqy Drm
AsQwnW dw inrmwx kIqw[ sRI gurU hir ikRSn jI dy nwm qy hzwry dy
iklHy dI auswrI krvweI, hrIpur Sihr nUM sPweI Aqy shUlqW BrpUr
bxwieAw, ipSwvr iv`c iklHy bxwey, pMjw swihb gurU Gr dI syvw
sMBwl dy p`ky pRbMD kIqy, iklHw guzrW vwlw, iklHw jmrOd, kSmIr iv`c
Dwrimk AsQwnW dI auswrI Aqy iklHy bxvwey, sRI Akwl q^q
swihb dy guMbd dI syvw sonw jVw ky krvweI, qrnqwrn, mukqsr
swihb iv`c mhwn srovrW dI syvw Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW au~cIAW
SwnW nUM buMigAW rwhIN pyS kIqw[
fwktr swihb ny ies pusqk iv`c mhwn ivSy dI Koj krky pyS
kIqw hY[ ieiqhws iksy vI qrHW bxwey nhIN jWdy sgoN ieh hwlwqW dI
dyx huMdy hn[ hwlwqW dI pIVw ieiqhws isrjdI hY[ ies ivcly
pwqrW dy ikrdwr ies nUM au~cw nIvW krdy hn[ sMswr iv`c sYNkVy kOmW
AijhIAW hn ijnHW dw koeI ieiqhws nhIN hY[ AsIN irxI hW Awpxy
gurUAW, BgqW, isrl`Q XoiDAW vIrW Aqy BYxW dy, ijnHW ny Awpxy nwmoinSwn imtw ky is`K ieiqhws dw prp`k mh`l auswirAw hY[ DMnvwdI
hW syKoN swihb dy ijnHW ieiqhws dI lMmI lVI nUM ivigAwnk soc Aqy
qrkmeI sUJ bUJ nwl pyS kIqw hY[ pusqk dI bolI muhwvry BrpUr
TyT pMjwbI hY, ikqy ikqy mwlvy dw ielwkweI Asr idsdw hY[ vwk
bxqr ikqy ikqy Ax-suKwvIN hY pr Awp jI nUM g`l pwTk dy p`ly pw
dyx dw FMg AwauNdw hY[ lyKxI nUM rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy

(v)

(vi)

BUimkw
AnMq SkqIAW dy mwlk prmySr dI idRStI bVI byAMq hY ijs
AMdr joq, dwq Aqy jugq dI klw psr rhI hY[ ieh klw auh mhwn
SkqI hY jo idKweI nhIN idMdI pr pRq`K rUp iv`c pRgt hY[ ieh SkqI
AYsI hY ijs nUM mwipAw, qoilAw Aqy igixAw nhIN jw skdw[ hr ie`k
jIv AMdr aus jIvn dwqy vloN klw itkweI hoeI hY Aqy ieh ipCly
jnmW-jnmWqRW dI kIqI kmweI qy ADwrq huMdI hY[ mnu`KI jIvn jW
sMjIv jIvW dy jIvn dw AwrMB vI hY Aqy AMq vI hY pr klw AnMq hY[
pRBU vloN bKSI klw nUM GtwieAw, vDwieAw nhIN jw skdw[ hW mnu`K
AwpxI klw dI vrqoN G`t v`D kr skdw hY[ pRis`D icqRkwr srdwr
soBw isMG Anuswr 'klw ie`k aucyrI qy Awzwd aufwrI hY' jo s`uqIAW rUhW
nUM jgw idMdI hY Aqy Bu`ly-BtikAW nUM shI rsqy pw idMdI hY[ klw qW
hI s&l hY jy klwkwr ies nUM cMgI qrHW smJy[ klw ie`k imSn hoxw
cwhIdw hY pySw nhIN[ Airstotl ny klw nUM kudrq dI sUJ-bUJ vwlI
inrUpx SkqI iliKAw hY[ ieh SkqI ie`k surqw Aqy vzndwr mwp
dw pRqK
` srUp hY[ bMdy ies kudrqI SkqI dy qohPy nUM AwpxI kwblIAq
dI pdvI drswauNdy hn, jdoN aunHW dy mnW AMdr auj`fpuxw pYdw huMdw
hY[
'Imagination then is one instinct of our nature. Next there
is the instinct for harmony, and rhythmymeters being manifestly sections of rhythms Persons, therefore, starting with
this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes
till their rude improvisations give birth.
Akwl purK ny dUjy jIvW dy mukwbly mnu`K nUM au~qm idmwg, cMgI
soc Aqy ie`k dUjy nwl g`lbwq krn, myl-imlwp r`Kx, pVHn Aqy
ilKx leI ivl`Kx ivDI bKSI hoeI hY[ pr ieh Awpxy suAwrQ,
lwB, ih`q Aqy hMkwrI AOguxW nUM mu`K r`K ky kmzorW Aqy grIbW nUM
(vii)

gulwm bxw ky aunHW qy zulm FwhuMdw hY, lu`t-Ksu`t krdw hY ijs kwrn,
jMgl rUpI bol bwlw ho jWdw hY[ ijs dI lwTI aus dI BYNs vwly hwlq
pYdw hox kwrn pwpW dI h`d ho jWdI hY Aqy prjw 'c kurlwht m`c
jWdI hY[ pr AKIr iehnW AwhW Aqy rox dIAW DwhW jdoN jIvn
idhMd suxdw hY qW iehnW nUM T`lHx leI auh iksy mhWblI nUM klw dy
ky sMswr qy Byjdw hY[ auh AgMmI mrd SsqrW Aqy gulwmI dI c`kI
iv`c ips rhI Klkq dI shwieqw nwl pwpI buriCAW dI pMjwlI
auhnW dy gloN luhw idMdw hY[ Asl iv`c Bwxw swrw krqy dw hI vrqdw
hY ijvyN gurbwxI dy bol hn:
loB lhir sB suAwn hlku hY hlikE sBih ibgwry]
myry Twkur kY dIbwin Kbir huoeI gur igAwnu KVgu lY mwry] (983)

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy is`K rwj qoN pihlW bMdw isMG bhwdr
dy ^wlsw rwj (1708 qoN 1716) dw smW C`f ky ihMdusqwn qkrIbn
800 swl ArbW, qurkW Aqy muglW dy ADIn gulmI dIAW zMjIrW iv`c
jkiVAw irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn jo jbr jnHw, Gwx, durgqI Aqy
musIbqW dI hnyrI prjw au~pr Ju`lI auh sMqwp Aqy AiqAwcwr lUM kMfy
KVHy krn vwlI vwrqw hY[ bMidAW dw jIvn pSUAW nwloN vI mMdw sI[
ihMdUAW nUM jbrI muslmwn bxwieAw igAw, iesqrIAW dy sq BMg
kIqy gey, byksUirAW, b`icAW Aqy bu`iFAW nUM vI mOq dy Gwt auqwirAw
igAw[ ihMdUAW qy ho rhy D`ky Aqy slUk bwry igAwnI igAwn isMG jI
'pMQ pRkwS' iv`c ilKdy hn:
bytI bhU nvIN jo AY hYN[ qRY idn jbrn qwihN rKY hYN[
pun jb ihMdU koeI mr hYN[ kbr pIr drvwjy pr hY[
iqs ky nIcy sY lKvY hYN[ murdw iPr jlq so nY hYN[

fwktr hrI rwm gupqw ilKdy hn ik jykr sRI gurU nwnk

swihb jI dy jnm (1469) ijnHW ny is`K Drm dI nINh r`KI qoN 500
swl pihlW qy JwqI mwrIey qW jrvwixAW ny ies smyN dOrwn qkrIbn
(viii)

BUimkw
AnMq SkqIAW dy mwlk prmySr dI idRStI bVI byAMq hY ijs
AMdr joq, dwq Aqy jugq dI klw psr rhI hY[ ieh klw auh mhwn
SkqI hY jo idKweI nhIN idMdI pr pRq`K rUp iv`c pRgt hY[ ieh SkqI
AYsI hY ijs nUM mwipAw, qoilAw Aqy igixAw nhIN jw skdw[ hr ie`k
jIv AMdr aus jIvn dwqy vloN klw itkweI hoeI hY Aqy ieh ipCly
jnmW-jnmWqRW dI kIqI kmweI qy ADwrq huMdI hY[ mnu`KI jIvn jW
sMjIv jIvW dy jIvn dw AwrMB vI hY Aqy AMq vI hY pr klw AnMq hY[
pRBU vloN bKSI klw nUM GtwieAw, vDwieAw nhIN jw skdw[ hW mnu`K
AwpxI klw dI vrqoN G`t v`D kr skdw hY[ pRis`D icqRkwr srdwr
soBw isMG Anuswr 'klw ie`k aucyrI qy Awzwd aufwrI hY' jo s`uqIAW rUhW
nUM jgw idMdI hY Aqy Bu`ly-BtikAW nUM shI rsqy pw idMdI hY[ klw qW
hI s&l hY jy klwkwr ies nUM cMgI qrHW smJy[ klw ie`k imSn hoxw
cwhIdw hY pySw nhIN[ Airstotl ny klw nUM kudrq dI sUJ-bUJ vwlI
inrUpx SkqI iliKAw hY[ ieh SkqI ie`k surqw Aqy vzndwr mwp
dw pRqK
` srUp hY[ bMdy ies kudrqI SkqI dy qohPy nUM AwpxI kwblIAq
dI pdvI drswauNdy hn, jdoN aunHW dy mnW AMdr auj`fpuxw pYdw huMdw
hY[
'Imagination then is one instinct of our nature. Next there
is the instinct for harmony, and rhythmymeters being manifestly sections of rhythms Persons, therefore, starting with
this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes
till their rude improvisations give birth.
Akwl purK ny dUjy jIvW dy mukwbly mnu`K nUM au~qm idmwg, cMgI
soc Aqy ie`k dUjy nwl g`lbwq krn, myl-imlwp r`Kx, pVHn Aqy
ilKx leI ivl`Kx ivDI bKSI hoeI hY[ pr ieh Awpxy suAwrQ,
lwB, ih`q Aqy hMkwrI AOguxW nUM mu`K r`K ky kmzorW Aqy grIbW nUM
(vii)

gulwm bxw ky aunHW qy zulm FwhuMdw hY, lu`t-Ksu`t krdw hY ijs kwrn,
jMgl rUpI bol bwlw ho jWdw hY[ ijs dI lwTI aus dI BYNs vwly hwlq
pYdw hox kwrn pwpW dI h`d ho jWdI hY Aqy prjw 'c kurlwht m`c
jWdI hY[ pr AKIr iehnW AwhW Aqy rox dIAW DwhW jdoN jIvn
idhMd suxdw hY qW iehnW nUM T`lHx leI auh iksy mhWblI nUM klw dy
ky sMswr qy Byjdw hY[ auh AgMmI mrd SsqrW Aqy gulwmI dI c`kI
iv`c ips rhI Klkq dI shwieqw nwl pwpI buriCAW dI pMjwlI
auhnW dy gloN luhw idMdw hY[ Asl iv`c Bwxw swrw krqy dw hI vrqdw
hY ijvyN gurbwxI dy bol hn:
loB lhir sB suAwn hlku hY hlikE sBih ibgwry]
myry Twkur kY dIbwin Kbir huoeI gur igAwnu KVgu lY mwry] (983)

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy is`K rwj qoN pihlW bMdw isMG bhwdr
dy ^wlsw rwj (1708 qoN 1716) dw smW C`f ky ihMdusqwn qkrIbn
800 swl ArbW, qurkW Aqy muglW dy ADIn gulmI dIAW zMjIrW iv`c
jkiVAw irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn jo jbr jnHw, Gwx, durgqI Aqy
musIbqW dI hnyrI prjw au~pr Ju`lI auh sMqwp Aqy AiqAwcwr lUM kMfy
KVHy krn vwlI vwrqw hY[ bMidAW dw jIvn pSUAW nwloN vI mMdw sI[
ihMdUAW nUM jbrI muslmwn bxwieAw igAw, iesqrIAW dy sq BMg
kIqy gey, byksUirAW, b`icAW Aqy bu`iFAW nUM vI mOq dy Gwt auqwirAw
igAw[ ihMdUAW qy ho rhy D`ky Aqy slUk bwry igAwnI igAwn isMG jI
'pMQ pRkwS' iv`c ilKdy hn:
bytI bhU nvIN jo AY hYN[ qRY idn jbrn qwihN rKY hYN[
pun jb ihMdU koeI mr hYN[ kbr pIr drvwjy pr hY[
iqs ky nIcy sY lKvY hYN[ murdw iPr jlq so nY hYN[

fwktr hrI rwm gupqw ilKdy hn ik jykr sRI gurU nwnk

swihb jI dy jnm (1469) ijnHW ny is`K Drm dI nINh r`KI qoN 500
swl pihlW qy JwqI mwrIey qW jrvwixAW ny ies smyN dOrwn qkrIbn
(viii)

60 hmly ihMdosqwn qy kIqy[ iehnW hmilAW dOrwn dyS dI Dwrimk,

AwriQk, rwjnIiqk Aqy smwijk AvsQw nUM cknwcUr hI nhIN kIqw
sgoN ihMdusqwnIAW nUM kmzor,buzidl Aqy inqwxy bxw id`qw[
gurU nwnk dyv jI ny s`c Aqy h~k dw hokw id`qw[
Awpxy r`bI bolW nwl lukweI nMU jMgy-AwzwdI leI jgwauxw
kIqw[ bwbr vrgy jrvwxy bwdSwh nUM aus dy mUMh qy jwbr ikhw[ hor
rwijAW nUM Syr dI inAweIN ivcrn kr ky AwdmKor AwiKAw Aqy
iehnW dy muk`dmW nUM lwlcI ku`qy grdwinAw Aqy nOkrW nUM grIbW dI
r`q pIx vwly AwiKAw[
rwjy sIh mukdm kuqy] jwie jgwien bYTy suqy]
cwkr nhdw pwiein Gwau] rqu ipqu kuiq ho ctu jwhu] (1288)

ijhVy Awpxy Awp nUM DrmI AKvwauNdy sn aunHW dy pwKMf rUpI

pwjW nUM ieM\ auDyiVAw:
kwdI kUV boil mlu Kwie] bRwhmx nwvY jIAw Gwie]
jogI jugiq n jwxY AMDu] qIny EjwVY kw bMDu]

jbr nwl jUJdw rhygw[ pr Srq ieh r`KI ik ^wlsw auhI hovygw jo
gurmiq dw DwrnI Aqy gurmirXwdw iv`c prp`k rhygw[ jykr gurU dy
is`K gurU nwnk dy isDwqW qy pihrw nhIN dyxgy qW du`K pwauxgy Aqy
pwpW dy BwgI hoxgy[ gurU nwnk dI is`KI shI jIvn syD dyx krky
mnu`Kqw dI ijMd jwn, Awn Aqy Swn hY[
is`KI bwry Mr.Bertrand Arthur William Russell (Noble
prize winner in literature in 1950) ijhVw mhwn i&lws&r Aqy
gixq ividAw dw mwhr sI[ ies qoN ielwvw ieh ihstorIAn Aqy
smwijk nukqw ingwh iv`c vI mwhr sI Aqy swihq dw Awlock sI[
ieh 1872 qoN 1970 dy drimAwn hoieAw hY Aqy brqwnIAW dw
SihrI sI[ ies dy ivcwr suxo:
"If some lucky men survive on slaught of the third world
war of atomic and hydrogen bombs, then the Sikh religion
will be the only means of guiding them. When asked isn't this
religion capable of guiding mankind before the third world
war? He said,"Yes, it has the capability but the Sikhs haven't
brought out in the broad day light the splendid doctrines of
this religion which has come into existence for the benefit
of the entire mankind. This is their greatest sin and the Sikhs
cannot be freed of it."

gurU swihb ny gur is`K nUM jIvn jwc isKx leI pRyirAw Aqy
nwl hI Drm dI ikrq, nwm jpx Aqy vMf Ckx dw aupdyS id`qw[
AwpxI pMjvIN Aqy nOvIN joq AMdr h`k, s`c, ienswP leI kurbwnI
krn dw v`l isKwieAw, nykI dw prkwS Aqy bdI dw nwS krn leI
CyvIN joq sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI ny ipqw gurU Arjn dyv jI dI
Shwdq auprMq mIrI Aqy pIrI dy isDWq nUM is`KI AMdr pRkwiSq kIqw
ArQwq is`K nUM sMq ispwhI bxw id`qw[ duStW dI suDweI leI Ssqr
cu`ky[ dsvIN joq AMdr mrd AgMmVy-srbMsdwnI sRI gurU goibMd isMG
jI ny is`K nUM AMimRq pwn krw ky isMG dI pdvI bKS ky ^wlsy dw rUp
dy id`qw[ nwl hI sRI gurU gMRQ swihb jI nUM jugo jug At`l gurU Qwp
id`qw[ ^wlsy bwry AwiKAw ik Awaux vwly smyN AMdr ^wlsw zulm

Bwv 'nobl purskwr ivjyqw brtYNf rsl (1872-1970),

brqwnIAW dw mhwn dwrSink, gixq SwsqRI, ihstorIAn Aqy
swihq dw Awlock ilKdw hY ik jykr koeI suBwgw bMdw dunIAW dI hox
vwlI qIjI mwrUjMg 'coN bc igAw ikauik ieh AYtm Aqy hweIfRojn
bMbW dI hovygI qW ies ipCoN is`K Drm hI ie`k AYsw Drm hovygw
ijhVw Xog AgvweI kr skygw[ qd rsl qoN pu`iCAw igAw ik kI
dunIAW dy ies qIjy mhW Xu`D qoN pihlW is`K Drm mnu`Kqw nUM shI syD

(ix)

(x)

60 hmly ihMdosqwn qy kIqy[ iehnW hmilAW dOrwn dyS dI Dwrimk,

AwriQk, rwjnIiqk Aqy smwijk AvsQw nUM cknwcUr hI nhIN kIqw
sgoN ihMdusqwnIAW nUM kmzor,buzidl Aqy inqwxy bxw id`qw[
gurU nwnk dyv jI ny s`c Aqy h~k dw hokw id`qw[
Awpxy r`bI bolW nwl lukweI nMU jMgy-AwzwdI leI jgwauxw
kIqw[ bwbr vrgy jrvwxy bwdSwh nUM aus dy mUMh qy jwbr ikhw[ hor
rwijAW nUM Syr dI inAweIN ivcrn kr ky AwdmKor AwiKAw Aqy
iehnW dy muk`dmW nUM lwlcI ku`qy grdwinAw Aqy nOkrW nUM grIbW dI
r`q pIx vwly AwiKAw[
rwjy sIh mukdm kuqy] jwie jgwien bYTy suqy]
cwkr nhdw pwiein Gwau] rqu ipqu kuiq ho ctu jwhu] (1288)

ijhVy Awpxy Awp nUM DrmI AKvwauNdy sn aunHW dy pwKMf rUpI

pwjW nUM ieM\ auDyiVAw:
kwdI kUV boil mlu Kwie] bRwhmx nwvY jIAw Gwie]
jogI jugiq n jwxY AMDu] qIny EjwVY kw bMDu]

jbr nwl jUJdw rhygw[ pr Srq ieh r`KI ik ^wlsw auhI hovygw jo
gurmiq dw DwrnI Aqy gurmirXwdw iv`c prp`k rhygw[ jykr gurU dy
is`K gurU nwnk dy isDwqW qy pihrw nhIN dyxgy qW du`K pwauxgy Aqy
pwpW dy BwgI hoxgy[ gurU nwnk dI is`KI shI jIvn syD dyx krky
mnu`Kqw dI ijMd jwn, Awn Aqy Swn hY[
is`KI bwry Mr.Bertrand Arthur William Russell (Noble
prize winner in literature in 1950) ijhVw mhwn i&lws&r Aqy
gixq ividAw dw mwhr sI[ ies qoN ielwvw ieh ihstorIAn Aqy
smwijk nukqw ingwh iv`c vI mwhr sI Aqy swihq dw Awlock sI[
ieh 1872 qoN 1970 dy drimAwn hoieAw hY Aqy brqwnIAW dw
SihrI sI[ ies dy ivcwr suxo:
"If some lucky men survive on slaught of the third world
war of atomic and hydrogen bombs, then the Sikh religion
will be the only means of guiding them. When asked isn't this
religion capable of guiding mankind before the third world
war? He said,"Yes, it has the capability but the Sikhs haven't
brought out in the broad day light the splendid doctrines of
this religion which has come into existence for the benefit
of the entire mankind. This is their greatest sin and the Sikhs
cannot be freed of it."

gurU swihb ny gur is`K nUM jIvn jwc isKx leI pRyirAw Aqy
nwl hI Drm dI ikrq, nwm jpx Aqy vMf Ckx dw aupdyS id`qw[
AwpxI pMjvIN Aqy nOvIN joq AMdr h`k, s`c, ienswP leI kurbwnI
krn dw v`l isKwieAw, nykI dw prkwS Aqy bdI dw nwS krn leI
CyvIN joq sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI ny ipqw gurU Arjn dyv jI dI
Shwdq auprMq mIrI Aqy pIrI dy isDWq nUM is`KI AMdr pRkwiSq kIqw
ArQwq is`K nUM sMq ispwhI bxw id`qw[ duStW dI suDweI leI Ssqr
cu`ky[ dsvIN joq AMdr mrd AgMmVy-srbMsdwnI sRI gurU goibMd isMG
jI ny is`K nUM AMimRq pwn krw ky isMG dI pdvI bKS ky ^wlsy dw rUp
dy id`qw[ nwl hI sRI gurU gMRQ swihb jI nUM jugo jug At`l gurU Qwp
id`qw[ ^wlsy bwry AwiKAw ik Awaux vwly smyN AMdr ^wlsw zulm

Bwv 'nobl purskwr ivjyqw brtYNf rsl (1872-1970),

brqwnIAW dw mhwn dwrSink, gixq SwsqRI, ihstorIAn Aqy
swihq dw Awlock ilKdw hY ik jykr koeI suBwgw bMdw dunIAW dI hox
vwlI qIjI mwrUjMg 'coN bc igAw ikauik ieh AYtm Aqy hweIfRojn
bMbW dI hovygI qW ies ipCoN is`K Drm hI ie`k AYsw Drm hovygw
ijhVw Xog AgvweI kr skygw[ qd rsl qoN pu`iCAw igAw ik kI
dunIAW dy ies qIjy mhW Xu`D qoN pihlW is`K Drm mnu`Kqw nUM shI syD

(ix)

(x)

dyx dI smr`Qw nhIN rKdw? auq`r sI, hW, ies Drm kol ieh smr`Qw
hY[ pr is`KW ny is`K Drm dy gOrvmeI isDwqW nUM pRkwSq nhIN kIqw
ijhVy swrI mnu`Kqw dI BlweI loVdy hn[ ieh ies pwp kwrn bKSy
nhIN jw skdy'[
is`KI mhwn hY[ gurU ikRpw sdkw is`K kOm mwrSl hY[ gurU ny
is`K nUM ies g`l iv`c prp`k kIqw hY ik qUM ie`k Akwl purK qy Brosw
r`Kxw hY, sdw cVHdI klw 'c rihx leI bwxI Aqy bwxy dy DwrnI hoxw
hY, srb`q dw Blw mMgxw hY, sdw praupkwr krnw hY Aqy dyS jW kOm
qy jykr koeI BIV bxy qW Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn qoN vI kdy nhIN
iJjkxw[ mYN qyry sdw AMg sMg hW[ ies leI is`K gurU dy pRym Aqy
pRqIq nUM mu`K rKidAW mOq qoN nhIN frdw, Awpw vwrn leI sdw
qqpr rihMdw hY Aqy gurU crnw iv`c hoeI mOq nUM vfBwgI mMndw hY[
bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dI Shwdq auprMq is`KW ny bhuq qsIhy J`ly
Aqy AOKI GVI iv`c ivcridAW jrvwixAW dy mUMh vI BMny[ nvwb
zkrIAw KWn Aqy mIr mMnU vrigAW ny ksmW KwDIAW ik AsIN auqnw
icr p`g Awpxy isr qy nhIN DrWgy ijqnw icr is`KW dw nwmo inSwn
nhIN imtw idMdy[ ieQoN q`k hukmnwmy jwrI kIqy gey ik guV Sbd dI
vrqoN qy vI pwbMdI lgw id`qI ikauNik ieh Sbd gurU nwl imldw
juldw hY[ guV dI QW 'roVI' Sbd vrqx dy AwdyS id`qy gey[ isrW dy
mu`l pwey gey Aqy QW QW qy v`Fy isrW dIAW mInwrW KVHIAW kr ky aunHW
nUM swiVAw igAw[ pr isMGW ny ieh Sbd aucwrn kIqy:
mMnU swfI dwqrI, AsIN mMnUM dy soie[
ijauN ijauN mMnUM v`Fdw, AsIN dUx suvwey hoey[

is`KI bwry ilKwrI mInw dws dy ivcwr suxo:

"ijhVw vrg (is`K) h`k s`c dI ^wqr jwnW inCwvr kr dyx
dy krm nUM 'pRym dI Kyf' Kyfx dw nW idMdw hY, zulmW dy qsIihAW nUM
'qyrw kIAw mITw lwgy' kih ky iKVy m`Qy pRvwn krdw hY, kwl koTVIAW
(xi)

dy AMdr vI srUrI sdW lwauNdw hY Aqy &wsI dy q^iqAW qy vI jyqU

jYkwry gjWauNdw hY aus iv`c AwpxI inAwrI hsqI Aqy Tu`k dw
Aihsws pYdw ho jwxw suBwivk hY[ AjyhI ipAwrI, inAwrI, dulwrI
Aqy siqkwrI kOm AMdr Awpw vwrn dw bhuq p`kw Aqy fUMGw Aihsws
hY[ ieh Aihsws aus dI Awzwd hsqI dw pRgtwvw drswauNdw hY[
kimaUinst ivcwrDwrw dy kvI AmrjIq cMdn dI svY-kQnI
pVoH ijs iv`c drz hY:
'AsIN vI is`K ieiqhws qoN pRyrxw leI,
Kws kr ky Shwdq dy sMklp qoN[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj AMdr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw

is`K rwj dw mhwn jrnYl Aqy ausreIAw sI[ husnl crwg, roSn
idmwg Aqy AgwD bl dw mwlk hox krky ies ny SmSIr pkV ky
zrvwixAW dy dlW AMdr kmwl Aqy byimswl DmwlW pweIAW[ ijs
iK`qy dy jrvwixAW (APgwnW) ny ihMdusqwn nUM bwr bwr ku`itAw Aqy
lu`itAw Aqy ijnHW v`l nUM koeI vI ihMdusqwnI sUrmw mUMh krn nUM iqAwr
nhIN sI ieh au~Qy Syr vWg bu`ikAw Aqy grijAw[ mn AMdr gurilv, is`KI pRym, AxK Aqy mnu`Kqw dy Bly dI icxg hox krky ieh
Albylw sUrbIr mOq dI prvwh nw krdw hoieAw duStW dy dlW nUM
lqwVdw , gwldw Aqy mwrdw ibjlI dI inAweIN Awpxy inSwny vl
vDdw sI[ ie`k qyj-qrwr qy PurqIlw GoV svwr, dOVwk, qIrAMdwzI Aqy qlvwr dw DnI hox dy nwqy ieh jMgW-Xu`DW AMdr duSmx
nUM AYsIAW BwjVW pwauNdw Aqy nkyl ksdw sI ik aus nUM hwr qoN ibnw
hor kuJ idKweI nhIN sI idMdw[ hr pl mwlk dI ikRpw sdkw ij`q
srdwr hrI isMG dy pYr cuMmdI sI[ ieh ij`q aus dy au~dmI suBwA,
srl Aqy spSt soc, nyk idl inAW Aqy ienswP psMd, kilAwxkwrI
Aqy SuB-icMqk hox dw nqIjw sI[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG dy au~cry bol
hrI isMG dy AMg AMg iv`c rmy hoey sn:
(xii)

dyx dI smr`Qw nhIN rKdw? auq`r sI, hW, ies Drm kol ieh smr`Qw
hY[ pr is`KW ny is`K Drm dy gOrvmeI isDwqW nUM pRkwSq nhIN kIqw
ijhVy swrI mnu`Kqw dI BlweI loVdy hn[ ieh ies pwp kwrn bKSy
nhIN jw skdy'[
is`KI mhwn hY[ gurU ikRpw sdkw is`K kOm mwrSl hY[ gurU ny
is`K nUM ies g`l iv`c prp`k kIqw hY ik qUM ie`k Akwl purK qy Brosw
r`Kxw hY, sdw cVHdI klw 'c rihx leI bwxI Aqy bwxy dy DwrnI hoxw
hY, srb`q dw Blw mMgxw hY, sdw praupkwr krnw hY Aqy dyS jW kOm
qy jykr koeI BIV bxy qW Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn qoN vI kdy nhIN
iJjkxw[ mYN qyry sdw AMg sMg hW[ ies leI is`K gurU dy pRym Aqy
pRqIq nUM mu`K rKidAW mOq qoN nhIN frdw, Awpw vwrn leI sdw
qqpr rihMdw hY Aqy gurU crnw iv`c hoeI mOq nUM vfBwgI mMndw hY[
bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dI Shwdq auprMq is`KW ny bhuq qsIhy J`ly
Aqy AOKI GVI iv`c ivcridAW jrvwixAW dy mUMh vI BMny[ nvwb
zkrIAw KWn Aqy mIr mMnU vrigAW ny ksmW KwDIAW ik AsIN auqnw
icr p`g Awpxy isr qy nhIN DrWgy ijqnw icr is`KW dw nwmo inSwn
nhIN imtw idMdy[ ieQoN q`k hukmnwmy jwrI kIqy gey ik guV Sbd dI
vrqoN qy vI pwbMdI lgw id`qI ikauNik ieh Sbd gurU nwl imldw
juldw hY[ guV dI QW 'roVI' Sbd vrqx dy AwdyS id`qy gey[ isrW dy
mu`l pwey gey Aqy QW QW qy v`Fy isrW dIAW mInwrW KVHIAW kr ky aunHW
nUM swiVAw igAw[ pr isMGW ny ieh Sbd aucwrn kIqy:
mMnU swfI dwqrI, AsIN mMnUM dy soie[
ijauN ijauN mMnUM v`Fdw, AsIN dUx suvwey hoey[

is`KI bwry ilKwrI mInw dws dy ivcwr suxo:

"ijhVw vrg (is`K) h`k s`c dI ^wqr jwnW inCwvr kr dyx
dy krm nUM 'pRym dI Kyf' Kyfx dw nW idMdw hY, zulmW dy qsIihAW nUM
'qyrw kIAw mITw lwgy' kih ky iKVy m`Qy pRvwn krdw hY, kwl koTVIAW
(xi)

dy AMdr vI srUrI sdW lwauNdw hY Aqy &wsI dy q^iqAW qy vI jyqU

jYkwry gjWauNdw hY aus iv`c AwpxI inAwrI hsqI Aqy Tu`k dw
Aihsws pYdw ho jwxw suBwivk hY[ AjyhI ipAwrI, inAwrI, dulwrI
Aqy siqkwrI kOm AMdr Awpw vwrn dw bhuq p`kw Aqy fUMGw Aihsws
hY[ ieh Aihsws aus dI Awzwd hsqI dw pRgtwvw drswauNdw hY[
kimaUinst ivcwrDwrw dy kvI AmrjIq cMdn dI svY-kQnI
pVoH ijs iv`c drz hY:
'AsIN vI is`K ieiqhws qoN pRyrxw leI,
Kws kr ky Shwdq dy sMklp qoN[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj AMdr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw

is`K rwj dw mhwn jrnYl Aqy ausreIAw sI[ husnl crwg, roSn
idmwg Aqy AgwD bl dw mwlk hox krky ies ny SmSIr pkV ky
zrvwixAW dy dlW AMdr kmwl Aqy byimswl DmwlW pweIAW[ ijs
iK`qy dy jrvwixAW (APgwnW) ny ihMdusqwn nUM bwr bwr ku`itAw Aqy
lu`itAw Aqy ijnHW v`l nUM koeI vI ihMdusqwnI sUrmw mUMh krn nUM iqAwr
nhIN sI ieh au~Qy Syr vWg bu`ikAw Aqy grijAw[ mn AMdr gurilv, is`KI pRym, AxK Aqy mnu`Kqw dy Bly dI icxg hox krky ieh
Albylw sUrbIr mOq dI prvwh nw krdw hoieAw duStW dy dlW nUM
lqwVdw , gwldw Aqy mwrdw ibjlI dI inAweIN Awpxy inSwny vl
vDdw sI[ ie`k qyj-qrwr qy PurqIlw GoV svwr, dOVwk, qIrAMdwzI Aqy qlvwr dw DnI hox dy nwqy ieh jMgW-Xu`DW AMdr duSmx
nUM AYsIAW BwjVW pwauNdw Aqy nkyl ksdw sI ik aus nUM hwr qoN ibnw
hor kuJ idKweI nhIN sI idMdw[ hr pl mwlk dI ikRpw sdkw ij`q
srdwr hrI isMG dy pYr cuMmdI sI[ ieh ij`q aus dy au~dmI suBwA,
srl Aqy spSt soc, nyk idl inAW Aqy ienswP psMd, kilAwxkwrI
Aqy SuB-icMqk hox dw nqIjw sI[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG dy au~cry bol
hrI isMG dy AMg AMg iv`c rmy hoey sn:
(xii)

dyh isvw br moih iehY suB krmn qy kbhUM n troN[

nw fro Ar so jb jwey lroN inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN[
Ar is`K hUM Apny hI mn ko ieh lwlc hO gun n aucroN[
jb Awv kI AOD indwn bnY Aq hI rx my qb jUJ mrON[

rwj pRbMD vwlw rwj kIqw[ ies rwj Bwg iv`c hrI isMG dw rol Aqy
kwrnwmy bhuq hI mh`qvpUrn sn[ ies dw nW hIro hox dy nwqy hIry
vWg cmikAw[

bhuq hI ivl`Kxqw, Ascrz Aqy klwmeI g`l ieh hY ik

Atk qoN ^Ybr pws q`k mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny hrI isMG nlUAw dI
dyK ryK hyT A&gwnW nUM Bwrq iv`c dwKl hox qoN sdw leI rok id`qw[
^Ybr pws p`Cm dyS qy grIks v`loN 500 bI. sI. iv`c hI hmlwAwvr
drw ^Ybr rwhIN ihMdusqwn iv`c lu`t Ksu`t leI ibnW iksy fr Bau qoN
dwKl huMdy Aw rhy sn[ grIks qoN ibnw qurk, ArbI, mugl, mMgolz
Aqy A&gwnI bwr bwr ies rsqy hmlw krdy sn[ iehnW nUM rokxw
Kwlw jI dw vwVw nhIN sI, isr DV dI bwjI dI zrUrq sI[ Syir-eypMjwb dI kwbl Aqy ipSwvr dy rsqy nUM bMd krn vwlI mhwn soc
nUM srdwr nlUAw ny isMGW dI m~dd nwl ijnHW dI igxqI muglW dy
brwbr Awty iv`c lUx ijqnI hI sI nUM cwr cMn lwey[ ihMdusqwn iv`c
pihlI mrdm SumwrI AMgryzI srkwr ny 1860 iv`c krvweI sI[
vwtr PIlf ny AwpxI pusqk (Memorandum on the Census of
British India 1871-72, London, Page 17) iv`c iliKAw hY ik
rwvI Aqy sqluj dy ivckwr lwhOr sxy is`KW dI igxqI 17 pRqISq
sI[ AMimRqsr iv`c 13 pRqISq Aqy jlMDr iv`c 8 pRqISq sI jdik
bwkI QwvW qy igxqI 3 qoN 1 pRqISq hI sI[ AMimRqsr, mulqwn,
lwhOr qy rwvlipMfI iv`c ihMdU 24, 17, 15 Aqy 10 pRqISq kRmvwr
sn[ d`Kx iv`c ihMdU bhuigxqI iv`c sn[ muslmwnW dI AbwdI
AMimRqsr, lwhOr qy mulqwn iv`c 50 qoN 65 pRqISq sI [ jd ik
pySwvr iv`c 93 pRqISq Aqy rwvlipMfI iv`c 85 pRqISq sI[ Bwv
mu`TI Br is`KW ny 600 swlW dy rwj nUM qihs nihs krky r`K id`qw[
brnz ilKdw hY ik bhuq hI G`t igxqI dy is`KW ny lMmy smyN leI
mugl bhuigxqI dy ielwikAW qy bhuq Swndwr, SwnSOkq Aqy cMgy

by-bhuq hoXw hrI isMG dUlw, ijdHw nwm rOSn dUr dUr swry[
id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwhW nUM KO& zrUr swry[
rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgUM, hwqm qweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[
kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, swKI auh bulMd hjUr swry[ (2)

(xiii)

kwdrXwr vI hrI isMG dI mihmW ieM\ gwauNdw hY[

dws ny ipCly kuJ swlW dOrwn dyS-ivdyS iv`c bhuq swrIAW

lwiebRyrIAW Aqy pusqkW sMbMDI lweIAW jw rhIAW numwieSW dI PyrI
lweI Aqy inrIKx kIqw hY[ pr ies hTIly, CYl-CbIly, dUr-AMdySI,
Adu`qI Aqy sMGrSmeI XoDy qy bhuq hI G`t ikqwbW dyKIAW[ mn iv`c
soc pYdw hoeI ik ies is`K rwj dy QMMmH , prjw syvk, dwnSbMd Aqy
cmqkwrI sKSIAq sMbMDI iliKAw jwvy qW ik vrqmwn Aqy Awaux
vwlIAW pIVHIAW nUM ies au~dmI, mwxm`qy Aqy hoxhwr dI kOm Aqy dyS
pRqI kIqI Gwlxw Aqy kurbwnI dw igAwn hwsl ho sky[ sMn 2009
iv`c fwktr vnIq nlUAw jo srdwr hrI isMG dI ku`l iv`coN hY ny
AMgryzI iv`c bhuq hI Koj BrpUr ikqwb,"hrI isMG nlUAw, cYNpIAn
AwP dI Kwlsw jI" ilKI hY[ pr ieh pusqk Awkwr iv`c v`fI Aqy
kImq p`KoN vI mihMgI hox krky ho skdw hY Awm lokW dy h`QW iv`c
nw jwvy[ pr dws nUM ieh ikqwb ilKx iv`c kwPI shwiek hoeI hY,
ies qoN ielwvw dws ny hor bhuq swrIAW pusqkW, rswly, ilKwrIAW
dy lyK, AKbwrW Aqy ieMtrnYt dI vI shwieqw ies pusqk dI
sMpUrnqw leI leI[ iehnW dy prmwx ilKq iv`c vI Aqy AKIr qy,
nwm vI pusqk prmwx sUcI iv`c AMikq hn[ BwvyN dws ieiqhwskwr
nhIN, pI. AY~c. fI. q`k swieMs dI pVHweI kIqI pr gurU dI b^SI m`q
Anuswr XoDy dy ieiqhws nUM srl pMjwbI mW bolI dI SbdwvlI 'c
(xiv)

dyh isvw br moih iehY suB krmn qy kbhUM n troN[

nw fro Ar so jb jwey lroN inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN[
Ar is`K hUM Apny hI mn ko ieh lwlc hO gun n aucroN[
jb Awv kI AOD indwn bnY Aq hI rx my qb jUJ mrON[

rwj pRbMD vwlw rwj kIqw[ ies rwj Bwg iv`c hrI isMG dw rol Aqy
kwrnwmy bhuq hI mh`qvpUrn sn[ ies dw nW hIro hox dy nwqy hIry
vWg cmikAw[

bhuq hI ivl`Kxqw, Ascrz Aqy klwmeI g`l ieh hY ik

Atk qoN ^Ybr pws q`k mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny hrI isMG nlUAw dI
dyK ryK hyT A&gwnW nUM Bwrq iv`c dwKl hox qoN sdw leI rok id`qw[
^Ybr pws p`Cm dyS qy grIks v`loN 500 bI. sI. iv`c hI hmlwAwvr
drw ^Ybr rwhIN ihMdusqwn iv`c lu`t Ksu`t leI ibnW iksy fr Bau qoN
dwKl huMdy Aw rhy sn[ grIks qoN ibnw qurk, ArbI, mugl, mMgolz
Aqy A&gwnI bwr bwr ies rsqy hmlw krdy sn[ iehnW nUM rokxw
Kwlw jI dw vwVw nhIN sI, isr DV dI bwjI dI zrUrq sI[ Syir-eypMjwb dI kwbl Aqy ipSwvr dy rsqy nUM bMd krn vwlI mhwn soc
nUM srdwr nlUAw ny isMGW dI m~dd nwl ijnHW dI igxqI muglW dy
brwbr Awty iv`c lUx ijqnI hI sI nUM cwr cMn lwey[ ihMdusqwn iv`c
pihlI mrdm SumwrI AMgryzI srkwr ny 1860 iv`c krvweI sI[
vwtr PIlf ny AwpxI pusqk (Memorandum on the Census of
British India 1871-72, London, Page 17) iv`c iliKAw hY ik
rwvI Aqy sqluj dy ivckwr lwhOr sxy is`KW dI igxqI 17 pRqISq
sI[ AMimRqsr iv`c 13 pRqISq Aqy jlMDr iv`c 8 pRqISq sI jdik
bwkI QwvW qy igxqI 3 qoN 1 pRqISq hI sI[ AMimRqsr, mulqwn,
lwhOr qy rwvlipMfI iv`c ihMdU 24, 17, 15 Aqy 10 pRqISq kRmvwr
sn[ d`Kx iv`c ihMdU bhuigxqI iv`c sn[ muslmwnW dI AbwdI
AMimRqsr, lwhOr qy mulqwn iv`c 50 qoN 65 pRqISq sI [ jd ik
pySwvr iv`c 93 pRqISq Aqy rwvlipMfI iv`c 85 pRqISq sI[ Bwv
mu`TI Br is`KW ny 600 swlW dy rwj nUM qihs nihs krky r`K id`qw[
brnz ilKdw hY ik bhuq hI G`t igxqI dy is`KW ny lMmy smyN leI
mugl bhuigxqI dy ielwikAW qy bhuq Swndwr, SwnSOkq Aqy cMgy

by-bhuq hoXw hrI isMG dUlw, ijdHw nwm rOSn dUr dUr swry[
id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwhW nUM KO& zrUr swry[
rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgUM, hwqm qweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[
kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, swKI auh bulMd hjUr swry[ (2)

(xiii)

kwdrXwr vI hrI isMG dI mihmW ieM\ gwauNdw hY[

dws ny ipCly kuJ swlW dOrwn dyS-ivdyS iv`c bhuq swrIAW

lwiebRyrIAW Aqy pusqkW sMbMDI lweIAW jw rhIAW numwieSW dI PyrI
lweI Aqy inrIKx kIqw hY[ pr ies hTIly, CYl-CbIly, dUr-AMdySI,
Adu`qI Aqy sMGrSmeI XoDy qy bhuq hI G`t ikqwbW dyKIAW[ mn iv`c
soc pYdw hoeI ik ies is`K rwj dy QMMmH , prjw syvk, dwnSbMd Aqy
cmqkwrI sKSIAq sMbMDI iliKAw jwvy qW ik vrqmwn Aqy Awaux
vwlIAW pIVHIAW nUM ies au~dmI, mwxm`qy Aqy hoxhwr dI kOm Aqy dyS
pRqI kIqI Gwlxw Aqy kurbwnI dw igAwn hwsl ho sky[ sMn 2009
iv`c fwktr vnIq nlUAw jo srdwr hrI isMG dI ku`l iv`coN hY ny
AMgryzI iv`c bhuq hI Koj BrpUr ikqwb,"hrI isMG nlUAw, cYNpIAn
AwP dI Kwlsw jI" ilKI hY[ pr ieh pusqk Awkwr iv`c v`fI Aqy
kImq p`KoN vI mihMgI hox krky ho skdw hY Awm lokW dy h`QW iv`c
nw jwvy[ pr dws nUM ieh ikqwb ilKx iv`c kwPI shwiek hoeI hY,
ies qoN ielwvw dws ny hor bhuq swrIAW pusqkW, rswly, ilKwrIAW
dy lyK, AKbwrW Aqy ieMtrnYt dI vI shwieqw ies pusqk dI
sMpUrnqw leI leI[ iehnW dy prmwx ilKq iv`c vI Aqy AKIr qy,
nwm vI pusqk prmwx sUcI iv`c AMikq hn[ BwvyN dws ieiqhwskwr
nhIN, pI. AY~c. fI. q`k swieMs dI pVHweI kIqI pr gurU dI b^SI m`q
Anuswr XoDy dy ieiqhws nUM srl pMjwbI mW bolI dI SbdwvlI 'c
(xiv)

ilKx dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY[ ieiqhws dy nwl nwl ilKq nUM pRym
Aqy rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy kvIAW dIAW kivqwvW dy
idRStWq vI id`qy gey hn[
dws pRoPYsr surjIq isMG jI dw kotwn kot DMnvwdI hY ijnHW ny
ies KrVy GoiKAw Aqy piVHAw[ pVHn auprMq ies sMbMDI Awpxy
v`fmu`ly ivcwr mu`K bMd iv`c AMikq kIqy hn[ dws AwpxI supqnI
srdwrnI rwijMdr pwl kOr dw vI irxI hY ijs ny swry iviSAW pVH
ky soDW kIqIAW[ sRImqI srlw rwxI dw vI DMnvwd krn qoN nhIN rih
skdw ijs ny keI vwr ies ikqwb dy KrVy tweIp kIqw[ bwr bwr
GoKx auprMq vI ZlqIAW rih jWdIAW hn dws aunHW pRqI pwTkW qoN
muAwPI cwhuMdw hY[

1
jIvn idRStI

hrBjn isMG syKoN (rItwierf)

swbkw pRoPYsr qy ieMcwrj dwl sYkSn
pMjwb KyqIbwVI XUnIvristI
luiDAwxw
kwlj rof dwKw, ijlHw luiDAwxw 141102 (pMjwb)
email sekhonhsd@yahoo.com
Pon 9463377009
imqI : 22.2.2013

Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy jnm qoN l`g pg

igAwrW swl ip`CoN pMjwb dI DrqI qy 1791 eIsvI iv`c mwqw Drm
kOr dI ku`KoN srdwr gurdws isMG dy gRih gujrWvwlw ivKy ie`k bhuq
hI nUrI ichry vwlw, hoxhwr, sujwn, DIrjvwn, qyj-prqwpI Aqy
Awqm q`q dw igAwqw p`uqr jnimAW ijs dw nwm hrI isMG r`iKAw[
ieiqhwskwrW ny ipqw dw nwm srdwr guridAwl isMG iliKAw hY[
pr vnIq nlUAw jo hrI isMG dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN hY ny AwpxI pusqk
AMdr hirduAwr dy pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk hrI isMG dy ipqw dw
nwm gurdws isMG iliKAw hY[ srdwr gurdws isMG Sukrc`kIAw
imsl (Misal means a unit or a division or a brigade of sikh
warriors) dw ku`mydwn (kmWfr) sI[ Bwv aus ny bhuq swry jMgW-Xu`DW
iv`c bhwdrI dy AdB`uq jOhr idKw ky ku`mydwn dw mrqbw hwsl kIqw
sI[ ipClIAW do pIVHIAW qoN hrI isMG dw prvwr ^wlsw &Oj iv`c
Swml ho cu`ikAw sI[ ies dy dwdw jI srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l
(ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr srdwr hirdws isMG) srdwr cVHq isMG
Aqy srdwr mhW isMG dy hm-rkwb rhy Aqy is`K pMQ dI Awn Aqy
Swn leI aunHW BwrI m`lW mwrIAW[ ^qrIAW' 'coN aup`l goq iksy purKy
dy nW qoN AwrMB hoieAw sI ijs ny auq`m kMm leI kurbwnI id`qI sI[
aus dI Xwd iv`c A&gwinsqwn ivKy ie`k p`Qr iSlwlyK mOjUd hY[
mugl Aihmd Swh durwnI dy qkrIbn swry hmly iehnW dy isrW aup`r
dI lMGy[ ieh 1762 eIsvI dy v`fy-G`lUGwry dOrwn ku`p-rhIVw,
mlyrkotly kol golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[ lwflw hrI
isMG Ajy s`q ku swl dw hI sI ik 1798 iv`c jMgI jrnYl dy ipqw
srdwr gurdws isMG cVHweI kr gey[ pqI dI mOq kwrn mwqw Drm

(xv)

ilKx dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY[ ieiqhws dy nwl nwl ilKq nUM pRym
Aqy rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy kvIAW dIAW kivqwvW dy
idRStWq vI id`qy gey hn[
dws pRoPYsr surjIq isMG jI dw kotwn kot DMnvwdI hY ijnHW ny
ies KrVy GoiKAw Aqy piVHAw[ pVHn auprMq ies sMbMDI Awpxy
v`fmu`ly ivcwr mu`K bMd iv`c AMikq kIqy hn[ dws AwpxI supqnI
srdwrnI rwijMdr pwl kOr dw vI irxI hY ijs ny swry iviSAW pVH
ky soDW kIqIAW[ sRImqI srlw rwxI dw vI DMnvwd krn qoN nhIN rih
skdw ijs ny keI vwr ies ikqwb dy KrVy tweIp kIqw[ bwr bwr
GoKx auprMq vI ZlqIAW rih jWdIAW hn dws aunHW pRqI pwTkW qoN
muAwPI cwhuMdw hY[

1
jIvn idRStI

hrBjn isMG syKoN (rItwierf)

swbkw pRoPYsr qy ieMcwrj dwl sYkSn
pMjwb KyqIbwVI XUnIvristI
luiDAwxw
kwlj rof dwKw, ijlHw luiDAwxw 141102 (pMjwb)
email sekhonhsd@yahoo.com
Pon 9463377009
imqI : 22.2.2013

Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy jnm qoN l`g pg

igAwrW swl ip`CoN pMjwb dI DrqI qy 1791 eIsvI iv`c mwqw Drm
kOr dI ku`KoN srdwr gurdws isMG dy gRih gujrWvwlw ivKy ie`k bhuq
hI nUrI ichry vwlw, hoxhwr, sujwn, DIrjvwn, qyj-prqwpI Aqy
Awqm q`q dw igAwqw p`uqr jnimAW ijs dw nwm hrI isMG r`iKAw[
ieiqhwskwrW ny ipqw dw nwm srdwr guridAwl isMG iliKAw hY[
pr vnIq nlUAw jo hrI isMG dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN hY ny AwpxI pusqk
AMdr hirduAwr dy pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk hrI isMG dy ipqw dw
nwm gurdws isMG iliKAw hY[ srdwr gurdws isMG Sukrc`kIAw
imsl (Misal means a unit or a division or a brigade of sikh
warriors) dw ku`mydwn (kmWfr) sI[ Bwv aus ny bhuq swry jMgW-Xu`DW
iv`c bhwdrI dy AdB`uq jOhr idKw ky ku`mydwn dw mrqbw hwsl kIqw
sI[ ipClIAW do pIVHIAW qoN hrI isMG dw prvwr ^wlsw &Oj iv`c
Swml ho cu`ikAw sI[ ies dy dwdw jI srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l
(ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr srdwr hirdws isMG) srdwr cVHq isMG
Aqy srdwr mhW isMG dy hm-rkwb rhy Aqy is`K pMQ dI Awn Aqy
Swn leI aunHW BwrI m`lW mwrIAW[ ^qrIAW' 'coN aup`l goq iksy purKy
dy nW qoN AwrMB hoieAw sI ijs ny auq`m kMm leI kurbwnI id`qI sI[
aus dI Xwd iv`c A&gwinsqwn ivKy ie`k p`Qr iSlwlyK mOjUd hY[
mugl Aihmd Swh durwnI dy qkrIbn swry hmly iehnW dy isrW aup`r
dI lMGy[ ieh 1762 eIsvI dy v`fy-G`lUGwry dOrwn ku`p-rhIVw,
mlyrkotly kol golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[ lwflw hrI
isMG Ajy s`q ku swl dw hI sI ik 1798 iv`c jMgI jrnYl dy ipqw
srdwr gurdws isMG cVHweI kr gey[ pqI dI mOq kwrn mwqw Drm

(xv)

kOr AOkV iv`c iGr geI[ Gr dy hwlqW nUM q`k ky mwqw Drm kOr dw
Brw hrI isMG nUM AwpxI BYx smyq Awpxy ipMf lY igAw[ au`Qy hI hrI
isMG viDAw Pu`ilAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ aus smyN koeI nhIN sI jwxdw
ik s`q swlw inAwsrw ieh bwlk l`KW pRwxIAW dw Awsrw, inqwixAW
dw qwx, inmwixAW dw mwx Aqy ^wlsw pMQ dI ie`k idn Swn bxygw[
ies qoN vI v`D ky gurU ikRpw sdkw is`KI nUM cwr cMn lw ky ies dy JMfy
dUr dUr q`k Julweygw Aqy koih nUr vrgy hIry mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
nUM idvweygw[
kwdr dI kudrq bVI Ascrz, AlOikk, AdBu`q Aqy Adu`qI
hY[ ies dy BydW bwry A`j q`k pUrn qOr qy koeI nhIN jwx sikAw[
Akwl purK v`loN ByjIAW nUrwnI rUhW kdy kdweIN sMswr qy AwauNdIAW
hn[ AYsIAW rUhW AMdr mwlk AYsI ivsmwdI klw pw ky Byjdw hY ijs
kwrn aunHW v`loN jIvn AMdr kIqy mhwn, v`fmuly Aqy cmqkwrI ikRSmy
qy kwrnwmy Awp-muhwry pRgt ho jWdy hn[ lukweI AMdr aunHW dw qyjprqwp sUrj dI inAweIN pRkwS ho jWdw hY[ ijs krky aunHW dI soBw
Aqy vifAweI nUM gwieAw jWdw hY[ aunHW dy au~qm gux, kilAwxkwrI
soc Aqy praupkwrqw vwlw rsqw lok-gQwvW Aqy ieiqhws bx ky
sMswr AMdr hIry dI inAweIN cmkdw hY[ auh gQwvW Aqy ieiqhws
drpx rUp ho ky Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW qy nslW nUM shI qy s`cy mwrg
qy qorn, ivl`Kx kwrnwmy krn Aqy AwpsI ipAwr Bwvnw pYdw krn
leI auqSwhq krdw hY[ ie`k kvI ny TIk hI iliKAw hY:
hoqw hY kohy-dsq my pYdw kBI kBI[
vuh mrd ijs kw &kr kry ^zP ko ngIN[

pwlx-poSx Aqy iv~idAk pRbMD

bwlk hrI isMG Awpxy nwnky Gr rih ky viDAw Pu`ilAw,
piLAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ nwnky Gr vwilAW ny bVy cwA, mlwr Aqy
ipAwr nwl Awpxy Bwxjy nUM r`iKAw[ ies dy Kwx leI cMgI Kurwk,
2

pihnx leI loV Anuswr bsqr, ksrq leI Xog smwn Aqy SsqrW
Awid dw pRbMD kIqw[ aunHW simAW iv`c GrylU kMmW dy nwL nwL bcpn
iv`c hI gurU dI is`KI, hiQAwr clwaux, GoL krwaux, inSwnwbwzI
Awid dw AiBAws krwieAw jWdw sI ikauNik muglW v`loN bwhrI
hmly bwr bwr huMdy sn[ ie`k vwr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ie`k
AMgryz A&sr ny is`KW dI bhwdrI, dlyrI Aqy AxK bwry pu`iCAw sI[
au~qr iv`c mhwrwjy ny AwiKAw,"gurU ny is`K nUM guVHqI hI ie`k r`b qy
Brosw krn Aqy sMq-ispwhI bxn dI id`qI hY[ is`K b`cy nUM pMj swl
dI aumr iv`c gurbwxI pVHn, kMT krn, GoV-svwrI Aqy qIr-AMdwzI
isKwauxI SurU kr id`qI jWdI hY"[Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy nwl
rihx vwlw ilKwrI kwzI nUr dIn BwvyN QW QW qy is`KW nUM sg (ku`qy)
ilKdw hY[ pr AwpxI ilKq iv`c is`KW dI vifAweI vI krdw hY Bwv
s`c nUM s`c kihMdw hY[ kI kihMdw hY? 'jykr iksy ny Ssqr clwauxw,
nyzwbwzI , g`qky-bwzI qy GoV-svwrI is`KxI hY auh iehnW qo is`Ky[
qlvwr clwaux dw jo ikRSmw mYN jMg AMdr Awpxy A`KIN iehnW dw
dyiKAw auh hor nhIN iksy dw dyiKAw[ pqw nhIN ieh v`l iehnW ny
ik`QoN is`Ky hn"[ ieM\ hrI isMG bcpn iv`c hI gurbwxI,qIr-AMdwzI,
g`qky-bwzI, nyzy-bwzI, GoV-svwrI is`K igAw sI[ vYsy vI kudrq
v`loN Dur drgwhoN ies nUM v`fy bl Aqy klw dI bKSS hoeI hoeI sI[
aunHW idnW iv`c pVHweI fyirAW dy mhMqW gurduAwirAW dy gRMQIAW
jW inrmilAW dy AwSrmW iv`c rih rhy swDUAW v`loN hI krweI jWdI
sI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk pMj swl dI aumr
qoN pihlW hI hrI isMG gurmuKI (pMjwbI) pVHn pwieAw igAw qy Pyr
A`T ku swl dI aumr iv`c mOlvI pwsoN &wrsI pVHweI geI[ Awm
irvwj Anuswr jpu jI, jwpu swihb, s`Xy, cOpeI, AnMd swihb,
rihrws qy kIrqn soihlw nUM Su`D aucwrn Aqy kMT krn qy zor id`qw
jWdw sI[ auprMq pMj gRMQI , bweI vwrW, BgqW dI bwxI pVHw ky sRI gurU
gRMQ swihb jI dI sMiQAw id`qI jWdI sI[ hrI isMG ny ikqnI pMjwbI,
3

kOr AOkV iv`c iGr geI[ Gr dy hwlqW nUM q`k ky mwqw Drm kOr dw
Brw hrI isMG nUM AwpxI BYx smyq Awpxy ipMf lY igAw[ au`Qy hI hrI
isMG viDAw Pu`ilAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ aus smyN koeI nhIN sI jwxdw
ik s`q swlw inAwsrw ieh bwlk l`KW pRwxIAW dw Awsrw, inqwixAW
dw qwx, inmwixAW dw mwx Aqy ^wlsw pMQ dI ie`k idn Swn bxygw[
ies qoN vI v`D ky gurU ikRpw sdkw is`KI nUM cwr cMn lw ky ies dy JMfy
dUr dUr q`k Julweygw Aqy koih nUr vrgy hIry mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
nUM idvweygw[
kwdr dI kudrq bVI Ascrz, AlOikk, AdBu`q Aqy Adu`qI
hY[ ies dy BydW bwry A`j q`k pUrn qOr qy koeI nhIN jwx sikAw[
Akwl purK v`loN ByjIAW nUrwnI rUhW kdy kdweIN sMswr qy AwauNdIAW
hn[ AYsIAW rUhW AMdr mwlk AYsI ivsmwdI klw pw ky Byjdw hY ijs
kwrn aunHW v`loN jIvn AMdr kIqy mhwn, v`fmuly Aqy cmqkwrI ikRSmy
qy kwrnwmy Awp-muhwry pRgt ho jWdy hn[ lukweI AMdr aunHW dw qyjprqwp sUrj dI inAweIN pRkwS ho jWdw hY[ ijs krky aunHW dI soBw
Aqy vifAweI nUM gwieAw jWdw hY[ aunHW dy au~qm gux, kilAwxkwrI
soc Aqy praupkwrqw vwlw rsqw lok-gQwvW Aqy ieiqhws bx ky
sMswr AMdr hIry dI inAweIN cmkdw hY[ auh gQwvW Aqy ieiqhws
drpx rUp ho ky Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW qy nslW nUM shI qy s`cy mwrg
qy qorn, ivl`Kx kwrnwmy krn Aqy AwpsI ipAwr Bwvnw pYdw krn
leI auqSwhq krdw hY[ ie`k kvI ny TIk hI iliKAw hY:
hoqw hY kohy-dsq my pYdw kBI kBI[
vuh mrd ijs kw &kr kry ^zP ko ngIN[

pwlx-poSx Aqy iv~idAk pRbMD

bwlk hrI isMG Awpxy nwnky Gr rih ky viDAw Pu`ilAw,
piLAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ nwnky Gr vwilAW ny bVy cwA, mlwr Aqy
ipAwr nwl Awpxy Bwxjy nUM r`iKAw[ ies dy Kwx leI cMgI Kurwk,
2

pihnx leI loV Anuswr bsqr, ksrq leI Xog smwn Aqy SsqrW
Awid dw pRbMD kIqw[ aunHW simAW iv`c GrylU kMmW dy nwL nwL bcpn
iv`c hI gurU dI is`KI, hiQAwr clwaux, GoL krwaux, inSwnwbwzI
Awid dw AiBAws krwieAw jWdw sI ikauNik muglW v`loN bwhrI
hmly bwr bwr huMdy sn[ ie`k vwr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ie`k
AMgryz A&sr ny is`KW dI bhwdrI, dlyrI Aqy AxK bwry pu`iCAw sI[
au~qr iv`c mhwrwjy ny AwiKAw,"gurU ny is`K nUM guVHqI hI ie`k r`b qy
Brosw krn Aqy sMq-ispwhI bxn dI id`qI hY[ is`K b`cy nUM pMj swl
dI aumr iv`c gurbwxI pVHn, kMT krn, GoV-svwrI Aqy qIr-AMdwzI
isKwauxI SurU kr id`qI jWdI hY"[Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy nwl
rihx vwlw ilKwrI kwzI nUr dIn BwvyN QW QW qy is`KW nUM sg (ku`qy)
ilKdw hY[ pr AwpxI ilKq iv`c is`KW dI vifAweI vI krdw hY Bwv
s`c nUM s`c kihMdw hY[ kI kihMdw hY? 'jykr iksy ny Ssqr clwauxw,
nyzwbwzI , g`qky-bwzI qy GoV-svwrI is`KxI hY auh iehnW qo is`Ky[
qlvwr clwaux dw jo ikRSmw mYN jMg AMdr Awpxy A`KIN iehnW dw
dyiKAw auh hor nhIN iksy dw dyiKAw[ pqw nhIN ieh v`l iehnW ny
ik`QoN is`Ky hn"[ ieM\ hrI isMG bcpn iv`c hI gurbwxI,qIr-AMdwzI,
g`qky-bwzI, nyzy-bwzI, GoV-svwrI is`K igAw sI[ vYsy vI kudrq
v`loN Dur drgwhoN ies nUM v`fy bl Aqy klw dI bKSS hoeI hoeI sI[
aunHW idnW iv`c pVHweI fyirAW dy mhMqW gurduAwirAW dy gRMQIAW
jW inrmilAW dy AwSrmW iv`c rih rhy swDUAW v`loN hI krweI jWdI
sI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk pMj swl dI aumr
qoN pihlW hI hrI isMG gurmuKI (pMjwbI) pVHn pwieAw igAw qy Pyr
A`T ku swl dI aumr iv`c mOlvI pwsoN &wrsI pVHweI geI[ Awm
irvwj Anuswr jpu jI, jwpu swihb, s`Xy, cOpeI, AnMd swihb,
rihrws qy kIrqn soihlw nUM Su`D aucwrn Aqy kMT krn qy zor id`qw
jWdw sI[ auprMq pMj gRMQI , bweI vwrW, BgqW dI bwxI pVHw ky sRI gurU
gRMQ swihb jI dI sMiQAw id`qI jWdI sI[ hrI isMG ny ikqnI pMjwbI,
3

aurdU, &wrsI pVHI ies bwry ilKqI q`Q bhuqy mOjUd nhIN sn[ vnIq
nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk 'hrI isMG nlvw, cYNpIAn Aw& ^wlsw jI'
iv`c AMikq kIqw hY ik hrI isMG &wrsI qy gurmuKI qoN ielwvw pKqUnW
dI BwSw pSqo vI jwxdw sI[ jgq pRis`D XwqrU bYrn hugl ny Awpxy
's&rnwmy' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG nlvw PwrsI iv`c A`q drjy
dw inpuMn hY Aqy bVI qyzI nwl PwrsI ilKdw qy boldw hY[ aus dy mUMhoN
pSqo sux ky vI lok AcMBk ho jWdy hn[
bYrn hugl ieh vI ilKdw hY ik sMn 1833 iv`c iSmlw
g`lbwq smyN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ivlIAm bYNitk nUM imly qW
imlxI smyN ijs ijs A&sr nwl qy gvrnr jnrl nwl aunHW
g`lbwq kIqI auh swry hI Awp dI isAwxp, au~cI bu`DI Aqy KulHy
suBwA qoN bhuq hYrwn Aqy cikRq hoey[ iehnW dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI
dI pwilsI vwk&IAq Aqy gupq kwrnwimAW sMbMDI jwxkwrI qoN
AMgryz APsrW nUM bVI Ascrjqw hoeI sI[
pMifq iSv nrYx ilKdw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG dy drbwr iv`c sB qoN v`D sUrmw Aqy cMgw ivdvwn
srdwr sI[

AMimRqpwn krnw
AMimRq dw Bwv hY Amr kr dyx vwlw rs[ ies nUM Awby-hXwq
(Amr kr dyx vwlw pwxI) jW phul vI AwiKAw jWdw hY[ AMimRq klw
ie`k AYsI mhwn SkqI hY ijs nwl bMdw ivDwn iv`c rih ky gurU dy
isDWq nUM Apxw lYNdw hY[ ieh isDWq SYqwn mn nUM ivSy-ivkwrW qoN
hoV ky kyvl s`c dy rsqy qy hI nhIN qordw sgoN aus nUM BgqI dy mwrg
qy clw ky pRBU joq nwl joV idMdw hY[ AMimRq dI krwmwqI SkqI mnu`K
nUM inrBau, inrvYr Aqy AYsw srbbIr bxw idMdI hY ik auh hr AOkV
dw ft ky bVI dlyrI, bIrqw Aqy bhwdrI nwl mukwblw krn leI
iqAwr ho jWdw hY[
4

sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny 1469 qoN is`KI dw inrml pMQ

clwieAw[ gurU nwnk joq ny dsvyN jwmy iv`c phuMc ky 1699 dI
ivswKI nUM KMfy bwty dI phul iqAwr krky pMj ipAwirAW nUM AMimRqpwn
krw ky ^wlsw sjwieAw Aqy aunHW pwsoN Awp vI AMimRq Ck ky 'isMG'
dw drjw pRwpq kIqw[ sMswr AMdr ieh sB qoN v`KrI iksm dw mhwn
ienklwb sI ijs AMdr hr pRwxI nUM brwbr dw h`k Aqy iensw&,
Dwrimk AwzwdI, smwijk BweIcwry dI bhwlI, srb`q dw Blw, s``c
dI soc qy pihrw dyx leI mIrI-pIrI ArQwq sMq-ispwhI dw isDWq,
grIb dI r`iKAw, jrvwxy dI B`iKAw, Awp jIau qy dUijAW nUM su`KIsWdI ijaux idau Aqy nw fro nw hI iksy nUM frwau dI pRyrnw sI[ ieM\
sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI dy imSn dI pUrqI leI
Aqy ienswn nUM nmUny dw mrd bnwaux leI ^wlsw pRgt krky nvW
ienklwb ilAWdw[ BweI gurdws jI dUjy ny AwpxI vwr AMdr rc
id`qw:
gur br Akwl ky hukm isauN aupijE ibigAwnw[
qb sihjy ricE Kwlsw swbq mrdwnw[ (vwr 42)

ieslwm Drm dI ie`k rvwieq hdIsW (ieslwm prMprw iv`c

kurwn qoN bwAd hdIsW nUM mwnqw pRwpq hY) Anuswr Kudw nUM Awdm
bnwaux leI 230 swl dw smW l`igAw[ jd Awdm iqAwr ho igAw
qW Kudw ny dyviqAW nUM ies Awdm A`gy isr Jukwaux leI ikhw[ kihMdy
hn dyviqAW ny qW ieh g`l mMn ky Awdm A`gy isr Jukw id`qw pr
SYqwn ienkwrI ho gey[ auprMq SYqwn qy Awdm dI jMg jwrI rhI[ gurU
klgIDr pwqSwh nUM vI ienswn nUM ^wlsw bnwaux leI 230 swl
(1469 qoN 1699) dw smW l`igAw[ ^wlsy dI swjnw jnm suhylw,
gurU dw cylw, hlymI rwj dI bhwlI, sMqW dI rKvwlI qy duStW dI
mMdhwlI pRqI ie`k kRWqI sI[ gurU klgIDr dy drbwrI kvI sYnwpqI
dy bol hn:

aurdU, &wrsI pVHI ies bwry ilKqI q`Q bhuqy mOjUd nhIN sn[ vnIq
nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk 'hrI isMG nlvw, cYNpIAn Aw& ^wlsw jI'
iv`c AMikq kIqw hY ik hrI isMG &wrsI qy gurmuKI qoN ielwvw pKqUnW
dI BwSw pSqo vI jwxdw sI[ jgq pRis`D XwqrU bYrn hugl ny Awpxy
's&rnwmy' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG nlvw PwrsI iv`c A`q drjy
dw inpuMn hY Aqy bVI qyzI nwl PwrsI ilKdw qy boldw hY[ aus dy mUMhoN
pSqo sux ky vI lok AcMBk ho jWdy hn[
bYrn hugl ieh vI ilKdw hY ik sMn 1833 iv`c iSmlw
g`lbwq smyN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ivlIAm bYNitk nUM imly qW
imlxI smyN ijs ijs A&sr nwl qy gvrnr jnrl nwl aunHW
g`lbwq kIqI auh swry hI Awp dI isAwxp, au~cI bu`DI Aqy KulHy
suBwA qoN bhuq hYrwn Aqy cikRq hoey[ iehnW dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI
dI pwilsI vwk&IAq Aqy gupq kwrnwimAW sMbMDI jwxkwrI qoN
AMgryz APsrW nUM bVI Ascrjqw hoeI sI[
pMifq iSv nrYx ilKdw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG dy drbwr iv`c sB qoN v`D sUrmw Aqy cMgw ivdvwn
srdwr sI[

AMimRqpwn krnw
AMimRq dw Bwv hY Amr kr dyx vwlw rs[ ies nUM Awby-hXwq
(Amr kr dyx vwlw pwxI) jW phul vI AwiKAw jWdw hY[ AMimRq klw
ie`k AYsI mhwn SkqI hY ijs nwl bMdw ivDwn iv`c rih ky gurU dy
isDWq nUM Apxw lYNdw hY[ ieh isDWq SYqwn mn nUM ivSy-ivkwrW qoN
hoV ky kyvl s`c dy rsqy qy hI nhIN qordw sgoN aus nUM BgqI dy mwrg
qy clw ky pRBU joq nwl joV idMdw hY[ AMimRq dI krwmwqI SkqI mnu`K
nUM inrBau, inrvYr Aqy AYsw srbbIr bxw idMdI hY ik auh hr AOkV
dw ft ky bVI dlyrI, bIrqw Aqy bhwdrI nwl mukwblw krn leI
iqAwr ho jWdw hY[
4

sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny 1469 qoN is`KI dw inrml pMQ

clwieAw[ gurU nwnk joq ny dsvyN jwmy iv`c phuMc ky 1699 dI
ivswKI nUM KMfy bwty dI phul iqAwr krky pMj ipAwirAW nUM AMimRqpwn
krw ky ^wlsw sjwieAw Aqy aunHW pwsoN Awp vI AMimRq Ck ky 'isMG'
dw drjw pRwpq kIqw[ sMswr AMdr ieh sB qoN v`KrI iksm dw mhwn
ienklwb sI ijs AMdr hr pRwxI nUM brwbr dw h`k Aqy iensw&,
Dwrimk AwzwdI, smwijk BweIcwry dI bhwlI, srb`q dw Blw, s``c
dI soc qy pihrw dyx leI mIrI-pIrI ArQwq sMq-ispwhI dw isDWq,
grIb dI r`iKAw, jrvwxy dI B`iKAw, Awp jIau qy dUijAW nUM su`KIsWdI ijaux idau Aqy nw fro nw hI iksy nUM frwau dI pRyrnw sI[ ieM\
sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI dy imSn dI pUrqI leI
Aqy ienswn nUM nmUny dw mrd bnwaux leI ^wlsw pRgt krky nvW
ienklwb ilAWdw[ BweI gurdws jI dUjy ny AwpxI vwr AMdr rc
id`qw:
gur br Akwl ky hukm isauN aupijE ibigAwnw[
qb sihjy ricE Kwlsw swbq mrdwnw[ (vwr 42)

ieslwm Drm dI ie`k rvwieq hdIsW (ieslwm prMprw iv`c

kurwn qoN bwAd hdIsW nUM mwnqw pRwpq hY) Anuswr Kudw nUM Awdm
bnwaux leI 230 swl dw smW l`igAw[ jd Awdm iqAwr ho igAw
qW Kudw ny dyviqAW nUM ies Awdm A`gy isr Jukwaux leI ikhw[ kihMdy
hn dyviqAW ny qW ieh g`l mMn ky Awdm A`gy isr Jukw id`qw pr
SYqwn ienkwrI ho gey[ auprMq SYqwn qy Awdm dI jMg jwrI rhI[ gurU
klgIDr pwqSwh nUM vI ienswn nUM ^wlsw bnwaux leI 230 swl
(1469 qoN 1699) dw smW l`igAw[ ^wlsy dI swjnw jnm suhylw,
gurU dw cylw, hlymI rwj dI bhwlI, sMqW dI rKvwlI qy duStW dI
mMdhwlI pRqI ie`k kRWqI sI[ gurU klgIDr dy drbwrI kvI sYnwpqI
dy bol hn:

Asur isMGwrby ko durjn ky mwrby ko,

sMkt invwrby ko ^wlsw bnwXo hY[

dunIAW AMdr ies auprMq cwr v`fy ienklwbW (brqwnIAW,

&rWs, rUs qy AmrIkw) dw ieiqhwsk izkr AwauNdw hY pr ieh
ienklwb suAwrQ BrpUr, rwjnIqk, AwriQk qy smwijk msilAW
nwl l`dy hox krky KUn-Krwby, dMgy-Pswd, lu`t-mwr Aqy iDM|ojorI
vwly sn[ pr ^wlsy dI swjnw iehnW g`lW qoN rihq sI[ lYinn ny
1917 iv`c kimaUinst pwrtI dI sQwpnw ^wlsy dI swjnw qoN
qkrIbn 218 swl bwAd kIqI[ ies bwry lYinn ny dwAvw kIqw ik
ieh kRWqI mnu`K jwqI leI soSilst (smwjvwdI) isDWqW qy inrBr
sMswr AMdr pihlI Gtnw hY[ pr 1952 iv`c jgq pRis`D
ieiqhwskwr Awrnlt twienbI ny Awpxy mhW gRMQ (History of the
Word) iv`c inrxw kIqw hY ik lYinn dI kimaUinst pwrtI dw
pUrvj gurU goibMd isMG dw ^wlsw hY Aqy ieh pwrtI sMBv auqpqI
dI pdvI dI AiDkwrI nhIN[
ivswKI dw purb ihMdusqwn AMdr purwqn smyN qoN mnwieAw
jWdw hY[ ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr sMn 1801 dI ivswKI vwlw idn
Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy hrI isMG leI bhuq
mh`qvpUrn sI ikauNik ies idn ie`kI swl dy rxjIq isMG nUM
srkwr dw iKqwb ArQwq is`K rwj dI slqnq hwsl hoeI jd ik
ds swlw hrI isMG ny aus idn KMfy dI phul (AMimRq) CkI sI[ Bwv
isMG sj ky srdwrI dI pdvI hwsl kIqI ijhVI sMswrI bwdSwhI
(rwj iqlk) qoN vI aup`r hY[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI bhuq suMdr
kib`q ricAw :
dsvyN brs iv`c phul lIqI KMfy vwlI,
CikAw AMimRq KuS hoNvdI lukweI sI[
XwrvyN brs svwrI KUB krn l`gw,
6

Syr vW\UM g`jy iv`c kuvwq ielwhI sI[

bwrvyN brs rIq PVI srdwrW vwlI,
qyrvyN brs bwxI sB ic`q AweI sI[
cODvyN brs ic`q kry KMfw Pyrny nUM,
sIqw rwm r`qI jo nsIbW vwlI CweI sI[

bsMq dy myly qy zwhrI ikRSmy

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG b`icAW nwl bhuq ipAwr krdw sI Aqy
nOjuAwnW dy krq`bW nUM dyKx iv`c bhuq idlcspI lYNdw sI[ hoxhwr,
suGV , KUbsUrq Aqy gMBIr DIrj vwly is`K nO-inhwlW dI ijsmwnI
qwkq prK ky aunHW nUM ^wlsw &Oj iv`c BrqI kr lYNdw sI[ ies prK
leI bsMq pMcmI 1805 nUM is`K rwj dI rwjDwnI lwhOr ivKy ds
idn dw mylw AwXoijq kIqw igAw sI[ ies iv`c pMjwb Br qoN v`fI
igxqI iv`c nOjuAwn sUrmy Awpxy jOhr idKw ky ienwm hwsl kr rhy
sn[ ie`k idn Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp iehnW bhwdrW dy jOhr bYTy q`k
rhy sn ik srdwr gurdws isMG aup`l dy spUq srdwr hrI isMG ijs
dw drSnI ichrw gorw-inSoh, nYx-nkS iq`Ky, ijsm au~cw qy fIlfOl vwlw, srIr lckdwr qy PurqIlw Aqy ichrw roAb-dwb vwlw sI
ny qIr-AMdwzI, inSwnybwzI, GoV-svwrI Awid dy kmwl Bry jOhr
idKwey ik mhwrwjw swihb dyK ky dMg rih gey[ ies dy bulMd hOsly,
hunr, qy Ssqr Asqr dI jMgI iv`idAw qoN pRBwvSwlI ho ky hrI isMG
nUM B`j ky glv`kVI iv`c lY ilAw[ g`lbwq dOrwn ies dy im`Ty pRym Bry
bol, idmwgI sUJ-bUJ qy au~cw-su`cw Awcrn dyK ky Bry drbwr AMdr
KuSI KuSI Awpxy gl 'coN lwh ky v`fmu`lw sunihrI kMTw hrI isMG dy gl
iv`c pw id`qw[ nwl hI hukm kr ky vjIrW nUM kih id`qw ik A`j qoN
ieh lVkw myrw iKdmqgwr (AMg r`iKAk) hovygw[

Asur isMGwrby ko durjn ky mwrby ko,

sMkt invwrby ko ^wlsw bnwXo hY[

dunIAW AMdr ies auprMq cwr v`fy ienklwbW (brqwnIAW,

&rWs, rUs qy AmrIkw) dw ieiqhwsk izkr AwauNdw hY pr ieh
ienklwb suAwrQ BrpUr, rwjnIqk, AwriQk qy smwijk msilAW
nwl l`dy hox krky KUn-Krwby, dMgy-Pswd, lu`t-mwr Aqy iDM|ojorI
vwly sn[ pr ^wlsy dI swjnw iehnW g`lW qoN rihq sI[ lYinn ny
1917 iv`c kimaUinst pwrtI dI sQwpnw ^wlsy dI swjnw qoN
qkrIbn 218 swl bwAd kIqI[ ies bwry lYinn ny dwAvw kIqw ik
ieh kRWqI mnu`K jwqI leI soSilst (smwjvwdI) isDWqW qy inrBr
sMswr AMdr pihlI Gtnw hY[ pr 1952 iv`c jgq pRis`D
ieiqhwskwr Awrnlt twienbI ny Awpxy mhW gRMQ (History of the
Word) iv`c inrxw kIqw hY ik lYinn dI kimaUinst pwrtI dw
pUrvj gurU goibMd isMG dw ^wlsw hY Aqy ieh pwrtI sMBv auqpqI
dI pdvI dI AiDkwrI nhIN[
ivswKI dw purb ihMdusqwn AMdr purwqn smyN qoN mnwieAw
jWdw hY[ ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr sMn 1801 dI ivswKI vwlw idn
Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy hrI isMG leI bhuq
mh`qvpUrn sI ikauNik ies idn ie`kI swl dy rxjIq isMG nUM
srkwr dw iKqwb ArQwq is`K rwj dI slqnq hwsl hoeI jd ik
ds swlw hrI isMG ny aus idn KMfy dI phul (AMimRq) CkI sI[ Bwv
isMG sj ky srdwrI dI pdvI hwsl kIqI ijhVI sMswrI bwdSwhI
(rwj iqlk) qoN vI aup`r hY[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI bhuq suMdr
kib`q ricAw :
dsvyN brs iv`c phul lIqI KMfy vwlI,
CikAw AMimRq KuS hoNvdI lukweI sI[
XwrvyN brs svwrI KUB krn l`gw,
6

Syr vW\UM g`jy iv`c kuvwq ielwhI sI[

bwrvyN brs rIq PVI srdwrW vwlI,
qyrvyN brs bwxI sB ic`q AweI sI[
cODvyN brs ic`q kry KMfw Pyrny nUM,
sIqw rwm r`qI jo nsIbW vwlI CweI sI[

bsMq dy myly qy zwhrI ikRSmy

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG b`icAW nwl bhuq ipAwr krdw sI Aqy
nOjuAwnW dy krq`bW nUM dyKx iv`c bhuq idlcspI lYNdw sI[ hoxhwr,
suGV , KUbsUrq Aqy gMBIr DIrj vwly is`K nO-inhwlW dI ijsmwnI
qwkq prK ky aunHW nUM ^wlsw &Oj iv`c BrqI kr lYNdw sI[ ies prK
leI bsMq pMcmI 1805 nUM is`K rwj dI rwjDwnI lwhOr ivKy ds
idn dw mylw AwXoijq kIqw igAw sI[ ies iv`c pMjwb Br qoN v`fI
igxqI iv`c nOjuAwn sUrmy Awpxy jOhr idKw ky ienwm hwsl kr rhy
sn[ ie`k idn Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp iehnW bhwdrW dy jOhr bYTy q`k
rhy sn ik srdwr gurdws isMG aup`l dy spUq srdwr hrI isMG ijs
dw drSnI ichrw gorw-inSoh, nYx-nkS iq`Ky, ijsm au~cw qy fIlfOl vwlw, srIr lckdwr qy PurqIlw Aqy ichrw roAb-dwb vwlw sI
ny qIr-AMdwzI, inSwnybwzI, GoV-svwrI Awid dy kmwl Bry jOhr
idKwey ik mhwrwjw swihb dyK ky dMg rih gey[ ies dy bulMd hOsly,
hunr, qy Ssqr Asqr dI jMgI iv`idAw qoN pRBwvSwlI ho ky hrI isMG
nUM B`j ky glv`kVI iv`c lY ilAw[ g`lbwq dOrwn ies dy im`Ty pRym Bry
bol, idmwgI sUJ-bUJ qy au~cw-su`cw Awcrn dyK ky Bry drbwr AMdr
KuSI KuSI Awpxy gl 'coN lwh ky v`fmu`lw sunihrI kMTw hrI isMG dy gl
iv`c pw id`qw[ nwl hI hukm kr ky vjIrW nUM kih id`qw ik A`j qoN
ieh lVkw myrw iKdmqgwr (AMg r`iKAk) hovygw[

ikrpwn-bwzI iv`c inpuMnqw

hrI isMG ikrpwn clwaux iv`c A`q drzy dw inpuMn, ausqwd
Aqy PurqIlw sI[ ie`k vwr ie`k AMgryz ny ies nUM ikrpwn clwaux
sMbMDI AwpxI klw idKwaux leI AwiKAw[ vnIq nlUAw dI ilKq
muqwibk srdwr ikrpwn pkV ky mMjy qy bYT igAw[ mMjy hyT pkiVAw
hoieAw kW C`ifAw[ auprMq mMjy dy Awly-duAwly ieqnI qyzI nwl
ikrpwn vgweI ik kW nUM kw&I smW mMjy qoN bwhr nhIN inklx id`qw[
ies g`l qoN ihswb lwieAw jw skdw hY ik auh ikrpwn dw pRdrSn
kYsw hovygw ikauNik kW bhuq hI cqur Aqy qyz-aufwr jwnvr hY[ hrI
isMG dI ies kwrwgrI, klw Aqy hunr nUM dyK AMgryz nUM bhuq AcMBw
hoieAw[

nlUey dw iKqwb
pMdrW brs dI aumry hI hrI isMG ny Syr nUM mwrn krky 'nlUAw'
dw iKqwb hwsl kIqw[ lqIP Anuswr Syr dw iKqwb aus ienswn nUM
hI id`qw jWdw sI ijhVw koeI swhsI kMm kry ArQwq Syr dw mukwblw
kr sky[ mhWBwrq dI gwQw Anuswr rwjw nl Awpxy smyN dw mhW
dwnI, nwmI Aqy Adu`qI sUrbIr sI[ pUrbI rwjsQwn Aqy p`CmI au~qr
prdyS dy j`t 'Folw' nwm dw bIr-kwiv bhuq ipAwr nwl gwauNdy sn[
smW pw ky ieh kwiv pMjwb iv`c vI pRc`lq ho igAw[ ies kwiv dy
SbdW iv`c drz sI ik SWqIvx dy jMgl iv`c rwjw nl ny Awpxy ipqw
nUM Syr dy mUMhoN bcw ilAw sI[ iesy qrHW jMgl iv`c ie`k vwr iSkwr
Kyfx smyN hrI isMG qy Acwnk Syr ny hmlw kr id`qw[ pr roSn
idmwg Aqy Syr idl hrI isMG ny qlvwr nwl Syr dy do toty kr id`qy[
lok gwQw Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny AwpxI A`KIN ieh Ajb
nzwrw q`ikAw[ mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG kol qyzI nwl Aw ky AwiKAw,
"vwh myry rwjw nl, vwh"[ AiqAMq KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG
8

nUM glv`kVI 'c ilAw Aqy nwl dy isMGW nUM AwiKAw, "ieh myrw nlUAw
hY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG dy nwm nwl 'nlUAw' sdw leI pY igAw[
srdwr hzUr ny ausy smyN drbwrI icqRkwr pMifq ibhwrI lwl
jo Syr mwrn dy mOky smyN mOjUd sI, nUM hukm id`qw ik hwlwq nUM q`k ky
hrI isMG nlUey dI Syr nUM mwrn dI qsvIr bxwau[ icqRkwr ny suMdr
icqR bxwey ijhVy mhwrwjy Aqy isMG nUM ByNt kIqy[ ienHW iv`coN ie`k
icqR srdwr hrI isMG nlUey ny bYrn hUgl nUM 8 jnvrI 1821 nUM
id`qw, ijs nUM dyK auh bVw hYrwn qy pRsMn hoieAw[ hUgl dI AwpxI
ilKq ieM\ hY:
I surprised him by knowledge whence he had gained the
applellation of Nalva, and of his having cloven the head of a
tiger who had already seized him as its prep. He told the Diwan
to bring some drawings and gave use his portrait, in the act
killing the beast (Travels in Kashmir & the Punjab by Baron
C. Hugal Page 234).
mOlwnw Aihmd dIn AwpxI pusqk, 'muk`ml qwrIK kSmIr'
iv`c ilKdw hY, "nlvw dI vjw qsmIAw ky muq`Alk mShUr hY
ikauNik rwjw 'nl' zmwnw kdIm my eyk bhwdr Ar sujwq rwjw Qw'[
logNo ny hrI isMG ko 'nl' sy 'nlvw' bxw dIAw[ nlvw sy murwd 'Syr
ko mwrny vwlw' Xw 'Syr A&gwn' hY[
imstr AYn. ky. isnhw AwpxI ilKq 'qwrIK' iv`c ilKdw hY
ik srdwr hrI isMG 'nlvw' aup nwm ies leI pRis`D ho igAw ik
aus ny Syr nUM h`QW nwl mroV ky mwr su`itAw sI[
According to Vigne (1842) young Hari Singh was separated from his companions in the jungle and was found just
as he destroyed a tiger with his sword.

ikrpwn-bwzI iv`c inpuMnqw

hrI isMG ikrpwn clwaux iv`c A`q drzy dw inpuMn, ausqwd
Aqy PurqIlw sI[ ie`k vwr ie`k AMgryz ny ies nUM ikrpwn clwaux
sMbMDI AwpxI klw idKwaux leI AwiKAw[ vnIq nlUAw dI ilKq
muqwibk srdwr ikrpwn pkV ky mMjy qy bYT igAw[ mMjy hyT pkiVAw
hoieAw kW C`ifAw[ auprMq mMjy dy Awly-duAwly ieqnI qyzI nwl
ikrpwn vgweI ik kW nUM kw&I smW mMjy qoN bwhr nhIN inklx id`qw[
ies g`l qoN ihswb lwieAw jw skdw hY ik auh ikrpwn dw pRdrSn
kYsw hovygw ikauNik kW bhuq hI cqur Aqy qyz-aufwr jwnvr hY[ hrI
isMG dI ies kwrwgrI, klw Aqy hunr nUM dyK AMgryz nUM bhuq AcMBw
hoieAw[

nlUey dw iKqwb
pMdrW brs dI aumry hI hrI isMG ny Syr nUM mwrn krky 'nlUAw'
dw iKqwb hwsl kIqw[ lqIP Anuswr Syr dw iKqwb aus ienswn nUM
hI id`qw jWdw sI ijhVw koeI swhsI kMm kry ArQwq Syr dw mukwblw
kr sky[ mhWBwrq dI gwQw Anuswr rwjw nl Awpxy smyN dw mhW
dwnI, nwmI Aqy Adu`qI sUrbIr sI[ pUrbI rwjsQwn Aqy p`CmI au~qr
prdyS dy j`t 'Folw' nwm dw bIr-kwiv bhuq ipAwr nwl gwauNdy sn[
smW pw ky ieh kwiv pMjwb iv`c vI pRc`lq ho igAw[ ies kwiv dy
SbdW iv`c drz sI ik SWqIvx dy jMgl iv`c rwjw nl ny Awpxy ipqw
nUM Syr dy mUMhoN bcw ilAw sI[ iesy qrHW jMgl iv`c ie`k vwr iSkwr
Kyfx smyN hrI isMG qy Acwnk Syr ny hmlw kr id`qw[ pr roSn
idmwg Aqy Syr idl hrI isMG ny qlvwr nwl Syr dy do toty kr id`qy[
lok gwQw Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny AwpxI A`KIN ieh Ajb
nzwrw q`ikAw[ mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG kol qyzI nwl Aw ky AwiKAw,
"vwh myry rwjw nl, vwh"[ AiqAMq KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG
8

nUM glv`kVI 'c ilAw Aqy nwl dy isMGW nUM AwiKAw, "ieh myrw nlUAw
hY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG dy nwm nwl 'nlUAw' sdw leI pY igAw[
srdwr hzUr ny ausy smyN drbwrI icqRkwr pMifq ibhwrI lwl
jo Syr mwrn dy mOky smyN mOjUd sI, nUM hukm id`qw ik hwlwq nUM q`k ky
hrI isMG nlUey dI Syr nUM mwrn dI qsvIr bxwau[ icqRkwr ny suMdr
icqR bxwey ijhVy mhwrwjy Aqy isMG nUM ByNt kIqy[ ienHW iv`coN ie`k
icqR srdwr hrI isMG nlUey ny bYrn hUgl nUM 8 jnvrI 1821 nUM
id`qw, ijs nUM dyK auh bVw hYrwn qy pRsMn hoieAw[ hUgl dI AwpxI
ilKq ieM\ hY:
I surprised him by knowledge whence he had gained the
applellation of Nalva, and of his having cloven the head of a
tiger who had already seized him as its prep. He told the Diwan
to bring some drawings and gave use his portrait, in the act
killing the beast (Travels in Kashmir & the Punjab by Baron
C. Hugal Page 234).
mOlwnw Aihmd dIn AwpxI pusqk, 'muk`ml qwrIK kSmIr'
iv`c ilKdw hY, "nlvw dI vjw qsmIAw ky muq`Alk mShUr hY
ikauNik rwjw 'nl' zmwnw kdIm my eyk bhwdr Ar sujwq rwjw Qw'[
logNo ny hrI isMG ko 'nl' sy 'nlvw' bxw dIAw[ nlvw sy murwd 'Syr
ko mwrny vwlw' Xw 'Syr A&gwn' hY[
imstr AYn. ky. isnhw AwpxI ilKq 'qwrIK' iv`c ilKdw hY
ik srdwr hrI isMG 'nlvw' aup nwm ies leI pRis`D ho igAw ik
aus ny Syr nUM h`QW nwl mroV ky mwr su`itAw sI[
According to Vigne (1842) young Hari Singh was separated from his companions in the jungle and was found just
as he destroyed a tiger with his sword.

Bwv-ivjn (1842) iv`c ilKdw hY ik nOzuAwn hrI isMG

jMgl iv`c Awpxy swQIAW qoN v`K ho igAw sI[ auhnW swQIAW ny ies
nUM AwpxI qlvwr nwl Syr nUM ^qm krdy dyiKAw[
ircrf tYNpl v`loN ilKI pusqk 'Legends of the Punjab'
iv`c AMikq hY ik BwvyN 'nl' Aqy Syr' ivckwr koeI sMbMD nhIN pr
ikauNik nl ny Syr nUM mwr id`qw sI[ ies leI lokW ny Syr mwrn vwly
nUM 'nl' AwKxw SurU kr id`qw sI[

srdwr dI pdvI
srdwr Sbd 'sr' Aqy dwr dy sMjog qoN bixAw hY[ 'sr dw Bwv
hY AxK r`Kxw[ 'dwr' Sbd sUlI leI vI vriqAw jWdw hY[ so srdwr
dw ArQ hY auh ienswn ijhVw AxK dI ^wqr sUlI qy cVHn dI
ihMmq r`Kdw hovy[ ie`k kvI ny srdwr dI prIBwSw nUM kwiv rUp iv`c
AMikq kIqw hY:
idl-b-idldwr bdyh, qw qo idldwr SvI[
sr bsr dwr binh, qw qo srdwr SvI[

Bwv auh bMdw ijhVw Awpxy ipAwry nUM idl ByNt kr dvy[ AYsI
hwlq iv`c auh ipAwry dy smwn ho jWdw hY[ ArQwq jo Awpxy ieSt
dy hukm iv`c cldw hoieAw Awpxw isr aus A`gy ByNt kr dvy aus nUM
srdwr kihMdy hn[ BweI nMd lwl goieAw jI ilKdy hn ik srdwr
bxn jW khwaux dI KyfH g`lW bwqW dI nhIN, isr DV dI bwzI lwaux
vwlI hY[ auh AwpxI ie`k gzl iv`c AMikq krdy hn:
AY bPzl goieAw! E mz`n dm[
Ko pw inh`d drI rwh, AW rW ik sr n bwSd[

ArQ-AY goieAw! qUM g`pW nw mwr[ gurU nwl lwey ieSk dw

hMkwr nw kr, ikauNik ies rwh qy pYr r`Kx vwly nUM AwpxI qlI qy
sIs itkwauxw pYNdw hY[
10

ie`k gwQw Anuswr jdoN bwbr ny eymnwbwd Sihr qy hmlw kIqw

qW hmly auprMq l`uitAw mwl aus dy ispwhIAW ny gTVIAW 'c bMnH
ilAw[ kudrqI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI vI au~Qy sn[ iehnW nUM Aqy BweI
mrdwny qy BweI bwly nUM pkV ilAw[ pkV ky gurU nwnk dyv jI Aqy
BweI bwly dy isr qy bMnyH mwl dIAW gTVIAW itkw id`qIAW Aqy BweI
mrdwny nUM GoVw pkVw id`qw[ GoVw pkVwaux smyN ispwhIAW ny
AwiKAw, "ies GoVy dI lgwm nI C`fxI[ jykr GoVw dOV igAw qW qyrw
isr klm kr idAWgy[" jdoN ieh qury jWdy sn qW gurU swihb ny
AwiKAw,"BweI mrdwny rbwb vjw bwxI AweI hY[" BweI mrdwnw
kihMdw,"s`cy pwqSwh! mYN rbwb vjwvW ik GoVy dI lgwm PVW, bwbr
dy ispwhI dw hukm s^q hY ik jy GoVw dOV igAw qW myrw isr
v`iFAw jwxw hY[ g`l kI AwpW ij`Qy vI jWdy hW isr v`Fx vwlIAW
g`lW hI huMdIAW hn[" gurU jI ny AwiKAw, "BweI mrdwny! s`c dI
Awvwz bulMd krn leI isr qlI qy r`Kxw pYNdw hY[ srdwrI vI isr
dyx nwl hI imldI hY[ ieh jo is`K pMQ SurU kr rhy hW ies iv`c g`l
hI isr dyx qoN SurU hoxI hY"[ PV rbwb, C`f GoVy dI lgwm Aqy r`b
nUM Xwd kr"[ aus smyN siqgurW Sbd aucwrn kIqw:
eyqI mwr peI kurlwxY qYN kI drdu n AwieAw] (360)

ie`k hor kvI dy srdwr sMbMDI suMdr bol hn:

kry jo PUl kI rKSw, ausI ko Kwr kihqy hYN[
bdl fwly jo ienswn ko, ausy ipAwr kihqy hYN[
suxo auh dunIAW vwlo, mYN quJ ko s`c kihqw hUMN[
jo sr ko dwr py r`K dy, ausy srdwr kihqy hYN[

BweI kwnH isMG nwBw ny Awpxy Sbd koS iv`c srdwr dI sMgXw
pRDwn, muKIAw qy iSromxI ilKI hY[ srdwr dI pRIBwSw dws ny AwpxI
pusqk 'gurmiq mwrg Aqy swfw s`iBAwcwr' iv`c KolH ky ibAwn kIqI
hY Aqy srdwr Sbd dy inkws qy ivkws bwry lMbI gwQw ibAwn kIqI
11

Bwv-ivjn (1842) iv`c ilKdw hY ik nOzuAwn hrI isMG

jMgl iv`c Awpxy swQIAW qoN v`K ho igAw sI[ auhnW swQIAW ny ies
nUM AwpxI qlvwr nwl Syr nUM ^qm krdy dyiKAw[
ircrf tYNpl v`loN ilKI pusqk 'Legends of the Punjab'
iv`c AMikq hY ik BwvyN 'nl' Aqy Syr' ivckwr koeI sMbMD nhIN pr
ikauNik nl ny Syr nUM mwr id`qw sI[ ies leI lokW ny Syr mwrn vwly
nUM 'nl' AwKxw SurU kr id`qw sI[

srdwr dI pdvI
srdwr Sbd 'sr' Aqy dwr dy sMjog qoN bixAw hY[ 'sr dw Bwv
hY AxK r`Kxw[ 'dwr' Sbd sUlI leI vI vriqAw jWdw hY[ so srdwr
dw ArQ hY auh ienswn ijhVw AxK dI ^wqr sUlI qy cVHn dI
ihMmq r`Kdw hovy[ ie`k kvI ny srdwr dI prIBwSw nUM kwiv rUp iv`c
AMikq kIqw hY:
idl-b-idldwr bdyh, qw qo idldwr SvI[
sr bsr dwr binh, qw qo srdwr SvI[

Bwv auh bMdw ijhVw Awpxy ipAwry nUM idl ByNt kr dvy[ AYsI
hwlq iv`c auh ipAwry dy smwn ho jWdw hY[ ArQwq jo Awpxy ieSt
dy hukm iv`c cldw hoieAw Awpxw isr aus A`gy ByNt kr dvy aus nUM
srdwr kihMdy hn[ BweI nMd lwl goieAw jI ilKdy hn ik srdwr
bxn jW khwaux dI KyfH g`lW bwqW dI nhIN, isr DV dI bwzI lwaux
vwlI hY[ auh AwpxI ie`k gzl iv`c AMikq krdy hn:
AY bPzl goieAw! E mz`n dm[
Ko pw inh`d drI rwh, AW rW ik sr n bwSd[

ArQ-AY goieAw! qUM g`pW nw mwr[ gurU nwl lwey ieSk dw

hMkwr nw kr, ikauNik ies rwh qy pYr r`Kx vwly nUM AwpxI qlI qy
sIs itkwauxw pYNdw hY[
10

ie`k gwQw Anuswr jdoN bwbr ny eymnwbwd Sihr qy hmlw kIqw

qW hmly auprMq l`uitAw mwl aus dy ispwhIAW ny gTVIAW 'c bMnH
ilAw[ kudrqI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI vI au~Qy sn[ iehnW nUM Aqy BweI
mrdwny qy BweI bwly nUM pkV ilAw[ pkV ky gurU nwnk dyv jI Aqy
BweI bwly dy isr qy bMnyH mwl dIAW gTVIAW itkw id`qIAW Aqy BweI
mrdwny nUM GoVw pkVw id`qw[ GoVw pkVwaux smyN ispwhIAW ny
AwiKAw, "ies GoVy dI lgwm nI C`fxI[ jykr GoVw dOV igAw qW qyrw
isr klm kr idAWgy[" jdoN ieh qury jWdy sn qW gurU swihb ny
AwiKAw,"BweI mrdwny rbwb vjw bwxI AweI hY[" BweI mrdwnw
kihMdw,"s`cy pwqSwh! mYN rbwb vjwvW ik GoVy dI lgwm PVW, bwbr
dy ispwhI dw hukm s^q hY ik jy GoVw dOV igAw qW myrw isr
v`iFAw jwxw hY[ g`l kI AwpW ij`Qy vI jWdy hW isr v`Fx vwlIAW
g`lW hI huMdIAW hn[" gurU jI ny AwiKAw, "BweI mrdwny! s`c dI
Awvwz bulMd krn leI isr qlI qy r`Kxw pYNdw hY[ srdwrI vI isr
dyx nwl hI imldI hY[ ieh jo is`K pMQ SurU kr rhy hW ies iv`c g`l
hI isr dyx qoN SurU hoxI hY"[ PV rbwb, C`f GoVy dI lgwm Aqy r`b
nUM Xwd kr"[ aus smyN siqgurW Sbd aucwrn kIqw:
eyqI mwr peI kurlwxY qYN kI drdu n AwieAw] (360)

ie`k hor kvI dy srdwr sMbMDI suMdr bol hn:

kry jo PUl kI rKSw, ausI ko Kwr kihqy hYN[
bdl fwly jo ienswn ko, ausy ipAwr kihqy hYN[
suxo auh dunIAW vwlo, mYN quJ ko s`c kihqw hUMN[
jo sr ko dwr py r`K dy, ausy srdwr kihqy hYN[

BweI kwnH isMG nwBw ny Awpxy Sbd koS iv`c srdwr dI sMgXw
pRDwn, muKIAw qy iSromxI ilKI hY[ srdwr dI pRIBwSw dws ny AwpxI
pusqk 'gurmiq mwrg Aqy swfw s`iBAwcwr' iv`c KolH ky ibAwn kIqI
hY Aqy srdwr Sbd dy inkws qy ivkws bwry lMbI gwQw ibAwn kIqI
11

hY[ ieQy qW kyvl tUk mwqR hI iliKAw hY ikauNik 1804 dI ivswKI

nUM hrI isMG nlUAw nUM &Oj dy srdwr dw pd pRwpq hoieAw sI[
v`fI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l ieh hY ik kyvl pMdrW swl dI AwXU
iv`c AwpxI jwn nUM zoKm iv`c pw ky dlyrI nwl Syr nUM mwr dyxw ies
qoN v`fI sUrmgqI ienswn iv`c hor kI ho skdI hY? sUrmy dI pihlI
Xogqw hI hOslw hY[ ieh hOslw hI pRBU dI pRym rUpI BgqI AYsI SkqI
hY ijhVI buzidlI dUr krky &rz, nyknIqI, shI PYsly, idRVqw qy
nmk-hlwlI nUM jnm idMdI hY[ hOsly vgYr isAwxp qy cqrweI
PlhIx ho jWdI hY[ sUrmy dI soc Awpxy inSwny pRqI KulH-idlI vwlI,
sw&, gOrvmeI qy BY-rihq huMdI hY[ sUrmw jIvn dy sB su`K, ieCwvW
qy vwSnwvW iqAwg ky izMdgI nUM ^qry iv`c pw ky inSwny dI pUrqI
krdw hY[ sUrmy dI bhwdrI hor vI cmk pYNdI hY jd auh aupkwrqw
vl pYr itkwauNdw hY, h`k, s`c, iensw& Kwqr jUJdw hY, Drm pwldw
hY, duSt gwldw hY Aqy jwn qy KyfH ky kOm qy dyS nUM iSMgwrdw hY[ Asl
sUrmw auhI huMdw hY ijhVw inmkI iv`c Aw ky vYrI nUM vI muAwP kr
idMdw hY[ pr ieh swrI KyfH pRBU pRIq mMfl dI hY jo pRBU dI ikRpw sdkw
aupjdI hY[ ies dI aupj smyN bMdy dy mn AMdr ArSI qy PrSI nwd
v`jxy SurU ho jWdy hn pr sB kuJ krn krwaux vwlw auh prmySr hY[
gurbwxI dy bol hn:
khu mwnKu qy ikAw hoie AwvY] jo iqsu BwvY soeI krwvY]
Aiq sUrw jy koaU khwvY]
pRB kI klw ibnw kh DwvY] (282)

vnIq nlUAw ny vI iliKAw hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny

1808 dI ivswKI AMimRqsr mnweI[ ies idn iklHw BMgIAW qy BwrI
ie`kT hoieAw[ mhwrwjw ny nOjuAwn hrI isMG dI blvwnqw nUM mu`K
rKidAW aus nUM Syr idl ^wlsw &Oj dw muKI Qwp id`qw[ ausy idn 36
swlw dysw isMG mjITIAw nUM 400 svwrW Aqy jTyry inhwl isMG
AtwrIvwly nUM 500 svwrW dw muKIAw QwipAw[ dyKx vwlI AjIb g`l
ieh hY ik pMdrW swl dI CotI aumr iv`c koeI byimswl Xogqw Aqy
Adu`qI guxW vwlw hI &OjI srdwr bxn dw Ahudw pRwpq kr skdw hY[

bulMdI qy au~cy Ahudy

ijauN ijauN nlUey srdwr dI aumr juAwnI vl geI aus dw k`dkwT vDdw igAw[ bhuqy ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr aus dw k`d s`q Pu`t
dy l`g pg, srIr guMdvW, CwqI cOVI, bwhW lMbIAW ichrw nUrI qy dg
dg krdw sI[ pRis`D smkwlI lyKk hmIdu`lw SwhwbwdI (kSmIrI) dy
kQn Anuswr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw SkloN sohxw, idl dw dlyr,
Syr mrd, AwlI vkwr, lwswnI SKSIAq dw mwilk, hwiqm vrgw
sKI, Swh mOSIrvW jyhw munisP, imzwj, mulkI isAwsIAq iv`c pUrI
qrHW mwihr qy Adu`qI ruAbdwb dw vwlI sI[ ijs kwrx aus dI
Suhrq dIAW DuMmW nw kyvl kwbl q`k hI, sgoN APgwinsqwn dy hryk
ielwky iv`c peIAW hoeIAW sn (Akbr nwmw kSmIrI)[

dIvwn Amr nwQ dI ilKq 'zPrnwmw rxjIq isMG' Anuswr

hrI isMG qoN iKdmqgwrI (AYNfIkwrw) dw Ahudw Cufw ky srdwrI dw
mrqbw bKS id`qw qy A`T sO svwr qy pYdl sYnw dw A&sr Qwp ky
iezq A&zweI kIqI[ ieQoN srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dw &OjI jIvn
AwrMB hoieAw[

kihMdy hn ik ie`k &rWsIsI A&sr nlUey srdwr nUM aus dy

d&qr iv`c pihlI vwr imilAw[ hrI isMG dw husnl crwg dw dg
dg krdw ichrw muhrw dyK ky Gbrwht iv`c Aw igAw[ srdwr ny
pu`iCAw kI kwrn hY quhwfy ichry qy ieqnI Gbrwht ikauN hY? aus
ny au~qr id`qw, "srdwr swihb! jykr quhwfy jlwau vrgy ichry Aqy
blvwn srIr vwly nwl kdy mYdwny jMg iv`c t`kr l`g jwvy qW dyK ky
hI Qr Qr kMbxI iCVnI suBwvk g`l hY[ ijs qrHW sUrj dy swmHxy

12

13

hY[ ieQy qW kyvl tUk mwqR hI iliKAw hY ikauNik 1804 dI ivswKI

nUM hrI isMG nlUAw nUM &Oj dy srdwr dw pd pRwpq hoieAw sI[
v`fI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l ieh hY ik kyvl pMdrW swl dI AwXU
iv`c AwpxI jwn nUM zoKm iv`c pw ky dlyrI nwl Syr nUM mwr dyxw ies
qoN v`fI sUrmgqI ienswn iv`c hor kI ho skdI hY? sUrmy dI pihlI
Xogqw hI hOslw hY[ ieh hOslw hI pRBU dI pRym rUpI BgqI AYsI SkqI
hY ijhVI buzidlI dUr krky &rz, nyknIqI, shI PYsly, idRVqw qy
nmk-hlwlI nUM jnm idMdI hY[ hOsly vgYr isAwxp qy cqrweI
PlhIx ho jWdI hY[ sUrmy dI soc Awpxy inSwny pRqI KulH-idlI vwlI,
sw&, gOrvmeI qy BY-rihq huMdI hY[ sUrmw jIvn dy sB su`K, ieCwvW
qy vwSnwvW iqAwg ky izMdgI nUM ^qry iv`c pw ky inSwny dI pUrqI
krdw hY[ sUrmy dI bhwdrI hor vI cmk pYNdI hY jd auh aupkwrqw
vl pYr itkwauNdw hY, h`k, s`c, iensw& Kwqr jUJdw hY, Drm pwldw
hY, duSt gwldw hY Aqy jwn qy KyfH ky kOm qy dyS nUM iSMgwrdw hY[ Asl
sUrmw auhI huMdw hY ijhVw inmkI iv`c Aw ky vYrI nUM vI muAwP kr
idMdw hY[ pr ieh swrI KyfH pRBU pRIq mMfl dI hY jo pRBU dI ikRpw sdkw
aupjdI hY[ ies dI aupj smyN bMdy dy mn AMdr ArSI qy PrSI nwd
v`jxy SurU ho jWdy hn pr sB kuJ krn krwaux vwlw auh prmySr hY[
gurbwxI dy bol hn:
khu mwnKu qy ikAw hoie AwvY] jo iqsu BwvY soeI krwvY]
Aiq sUrw jy koaU khwvY]
pRB kI klw ibnw kh DwvY] (282)

vnIq nlUAw ny vI iliKAw hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny

1808 dI ivswKI AMimRqsr mnweI[ ies idn iklHw BMgIAW qy BwrI
ie`kT hoieAw[ mhwrwjw ny nOjuAwn hrI isMG dI blvwnqw nUM mu`K
rKidAW aus nUM Syr idl ^wlsw &Oj dw muKI Qwp id`qw[ ausy idn 36
swlw dysw isMG mjITIAw nUM 400 svwrW Aqy jTyry inhwl isMG
AtwrIvwly nUM 500 svwrW dw muKIAw QwipAw[ dyKx vwlI AjIb g`l
ieh hY ik pMdrW swl dI CotI aumr iv`c koeI byimswl Xogqw Aqy
Adu`qI guxW vwlw hI &OjI srdwr bxn dw Ahudw pRwpq kr skdw hY[

bulMdI qy au~cy Ahudy

ijauN ijauN nlUey srdwr dI aumr juAwnI vl geI aus dw k`dkwT vDdw igAw[ bhuqy ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr aus dw k`d s`q Pu`t
dy l`g pg, srIr guMdvW, CwqI cOVI, bwhW lMbIAW ichrw nUrI qy dg
dg krdw sI[ pRis`D smkwlI lyKk hmIdu`lw SwhwbwdI (kSmIrI) dy
kQn Anuswr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw SkloN sohxw, idl dw dlyr,
Syr mrd, AwlI vkwr, lwswnI SKSIAq dw mwilk, hwiqm vrgw
sKI, Swh mOSIrvW jyhw munisP, imzwj, mulkI isAwsIAq iv`c pUrI
qrHW mwihr qy Adu`qI ruAbdwb dw vwlI sI[ ijs kwrx aus dI
Suhrq dIAW DuMmW nw kyvl kwbl q`k hI, sgoN APgwinsqwn dy hryk
ielwky iv`c peIAW hoeIAW sn (Akbr nwmw kSmIrI)[

dIvwn Amr nwQ dI ilKq 'zPrnwmw rxjIq isMG' Anuswr

hrI isMG qoN iKdmqgwrI (AYNfIkwrw) dw Ahudw Cufw ky srdwrI dw
mrqbw bKS id`qw qy A`T sO svwr qy pYdl sYnw dw A&sr Qwp ky
iezq A&zweI kIqI[ ieQoN srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dw &OjI jIvn
AwrMB hoieAw[

kihMdy hn ik ie`k &rWsIsI A&sr nlUey srdwr nUM aus dy

d&qr iv`c pihlI vwr imilAw[ hrI isMG dw husnl crwg dw dg
dg krdw ichrw muhrw dyK ky Gbrwht iv`c Aw igAw[ srdwr ny
pu`iCAw kI kwrn hY quhwfy ichry qy ieqnI Gbrwht ikauN hY? aus
ny au~qr id`qw, "srdwr swihb! jykr quhwfy jlwau vrgy ichry Aqy
blvwn srIr vwly nwl kdy mYdwny jMg iv`c t`kr l`g jwvy qW dyK ky
hI Qr Qr kMbxI iCVnI suBwvk g`l hY[ ijs qrHW sUrj dy swmHxy

12

13

A`KW KolH ky lgwqwr KVHnw muSkl huMdw hY ausy qrHW mYnUM quhwfy jmwl
rUpI husn nUM dyK ky mihsUs hoieAw hY"[
pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik APgwinsqwn dw Adu`qI
bhwdr XoDw muhMmd AjIz Kwn sMn 1823 eIsvI iv`c KySgI dy
mYdwn iv`c jd hrI isMG nlvy nwl do cwr h`Q hoieAw qW A`KW
imlwaux dI dyr sI ik bwrkzeI ^wn pr srdwr jI dw AYsw roAb
CwieAw auh mYdwn iv`c ie`k pl leI BI hor nw Tihr sikAw[ ijQy
Awp dy dbdby dw ieh hwl sI aus dy nwl isAwxp qy sMjIdgI vI
ieMnI vDI hoeI sI ik Awpxw nmUnw auh Awp hI sn[
sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI lwhOr kcihrI
AMdr hrI isMG nlUey vrgw hor koeI srdwr nmk hlwl nhIN sI[
hrI isMG mwno Arjn sI Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ikRSn smwn
ijvyN ik mhwBwrq iv`c pRmu`K sKSIAqW ikRSn qy Arjn sn[
"Arjun had gained victory everywhere on account of the cooperation of Sri Krishan ji" hrI isMG aurP kwdrXwr AwpxI
pihlI SIhrPI iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dI vifAweI ieM\ gwauNdw hY:
sy-swAbqI sux ky bhwdrW dI, idl pING dw AYS hulwirAW iv`c[
rUh KuSI dy nwl vsl krdw, AwSk msq ijaux ipAwirAW iv`c[
rxjIq isMG srdwr dy APsrW nU,M if`Tw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW iv`c[
kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

hrI isMG v`fy qoN v`fy sUrmyN dI llkwr nUM cxOqI idMdw sI[ ij~Dr
nUM vI cVHweI krdw sI Syr vW|UM BbkW mwrdw jWdw sI[ solW swl dI
aumr iv`c hI ksUr dI jMg smyN hrI isMG ny gwzI pTwxW dy AYsy C`ky
Cufwey ik jMgy mYdwn nUM C`f ky ij`Dr nUM dyiKAw jwnW bcwaux leI B`j
inkly[ nlUey dI Syr-idl rjmYNt dy isMGW ny n`Ty jWdy bhwdr nvwb
kuqbdIn nUM pkV ky muSkW iv`c jkV ilAw[ ies nvwb ny ihMdU Aqy
is`KW dy ielwky AMdr jo vDIkIAW kIqIAW sn qy kr irhw sI , auh
14

bhuq hI idl kMbwaU Aqy dihlwaU sn[ iehnW muglW dy v`fy vfyry
ipSOr qoN bwbr dI &Oj nwl ihMdusqwn qy hmly vkq Awey sn Aqy
v`fIAW jwgIrW dy mwlk hox kr ky prjw qy vDIkIAW kr rhy sn[
iehnW ny ^wlsy dI vD rhI qwkq nUM dyK ky is`KW dw nwmo-inSwn
imtwaux leI v`fI qzvIj GVI sI[ ies g`l dw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM
jd pqw l`igAw qW iehnW nUM smJwaux leI srdwr &qih isMG
kwilAW vwlw Aqy &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nUM ByijAw[ pr ieh hMkwrI,
ivkwrI Aqy durwcwrI m`Cry hoey nw tly[ iehnW dI BYVI soc nUM
srdwr &qih isMG Aqy &kIr qoN sux ky Aqy &kIr jI nwl bdslUkI
qy kubcn bolx krky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny ^wlsw &Oj nUM ksUr v`l kUc
krn dw hukm dy id`qw sI[ ies DUAW Dwr jMg iv`c KwlseI &OjW
ny &qih pweI[ muSkW 'c jkVy hoey nvwb kuqbdIn nUM jd mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG A`gy pyS kIqw igAw qW Syir -ey-pMjwb ny hukm id`qw,
nvwb Kwn dIAW muSkW KolH idau ieh bhwdr sUrmw hY[ ies nUM
mwirAw nhIN sgoN Prwk idl mhwrwjy ny jwgIr dy ky pRvwr smyq
sqluj qoN pwr mmdot ielwky iv`c 22 ipMf Aqy 52 hzwr rupey
swlwnw Awmdn dw prgnw dy ky pIVIHE-dr-pIVHI bKS id`qI[ bwbw
pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn dI ilKq Anuswr ieh jwgIr A`j q`k ies
Grwxy kol hY[
ieM\ ksUr dw ielwkw 28 PrvrI 1806 nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`c
Swml ho igAw[ srdwr inhwl isMG jI AtwrI vwly nUM jo ies muihMm
dy mu`K pRbMDk sn, ieh ielwkw sMBwl ky ^wlsw &OjW ij`q ky DONsy
vjwauNdIAW lwhOr puj
` IAW[ gurU klgIDr ny bic`qR nwtk iv`c iliKAw
hY ik ksUr qy lwhOr Sihr sRI rwm cMdR jI dy pu`qrW ny vswey sn:
qhI iqnY bwDy duie purvw] eyk ksUr duqIAw lwhurvw]

brqwnIAW dy ihstorIAn igRPn Aqy mYsI ny 1909 iv`c

iliKAw ik hrI isMG nUM ksUr dI jMg iv`c bhwdrI bdly jwgIr
15

A`KW KolH ky lgwqwr KVHnw muSkl huMdw hY ausy qrHW mYnUM quhwfy jmwl
rUpI husn nUM dyK ky mihsUs hoieAw hY"[
pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik APgwinsqwn dw Adu`qI
bhwdr XoDw muhMmd AjIz Kwn sMn 1823 eIsvI iv`c KySgI dy
mYdwn iv`c jd hrI isMG nlvy nwl do cwr h`Q hoieAw qW A`KW
imlwaux dI dyr sI ik bwrkzeI ^wn pr srdwr jI dw AYsw roAb
CwieAw auh mYdwn iv`c ie`k pl leI BI hor nw Tihr sikAw[ ijQy
Awp dy dbdby dw ieh hwl sI aus dy nwl isAwxp qy sMjIdgI vI
ieMnI vDI hoeI sI ik Awpxw nmUnw auh Awp hI sn[
sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI lwhOr kcihrI
AMdr hrI isMG nlUey vrgw hor koeI srdwr nmk hlwl nhIN sI[
hrI isMG mwno Arjn sI Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ikRSn smwn
ijvyN ik mhwBwrq iv`c pRmu`K sKSIAqW ikRSn qy Arjn sn[
"Arjun had gained victory everywhere on account of the cooperation of Sri Krishan ji" hrI isMG aurP kwdrXwr AwpxI
pihlI SIhrPI iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dI vifAweI ieM\ gwauNdw hY:
sy-swAbqI sux ky bhwdrW dI, idl pING dw AYS hulwirAW iv`c[
rUh KuSI dy nwl vsl krdw, AwSk msq ijaux ipAwirAW iv`c[
rxjIq isMG srdwr dy APsrW nU,M if`Tw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW iv`c[
kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

hrI isMG v`fy qoN v`fy sUrmyN dI llkwr nUM cxOqI idMdw sI[ ij~Dr
nUM vI cVHweI krdw sI Syr vW|UM BbkW mwrdw jWdw sI[ solW swl dI
aumr iv`c hI ksUr dI jMg smyN hrI isMG ny gwzI pTwxW dy AYsy C`ky
Cufwey ik jMgy mYdwn nUM C`f ky ij`Dr nUM dyiKAw jwnW bcwaux leI B`j
inkly[ nlUey dI Syr-idl rjmYNt dy isMGW ny n`Ty jWdy bhwdr nvwb
kuqbdIn nUM pkV ky muSkW iv`c jkV ilAw[ ies nvwb ny ihMdU Aqy
is`KW dy ielwky AMdr jo vDIkIAW kIqIAW sn qy kr irhw sI , auh
14

bhuq hI idl kMbwaU Aqy dihlwaU sn[ iehnW muglW dy v`fy vfyry
ipSOr qoN bwbr dI &Oj nwl ihMdusqwn qy hmly vkq Awey sn Aqy
v`fIAW jwgIrW dy mwlk hox kr ky prjw qy vDIkIAW kr rhy sn[
iehnW ny ^wlsy dI vD rhI qwkq nUM dyK ky is`KW dw nwmo-inSwn
imtwaux leI v`fI qzvIj GVI sI[ ies g`l dw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM
jd pqw l`igAw qW iehnW nUM smJwaux leI srdwr &qih isMG
kwilAW vwlw Aqy &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nUM ByijAw[ pr ieh hMkwrI,
ivkwrI Aqy durwcwrI m`Cry hoey nw tly[ iehnW dI BYVI soc nUM
srdwr &qih isMG Aqy &kIr qoN sux ky Aqy &kIr jI nwl bdslUkI
qy kubcn bolx krky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny ^wlsw &Oj nUM ksUr v`l kUc
krn dw hukm dy id`qw sI[ ies DUAW Dwr jMg iv`c KwlseI &OjW
ny &qih pweI[ muSkW 'c jkVy hoey nvwb kuqbdIn nUM jd mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG A`gy pyS kIqw igAw qW Syir -ey-pMjwb ny hukm id`qw,
nvwb Kwn dIAW muSkW KolH idau ieh bhwdr sUrmw hY[ ies nUM
mwirAw nhIN sgoN Prwk idl mhwrwjy ny jwgIr dy ky pRvwr smyq
sqluj qoN pwr mmdot ielwky iv`c 22 ipMf Aqy 52 hzwr rupey
swlwnw Awmdn dw prgnw dy ky pIVIHE-dr-pIVHI bKS id`qI[ bwbw
pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn dI ilKq Anuswr ieh jwgIr A`j q`k ies
Grwxy kol hY[
ieM\ ksUr dw ielwkw 28 PrvrI 1806 nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`c
Swml ho igAw[ srdwr inhwl isMG jI AtwrI vwly nUM jo ies muihMm
dy mu`K pRbMDk sn, ieh ielwkw sMBwl ky ^wlsw &OjW ij`q ky DONsy
vjwauNdIAW lwhOr puj
` IAW[ gurU klgIDr ny bic`qR nwtk iv`c iliKAw
hY ik ksUr qy lwhOr Sihr sRI rwm cMdR jI dy pu`qrW ny vswey sn:
qhI iqnY bwDy duie purvw] eyk ksUr duqIAw lwhurvw]

brqwnIAW dy ihstorIAn igRPn Aqy mYsI ny 1909 iv`c

iliKAw ik hrI isMG nUM ksUr dI jMg iv`c bhwdrI bdly jwgIr
15

pRwpq hoeI[ mYkwilP ny vI 1909 iv`c ilKI pusqk 'The Sikh

Religion' iv`c iliKAw ik ksUr iv`c pTwxW dI &qih qy sRI gurU
Amr dws jI dy khy hoey Sbd , "swfy syvk ie`k idn SYhnSwh
hoxgy[ ie`k is`K rwjw ksUr dw s`qwDwrI hovygw"[ ie`k solW swlW dy
n`Fy ny pUry kr idKwey[
ispwh-slwr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw dw &OjI jIvn 1804
iv`c GoV svwr qy pYdl rjmYNt nwl SurU hoieAw[ pr 1807 iv`c
ies iv`c hwQI, aUT Awid Swml krky do btwlIAnW (&OjI dsqy)
bxw id`qIAW[ sIqw rwm kohlI Anuswr ie`k dsqy iv`c 632 AwdmI
Aqy dUjy iv`c 910 AwdmI sn[ srdwr hrI isMG vwlI pltn i`v`c
632 'coN 576 lVwkU Aqy 56 shwiek ijvyN ik JMfw brdwr, gRMQI
isMG, GiVAwlI (tweIm kIpr) , KlwsIz (tYNt ip`cr), hlky luhwr,
qrKwx Awid sn[ pihlW pihl is`K sYnkW dI vrdI ic`ty rMg dI
sI[ pr Pyr PrWsIsI A&srW nwl slwh mSvrw kr ky vrdI iv`c
jwkt lwl rMg dI, pqlUn nIlI Aqy CwqI qy ic`ty jW kwly rMg dI p`tI
vwlI bxweI geI[ v`K v`K AhuidAW dI pCwx leI sunihrI Dwgw,
vDIAw iksm dI PIqI, sunihrI Aqy cWdI rMgI forI jW sunihrI
Jwlr kmIz qy lgweI jWdI sI[

jrnYlI ruqbw
&Oj AMdr jrnYl dw ruqbw sB qoN SRomxI hY[ ieh ruqbw iksy
ruhwnI BrpUr SKSIAq Aqy gYbI qwkq vwly nUM hI pRwpq huMdw hY[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr AMdr hrI isMG ny ieh Ahudw Awpxy
blbUqy qy pRwpq kIqw ArQwq i^dmqgwr qoN srdwr, srdwr qoN
ispwh-slwr, ispwh-slwr qoN gvrnr qy gvrnr qoN jrnYlI hwsl
kIqI[ ^wlsw rwj AMdr BwvyN hor vI jrnYl sn pr jo cwr cMn ies
XoDy ny lwey auh horW qoN inAwry sn ArQwq ^wlsw pMQ dw hMs ho
inbiVAw[ ies dy kIqy cmqkwrI ikRSmy, jMgW-Xu`DW iv`c idKweI
16

sUrbIrqw Aqy au~cw-su`cw Awcrn sMswr AMdr ieauN cmk irhw hY

ijvy pMCIAW iv`c mor SoBnIk huMdw hY, qwirAW iv`c DrU qwrw soBdw hY
Aqy hIirAW iv`c koihnUr hIry dI bu`kq hY[
bIrqw jW bhwdrI mnu`KI jIvn dy AnykW guxW dI Kwn hY, ieh
BWq-suBWq, rMg-brMgy, tihk-mihk qy KSbU nwl Bry Pu`lW dy
guldsqy dI inAweIN hY[ ijvyN sony dy ikxky im`tI iv`c pey soonw
khwauNdy hn Aqy cmkdy hn iesy qrHW bIrqw dy gux kwrn sUry kOmI
isqwry, cwnx munwry qy lukweI leI ipAwry Aqy siqkwry bx jWdy
hn[ sUrmy AMdr bIrqw pRym, sbr, sMqoK, syvw, s`c Awid guxW dI
sMjog huuMdI hY[ ieh ruhwnIAq dw isKr mMnI geI hY Aqy SIl,
dieAw, Drm, DIrj qy igAwn dy QMmHW qy KVHdI hY[ sUrmw srIr dI
mOq qoN nhIN frdw zmIr dy mrn qoN frdw hY[ aus dI inrml soc
KulH-idlI dw sbUq huMdI hY qy buzidlI nyVy qyVy nhIN Fu`kdI[ ijvyN sony
dI Su`Dqw A`g 'c pw ky prKI jWdI hY iqvyN sUrmy dI prK musIbq dI
B`TI iv`c pw ky prKI jWdI hY[ gurbwxI dy vI bol hn:
sUrw so pihcwnIey jo lrY dIn ky hyq]
purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU n CwfY Kyq] (1105)

sB qoN pihlW aus AMdr lIfriSp (AgvweI) dw gux hoxw

zrUrI hY[ ArQwq ijhVw Awpxy swQI ispwhIAW dI imQy inSwny dI
pUrqI leI A`gy l`g ky qury, aunHW leI loV Anuswr shUlqW dw pRbMD
Aqy AnukUl vwqwvrn auswry qy kwnUMn Aqy ivDwn nUM sKqI nwl lwgU
krn dI smr`Qw r`K[y ies qoN ielwvw suAwrQ hIxqw, dlyrI, blvwnqw,
qVk-BVk, juAwb-dyhI, nyk-nIqI Aqy svY-BrosgI vI ie`k auq`m
jrnYl dy Kws gux mMny gey hn[
sMswr AMdr BwvyN AnykW jrnYl pYdw hoey pr srdwr hrI isMG
nlvw vrgw bw-kmwl, pRqIvwn, nIqIvwn, bw-imswl, TwT-bwT
vwlw qy pRsMsk koeI ivrlw hI lBygw[ srdwr nlvw ikauNik zmIr,
17

pRwpq hoeI[ mYkwilP ny vI 1909 iv`c ilKI pusqk 'The Sikh

Religion' iv`c iliKAw ik ksUr iv`c pTwxW dI &qih qy sRI gurU
Amr dws jI dy khy hoey Sbd , "swfy syvk ie`k idn SYhnSwh
hoxgy[ ie`k is`K rwjw ksUr dw s`qwDwrI hovygw"[ ie`k solW swlW dy
n`Fy ny pUry kr idKwey[
ispwh-slwr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw dw &OjI jIvn 1804
iv`c GoV svwr qy pYdl rjmYNt nwl SurU hoieAw[ pr 1807 iv`c
ies iv`c hwQI, aUT Awid Swml krky do btwlIAnW (&OjI dsqy)
bxw id`qIAW[ sIqw rwm kohlI Anuswr ie`k dsqy iv`c 632 AwdmI
Aqy dUjy iv`c 910 AwdmI sn[ srdwr hrI isMG vwlI pltn i`v`c
632 'coN 576 lVwkU Aqy 56 shwiek ijvyN ik JMfw brdwr, gRMQI
isMG, GiVAwlI (tweIm kIpr) , KlwsIz (tYNt ip`cr), hlky luhwr,
qrKwx Awid sn[ pihlW pihl is`K sYnkW dI vrdI ic`ty rMg dI
sI[ pr Pyr PrWsIsI A&srW nwl slwh mSvrw kr ky vrdI iv`c
jwkt lwl rMg dI, pqlUn nIlI Aqy CwqI qy ic`ty jW kwly rMg dI p`tI
vwlI bxweI geI[ v`K v`K AhuidAW dI pCwx leI sunihrI Dwgw,
vDIAw iksm dI PIqI, sunihrI Aqy cWdI rMgI forI jW sunihrI
Jwlr kmIz qy lgweI jWdI sI[

jrnYlI ruqbw
&Oj AMdr jrnYl dw ruqbw sB qoN SRomxI hY[ ieh ruqbw iksy
ruhwnI BrpUr SKSIAq Aqy gYbI qwkq vwly nUM hI pRwpq huMdw hY[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr AMdr hrI isMG ny ieh Ahudw Awpxy
blbUqy qy pRwpq kIqw ArQwq i^dmqgwr qoN srdwr, srdwr qoN
ispwh-slwr, ispwh-slwr qoN gvrnr qy gvrnr qoN jrnYlI hwsl
kIqI[ ^wlsw rwj AMdr BwvyN hor vI jrnYl sn pr jo cwr cMn ies
XoDy ny lwey auh horW qoN inAwry sn ArQwq ^wlsw pMQ dw hMs ho
inbiVAw[ ies dy kIqy cmqkwrI ikRSmy, jMgW-Xu`DW iv`c idKweI
16

sUrbIrqw Aqy au~cw-su`cw Awcrn sMswr AMdr ieauN cmk irhw hY

ijvy pMCIAW iv`c mor SoBnIk huMdw hY, qwirAW iv`c DrU qwrw soBdw hY
Aqy hIirAW iv`c koihnUr hIry dI bu`kq hY[
bIrqw jW bhwdrI mnu`KI jIvn dy AnykW guxW dI Kwn hY, ieh
BWq-suBWq, rMg-brMgy, tihk-mihk qy KSbU nwl Bry Pu`lW dy
guldsqy dI inAweIN hY[ ijvyN sony dy ikxky im`tI iv`c pey soonw
khwauNdy hn Aqy cmkdy hn iesy qrHW bIrqw dy gux kwrn sUry kOmI
isqwry, cwnx munwry qy lukweI leI ipAwry Aqy siqkwry bx jWdy
hn[ sUrmy AMdr bIrqw pRym, sbr, sMqoK, syvw, s`c Awid guxW dI
sMjog huuMdI hY[ ieh ruhwnIAq dw isKr mMnI geI hY Aqy SIl,
dieAw, Drm, DIrj qy igAwn dy QMmHW qy KVHdI hY[ sUrmw srIr dI
mOq qoN nhIN frdw zmIr dy mrn qoN frdw hY[ aus dI inrml soc
KulH-idlI dw sbUq huMdI hY qy buzidlI nyVy qyVy nhIN Fu`kdI[ ijvyN sony
dI Su`Dqw A`g 'c pw ky prKI jWdI hY iqvyN sUrmy dI prK musIbq dI
B`TI iv`c pw ky prKI jWdI hY[ gurbwxI dy vI bol hn:
sUrw so pihcwnIey jo lrY dIn ky hyq]
purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU n CwfY Kyq] (1105)

sB qoN pihlW aus AMdr lIfriSp (AgvweI) dw gux hoxw

zrUrI hY[ ArQwq ijhVw Awpxy swQI ispwhIAW dI imQy inSwny dI
pUrqI leI A`gy l`g ky qury, aunHW leI loV Anuswr shUlqW dw pRbMD
Aqy AnukUl vwqwvrn auswry qy kwnUMn Aqy ivDwn nUM sKqI nwl lwgU
krn dI smr`Qw r`K[y ies qoN ielwvw suAwrQ hIxqw, dlyrI, blvwnqw,
qVk-BVk, juAwb-dyhI, nyk-nIqI Aqy svY-BrosgI vI ie`k auq`m
jrnYl dy Kws gux mMny gey hn[
sMswr AMdr BwvyN AnykW jrnYl pYdw hoey pr srdwr hrI isMG
nlvw vrgw bw-kmwl, pRqIvwn, nIqIvwn, bw-imswl, TwT-bwT
vwlw qy pRsMsk koeI ivrlw hI lBygw[ srdwr nlvw ikauNik zmIr,
17

SmSIr, qkbIr Aqy qkdIr dw DnI sI ies leI aus ny Xu`g pltwaU
kwrnwmy krky mhwn s&lqw hwsl kIqI[ iehnW guxW krky krm,
cwl-Fwl, bol-cwl qy rwj pRbMD dIAW bwrIkIAW bwry auh v`fI sUJbUJ rKdw sI[ ies qoN ielwvw SsqrW-AsqrW qy GoiVAW dI pCwx
dw vI pUrw pwrKU sI Aqy jMgW-Xu`DW dy qOr-qrIikAW qy pihlUAW qoN
mwhr sI[ ies leI is`K ieiqhwskwrW ny hI nhIN blik horW ny vI
jrnYl hrI isMG dI BwrI pRsMsw kIqI hY[
aunIvIN sdI iv`c 1887 dy brqwnIAW qoN Cpdy spqwihk
AKbwr Tit-Bits jo imstr lInwrf krUkMb dI AYfItrI hyT hr
sincrvwr v`fI igxqI iv`c Cpdw sI ny dunIAW dy jrnYlW dI
bhwdrI dw bhuq hI ghu nwl qulnwqimk ivSlySx kIqw Aqy AKIr
ieh incoV k`iFAw ik sMswr dw sB qoN v`D sPl jrnYl kOx hoieAw
hY? Some people might think that Napoleon was a great General. Some might name Marshal Hindenburgh, Lord Kichner,
General Karozey or Duke of Willington etc. And some going
further might say Halaku Khan, Genghis Khan, Changez Khan,
Richard or Allaudin etc. But let me tell you that in the North
of India a General of the name of Hari Singh Nalwa of the
Sikh prevailed. Had he lived longer and had the sources and
artillery of the British, he would have conquered most of Asia
and Europe.
Bwv ArQ-koeI qW inpolIAn dw nwm lYxgy ik auh mhwn
jrnYl sI, koeI mwrSl hYfnbrg, lwrf ikcnr, jnrl krobzy,
fXUk AwP vwilMgtn Awid dw nwm lYxgy[ keI horW dw nwm lYxgy
ijvyN hlwkU ^wn, jYNigs Kwn, cMgyz Kwn, ircrf qy AlwaudIn[ pr
mYN quhwnUM d`sW ik auq`rI Bwrq iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw nwm dw is`K
jrnYl bhuq hI hoxhwr Aqy v`fy bl vwlw hoieAw hY[ jykr auh lMmy
smyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw Aqy aus kol brqwnIAW dI &Oj vrgy swDn
18

Aqy qopKwnw huMdw qW auh eySIAw Aqy XUrp dw bhuq swrw ielwkw
hiQAw skdw sI[
aus AMgryz ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik ie`k mwmUlI igxqI dI &Oz
nwl aus ny APgwinsqwn jYsy mulk nUM sr kIqw Aqy APgwnW au~qy
AYsw is`kw jmwieAw jo ies dI hoxhwrqw dI gvwhI Brdw hY[
APgwinsqwn auh mulk hY ijs iv`c iqMn vwr AMgryz &OjW dw KUn
fuilHAw pr Pyr vI auh au~Qy Amn-kwnUMn bhwl nhIN kr skIAW,
hwlW ik auhnW kol v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj Aqy zMgI swzo-smwn sI[
hrI isMG nlUey ny swbq kr id`qw ik is`K kOm dunIAW dI bhwdr qy
lVwkU kOm hY[ ies kOm dy idlW AMdr gurU vsdw hY Aqy ieh gurU
dI is`iKAw Aqy aupdyS dy DwrnI hn[
hrI isMG nlUAw srdwr dw db dbw, KO& Aqy DWk pTwxW dy
idlW AMdr AYsw bYT igAw sI ijvyN b`krI Syr qoN frdI hY[ ies nUM
dyKdy hI swry pTwxW dy ichry pIly P`k vrgy Aqy mUMh su`k jWdy sn[
pTwxIAW Awpxy b`icAW nUM jdoN auh AVI krdy sn, roxo nhIN sI htdy
jW kihxw nhIN sI mMndy qW ieh kihky frwauNdIAW sn, 'hrIAw
rWGly' Bwv hrIAw (hrI isMG) Aw igAw hY cu`p kro Aqy kihxw mMn
lau[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI vI iliKAw hY:
iksy jy pTwx dw puq
` r nhIN cup
` kry, AwauNdw hrI isMG khyN au~cI sy pukwr ky[
ausy vyly jwn hwvw hud
M I aus bwlky dI, lvy gl Gut
` bwqW kry hauNky mwr ky[
Pwqy hoey isMG dy pTwx Ajy qIk Xwro, mUDy ho ky sONdy BwvyN dyK lau ivcwr ky[
sIqw rwm nwm srdwr dw AzreIl, AwK dy pTwx dyKw hm ny suDwr ky[

ieiqhwsk q`Q ieh drswauNdy hn ik hrI isMG nlUAw dy ie`k

hukm ny APgwnW nUM slvwr pihnwaux leI mjbUr kr id`qw[ hukm
sI, "AY A&gwno! jykr quhwfy iv`c koeI dm jW AxK hY qW is`K &OjW
dw jMgy mYdwn iv`c mukwblw kro nhIN qW slvwrW pihn lvo[ ikauNik
mYnUM jMg AMdr APgwn bMidAW Aqy iesqrIAW iv`c koeI &rk nhIN
19

SmSIr, qkbIr Aqy qkdIr dw DnI sI ies leI aus ny Xu`g pltwaU
kwrnwmy krky mhwn s&lqw hwsl kIqI[ iehnW guxW krky krm,
cwl-Fwl, bol-cwl qy rwj pRbMD dIAW bwrIkIAW bwry auh v`fI sUJbUJ rKdw sI[ ies qoN ielwvw SsqrW-AsqrW qy GoiVAW dI pCwx
dw vI pUrw pwrKU sI Aqy jMgW-Xu`DW dy qOr-qrIikAW qy pihlUAW qoN
mwhr sI[ ies leI is`K ieiqhwskwrW ny hI nhIN blik horW ny vI
jrnYl hrI isMG dI BwrI pRsMsw kIqI hY[
aunIvIN sdI iv`c 1887 dy brqwnIAW qoN Cpdy spqwihk
AKbwr Tit-Bits jo imstr lInwrf krUkMb dI AYfItrI hyT hr
sincrvwr v`fI igxqI iv`c Cpdw sI ny dunIAW dy jrnYlW dI
bhwdrI dw bhuq hI ghu nwl qulnwqimk ivSlySx kIqw Aqy AKIr
ieh incoV k`iFAw ik sMswr dw sB qoN v`D sPl jrnYl kOx hoieAw
hY? Some people might think that Napoleon was a great General. Some might name Marshal Hindenburgh, Lord Kichner,
General Karozey or Duke of Willington etc. And some going
further might say Halaku Khan, Genghis Khan, Changez Khan,
Richard or Allaudin etc. But let me tell you that in the North
of India a General of the name of Hari Singh Nalwa of the
Sikh prevailed. Had he lived longer and had the sources and
artillery of the British, he would have conquered most of Asia
and Europe.
Bwv ArQ-koeI qW inpolIAn dw nwm lYxgy ik auh mhwn
jrnYl sI, koeI mwrSl hYfnbrg, lwrf ikcnr, jnrl krobzy,
fXUk AwP vwilMgtn Awid dw nwm lYxgy[ keI horW dw nwm lYxgy
ijvyN hlwkU ^wn, jYNigs Kwn, cMgyz Kwn, ircrf qy AlwaudIn[ pr
mYN quhwnUM d`sW ik auq`rI Bwrq iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw nwm dw is`K
jrnYl bhuq hI hoxhwr Aqy v`fy bl vwlw hoieAw hY[ jykr auh lMmy
smyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw Aqy aus kol brqwnIAW dI &Oj vrgy swDn
18

Aqy qopKwnw huMdw qW auh eySIAw Aqy XUrp dw bhuq swrw ielwkw
hiQAw skdw sI[
aus AMgryz ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik ie`k mwmUlI igxqI dI &Oz
nwl aus ny APgwinsqwn jYsy mulk nUM sr kIqw Aqy APgwnW au~qy
AYsw is`kw jmwieAw jo ies dI hoxhwrqw dI gvwhI Brdw hY[
APgwinsqwn auh mulk hY ijs iv`c iqMn vwr AMgryz &OjW dw KUn
fuilHAw pr Pyr vI auh au~Qy Amn-kwnUMn bhwl nhIN kr skIAW,
hwlW ik auhnW kol v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj Aqy zMgI swzo-smwn sI[
hrI isMG nlUey ny swbq kr id`qw ik is`K kOm dunIAW dI bhwdr qy
lVwkU kOm hY[ ies kOm dy idlW AMdr gurU vsdw hY Aqy ieh gurU
dI is`iKAw Aqy aupdyS dy DwrnI hn[
hrI isMG nlUAw srdwr dw db dbw, KO& Aqy DWk pTwxW dy
idlW AMdr AYsw bYT igAw sI ijvyN b`krI Syr qoN frdI hY[ ies nUM
dyKdy hI swry pTwxW dy ichry pIly P`k vrgy Aqy mUMh su`k jWdy sn[
pTwxIAW Awpxy b`icAW nUM jdoN auh AVI krdy sn, roxo nhIN sI htdy
jW kihxw nhIN sI mMndy qW ieh kihky frwauNdIAW sn, 'hrIAw
rWGly' Bwv hrIAw (hrI isMG) Aw igAw hY cu`p kro Aqy kihxw mMn
lau[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI vI iliKAw hY:
iksy jy pTwx dw puq
` r nhIN cup
` kry, AwauNdw hrI isMG khyN au~cI sy pukwr ky[
ausy vyly jwn hwvw hud
M I aus bwlky dI, lvy gl Gut
` bwqW kry hauNky mwr ky[
Pwqy hoey isMG dy pTwx Ajy qIk Xwro, mUDy ho ky sONdy BwvyN dyK lau ivcwr ky[
sIqw rwm nwm srdwr dw AzreIl, AwK dy pTwx dyKw hm ny suDwr ky[

ieiqhwsk q`Q ieh drswauNdy hn ik hrI isMG nlUAw dy ie`k

hukm ny APgwnW nUM slvwr pihnwaux leI mjbUr kr id`qw[ hukm
sI, "AY A&gwno! jykr quhwfy iv`c koeI dm jW AxK hY qW is`K &OjW
dw jMgy mYdwn iv`c mukwblw kro nhIN qW slvwrW pihn lvo[ ikauNik
mYnUM jMg AMdr APgwn bMidAW Aqy iesqrIAW iv`c koeI &rk nhIN
19

l`igAw Aqy ijs qrHW iesqrIAW slvwr pihndIAW hn qusIN vI

pihno[ ieM\ is`K jrnYl dw hukm mMn ky muglW ny slvwrW pwauxIAW
SurU kr id`qIAW[
vnIq nlvw ny vI AwpxI pusqk dy 264 pMny qy iliKAw hY ik
drSnI ifaufI AMimRqsr kol BweI imlKw isMG ny mYnUM ieh g`l d`sI
ik hrI isMG nlvw ny pTwxW nUM ieh slwh id`qI ik ijhVy pTwx
slvwrW pihn lYxgy auhnW qy is`K hmlw nhIN krngy[ ikauNik
slvwrW iesqrIAW pihndIAW hn Aqy is`K; b`c,y iesqrIAW, ibmwrW
jW kmzor bu`iFAW qy kdy hmlw nhIN krdy[ hrI isMG dw ieh suJwA
mMn ky vI bhuqy pTwx slvwrW pihnx l`g pey sn[ auprMq lMbw
kmIz Aqy slvwr 'pTwxI sUt' PYSn bx igAw[
srdwr mihqwb isMG jo lMfn ivKy tYksI clwauNdw hY ny 12
AkqUbr 2008 nUM ie`k bhuq hI idlcsp Kbr srdwr hrI isMG
nlUey sMbMDI ieMtrnY~t qy pweI hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik ies idn
dupihr dy FweI vjy sn, APgwinsqwn dw ie`k tYksI frweIvr jo
myrw im`qr hY aus ny mYnUM d`isAw, "srdwr jI! mYN ieh g`l Awpxy
qwlIbwn BrwvW qoN kMnI suxI hY ik ip~Cy jhy jdoN qwlIbwn ihMdUAW,
is`KW, iesweIAW dy Dwrimk AsQwnW nUM brbwd kr rhy sn qW ie~k
idn auh jdoN hrI isMG nlUAw dy nW qy bxy gurduAwry kol phuMcy qy aus
nUM Fwhux dI Xojnw bxweI qW bwhr hrI isMG nlUAw dw nwm pVH ky
dihl gey[ aus dy AMdr nhIN vVy Aqy nw hI nukswn phuMcwieAw"[
Bwv muglW leI hrI isMG dw nwm Ajy q`k vI haUAw bixAw hoieAw
hY[

cwlcln
bMdy dw au~cw Awcrn jIvn dw au~qm nmUnw ArQwq au~cy jIvn
dI inSwnI huMdI hY nw ik au~cw A~hudw, bhuqw Dn mwl jW pRis`DI
20

gurbwxI dy vI bol hn:

schu aurY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru ](62)

ivdvwnW dw ivcwr hY ik cMgy Awcwr leI au~dm, gMBIrqw Aqy

swP idl hoxw bhuq zrUrI hY pr ieh iqMny gux iksy twvyN twvyN bMdy
iv`c hI hMudy hn[
iebrwhm ilMkn Anuswr A character is a tree and reputation like its shadow.
Bwv cwl cln ie`k ibRC dI inAweIN hY jd ik pRis`DI aus dI
CW vWg[
According to Joel Halwas-A character is like a white
paper, if once blotted it can hardly ever be made to appear
white as before.
Bwv cwlcln ic`ty kwgz dI inAweIN huMdw hY[ ijvyN ic`ty kwgz
qy D`bw l`g jwvy aus nUM pihlW vrgw ic`tw nhIN kIqw jw skdw iesy
qrHW cwlcln qy l`igAw D`bw kdy im`t nhIN skdw[
hrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy qwx jYsw AnUTw jrnYl dunIAW dy
ieiqhws AMdr koeI twvW hI imlygw ijs ny QoVHy smyN AMdr v`fI DWk
jmweI[ pMjwb dw ieh mhwn spUq is`KW dy sunihrI ieiqhws AMdr
AYsI Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw jo rihMdI dunIAW q`k Xwd rhygI[
vnIq nlUAw jo inaUro sweIkwlojI dI pI. AY~c. fI. hY[ ijs
ny AwksPorf XUnIvristI XU. ky. dw kwmn vYlQ skwlriSp 1986
iv`c hwsl kIqw Aqy XU. AY~s. ey. myrIlYNf (nySnl ieMstIicaUt AwP
mYNtl hYlQ) dw PulbrweIt skwlriSp ij`iqAw, ds swl id`lI
XUnIvristI Aqy QweIlYNf iv`c Psychology pVHweI Aqy hrI isMG
nlUAw dI ku`l iv`coN hY, ny AMgryjI iv`c 'Hari Singh Nalwa Champion of the Khalsa Ji (1791-1837) bwry bhuq hI fUMGI Koj krky
21

l`igAw Aqy ijs qrHW iesqrIAW slvwr pihndIAW hn qusIN vI

pihno[ ieM\ is`K jrnYl dw hukm mMn ky muglW ny slvwrW pwauxIAW
SurU kr id`qIAW[
vnIq nlvw ny vI AwpxI pusqk dy 264 pMny qy iliKAw hY ik
drSnI ifaufI AMimRqsr kol BweI imlKw isMG ny mYnUM ieh g`l d`sI
ik hrI isMG nlvw ny pTwxW nUM ieh slwh id`qI ik ijhVy pTwx
slvwrW pihn lYxgy auhnW qy is`K hmlw nhIN krngy[ ikauNik
slvwrW iesqrIAW pihndIAW hn Aqy is`K; b`c,y iesqrIAW, ibmwrW
jW kmzor bu`iFAW qy kdy hmlw nhIN krdy[ hrI isMG dw ieh suJwA
mMn ky vI bhuqy pTwx slvwrW pihnx l`g pey sn[ auprMq lMbw
kmIz Aqy slvwr 'pTwxI sUt' PYSn bx igAw[
srdwr mihqwb isMG jo lMfn ivKy tYksI clwauNdw hY ny 12
AkqUbr 2008 nUM ie`k bhuq hI idlcsp Kbr srdwr hrI isMG
nlUey sMbMDI ieMtrnY~t qy pweI hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik ies idn
dupihr dy FweI vjy sn, APgwinsqwn dw ie`k tYksI frweIvr jo
myrw im`qr hY aus ny mYnUM d`isAw, "srdwr jI! mYN ieh g`l Awpxy
qwlIbwn BrwvW qoN kMnI suxI hY ik ip~Cy jhy jdoN qwlIbwn ihMdUAW,
is`KW, iesweIAW dy Dwrimk AsQwnW nUM brbwd kr rhy sn qW ie~k
idn auh jdoN hrI isMG nlUAw dy nW qy bxy gurduAwry kol phuMcy qy aus
nUM Fwhux dI Xojnw bxweI qW bwhr hrI isMG nlUAw dw nwm pVH ky
dihl gey[ aus dy AMdr nhIN vVy Aqy nw hI nukswn phuMcwieAw"[
Bwv muglW leI hrI isMG dw nwm Ajy q`k vI haUAw bixAw hoieAw
hY[

cwlcln
bMdy dw au~cw Awcrn jIvn dw au~qm nmUnw ArQwq au~cy jIvn
dI inSwnI huMdI hY nw ik au~cw A~hudw, bhuqw Dn mwl jW pRis`DI
20

gurbwxI dy vI bol hn:

schu aurY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru ](62)

ivdvwnW dw ivcwr hY ik cMgy Awcwr leI au~dm, gMBIrqw Aqy

swP idl hoxw bhuq zrUrI hY pr ieh iqMny gux iksy twvyN twvyN bMdy
iv`c hI hMudy hn[
iebrwhm ilMkn Anuswr A character is a tree and reputation like its shadow.
Bwv cwl cln ie`k ibRC dI inAweIN hY jd ik pRis`DI aus dI
CW vWg[
According to Joel Halwas-A character is like a white
paper, if once blotted it can hardly ever be made to appear
white as before.
Bwv cwlcln ic`ty kwgz dI inAweIN huMdw hY[ ijvyN ic`ty kwgz
qy D`bw l`g jwvy aus nUM pihlW vrgw ic`tw nhIN kIqw jw skdw iesy
qrHW cwlcln qy l`igAw D`bw kdy im`t nhIN skdw[
hrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy qwx jYsw AnUTw jrnYl dunIAW dy
ieiqhws AMdr koeI twvW hI imlygw ijs ny QoVHy smyN AMdr v`fI DWk
jmweI[ pMjwb dw ieh mhwn spUq is`KW dy sunihrI ieiqhws AMdr
AYsI Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw jo rihMdI dunIAW q`k Xwd rhygI[
vnIq nlUAw jo inaUro sweIkwlojI dI pI. AY~c. fI. hY[ ijs
ny AwksPorf XUnIvristI XU. ky. dw kwmn vYlQ skwlriSp 1986
iv`c hwsl kIqw Aqy XU. AY~s. ey. myrIlYNf (nySnl ieMstIicaUt AwP
mYNtl hYlQ) dw PulbrweIt skwlriSp ij`iqAw, ds swl id`lI
XUnIvristI Aqy QweIlYNf iv`c Psychology pVHweI Aqy hrI isMG
nlUAw dI ku`l iv`coN hY, ny AMgryjI iv`c 'Hari Singh Nalwa Champion of the Khalsa Ji (1791-1837) bwry bhuq hI fUMGI Koj krky
21

ivsqwr pUrbk ikqwb 2010 iv`c ilKI aus iv`c mu`K qOr qy ieh
q`qswr id`qw hY:

r`iKAw[ pr pwTkW leI ie`Qy do GtnwvW ibAwn kIqIAW jw rhIAW

hn[

'srkwr ^wlsw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj sqluj qoN lY ky

ihMdU kuS trWs-ieMfs phwVIAW q`k PYilAw hoieAw sI[ ies rwj
AMdr hrI isMG nlvw 'kmWfr ien-cIP' sI[ ies srdwr dI v`fI
Gwl-kmweI sdkw Aqy ^wlsw &Oj dy Awsry muglW dy 800 swl qoN
c`l rhy rwj dIAW jVHW put
` id`qIAW[ muglW dy rwj AMdr ihMds
u qwnIAW
dI jo lut
` -^sut
` , mwr-DwV Aqy iesqrIAW qy jo iDM|j
o r
o I qy blwqkwr
ho rhy sn auh ibAwn krn qoN bwhr dI g`l sI Aqy d`rw-KYbr rwhIN
mugl inJ`k ho ky dwKl huMdy sn[ hrI isMG nlvw ny jmrOd qy kbzw
kr ky ^Ybr d`ry dw rsqw sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ ipClIAW do sdIAW
qoN brqwnIAW, rUs Aqy AmrIkw APgwinsqwn dy iK`qy nUM sr krn
leI zor lw rhy hn pr kwmXwb qW kI hoxw sI BwrI nukswn krvw
cu`ky hn[ Ajy q`k kyvl hrI isMG nlvw hI kwmXwb hoieAw sI
ikauNik auh swrI izMdgI ^wlsw sj ky sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy
AsUlW qy c`ilAw sI[ gurmiq mirXwdw iv`c prp`k hox krky hrI
isMG nlUey dw cwlcln pUrn qOr qy bydwg sI[ Awm qW kI jMg dy
dOrwn vI is`K sYinkW nUM aus ny hukm kIqw hoieAw sI ik iesqrI qy
nw vwr krnw hY qy nw aus dI iezq nUM h`Q pwauxw hY[ gurU swihbwn
dy aupdyS Anuswr auh sYinkW nUM prweI iesqrI dy sMg qoN vrzdw sI
Aqy AwKdw sI ik kwm bMdy dy jq, sq qy pq nUM hMq kr idMdw hY[
auh ieh vI kihMdw sI ik is`K dw &rz hY iesqrI dI ie~zq nUM
bxwauxw qy hr p`KoN aus dw siqkwr krnw[ gurU jI dy bol hmySw Xwd
r`K:o

vwrqw hY ik p`CmI pMjwb dy ipSOr ielwky dy srh`dI ipMf qoN

ie`k ihMdU prvwr Awpxy lVky nUM ivAwh ky folw iljw irhw sI[ rsqy
iv`c fwkU pTwxW ny aunHW pwsoN kImqI vsqW qy gihxw-g`tw lu`t ilAw
Aqy ivAwh ky ilAWdI lVkI nUM vI D`ky nwl Aphrn kr ilAw[
byvsI kwrn, kmzor idl Aqy Ssqr hIn hox kr ky ieh Gtnw
vwprI[ aus ielwky iv`c kudrqI hrI isMG gvrnr sI[ lwVw qy aus
dy mwipAW ny ies vwrdwq dI Skwieq hrI isMG pws jw kIqI[
jrnYl ny kcihrI lgweI aunHW dI sB g`l bwq suxI Aqy hukm kIqw
ik ies lVky (lwVy) nUM kYdI bxw lau, ieh AwpxI pqnI nUM bcw nhIN
sikAw[ suxvweI smyN aunHW fwkUAW dy bMdy ies vwrdwq dI suxweI ghu
nwl sux Aqy q`k rhy sn ik jrnYl kI PYslw krdw hY[ jdoN fwkUAW
dy bMidAW ny &Yslw suixAW qW aunHW dy ichirAW qy KuSI Aw geI[ &Ysly
vkq hrI isMG AwpxIAW qyz pr dbIAW A`KW nwl Awly-duAwly ghu
nwl dyK irhw sI[ aus ny dyiKAw ijhVy do bMdy &Ysly nUM sux ky KuSI
iv`c Pu`ly nhIN sI smw rhy ieh kwrw iehnW dw hI hY[ auh do bMdy qW
PYslw sux ky vwho dwhI Awpxy itkwxy v`l c`l pey ijQy ivAWDV
lVkI kwbU kr ky lkoeI hoeI sI[ hrI isMG ny ispwhIAW nUM hukm kIqw
ik ie`ky dm auDr jwau ijDr ieh do bMdy gey hn[ jdoN iehnW
sMdyhI bMidAW ny jw ky jrnYl dy &Ysly dw sMdyS Awpxy nwl dy bMidAW
nUM suxwieAw qW auh KuSIAW mnwaux l`gy[ A`jy ieh DwVvI KuSIAW hI
mnw rhy sn ik is`K ispwhI phuMc gey[ iehnW nUM szwvW dy ky folw
Cufw ilAwey Aqy lu`itAw smwn vI vwps lY Awey[

pr nwrI ky syj BUl supny BI n jhIE]

Awpxy jIvn kwl iv`c nlUey srdwr ny byAMq AOrqW nUM muglW
v`loN kIqI jw rhI bypqI qoN bcwieAw Aqy Awpxw ikrdwr au~cw
22

jdoN lwVy nUM kYd 'coN k`F ky Aqy ilAWdI lwVI nUM srdwr dy A`gy
pyS kIqw qW nlUey srdwr ny lVkI qoN aus dw nW p`uiCAw, auq`r iv`c
aus ny ikhw, "srdwrw! mYN qW frI hoeI Awpxw nW vI Bu`l geI hW!
qUM hI mYnUM bcwaux vwlw hY, b`s hux qyrI Srn iv`c hW[ AgoN srdwr
23

ivsqwr pUrbk ikqwb 2010 iv`c ilKI aus iv`c mu`K qOr qy ieh
q`qswr id`qw hY:

r`iKAw[ pr pwTkW leI ie`Qy do GtnwvW ibAwn kIqIAW jw rhIAW

hn[

'srkwr ^wlsw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj sqluj qoN lY ky

ihMdU kuS trWs-ieMfs phwVIAW q`k PYilAw hoieAw sI[ ies rwj
AMdr hrI isMG nlvw 'kmWfr ien-cIP' sI[ ies srdwr dI v`fI
Gwl-kmweI sdkw Aqy ^wlsw &Oj dy Awsry muglW dy 800 swl qoN
c`l rhy rwj dIAW jVHW put
` id`qIAW[ muglW dy rwj AMdr ihMds
u qwnIAW
dI jo lut
` -^sut
` , mwr-DwV Aqy iesqrIAW qy jo iDM|j
o r
o I qy blwqkwr
ho rhy sn auh ibAwn krn qoN bwhr dI g`l sI Aqy d`rw-KYbr rwhIN
mugl inJ`k ho ky dwKl huMdy sn[ hrI isMG nlvw ny jmrOd qy kbzw
kr ky ^Ybr d`ry dw rsqw sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ ipClIAW do sdIAW
qoN brqwnIAW, rUs Aqy AmrIkw APgwinsqwn dy iK`qy nUM sr krn
leI zor lw rhy hn pr kwmXwb qW kI hoxw sI BwrI nukswn krvw
cu`ky hn[ Ajy q`k kyvl hrI isMG nlvw hI kwmXwb hoieAw sI
ikauNik auh swrI izMdgI ^wlsw sj ky sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy
AsUlW qy c`ilAw sI[ gurmiq mirXwdw iv`c prp`k hox krky hrI
isMG nlUey dw cwlcln pUrn qOr qy bydwg sI[ Awm qW kI jMg dy
dOrwn vI is`K sYinkW nUM aus ny hukm kIqw hoieAw sI ik iesqrI qy
nw vwr krnw hY qy nw aus dI iezq nUM h`Q pwauxw hY[ gurU swihbwn
dy aupdyS Anuswr auh sYinkW nUM prweI iesqrI dy sMg qoN vrzdw sI
Aqy AwKdw sI ik kwm bMdy dy jq, sq qy pq nUM hMq kr idMdw hY[
auh ieh vI kihMdw sI ik is`K dw &rz hY iesqrI dI ie~zq nUM
bxwauxw qy hr p`KoN aus dw siqkwr krnw[ gurU jI dy bol hmySw Xwd
r`K:o

vwrqw hY ik p`CmI pMjwb dy ipSOr ielwky dy srh`dI ipMf qoN

ie`k ihMdU prvwr Awpxy lVky nUM ivAwh ky folw iljw irhw sI[ rsqy
iv`c fwkU pTwxW ny aunHW pwsoN kImqI vsqW qy gihxw-g`tw lu`t ilAw
Aqy ivAwh ky ilAWdI lVkI nUM vI D`ky nwl Aphrn kr ilAw[
byvsI kwrn, kmzor idl Aqy Ssqr hIn hox kr ky ieh Gtnw
vwprI[ aus ielwky iv`c kudrqI hrI isMG gvrnr sI[ lwVw qy aus
dy mwipAW ny ies vwrdwq dI Skwieq hrI isMG pws jw kIqI[
jrnYl ny kcihrI lgweI aunHW dI sB g`l bwq suxI Aqy hukm kIqw
ik ies lVky (lwVy) nUM kYdI bxw lau, ieh AwpxI pqnI nUM bcw nhIN
sikAw[ suxvweI smyN aunHW fwkUAW dy bMdy ies vwrdwq dI suxweI ghu
nwl sux Aqy q`k rhy sn ik jrnYl kI PYslw krdw hY[ jdoN fwkUAW
dy bMidAW ny &Yslw suixAW qW aunHW dy ichirAW qy KuSI Aw geI[ &Ysly
vkq hrI isMG AwpxIAW qyz pr dbIAW A`KW nwl Awly-duAwly ghu
nwl dyK irhw sI[ aus ny dyiKAw ijhVy do bMdy &Ysly nUM sux ky KuSI
iv`c Pu`ly nhIN sI smw rhy ieh kwrw iehnW dw hI hY[ auh do bMdy qW
PYslw sux ky vwho dwhI Awpxy itkwxy v`l c`l pey ijQy ivAWDV
lVkI kwbU kr ky lkoeI hoeI sI[ hrI isMG ny ispwhIAW nUM hukm kIqw
ik ie`ky dm auDr jwau ijDr ieh do bMdy gey hn[ jdoN iehnW
sMdyhI bMidAW ny jw ky jrnYl dy &Ysly dw sMdyS Awpxy nwl dy bMidAW
nUM suxwieAw qW auh KuSIAW mnwaux l`gy[ A`jy ieh DwVvI KuSIAW hI
mnw rhy sn ik is`K ispwhI phuMc gey[ iehnW nUM szwvW dy ky folw
Cufw ilAwey Aqy lu`itAw smwn vI vwps lY Awey[

pr nwrI ky syj BUl supny BI n jhIE]

Awpxy jIvn kwl iv`c nlUey srdwr ny byAMq AOrqW nUM muglW
v`loN kIqI jw rhI bypqI qoN bcwieAw Aqy Awpxw ikrdwr au~cw
22

jdoN lwVy nUM kYd 'coN k`F ky Aqy ilAWdI lwVI nUM srdwr dy A`gy
pyS kIqw qW nlUey srdwr ny lVkI qoN aus dw nW p`uiCAw, auq`r iv`c
aus ny ikhw, "srdwrw! mYN qW frI hoeI Awpxw nW vI Bu`l geI hW!
qUM hI mYnUM bcwaux vwlw hY, b`s hux qyrI Srn iv`c hW[ AgoN srdwr
23

ny lVky Aqy lVkI qoN aunWH dI ie`Cw bwry pui` CAw qW dohW ny ikhw, "swnUM
qusIN Awpxy pMQ iv`c Swml kr lau[ AsIN is`K bx ky jIvn ijauxw
hY qy is`KI iv`c hI mrnw hY"[auprMq iehnW nUM AMimRq Ckw ky ^wlsw
pMMQ iv`c Swml kr ilAw Aqy bIbI dw nW 'swrMgq kOr' r`iKAw[
hrI isMG nlUAw bhuq hI rihqvwn is`K sI Aqy bhuq hI au~cysu`cy cwlcln dw mwlk sI[ Agr koeI nlUey dy Awcrn bwry jwxnw
cwhuMdw hY qW bIbI bwno dI swKI zrUr pVHy[ ieh bwno ie`k bhuq hI
suMdr mugl muitAwr sI[ srdwr hrI isMG jI APgwinsqwn iv`c
jmrOd dy AsQwn qy &Oj smyq ie`k tYNt iv`c ibrwjmwn sn[ ies
dy mn iv`c ie`Cw jwgI ik jykr myry bhwdr hrI isMG qoN pu`qr jnmy
qW auh vI ies jYsw XoDw ho skdw hY ijhVw dunIAW qy myrw nwm au~cw
kr skdw hY[ ie`k idn ieh pu`CdI pu`CdI aus jgHw jw phMucI ij`Qy
nlUey dw invws sI[ sur`iKAw qy KVHy sYink ny bwno nUM p`uiCAw , "qUM iks
nUM imlxw hY"? aus ny ikhw, "mYN quhwfy srdwr nUM imlxw hY"[ sYink
ny srdwr nlUey nUM d`isAw ik quhwnUM ie`k bIbI imlxw cwhuMdI hY[

hY"[ ieh sux ky bwno dIAW A`KW Br AweIAW qy rox vwlI hwlq ho
geI[ kuJ smW soc ky bolI, "is`Kw! mYN suixAw hY ik gurU nwnk bVw
mhwn hY qy bKSSW dw Gr hY Aqy aus dy Gr qoN kdy koeI KwlI nhIN
muiVAw[ pr qUM gurU dw is`K hox dy nwqy mYnUM KwlI hI vwps Byj irhw
hYN"[ srdwr nlUey ny iPr AwiKAw , "pu`qrI! qUM mYnUM hI Awpxw pu`qr
smJ Aqy mYN qYnUM A`j qoN mW kih ky bulwieAw krWgw"[ bwno kihMdI,
srdwr jI! "mYN is`KW dy au~cy cwlcln bwry suxdI sW pr qUM qW prp`K
hI drsw id`qw hY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG bwno nUM mW kihky bulwauNdw
irhw Aqy bwno aus nUM pu`qr kih ky bulwauNdI sI[ so ieh hY gurU dy is`K
dw cwlcln [ gurbwxI AYsy is`KW bwry kih rhI hY:
nwnk soihwgx kw ikAw ichn hY
AMdir scu muKu aujlw KsmY mwih smwie] (185)

nwm dw is`kw

srdwr swihb ny kih id`qw ik auh iml skdI hY[ ieM\

iejwzq imlx qy auh knwq dy AMdr clI geI[ hrI isMG ny ies qoN
nW pqw Aqy aus kol Awaux dw kwrn pu`iCAw[ A`goN bwno ny AwiKAw,
"srdwr jI! hr koeI quhwfI soBw gw irhw hY[ qusIN mhwn hI nhIN bVy
dlyr, bhwdr Aqy hoxhwr XoDy hoN[ mYN Ajy AxivAwhI hW[ myrI idlI
ie`Cw hY ik myry quhwfy vrgw pu`qr jnmy"[ srdwr hrI isMG BwvyN ies
dI Bwvnw nUM BWp igAw sI pr AwiKAw, "pu`qrI! Kudw qyrI idlI mMg
nUM zrUr pUrI krygw[ aus A`gy Arz kirAw kr"[ bwno iPr bolI,
"srdwr jI! mYN qW quhwfy rwhIN pu`qr cwhuMdI hW"[ au~qr iv`c nlUAw
swihb kihMdy, "pu`qrI mYN qW ivAwihAw hoieAw hW Aqy myry DIAW
pu`qr hn[ mYN qyry nwl ivAwh nhIN kr skdw[ mYN qW gurU nwnk dw
is`K hW[ gurU jI ny is`KW nUM iesqrI dw siqkwr krn leI aupdyS
id`qw hY nw ik blwqkwr leI[ jo qUM kih rhI hY auh au~kw hI AsMBv

rwj Bwg clwaux leI Dn dI v`fI zrUrq huMdI hY[ srkwrW ieh
is`ky rwjy, rwxIAW jW dyS dy mhwn ivAkqIAW dy nW qy clwauNdIAW
hn[ ieh is`ky iksy ^ws rwj dI bwdSwhI dw icMnH huMdy hn[ pRym isMG
hoqI mrdwn AwpxI pusqk iv`c ilKdy hn ik ^wlsw rwj smyN ieh
sB qoN pihlw mOkw sI ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN Purmwn jwrI kr
ky srdwr hrI isMG dy nW qy kSmIr iv`c is`kw (zrb) clwaux dw
mhwn AiDkwr bKS id`qw[ ies Purmwn rwhIN srdwr hrI isMG dI
iezq Aqy bhwdrI nUM v`fw mwx bKiSAw[ hor qW hor mhwrwjw
swihb ny Awpxy ijauNdy jIA kMvr nO inhwl nUM C`f ky hor iksy nUM ieh
mwx nhIN sI id`qw[ ies qoN pihlW ^wlsw rwj smyN bwbw bMdw isMG
bhwdr ny nwnk SwhI is`kw jwrI kIqw sI[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001 Aqy
2004 iv`c Sikh Coinage Symbol of Sikh Sovereignty sMbMDI
bVw ivsQwr nwl iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdy hn ik kSmIr iv`c ^wlsw
rwj smyN ibkrmI sMmq 1876 (sMn 1819) nUM srdwr hrI isMG

24

25

ny lVky Aqy lVkI qoN aunWH dI ie`Cw bwry pui` CAw qW dohW ny ikhw, "swnUM
qusIN Awpxy pMQ iv`c Swml kr lau[ AsIN is`K bx ky jIvn ijauxw
hY qy is`KI iv`c hI mrnw hY"[auprMq iehnW nUM AMimRq Ckw ky ^wlsw
pMMQ iv`c Swml kr ilAw Aqy bIbI dw nW 'swrMgq kOr' r`iKAw[
hrI isMG nlUAw bhuq hI rihqvwn is`K sI Aqy bhuq hI au~cysu`cy cwlcln dw mwlk sI[ Agr koeI nlUey dy Awcrn bwry jwxnw
cwhuMdw hY qW bIbI bwno dI swKI zrUr pVHy[ ieh bwno ie`k bhuq hI
suMdr mugl muitAwr sI[ srdwr hrI isMG jI APgwinsqwn iv`c
jmrOd dy AsQwn qy &Oj smyq ie`k tYNt iv`c ibrwjmwn sn[ ies
dy mn iv`c ie`Cw jwgI ik jykr myry bhwdr hrI isMG qoN pu`qr jnmy
qW auh vI ies jYsw XoDw ho skdw hY ijhVw dunIAW qy myrw nwm au~cw
kr skdw hY[ ie`k idn ieh pu`CdI pu`CdI aus jgHw jw phMucI ij`Qy
nlUey dw invws sI[ sur`iKAw qy KVHy sYink ny bwno nUM p`uiCAw , "qUM iks
nUM imlxw hY"? aus ny ikhw, "mYN quhwfy srdwr nUM imlxw hY"[ sYink
ny srdwr nlUey nUM d`isAw ik quhwnUM ie`k bIbI imlxw cwhuMdI hY[

hY"[ ieh sux ky bwno dIAW A`KW Br AweIAW qy rox vwlI hwlq ho
geI[ kuJ smW soc ky bolI, "is`Kw! mYN suixAw hY ik gurU nwnk bVw
mhwn hY qy bKSSW dw Gr hY Aqy aus dy Gr qoN kdy koeI KwlI nhIN
muiVAw[ pr qUM gurU dw is`K hox dy nwqy mYnUM KwlI hI vwps Byj irhw
hYN"[ srdwr nlUey ny iPr AwiKAw , "pu`qrI! qUM mYnUM hI Awpxw pu`qr
smJ Aqy mYN qYnUM A`j qoN mW kih ky bulwieAw krWgw"[ bwno kihMdI,
srdwr jI! "mYN is`KW dy au~cy cwlcln bwry suxdI sW pr qUM qW prp`K
hI drsw id`qw hY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG bwno nUM mW kihky bulwauNdw
irhw Aqy bwno aus nUM pu`qr kih ky bulwauNdI sI[ so ieh hY gurU dy is`K
dw cwlcln [ gurbwxI AYsy is`KW bwry kih rhI hY:
nwnk soihwgx kw ikAw ichn hY
AMdir scu muKu aujlw KsmY mwih smwie] (185)

nwm dw is`kw

srdwr swihb ny kih id`qw ik auh iml skdI hY[ ieM\

iejwzq imlx qy auh knwq dy AMdr clI geI[ hrI isMG ny ies qoN
nW pqw Aqy aus kol Awaux dw kwrn pu`iCAw[ A`goN bwno ny AwiKAw,
"srdwr jI! hr koeI quhwfI soBw gw irhw hY[ qusIN mhwn hI nhIN bVy
dlyr, bhwdr Aqy hoxhwr XoDy hoN[ mYN Ajy AxivAwhI hW[ myrI idlI
ie`Cw hY ik myry quhwfy vrgw pu`qr jnmy"[ srdwr hrI isMG BwvyN ies
dI Bwvnw nUM BWp igAw sI pr AwiKAw, "pu`qrI! Kudw qyrI idlI mMg
nUM zrUr pUrI krygw[ aus A`gy Arz kirAw kr"[ bwno iPr bolI,
"srdwr jI! mYN qW quhwfy rwhIN pu`qr cwhuMdI hW"[ au~qr iv`c nlUAw
swihb kihMdy, "pu`qrI mYN qW ivAwihAw hoieAw hW Aqy myry DIAW
pu`qr hn[ mYN qyry nwl ivAwh nhIN kr skdw[ mYN qW gurU nwnk dw
is`K hW[ gurU jI ny is`KW nUM iesqrI dw siqkwr krn leI aupdyS
id`qw hY nw ik blwqkwr leI[ jo qUM kih rhI hY auh au~kw hI AsMBv

rwj Bwg clwaux leI Dn dI v`fI zrUrq huMdI hY[ srkwrW ieh
is`ky rwjy, rwxIAW jW dyS dy mhwn ivAkqIAW dy nW qy clwauNdIAW
hn[ ieh is`ky iksy ^ws rwj dI bwdSwhI dw icMnH huMdy hn[ pRym isMG
hoqI mrdwn AwpxI pusqk iv`c ilKdy hn ik ^wlsw rwj smyN ieh
sB qoN pihlw mOkw sI ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN Purmwn jwrI kr
ky srdwr hrI isMG dy nW qy kSmIr iv`c is`kw (zrb) clwaux dw
mhwn AiDkwr bKS id`qw[ ies Purmwn rwhIN srdwr hrI isMG dI
iezq Aqy bhwdrI nUM v`fw mwx bKiSAw[ hor qW hor mhwrwjw
swihb ny Awpxy ijauNdy jIA kMvr nO inhwl nUM C`f ky hor iksy nUM ieh
mwx nhIN sI id`qw[ ies qoN pihlW ^wlsw rwj smyN bwbw bMdw isMG
bhwdr ny nwnk SwhI is`kw jwrI kIqw sI[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001 Aqy
2004 iv`c Sikh Coinage Symbol of Sikh Sovereignty sMbMDI
bVw ivsQwr nwl iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdy hn ik kSmIr iv`c ^wlsw
rwj smyN ibkrmI sMmq 1876 (sMn 1819) nUM srdwr hrI isMG

24

25

nlUAw gvrnr dy nW hyT pihlI vwr ieh is`kw jwrI hoxw ijs nUM
'hrI isMGIAw' ruipAw kihMdy sn bhuq hI mhq`qv pUrn Gtnw sI[
hrI isMG nlUAw dI inmrqw dyKo jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb v`loN
iehnW nUM Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI krn dw Purmwn imilAw qW au~qr
iv`c srdwr swihb ny bVw DMnvwd kIqw[ ieh vI iliKAw ik is`kw
qW sRI hzUr dy nwm qy hI soBdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw ny hrI isMG dI
ilAwkq, kurbwnI, ivSwl idlI Aqy inrmwxqw nUM jwx ky AiDkwr
id`qw ik qusIN Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI kro[ ieM\ srkwr dw hukm mMn
ky is`kw cwlU kIqw ijs dy ie`k pwsy 'sRI Akwl shwie' Aqy sMmq
1876 aukirAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy 'hir' qy ies dy hyT 'Xk
ruipAw' drj sI (qvwrIK ipSwvr, sPw 905; sr vwltr lwrYNs
dI vYlI Aw& kSmIr, sPw 234; mukMml qvwrIK kSmIr s&w 17)
aus smyN kSmIr iv`c v`K v`K iksm dy is`ky c`l rhy sn Aqy
ieh v`K v`K simAW qy srkwrW v`loN clwey hoey sn[ hrI isMG dy
rupey iv`c ds mwSy ^wls cWdI sI Aqy ies dI kImq A&gwnW v`loN
jwrI kIqy Aqy jbr Kwn v`loN kwbl dy iv`c c`l rhy rupey dy brwbr
sI[ mOlwnw muhMmd dIn ny ies dI kImq A`T Awny ilKI hY Aqy ieh
ruipAw kSmIr iv`c 1892 q`k bhuq QwvW qy mOjUd sI[ sr lYpl
igRPn ny, reIsn-pMjwb sPw 181 iv`c AMikq kIqw ik hrI isMGIAw
ruipAw jo kSmIr iv`c jwrI kIqw pMjwb iv`c vI 1890 q`k Awm
cldw sI[ cWdI dy is`ky qoN Cu`t qWby dw is`kw vI 'hrI isMGIAw' pYsw
khwauNdw sI[ vnIq nlUAw Anuswr keI is`ikAW qy gurmuKI iv`c
'hrI' dyvnwgrI iv`c 'hir jI' jW 'aum SRI' auk`irAw hoieAw sI[ Kry
qy Koty rupey dI pCwx leI vI ies iv`c ^ws inSwn sI[ gnySI lwl
ny 1846 iv`c qwrIK -ey-pMjwb-ey-kSmIr iv`c iliKAw hY ik ieh
is`ky clwaux nwl ^wlsw rwj dI Awmdn iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw hY[
so AYsy nwiek, sUrbIr, audwric`q, gOrvmeI Aqy mwx m`qy XoDy
dy guxW dw ieiqhwskwrW ny srvyKx, inrIKx Aqy prIKx kr ky ies
26

nUM bVI mhwnqw id`qI hY[ iksy ny ies nUM 'mUrq Aw& ^wlsw AOP dI
is`K AYmpwier' iks ny tYrr Pwr A&gwn, 'iksy ny cYNpIAn Aw& dI
^wlsw', 'vuAwies Aw& dI isKs', '^wlsw rwj dw QMmH' qy 'Kwlsw'
rwj' dw hIrw AwiKAw hY[ kwdrXwr ny hrI isMG srdwr dI isPq
ieM\ kIqI hY:
rxjIq isMG srdwr dy AwSkW nUM, if`Tw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW iv`c[
kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

gurU dw AinMn is`K

srdwr swihb dIAW rgW iv`c is`KI BrI peI sI[ auh ikhw
krdy sI ik is`KI dy shwry hI mYN jIvn jwc is`KI hY Aqy hr vkq
gurU myry AMg sMg rihMdw hY[ ieh srIrk bl, bu`D Aqy klw myry au~opr
gurU dI bKSS hY[ 'is`K' Sbd pr hrI isMG nUM ieqnw P^r sI ik
is`K gurU dI is`iKAw qy jykr c`ly qW izMdgI iv`c aus nUM iksy iksm
dw fr, BYA, icMqw sog, rog Awid nhIN ivAwp skdw Aqy nw hI
mwieAw dI Gwt Aw skdI hY[ pMQk Aqy Dwrimk pRym myry AMdr gurU
ny pYdw kIqw hoieAw hY[ ieh g`lW aunHW dIAW kihx mwqR nhIN sn sgoN
krnI pRDwn sn[
srdwr hrI isMG gurbwxI dw in`qnymI Aqy pRymI sI ijs kwrn
aus dw ihrdw hlymI BirAw sI[ hrI isMG jMg dy mYdwn AMdr vI
gurbwxI pVHdw sI Aqy Akwl purK dI kIrqI mu`K qoN aucwrn krdw
sI[ ieh g`l aunHW dy ie`k icqR qoN zwhr ho rhI hY (jo sMpUrn nhIN)
sunihrI p`qry qy aukirAw hoieAw hY Aqy aus aupr dyv nwgrI BwSw
iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ies icqR iv`c jo 1840
iv`c iksy ny bxwieAw iv`c hrI isMG dy ie`k h`Q 'c mwlw, dUjy h`Q
'c ikrpwn Aqy ip`T qy Fwl idKweI hoeI hY[
gurbwxI pRqI SrDw, Bwvnw Aqy pVHn smyN iekwgrqw sMbMDI vI
27

nlUAw gvrnr dy nW hyT pihlI vwr ieh is`kw jwrI hoxw ijs nUM
'hrI isMGIAw' ruipAw kihMdy sn bhuq hI mhq`qv pUrn Gtnw sI[
hrI isMG nlUAw dI inmrqw dyKo jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb v`loN
iehnW nUM Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI krn dw Purmwn imilAw qW au~qr
iv`c srdwr swihb ny bVw DMnvwd kIqw[ ieh vI iliKAw ik is`kw
qW sRI hzUr dy nwm qy hI soBdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw ny hrI isMG dI
ilAwkq, kurbwnI, ivSwl idlI Aqy inrmwxqw nUM jwx ky AiDkwr
id`qw ik qusIN Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI kro[ ieM\ srkwr dw hukm mMn
ky is`kw cwlU kIqw ijs dy ie`k pwsy 'sRI Akwl shwie' Aqy sMmq
1876 aukirAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy 'hir' qy ies dy hyT 'Xk
ruipAw' drj sI (qvwrIK ipSwvr, sPw 905; sr vwltr lwrYNs
dI vYlI Aw& kSmIr, sPw 234; mukMml qvwrIK kSmIr s&w 17)
aus smyN kSmIr iv`c v`K v`K iksm dy is`ky c`l rhy sn Aqy
ieh v`K v`K simAW qy srkwrW v`loN clwey hoey sn[ hrI isMG dy
rupey iv`c ds mwSy ^wls cWdI sI Aqy ies dI kImq A&gwnW v`loN
jwrI kIqy Aqy jbr Kwn v`loN kwbl dy iv`c c`l rhy rupey dy brwbr
sI[ mOlwnw muhMmd dIn ny ies dI kImq A`T Awny ilKI hY Aqy ieh
ruipAw kSmIr iv`c 1892 q`k bhuq QwvW qy mOjUd sI[ sr lYpl
igRPn ny, reIsn-pMjwb sPw 181 iv`c AMikq kIqw ik hrI isMGIAw
ruipAw jo kSmIr iv`c jwrI kIqw pMjwb iv`c vI 1890 q`k Awm
cldw sI[ cWdI dy is`ky qoN Cu`t qWby dw is`kw vI 'hrI isMGIAw' pYsw
khwauNdw sI[ vnIq nlUAw Anuswr keI is`ikAW qy gurmuKI iv`c
'hrI' dyvnwgrI iv`c 'hir jI' jW 'aum SRI' auk`irAw hoieAw sI[ Kry
qy Koty rupey dI pCwx leI vI ies iv`c ^ws inSwn sI[ gnySI lwl
ny 1846 iv`c qwrIK -ey-pMjwb-ey-kSmIr iv`c iliKAw hY ik ieh
is`ky clwaux nwl ^wlsw rwj dI Awmdn iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw hY[
so AYsy nwiek, sUrbIr, audwric`q, gOrvmeI Aqy mwx m`qy XoDy
dy guxW dw ieiqhwskwrW ny srvyKx, inrIKx Aqy prIKx kr ky ies
26

nUM bVI mhwnqw id`qI hY[ iksy ny ies nUM 'mUrq Aw& ^wlsw AOP dI
is`K AYmpwier' iks ny tYrr Pwr A&gwn, 'iksy ny cYNpIAn Aw& dI
^wlsw', 'vuAwies Aw& dI isKs', '^wlsw rwj dw QMmH' qy 'Kwlsw'
rwj' dw hIrw AwiKAw hY[ kwdrXwr ny hrI isMG srdwr dI isPq
ieM\ kIqI hY:
rxjIq isMG srdwr dy AwSkW nUM, if`Tw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW iv`c[
kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

gurU dw AinMn is`K

srdwr swihb dIAW rgW iv`c is`KI BrI peI sI[ auh ikhw
krdy sI ik is`KI dy shwry hI mYN jIvn jwc is`KI hY Aqy hr vkq
gurU myry AMg sMg rihMdw hY[ ieh srIrk bl, bu`D Aqy klw myry au~opr
gurU dI bKSS hY[ 'is`K' Sbd pr hrI isMG nUM ieqnw P^r sI ik
is`K gurU dI is`iKAw qy jykr c`ly qW izMdgI iv`c aus nUM iksy iksm
dw fr, BYA, icMqw sog, rog Awid nhIN ivAwp skdw Aqy nw hI
mwieAw dI Gwt Aw skdI hY[ pMQk Aqy Dwrimk pRym myry AMdr gurU
ny pYdw kIqw hoieAw hY[ ieh g`lW aunHW dIAW kihx mwqR nhIN sn sgoN
krnI pRDwn sn[
srdwr hrI isMG gurbwxI dw in`qnymI Aqy pRymI sI ijs kwrn
aus dw ihrdw hlymI BirAw sI[ hrI isMG jMg dy mYdwn AMdr vI
gurbwxI pVHdw sI Aqy Akwl purK dI kIrqI mu`K qoN aucwrn krdw
sI[ ieh g`l aunHW dy ie`k icqR qoN zwhr ho rhI hY (jo sMpUrn nhIN)
sunihrI p`qry qy aukirAw hoieAw hY Aqy aus aupr dyv nwgrI BwSw
iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ies icqR iv`c jo 1840
iv`c iksy ny bxwieAw iv`c hrI isMG dy ie`k h`Q 'c mwlw, dUjy h`Q
'c ikrpwn Aqy ip`T qy Fwl idKweI hoeI hY[
gurbwxI pRqI SrDw, Bwvnw Aqy pVHn smyN iekwgrqw sMbMDI vI
27

ie`k gwQw drswauNdI hY ik ie`k vwr Drmswlw iv`c Swm smyN jdoN
srdwr swihb rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI qW Acwnk qurkW
dI &Oj ny hmlw kr id`qw[ ies hmly nUM aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhr
isMG ny roikAw pr srdwr hrI isMG pwT dI sMpUrnqw kr ky Aqy
Ardws ip`CoN hI Drmswlw qoN bwhr Awey[
14 mwrc 1832 dI g`l hY ik sr AlYgzYNfr bwrns hrI
isMG nlUey nUM Atk ivKy imilAw[ auh Awpxy s&rnwmy (Barnes
Travels into Bukhara Voluma II, page 66) iv`c ilKdw hY ik hrI
isMG ny mYnUM bhuq ipAwr idKwieAw Aqy sohxI mihmwn invwzI
kIqI[ aunHW ie`k idn Atk dirAw qoN pwr jwxw sI qy mYnUM vI nwl
jwx leI ikhw[ AsIN GoiVAW qy svwr ho gey qy jdoN dirAw pws
phuMcy qW pwxI pUry vyg iv`c c`l irhw sI Aqy au~cIAW au~cIAW pwxI
dIAW C`lW idKweI dy rhIAW sn[ mYN ieh iBAwnk idRS dyK ky vwps
muVn dw ierwdw bxw ilAw[ bwrns dI ilKq hY:
We were shocked at the catastrophe and proposed to
return , but the chief (Hari Singh) would not listen to it. He
gave a laugh, and said, "What is the use of (Sikh) if he cannot
pass the Attock (Indus)"? The Principal branch, however, was
still in our front; and I only agreed to cross if the horse men
were left behind. "Leave my guard, "impossible but we did
leave it, and safely passed the ford..
Bwv ibpqw BirAw idRS dyK ky jdoN mYN ip`Cy muVn bwry ikhw qW
ieh sux ky swfw muKI hrI isMG h`s ipAw Aqy swfI g`l nhIN suxI[
aus ny AwiKAw, "auh is`K kwhdw jykr auh Atk dirAw pwr nhIN
kr skdw[ dirAw swfy swmHxy sI[ KYr mYN ies Srq qy dirAw pwr
krn leI sihmq ho igAw jykr hor GoV svwr BIV BVkw nhIN
krngy[ myrI g`l mMn ky mYnUM ip`Cy ibTw ky srdwr dirAw pwr kr
igAw[
28

bwrns ny ieh vI iliKAw ik dirAw dI pihlI C`l qW AsIN

su`KIN sWdI pwr kr gey[ pr AglI C`l pwr krn smyN ie`k duKdweI
Gtnw vwpr geI[ kuJ hor muswPr jo aus ielwky dy sn swnUM dyK ky
dirAw iv`c GoiVAW qy Aw vVy[ swfy dyKdy dyKdy aunHW s`q bMidAW 'coN
pMj bMdy pwxI dI qyz C`l iv`c ruVH gey[ bwkI dy do bVI muSkl nwl
bcy[ bwrns ieh vI ilKdw hY ik ieh idRS dyK ky mYN BYBIq ho igAw
Aqy myry srIr nUM kMbxI iCV geI[ A`gy AsIN hor v`fw ih`sw Ajy pwr
krnw sI[ mYN srdwr nUM ikhw ik cMgI g`l hY AwpW ip`Cy muV c`lIey[
A`goN hrI isMG boilAw, "is`K kdy ip`Cy nhIN muVdw hmySw Awpxy
inSwny v`l A`gy nUM v`Ddw hY[ ieh qW srdwr hrI isMG dI ie`k vMngI
mwqR jIvn dI Gtnw hY pr pqw nI ies qoN vI Kqrnwk GtnwvW ik`Qy
ik`Qy vwprIAW hoxgIAW[ ieh Gtnw srdwr dI dlyrI, idRVqw Aqy
idlI qwkq nUM pRgt krdI hY[ Bwv auh krnI Aqy idl dw pUrw sUrw
sI[
srdwr nUM AnykW s&lqwvW kwrn mhwrwjw swihb v`loN bhuq
jwgIrW, pdwrQW Aqy Dn mwl pRwpq hoieAw sI[ pr is`K hox dy nwqy
auh ies Kzwny nUM 'gurU nwnk dw Kzwnw' hI kihMdy sI[ pRym isMG jI
hoqI mrdwn vwilAW dI ilKq Anuswr hrI isMG ies Kzwny bwry
iehI kihMdw sI, "ieh Kzwnw gurU nwnk dyv jI dw hY Aqy kuMjI hrI
isMG dy h`Q hY[ myrw qW ies iv`c kuJ BI nhIN"[ so hrI isMG ny qn,
mn qy Dn gurU nUM Arpn kIqw hoieAw sI[ sMswrI mirXwdw inBwaux
leI aus ny Syir-ey-pMjwb dy hr hukm qy Pu`l cVHwey Aqy inrMkwrI hox
dy nwqy ie`k inrMkwr dI mnOq kIqI[ iehI Asl is`K dIAW inSwnIAW
hn[ kOfIAW nUM hIirAW iv`c Aqy TIkrIAW nUM ngIinAW iv`c bdl dyx
vwlw sUrmw kdy kdWeI sMswrI mMc qy pYdw huMdw hY[ aus dI kIqI Gwl
kmweI ieqnI Ak`Q huMdI hY ijhVI kQn krnI kTn hI nhIN, blik
nw-muSikl huMdI hY[ Aijhy sUrmy bwry DnI rwm cwiqRk ilKdy hn:
z`rw z`rw qyrw nUro nUr hY, nwm qyrw j`g qy mShUr hY[
29

ie`k gwQw drswauNdI hY ik ie`k vwr Drmswlw iv`c Swm smyN jdoN
srdwr swihb rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI qW Acwnk qurkW
dI &Oj ny hmlw kr id`qw[ ies hmly nUM aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhr
isMG ny roikAw pr srdwr hrI isMG pwT dI sMpUrnqw kr ky Aqy
Ardws ip`CoN hI Drmswlw qoN bwhr Awey[
14 mwrc 1832 dI g`l hY ik sr AlYgzYNfr bwrns hrI
isMG nlUey nUM Atk ivKy imilAw[ auh Awpxy s&rnwmy (Barnes
Travels into Bukhara Voluma II, page 66) iv`c ilKdw hY ik hrI
isMG ny mYnUM bhuq ipAwr idKwieAw Aqy sohxI mihmwn invwzI
kIqI[ aunHW ie`k idn Atk dirAw qoN pwr jwxw sI qy mYnUM vI nwl
jwx leI ikhw[ AsIN GoiVAW qy svwr ho gey qy jdoN dirAw pws
phuMcy qW pwxI pUry vyg iv`c c`l irhw sI Aqy au~cIAW au~cIAW pwxI
dIAW C`lW idKweI dy rhIAW sn[ mYN ieh iBAwnk idRS dyK ky vwps
muVn dw ierwdw bxw ilAw[ bwrns dI ilKq hY:
We were shocked at the catastrophe and proposed to
return , but the chief (Hari Singh) would not listen to it. He
gave a laugh, and said, "What is the use of (Sikh) if he cannot
pass the Attock (Indus)"? The Principal branch, however, was
still in our front; and I only agreed to cross if the horse men
were left behind. "Leave my guard, "impossible but we did
leave it, and safely passed the ford..
Bwv ibpqw BirAw idRS dyK ky jdoN mYN ip`Cy muVn bwry ikhw qW
ieh sux ky swfw muKI hrI isMG h`s ipAw Aqy swfI g`l nhIN suxI[
aus ny AwiKAw, "auh is`K kwhdw jykr auh Atk dirAw pwr nhIN
kr skdw[ dirAw swfy swmHxy sI[ KYr mYN ies Srq qy dirAw pwr
krn leI sihmq ho igAw jykr hor GoV svwr BIV BVkw nhIN
krngy[ myrI g`l mMn ky mYnUM ip`Cy ibTw ky srdwr dirAw pwr kr
igAw[
28

bwrns ny ieh vI iliKAw ik dirAw dI pihlI C`l qW AsIN

su`KIN sWdI pwr kr gey[ pr AglI C`l pwr krn smyN ie`k duKdweI
Gtnw vwpr geI[ kuJ hor muswPr jo aus ielwky dy sn swnUM dyK ky
dirAw iv`c GoiVAW qy Aw vVy[ swfy dyKdy dyKdy aunHW s`q bMidAW 'coN
pMj bMdy pwxI dI qyz C`l iv`c ruVH gey[ bwkI dy do bVI muSkl nwl
bcy[ bwrns ieh vI ilKdw hY ik ieh idRS dyK ky mYN BYBIq ho igAw
Aqy myry srIr nUM kMbxI iCV geI[ A`gy AsIN hor v`fw ih`sw Ajy pwr
krnw sI[ mYN srdwr nUM ikhw ik cMgI g`l hY AwpW ip`Cy muV c`lIey[
A`goN hrI isMG boilAw, "is`K kdy ip`Cy nhIN muVdw hmySw Awpxy
inSwny v`l A`gy nUM v`Ddw hY[ ieh qW srdwr hrI isMG dI ie`k vMngI
mwqR jIvn dI Gtnw hY pr pqw nI ies qoN vI Kqrnwk GtnwvW ik`Qy
ik`Qy vwprIAW hoxgIAW[ ieh Gtnw srdwr dI dlyrI, idRVqw Aqy
idlI qwkq nUM pRgt krdI hY[ Bwv auh krnI Aqy idl dw pUrw sUrw
sI[
srdwr nUM AnykW s&lqwvW kwrn mhwrwjw swihb v`loN bhuq
jwgIrW, pdwrQW Aqy Dn mwl pRwpq hoieAw sI[ pr is`K hox dy nwqy
auh ies Kzwny nUM 'gurU nwnk dw Kzwnw' hI kihMdy sI[ pRym isMG jI
hoqI mrdwn vwilAW dI ilKq Anuswr hrI isMG ies Kzwny bwry
iehI kihMdw sI, "ieh Kzwnw gurU nwnk dyv jI dw hY Aqy kuMjI hrI
isMG dy h`Q hY[ myrw qW ies iv`c kuJ BI nhIN"[ so hrI isMG ny qn,
mn qy Dn gurU nUM Arpn kIqw hoieAw sI[ sMswrI mirXwdw inBwaux
leI aus ny Syir-ey-pMjwb dy hr hukm qy Pu`l cVHwey Aqy inrMkwrI hox
dy nwqy ie`k inrMkwr dI mnOq kIqI[ iehI Asl is`K dIAW inSwnIAW
hn[ kOfIAW nUM hIirAW iv`c Aqy TIkrIAW nUM ngIinAW iv`c bdl dyx
vwlw sUrmw kdy kdWeI sMswrI mMc qy pYdw huMdw hY[ aus dI kIqI Gwl
kmweI ieqnI Ak`Q huMdI hY ijhVI kQn krnI kTn hI nhIN, blik
nw-muSikl huMdI hY[ Aijhy sUrmy bwry DnI rwm cwiqRk ilKdy hn:
z`rw z`rw qyrw nUro nUr hY, nwm qyrw j`g qy mShUr hY[
29

2
mulqwn dI jMg
mulqwn pwiksqwn dy pMjwb dw bhuq purwxw Sihr hY[ ieh
Jnwb dirAw dy d`KxI kMFy qy siQ`q hY Aqy lhOr qoN 221 mIl dUr
hY[ pihly pihl ies dw nW mulw sQwn sI jo ik ipCoN mulqwnpur vjoN
jwixAw jwx l`gw[ ie`Qy ie`k purwqn mMdr sI ijs iv`c ihMdU Brw
sUrj dyvqy dI pUjw krdy sn[ bwrns ilKdw hY ik mulqwn dIAW cwr
cIzW DUV, grmI, mMgqy Aqy kbrsqwn bhuq mShUr hn[ grmI ru`q
iv`c qwpmwn 54 ifgrI sYNtIgRyf q`k phuMc jWdw hY[ muglW dy rwj
smyN bMgwl qoN kwbl q`k dy vpwrk rsqy iv`c mulqwn Sihr sB qoN
mu`K sI[ ieh Sihr rySmI kpVy leI vI pRis`D sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq
isMG drbwrIAW jW ivdySIAW leI rySm dy suMdr qy kImqI isrpwau
mulqwn qoN mMgwauNdw sI[
mulqwn dy rwijAW, vzIrW bwry qW kihxw hI sI kI ie`QoN dy qW
pIr, PkIr vI bVy hMkwrI, ivkwrI qy mkwrI sn[ ieh Sihr sUPI
sMqW dw gVH sI Aqy ieh krwmwqW idKw ky prjw nUM Brmw ky lu`t rhy
sn[ iehnW nUM is`Dy rsqy qy pwaux leI jdoN sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI
mulqwn phuMcy qW iehnW gurU jI nUM bVy nwtkI FMg nwl ie`QoN jldI
cly jwx leI AwiKAw[ BweI gurdws jI AwpxI vwr iv`c ies bwry
ilKdy hn :
myilE bwbw auiTAw mlqwny dI jwriq jweI[
AgoN pIr mulqwn dy duD ktorw Br ly AweI[
bwby kF kr bgl qy cMbylI duiD ivic imlweI[
ijau swgr ivic gMg smweI[ (vwr 1, pwauVI 44)

Bwv iSvrwq dy myly iv`coN is`DW nwl g`lbwq krn ip`CoN gurU jI
mulqwn phuMcy[ PkIr jwx ky mulqwn dy pIrW ny gurU jI A`gy du`D dw
30

lbw lb BirAw ktorw ilAw r`iKAw ijs dw Bwv sI ik nwnk ie`Qy

qW A`gy hI pIr bhuq hn Aqy qyry leI ie`Qy koeI jgHw nhIN[ gurU jI
ny vI ieSwry nwl smJwaux leI duD
` dy Bry ktory qy cMbl
y I dw Pul
` itkw
id`qw Aqy smJwieAw ik pIro ijs qrHW du`D Bry ktory qy ies Pu`l
r`Kx nwl du`D nhIN fu`ilAw ies qrHW swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfw
kwrobwr nhIN rukygw[ AsIN qW ie`k s`cy A`lw dw nwm prjw nUM jpwaux
Awey hW[ ijvyN gMgw dw pwxI smuMdr iv`c pYx nwl smuMdr dw kuJ nhIN
ivgVdw swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfw vI kuJ nhIN ivgVygw[
sMn 1799 iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM rwj Bwg dI pRwpqI
hoeI[ rwj Bwg dI pRwpqI auprMq mhwrwjw ny mulqwn dy nvwb muz`Pr
^wn nwl sMDI Aihdnwmw iliKAw ik qusIN Syir-ey-pMjwb dI srkwr
dy v&wdwr rhoNgy, srkwr dy iksy vI ivroDI nwl nw sMbMD rKoNgy nw
aus nUM pnwh dyvoNgy Aqy bwzguzwrI sxy swlwnw nzrwnw srkwrI
^zwny iv`c smyN isr ByjoNgy[ pr Koty idl Aqy hMkwrI durwcwrI muz`&r
Kwn ny ies Aihmdnwmy dIAW swrIAW SrqW A`Ko proKy krky srkwr
dy ivroDI Aihmd Kwn isAwl rweIs JMg nUM Awpxy kol pnwh id`qI
Aqy lMby smyN qoN bwzguzwrI nzrwnw vI nw ByijAw[ mhwrwjy nUM ieh
pqw l`gx qy ik ies ny ksUr dy kuqbdIn nUM h`lw-SyrI dy ky srkwr
ivru`D bgwvq krn leI aukswieAw hY[ mulqwn dy nvwb dy srkwr
ivroDI pYNqVy q`k ky jnvrI 1810 nUM srkwr ny srdwrW dI sBw
bulweI Aqy mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dw &Yslw ilAw[ auprMq Syir-eypMjwb dI kmwn hyT isMGW dI &Oj qopKwny smyq 24 PrvrI nUM mulqwn
kol pu`j geI[ ie`Qy phuMc ky mhwrwjy ny srdwr &qih isMG nUM nvwb
kol eylcI dy qOr qy ByijAw ik auh jW qW nzrwnw srkwr nUM dy dvy
nhIN qW jMg leI iqAwr rhy[ pr ies ny eylcI nUM koeI p`lw nw
PVwieAw[ sgoN iklHy iv`c swl Br dw rwSn vgYrw jmHw kr ky ^wlsw
&Oj nwl m`Qw lwauxw cwihAw[

31

2
mulqwn dI jMg
mulqwn pwiksqwn dy pMjwb dw bhuq purwxw Sihr hY[ ieh
Jnwb dirAw dy d`KxI kMFy qy siQ`q hY Aqy lhOr qoN 221 mIl dUr
hY[ pihly pihl ies dw nW mulw sQwn sI jo ik ipCoN mulqwnpur vjoN
jwixAw jwx l`gw[ ie`Qy ie`k purwqn mMdr sI ijs iv`c ihMdU Brw
sUrj dyvqy dI pUjw krdy sn[ bwrns ilKdw hY ik mulqwn dIAW cwr
cIzW DUV, grmI, mMgqy Aqy kbrsqwn bhuq mShUr hn[ grmI ru`q
iv`c qwpmwn 54 ifgrI sYNtIgRyf q`k phuMc jWdw hY[ muglW dy rwj
smyN bMgwl qoN kwbl q`k dy vpwrk rsqy iv`c mulqwn Sihr sB qoN
mu`K sI[ ieh Sihr rySmI kpVy leI vI pRis`D sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq
isMG drbwrIAW jW ivdySIAW leI rySm dy suMdr qy kImqI isrpwau
mulqwn qoN mMgwauNdw sI[
mulqwn dy rwijAW, vzIrW bwry qW kihxw hI sI kI ie`QoN dy qW
pIr, PkIr vI bVy hMkwrI, ivkwrI qy mkwrI sn[ ieh Sihr sUPI
sMqW dw gVH sI Aqy ieh krwmwqW idKw ky prjw nUM Brmw ky lu`t rhy
sn[ iehnW nUM is`Dy rsqy qy pwaux leI jdoN sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI
mulqwn phuMcy qW iehnW gurU jI nUM bVy nwtkI FMg nwl ie`QoN jldI
cly jwx leI AwiKAw[ BweI gurdws jI AwpxI vwr iv`c ies bwry
ilKdy hn :
myilE bwbw auiTAw mlqwny dI jwriq jweI[
AgoN pIr mulqwn dy duD ktorw Br ly AweI[
bwby kF kr bgl qy cMbylI duiD ivic imlweI[
ijau swgr ivic gMg smweI[ (vwr 1, pwauVI 44)

Bwv iSvrwq dy myly iv`coN is`DW nwl g`lbwq krn ip`CoN gurU jI
mulqwn phuMcy[ PkIr jwx ky mulqwn dy pIrW ny gurU jI A`gy du`D dw
30

lbw lb BirAw ktorw ilAw r`iKAw ijs dw Bwv sI ik nwnk ie`Qy

qW A`gy hI pIr bhuq hn Aqy qyry leI ie`Qy koeI jgHw nhIN[ gurU jI
ny vI ieSwry nwl smJwaux leI duD
` dy Bry ktory qy cMbl
y I dw Pul
` itkw
id`qw Aqy smJwieAw ik pIro ijs qrHW du`D Bry ktory qy ies Pu`l
r`Kx nwl du`D nhIN fu`ilAw ies qrHW swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfw
kwrobwr nhIN rukygw[ AsIN qW ie`k s`cy A`lw dw nwm prjw nUM jpwaux
Awey hW[ ijvyN gMgw dw pwxI smuMdr iv`c pYx nwl smuMdr dw kuJ nhIN
ivgVdw swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfw vI kuJ nhIN ivgVygw[
sMn 1799 iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM rwj Bwg dI pRwpqI
hoeI[ rwj Bwg dI pRwpqI auprMq mhwrwjw ny mulqwn dy nvwb muz`Pr
^wn nwl sMDI Aihdnwmw iliKAw ik qusIN Syir-ey-pMjwb dI srkwr
dy v&wdwr rhoNgy, srkwr dy iksy vI ivroDI nwl nw sMbMD rKoNgy nw
aus nUM pnwh dyvoNgy Aqy bwzguzwrI sxy swlwnw nzrwnw srkwrI
^zwny iv`c smyN isr ByjoNgy[ pr Koty idl Aqy hMkwrI durwcwrI muz`&r
Kwn ny ies Aihmdnwmy dIAW swrIAW SrqW A`Ko proKy krky srkwr
dy ivroDI Aihmd Kwn isAwl rweIs JMg nUM Awpxy kol pnwh id`qI
Aqy lMby smyN qoN bwzguzwrI nzrwnw vI nw ByijAw[ mhwrwjy nUM ieh
pqw l`gx qy ik ies ny ksUr dy kuqbdIn nUM h`lw-SyrI dy ky srkwr
ivru`D bgwvq krn leI aukswieAw hY[ mulqwn dy nvwb dy srkwr
ivroDI pYNqVy q`k ky jnvrI 1810 nUM srkwr ny srdwrW dI sBw
bulweI Aqy mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dw &Yslw ilAw[ auprMq Syir-eypMjwb dI kmwn hyT isMGW dI &Oj qopKwny smyq 24 PrvrI nUM mulqwn
kol pu`j geI[ ie`Qy phuMc ky mhwrwjy ny srdwr &qih isMG nUM nvwb
kol eylcI dy qOr qy ByijAw ik auh jW qW nzrwnw srkwr nUM dy dvy
nhIN qW jMg leI iqAwr rhy[ pr ies ny eylcI nUM koeI p`lw nw
PVwieAw[ sgoN iklHy iv`c swl Br dw rwSn vgYrw jmHw kr ky ^wlsw
&Oj nwl m`Qw lwauxw cwihAw[

31

nvwb dy BYVy Aqy ivroDI kwrnwmy dyK ky ^wlsw &Oj ny mulqwn

Sihr Gyr ky kbzy iv`c kr ilAw[ muzPr Kwn ny mulqwn dy iklHy iv`c
vV ky qopW dy goilAW dy mUMh ^wlsw &OjW v`l KolH id`qy[ keI idn jMg
c`lI qy isMGW dw kwPI nukswn hoieAw[ mulqwn dw ieh iklHw sMn
1640 iv`c bwdSwh Swh jhwn dy pu`qr Sihzwdw murwd bKS ny
bxwieAw sI[ ieiqhws AMdr ieh iklHw ihMd dy mShUr p`ikAW qy
mu`K ikilHAW iv`c igixAw jWdw sI[ isMGW ny iklHy qy zordwr hmly
kIqy pr pikAweI kr ky Aqy drvwizAW qy cMgy mwrky dIAW qopW
bIVIAW hox krky AMdr nw vV sky[ lVweI lMbI Aqy vDyry nukswn
huMdw dyK mhwrwjy ny Awpxy bhwdrW A`gy pukwr kIqI, "isMGo! hux
kurbwnI dw smW Aw igAw hY[ mYN nI cwhuMdw myry XoDy ies qrHW mOq dy
mUMh iv`c peI jwx[ hux ijqnw icr brUd dIAW surMgW iklHy dIAW kMDW
iv`c nhIN ivCONdy Aqy kMDW nhIN qoVdy AMdr jwxw A`q muSkl hY[
im`qro kOx kOx jwn dyx nUM iqAwr hY? mYN Kud quhwfy nwl ies kMm iv`c
ih`sw lvWgw, mrn dI prvwh nhIN"[ ieh suxn dI dyr sI ik sB
qoN pihlW hrI isMG nlUAw dOV ky mhwrwjy dy A`gy Aw Kloqw Aqy Adb
nwl AwiKAw, "hzUr! mYN ieh &rz pUrw krWgw pr quhwnUM ies kMm
nhIN jwx dyxw[ quhwfI kOm nUM v`fI loV hY"[ ies dy nwl hI srdwr
inhwl isMG AtwrI vwlw Aqy srdwr Aqr isMG vrgy Syir-ey-idl
sUrmy mhwrwjw swmHxy kurbwnI leI Aw Kloqy[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn
ny iehnW sUrimAW dI igxqI 75 ilKI hY[

im`tI G`tw cVH igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG, inhwl isMG Aqy Aqr isMG
ikauNik ieh kMD dy nzdIk sn iehnW qy kMD dw mlbw Aw ifigAw
Aqy P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg pey[ kMD iv`c pwV ipAw dyK ky nvwb
dy &OjIAW ny iehnW v`l A`g nwl bldIAW hWfIAW su`tIAW[ jdoN rswly
dy isMGW ny ieh srdwr if`gy pey dyKy Aqy iehnW kol A`g dIAW lwtW
dyKIAW qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW iehnW nUM bwhr k`Fx dI ihMmq
kIqI[ ies smyN q`k hrI isMG Aqy nwl dy isMG burI qrHW P`tV ho cu`ky
sn[ A`g l`gx kwrx srIr vI Juls gey[ kYNp q`k phuMcidAW mhwn
sUrmw srdwr Aqr isMG DwrI pRwx iqAwg cu`ky sn[ hrI isMG smyq
bhuq sUrmy bysurq sn[ dUjy pwsy ^wlsw &OjW golIAW cldIAW iv`c
kMD dy pwV rwhIN iklHy iv`c jw cVHIAW[ isMGW dIAW qlvwrW hnyrI
vWgUM SUkdIAW Aqy gwty lhuMdIAW dyK qurk Qr Qr kMbx l`g gey[
AwKIr hiQAwr su`t ky hwr kbUl kr leI[ nvwb muz`&r Kwn nUM
isMGW ny pkV ilAw[
auDr Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMG Aqy inhwl
isMG AtwrI vwly dI hwlq bhuq hI gMBIr hY mhwrwjw swihb ny
AzIz-aud-dIn Aqy vYdW nUM iehnW dy P`tW qy mrHm p`tI krn leI
hukm id`qw[ vYdW ny srdwr dI nwjuk hwlq dyK ky jdoN bcx dI nw
aumId mhwrwjy nUM d`sI qW auh ieqnw mwXUs hoieAw ik A`goN bolx dI
ihMmq vI nw rhI[ pr :
ijs dw sws n kwFq Awp] iqs ko dy kr rwKY hwiQ]

ieh AxKI sUry brUd vgYrw lY ky 'vwihgurU jI kw ^wlsw,

vwihgurU jI kI &qih'] dy jYkwry gjwauNdy ibjlI dI kVk vWg iklHy
dI dIvwr kol phuMcy[ ieh dyK ky nvwb dIAW &OjW ny iehnW qy golIAW
vrswauxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[ pr ieh XoDy golIAW dI buCwV iv`c
surMgW ivCwauNdy rhy Aqy keI mOq dy mUMh 'c cly gey[ AKIr Awpxw
kMm pUrw krky jd brUd dy plIiqAW nUM A`g lgweI qW iklHy dI kMD
iv`c brUd Ptx kwrn pwV ipAw idKweI id`qw Awly duAwly DUMAW qy

kuJ idnW ip`CoN ijauN hI ieh isrVI, isdkI Aqy SkqISwlI

sUrmy TIk hoxy SurU ho gey mhwrwjy qy Cwey gmW dy b`dl vI au~f gey[
aus prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iPr pUrI ishqXwbI Aqy Awrwm
leI iehnW nUM lwhOr dy v`fy s&wKwny iv`c phuMcwaux leI qwkId
kIqI[ ies auprMq mhwrwjy ny mUMh nvwb mu~z&r ^wn v`l kIqw[ ijs
nUM isMGW ny pkV ky kYdI bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ ijs smyN ies nUM

32

33

nvwb dy BYVy Aqy ivroDI kwrnwmy dyK ky ^wlsw &Oj ny mulqwn

Sihr Gyr ky kbzy iv`c kr ilAw[ muzPr Kwn ny mulqwn dy iklHy iv`c
vV ky qopW dy goilAW dy mUMh ^wlsw &OjW v`l KolH id`qy[ keI idn jMg
c`lI qy isMGW dw kwPI nukswn hoieAw[ mulqwn dw ieh iklHw sMn
1640 iv`c bwdSwh Swh jhwn dy pu`qr Sihzwdw murwd bKS ny
bxwieAw sI[ ieiqhws AMdr ieh iklHw ihMd dy mShUr p`ikAW qy
mu`K ikilHAW iv`c igixAw jWdw sI[ isMGW ny iklHy qy zordwr hmly
kIqy pr pikAweI kr ky Aqy drvwizAW qy cMgy mwrky dIAW qopW
bIVIAW hox krky AMdr nw vV sky[ lVweI lMbI Aqy vDyry nukswn
huMdw dyK mhwrwjy ny Awpxy bhwdrW A`gy pukwr kIqI, "isMGo! hux
kurbwnI dw smW Aw igAw hY[ mYN nI cwhuMdw myry XoDy ies qrHW mOq dy
mUMh iv`c peI jwx[ hux ijqnw icr brUd dIAW surMgW iklHy dIAW kMDW
iv`c nhIN ivCONdy Aqy kMDW nhIN qoVdy AMdr jwxw A`q muSkl hY[
im`qro kOx kOx jwn dyx nUM iqAwr hY? mYN Kud quhwfy nwl ies kMm iv`c
ih`sw lvWgw, mrn dI prvwh nhIN"[ ieh suxn dI dyr sI ik sB
qoN pihlW hrI isMG nlUAw dOV ky mhwrwjy dy A`gy Aw Kloqw Aqy Adb
nwl AwiKAw, "hzUr! mYN ieh &rz pUrw krWgw pr quhwnUM ies kMm
nhIN jwx dyxw[ quhwfI kOm nUM v`fI loV hY"[ ies dy nwl hI srdwr
inhwl isMG AtwrI vwlw Aqy srdwr Aqr isMG vrgy Syir-ey-idl
sUrmy mhwrwjw swmHxy kurbwnI leI Aw Kloqy[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn
ny iehnW sUrimAW dI igxqI 75 ilKI hY[

im`tI G`tw cVH igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG, inhwl isMG Aqy Aqr isMG
ikauNik ieh kMD dy nzdIk sn iehnW qy kMD dw mlbw Aw ifigAw
Aqy P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg pey[ kMD iv`c pwV ipAw dyK ky nvwb
dy &OjIAW ny iehnW v`l A`g nwl bldIAW hWfIAW su`tIAW[ jdoN rswly
dy isMGW ny ieh srdwr if`gy pey dyKy Aqy iehnW kol A`g dIAW lwtW
dyKIAW qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW iehnW nUM bwhr k`Fx dI ihMmq
kIqI[ ies smyN q`k hrI isMG Aqy nwl dy isMG burI qrHW P`tV ho cu`ky
sn[ A`g l`gx kwrx srIr vI Juls gey[ kYNp q`k phuMcidAW mhwn
sUrmw srdwr Aqr isMG DwrI pRwx iqAwg cu`ky sn[ hrI isMG smyq
bhuq sUrmy bysurq sn[ dUjy pwsy ^wlsw &OjW golIAW cldIAW iv`c
kMD dy pwV rwhIN iklHy iv`c jw cVHIAW[ isMGW dIAW qlvwrW hnyrI
vWgUM SUkdIAW Aqy gwty lhuMdIAW dyK qurk Qr Qr kMbx l`g gey[
AwKIr hiQAwr su`t ky hwr kbUl kr leI[ nvwb muz`&r Kwn nUM
isMGW ny pkV ilAw[
auDr Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMG Aqy inhwl
isMG AtwrI vwly dI hwlq bhuq hI gMBIr hY mhwrwjw swihb ny
AzIz-aud-dIn Aqy vYdW nUM iehnW dy P`tW qy mrHm p`tI krn leI
hukm id`qw[ vYdW ny srdwr dI nwjuk hwlq dyK ky jdoN bcx dI nw
aumId mhwrwjy nUM d`sI qW auh ieqnw mwXUs hoieAw ik A`goN bolx dI
ihMmq vI nw rhI[ pr :
ijs dw sws n kwFq Awp] iqs ko dy kr rwKY hwiQ]

ieh AxKI sUry brUd vgYrw lY ky 'vwihgurU jI kw ^wlsw,

vwihgurU jI kI &qih'] dy jYkwry gjwauNdy ibjlI dI kVk vWg iklHy
dI dIvwr kol phuMcy[ ieh dyK ky nvwb dIAW &OjW ny iehnW qy golIAW
vrswauxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[ pr ieh XoDy golIAW dI buCwV iv`c
surMgW ivCwauNdy rhy Aqy keI mOq dy mUMh 'c cly gey[ AKIr Awpxw
kMm pUrw krky jd brUd dy plIiqAW nUM A`g lgweI qW iklHy dI kMD
iv`c brUd Ptx kwrn pwV ipAw idKweI id`qw Awly duAwly DUMAW qy

kuJ idnW ip`CoN ijauN hI ieh isrVI, isdkI Aqy SkqISwlI

sUrmy TIk hoxy SurU ho gey mhwrwjy qy Cwey gmW dy b`dl vI au~f gey[
aus prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iPr pUrI ishqXwbI Aqy Awrwm
leI iehnW nUM lwhOr dy v`fy s&wKwny iv`c phuMcwaux leI qwkId
kIqI[ ies auprMq mhwrwjy ny mUMh nvwb mu~z&r ^wn v`l kIqw[ ijs
nUM isMGW ny pkV ky kYdI bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ ijs smyN ies nUM

32

33

srkwr A`gy pyS kIqw ies dy h`Q joVy hoey sn Aqy srIr kMb irhw
sI[ rodyN kurlwauNdy ny AwpxI ic`tI dwVHI PV ky AwiKAw, "SihnSwh!
mYQoN v`fI Bu`l hoeI hY[ mYN quhwfy nwl kIqy vwAdy A`KoN-proKy kr id`qy,
mYN v`fw DRoh kmwieAw hY Awp nwl m`Qw lw ky[ ikrpw kro myrI jwn
bKS idau[ mYN bwjguzwrI, nzrwnw qy qwvwn jMg sB kuJ dy idAWgw
Aqy A`goN qoN AijhI glqI nhIN krWgw"[ mhwrwjy ny ies dIAW
lylVIAW sux ky Awpxy nrm suBwA Anuswr kyvl muAw& hI nhIN kIqw
sgoN nvwbI bKS ky mulqwn dw cMgI qrHW rwj-pRbMD krn leI
AwiKAw[
mhwrwjy ny mulqwn dI ij`q dI KuSI iv`c BwrI drbwr AwXojq
kIqw[ ies iv`c isr DV dI bwzI lwaux vwly ShId Aqy P`tV is`KW
dI mihmW gwien kIqI, aunHW dy prvwrW nUM pYnSnW qy jwgIrW
bKSIAW[ srdwr hrI isMG dI idKweI mhwn dlyrI bdly ivSyS
DMnvwd kIqw igAw, 20 hzwr rupey slwnw jwgIr id`qI[ KuSI iv`c
Aw ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny sony dIAW mohrW hrI isMG dy isr qoN dI
vwrIAW[ sIqw rwm ny ies smyN dw nzwrw kwiv rUp iv`c ieM\ iliKAw
hY:
qb mhwrwj QwpI dyn hrI isMG qweIN,
inmk hlwlI AYsw sUrmw nw kweI hY[
vwr ky k`Fy mohrW su`t idMdy sIs au~qoN,
ihrdy ky bIc KuSI jweI nw smweI hY[

im`Ty itvwxy aup`r &qih

ieiqhwsk gwQw muqwbk 1690 iv`c mIr Aihmd Kwn ny ies
jgHw qy ie`k KUh KudvwieAw sI ijs dw pwxI kudrqI im`Tw pwieAw
igAw jd ik Awly duAwly dy ielwky dw pwxI Kwrw sI[ itvwxy goq dy
pirvwr ieQy rihx krky ies jgHw dw nW im`Tw itvwxw pY igAw[
34

^wlsw rwj dy smyN itvwixAW dy AwgU Aihmd Xwr Kwn qy aus dy

bMidAW ny AYsI bdmwSI, by-slUkI Aqy byiezqI ieQoN dI prjw Aqy
DIAW BYxW dI krnI SurU kr id`qI[ ijs dIAW KbrW Syir-ey-pMjwb
nUM idn-bidn phuMcidAW sn[ ies cu`kI A`q nUM ^qm krn leI
srkwr ny hrI isMG nUM hukm id`qw[ nlUey ny 7 PrvrI 1812 nUM im`Ty
itvwxy v`l &Oj smyq kUc kIqw[ A`gy m`Cry hoey itvwxy Aihmd Xwr
^wn dI AgvweI hyT ^wlsw &Oj nwl do h`Q krn leI ft gey[ hrI
isMG ny iehnW nUM lVweI nw krn leI AwiKAw pr ieh nw tly[srdwr
dI Amn Amwn krn dI ApIl qy dlIl r`d krky iehnw Ssqr c`k
ley[ ie`k idn Gmswx dI jMg hoeI v`fw nukswn krwky iehnw eIn
mMn ky im`Ty itvwxy dI gVHI KwlHI kr id`qI[ Swm nUM ^wlseI JMfy gVHI
qy JUl gey[

au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI

au~c dy pIr ieslwm AMdr Kudw dI BgqI krn vwly DrmI purS
igxy jWdy sn[ BweI vIr isMG jI Anuswr iehnW dw v`fkw gurU nwnk
dyv jI nUM m`ky iv`c imilAw sI qy gurU dy hukm sdkw kyswDwrI sn[
ieh Awm krky kwly jW nIly kpVy pihndy sn[ au~c dy pIr nUM ivSyS
krky cwr bMdy plMG qy ibTw ky iljWdy sn Aqy ie`k bMdw ip`Cy ip`Cy
cldw hoieAw cOr krdw jWdw sI[ gurU klgIDr vI mwCIvwVy qoN au~c
dy pIr bx ky inkly sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG iehnW dw bhuq
siqkwr krdw sI ikauNik gurU Gr dy ieh prm pRymI sn[ pr iehnW
iv`coN hI gYlwnI s`Xd muglIAw nUM srkwr v`loN jwgIrW imlx kwrn
ieh AKOqI au~c dy pIr gYr muslmwnW nwl kyvl iGRxw hI nhIN sn
krdy sgoN auhnW qy vDIkIAW, lu`tmwr qy BwrI AiqAwcwr krn l`gy[
ieiqhwsk pVcol Anuswr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik ieh
ihMdU nUM dyK ky Awpxy mUMh qy kpVw pw lYNdy sn jW lMGy jWdy ihMdU qy Qu`k
idMdy sn[ jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM iehnw dy kukrmW bwry pqw l`igAw
qW auhnW nUM AprwD krn qoN bwr bwr vrijAw pr ieh nw hty[
35

srkwr A`gy pyS kIqw ies dy h`Q joVy hoey sn Aqy srIr kMb irhw
sI[ rodyN kurlwauNdy ny AwpxI ic`tI dwVHI PV ky AwiKAw, "SihnSwh!
mYQoN v`fI Bu`l hoeI hY[ mYN quhwfy nwl kIqy vwAdy A`KoN-proKy kr id`qy,
mYN v`fw DRoh kmwieAw hY Awp nwl m`Qw lw ky[ ikrpw kro myrI jwn
bKS idau[ mYN bwjguzwrI, nzrwnw qy qwvwn jMg sB kuJ dy idAWgw
Aqy A`goN qoN AijhI glqI nhIN krWgw"[ mhwrwjy ny ies dIAW
lylVIAW sux ky Awpxy nrm suBwA Anuswr kyvl muAw& hI nhIN kIqw
sgoN nvwbI bKS ky mulqwn dw cMgI qrHW rwj-pRbMD krn leI
AwiKAw[
mhwrwjy ny mulqwn dI ij`q dI KuSI iv`c BwrI drbwr AwXojq
kIqw[ ies iv`c isr DV dI bwzI lwaux vwly ShId Aqy P`tV is`KW
dI mihmW gwien kIqI, aunHW dy prvwrW nUM pYnSnW qy jwgIrW
bKSIAW[ srdwr hrI isMG dI idKweI mhwn dlyrI bdly ivSyS
DMnvwd kIqw igAw, 20 hzwr rupey slwnw jwgIr id`qI[ KuSI iv`c
Aw ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny sony dIAW mohrW hrI isMG dy isr qoN dI
vwrIAW[ sIqw rwm ny ies smyN dw nzwrw kwiv rUp iv`c ieM\ iliKAw
hY:
qb mhwrwj QwpI dyn hrI isMG qweIN,
inmk hlwlI AYsw sUrmw nw kweI hY[
vwr ky k`Fy mohrW su`t idMdy sIs au~qoN,
ihrdy ky bIc KuSI jweI nw smweI hY[

im`Ty itvwxy aup`r &qih

ieiqhwsk gwQw muqwbk 1690 iv`c mIr Aihmd Kwn ny ies
jgHw qy ie`k KUh KudvwieAw sI ijs dw pwxI kudrqI im`Tw pwieAw
igAw jd ik Awly duAwly dy ielwky dw pwxI Kwrw sI[ itvwxy goq dy
pirvwr ieQy rihx krky ies jgHw dw nW im`Tw itvwxw pY igAw[
34

^wlsw rwj dy smyN itvwixAW dy AwgU Aihmd Xwr Kwn qy aus dy

bMidAW ny AYsI bdmwSI, by-slUkI Aqy byiezqI ieQoN dI prjw Aqy
DIAW BYxW dI krnI SurU kr id`qI[ ijs dIAW KbrW Syir-ey-pMjwb
nUM idn-bidn phuMcidAW sn[ ies cu`kI A`q nUM ^qm krn leI
srkwr ny hrI isMG nUM hukm id`qw[ nlUey ny 7 PrvrI 1812 nUM im`Ty
itvwxy v`l &Oj smyq kUc kIqw[ A`gy m`Cry hoey itvwxy Aihmd Xwr
^wn dI AgvweI hyT ^wlsw &Oj nwl do h`Q krn leI ft gey[ hrI
isMG ny iehnW nUM lVweI nw krn leI AwiKAw pr ieh nw tly[srdwr
dI Amn Amwn krn dI ApIl qy dlIl r`d krky iehnw Ssqr c`k
ley[ ie`k idn Gmswx dI jMg hoeI v`fw nukswn krwky iehnw eIn
mMn ky im`Ty itvwxy dI gVHI KwlHI kr id`qI[ Swm nUM ^wlseI JMfy gVHI
qy JUl gey[

au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI

au~c dy pIr ieslwm AMdr Kudw dI BgqI krn vwly DrmI purS
igxy jWdy sn[ BweI vIr isMG jI Anuswr iehnW dw v`fkw gurU nwnk
dyv jI nUM m`ky iv`c imilAw sI qy gurU dy hukm sdkw kyswDwrI sn[
ieh Awm krky kwly jW nIly kpVy pihndy sn[ au~c dy pIr nUM ivSyS
krky cwr bMdy plMG qy ibTw ky iljWdy sn Aqy ie`k bMdw ip`Cy ip`Cy
cldw hoieAw cOr krdw jWdw sI[ gurU klgIDr vI mwCIvwVy qoN au~c
dy pIr bx ky inkly sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG iehnW dw bhuq
siqkwr krdw sI ikauNik gurU Gr dy ieh prm pRymI sn[ pr iehnW
iv`coN hI gYlwnI s`Xd muglIAw nUM srkwr v`loN jwgIrW imlx kwrn
ieh AKOqI au~c dy pIr gYr muslmwnW nwl kyvl iGRxw hI nhIN sn
krdy sgoN auhnW qy vDIkIAW, lu`tmwr qy BwrI AiqAwcwr krn l`gy[
ieiqhwsk pVcol Anuswr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik ieh
ihMdU nUM dyK ky Awpxy mUMh qy kpVw pw lYNdy sn jW lMGy jWdy ihMdU qy Qu`k
idMdy sn[ jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM iehnw dy kukrmW bwry pqw l`igAw
qW auhnW nUM AprwD krn qoN bwr bwr vrijAw pr ieh nw hty[
35

mhwrwjw ny srdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG jo im`Ty

itvwxy qoN ^wlsy dI ij`q dy fMky vjw ky Aw rhy sn rsqy iv`c rih
rhy au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI leI hukm ByijAw[ iehnW srdwrW ny
srkwr dw hukm pgwaux leI iehnW au~c dy pIrW qy Dwvw bol
id`qw[ isMGW dI &Oj A`gy iehnW gofy tyk id`qy Aqy jwn bKSI leI
mUMh iv`c Gwh lY ky ^wlsy dy drbwr iv`c hwzr hoey[ ilKqI qOr qy
mMinAw ik AsIN Awaux vwly smyN iv`c lwhOr drbwr dy hukm iv`c
clWgy Aqy nwl hI glqIAW dw 25 hjwr rupey jurmwnw vI id`qw[
iehnW dI suDweI leI hrI isMG v`loN idKweI bhwdrI bwry srdwr
dl isMG ny mhwrwjy nUM jdoN d`isAw qW rxjIq isMG ny srdwr dI
bhuq SlwGw kIqI[ sIqw rwm ny srdwr dI bhwdrI qy qyz-qrwr
idmwg dy A`gy Jukdy qurkW bwry bVy joSIly Sbd Awpxy kwiv iv`c
ilKy hn:
h`Q joV kihMdy lkIrW nwl k`F n`k dy,
lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI A`lw pwk dI hY,
KWvdy sugMDW kurwn pey c`k dy
sIqw rwm m`c geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI,
mwr mwr musly aufwey vWg P`k dy[

koihnUr hIrw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dvwauxw

koihnUr hIrw 106 kYryt (37 gRwm) dw sI ijs nUM aurdU Aqy
&wrsI iv`c roSnI dy prbq nwl jwixAw jWdw sI[ dunIAW AMdr ies
dy qu`l hor koeI hIrw nhIN hY[ ieiqhwskwrW muqwbk ieh hIrw AWDrw
pRdyS 'c gol kuMfw dIAW KwxW 'coN pRwpq hoieAw sI[ ieh bhuq hI
kImqI hIrw muglW, mrwiTAW dy h`QW 'coN huMdw hoieAw mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG kol 1813 iv`c phuMc igAw[ pr ^wlsw rwj dy pqn
mgroN brqwnvI srkwr dy h`Q Aw igAw[ auhnW mrhUm rwxI dy qwj
dw ih`sw bnwaux leI ies nUM k`t ky 105 kYryt (31.6 gRwm) bxw
id`qw[ ie`k AMdwjy muqwbk ies dw mu`l 10 Arb pONf qoN vI v`D hY[
36

ieh hIrw kwbl dy rwjy Swh sujwA qoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imilAw
sI[ bwrkzeI srdwr &qih Kwn vzIr dw zor vDx kr ky Swh
mihmUd ny Awpxy Coty BweI Swh sujwA nUM g`dIE lwh id`qw sI[ Swh
sujwA SwhI prvwr smyq mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI Srn Aw igAw[
pr idl-idmwg iv`c rwj Bwg dI iK`c kwrn kSmIr dy hwkm A~qw
muhMmd ^wn dI m`dd nwl ieh ipSwvr qy kwbj ho igAw[ ipSwvr
qoN c`l ky ies ny Swh mihmUd nUM iSkSq dy ky A&gwinsqwn qy kbzw
kr ilAw[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dI sMqwn hox dy bwvjUd Swh sujwA
Awpxy bwrkzeI BrwvW dy A`XwSI, md-msqI Aqy BYVIAW krqUqW
kwrn bhuqw icr rwj nw kr sikAw[ mihmUd Swh ny Swh sujwA nUM
AYsI BWj id`qI ik ieh jwn bcwA ky kSmIr phuMc igAw[ Swh
sujwA dI bygm ny ieh fr mihsUs kr ky ik kSmIr dw hwkm A`qw
muhMmd ^wn Swh mihmUd dy kihx qy aus dy Swh nUM mrvw nw dvy
Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM jw imlI[ mhwrwjy pws iesny Arz kIqI ik ayh
AwpxI &Oj Byj ky kSmIr dy hwkm qoN Cufw ky Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr lY
Awaux qy auh koihnUr hIrw ByNt kr dvygI[
mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr nlvw nUM kSmIr qy cVHweI krn leI
hukm id`qw Aqy Swh sujwA nUM A`qw muhMmd ^wn dy bMdI^wny 'coN shI
slwmq Cufw ky ilAwaux leI AwiKAw[ iehnI idnI vzIr-&qih
Kwn vI srkwr nUM ^wlsw drbwr iv`c Aw imilAw[ aus ny AwiKAw
ik mYN kSmIr dI lu`t coN nO l`K rupey quhwnUM dyvWgw[ AwpW iek`Ty
cVHweI krIey[ ieM\ dohW &OjW ny sWJI cVHweI kIqI Aqy kSmIr qy jw
Dwvw boilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn cwhuMdw sI ik ikvyN nw ikvy Swh
sujwA myry h`Q Aw jwvy Aqy ^wlsw &Oj nUM vwAdw kIqw Dn vI nW
dvW[ sujwn hrI isMG nlUey ny dUjy srdwrW nwl iml ky bVI smJdwrI
Aqy PurqI nwl Swh sujwA nUM Cufw ilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn lu`t dw
swrw mwl lY ky kwbl nUM qur igAw Aqy Awpxy Brw AzIm ^wn nUM
kSmIr dw sUbydwr Qwp igAw[
37

mhwrwjw ny srdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG jo im`Ty

itvwxy qoN ^wlsy dI ij`q dy fMky vjw ky Aw rhy sn rsqy iv`c rih
rhy au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI leI hukm ByijAw[ iehnW srdwrW ny
srkwr dw hukm pgwaux leI iehnW au~c dy pIrW qy Dwvw bol
id`qw[ isMGW dI &Oj A`gy iehnW gofy tyk id`qy Aqy jwn bKSI leI
mUMh iv`c Gwh lY ky ^wlsy dy drbwr iv`c hwzr hoey[ ilKqI qOr qy
mMinAw ik AsIN Awaux vwly smyN iv`c lwhOr drbwr dy hukm iv`c
clWgy Aqy nwl hI glqIAW dw 25 hjwr rupey jurmwnw vI id`qw[
iehnW dI suDweI leI hrI isMG v`loN idKweI bhwdrI bwry srdwr
dl isMG ny mhwrwjy nUM jdoN d`isAw qW rxjIq isMG ny srdwr dI
bhuq SlwGw kIqI[ sIqw rwm ny srdwr dI bhwdrI qy qyz-qrwr
idmwg dy A`gy Jukdy qurkW bwry bVy joSIly Sbd Awpxy kwiv iv`c
ilKy hn:
h`Q joV kihMdy lkIrW nwl k`F n`k dy,
lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI A`lw pwk dI hY,
KWvdy sugMDW kurwn pey c`k dy
sIqw rwm m`c geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI,
mwr mwr musly aufwey vWg P`k dy[

koihnUr hIrw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dvwauxw

koihnUr hIrw 106 kYryt (37 gRwm) dw sI ijs nUM aurdU Aqy
&wrsI iv`c roSnI dy prbq nwl jwixAw jWdw sI[ dunIAW AMdr ies
dy qu`l hor koeI hIrw nhIN hY[ ieiqhwskwrW muqwbk ieh hIrw AWDrw
pRdyS 'c gol kuMfw dIAW KwxW 'coN pRwpq hoieAw sI[ ieh bhuq hI
kImqI hIrw muglW, mrwiTAW dy h`QW 'coN huMdw hoieAw mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG kol 1813 iv`c phuMc igAw[ pr ^wlsw rwj dy pqn
mgroN brqwnvI srkwr dy h`Q Aw igAw[ auhnW mrhUm rwxI dy qwj
dw ih`sw bnwaux leI ies nUM k`t ky 105 kYryt (31.6 gRwm) bxw
id`qw[ ie`k AMdwjy muqwbk ies dw mu`l 10 Arb pONf qoN vI v`D hY[
36

ieh hIrw kwbl dy rwjy Swh sujwA qoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imilAw
sI[ bwrkzeI srdwr &qih Kwn vzIr dw zor vDx kr ky Swh
mihmUd ny Awpxy Coty BweI Swh sujwA nUM g`dIE lwh id`qw sI[ Swh
sujwA SwhI prvwr smyq mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI Srn Aw igAw[
pr idl-idmwg iv`c rwj Bwg dI iK`c kwrn kSmIr dy hwkm A~qw
muhMmd ^wn dI m`dd nwl ieh ipSwvr qy kwbj ho igAw[ ipSwvr
qoN c`l ky ies ny Swh mihmUd nUM iSkSq dy ky A&gwinsqwn qy kbzw
kr ilAw[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dI sMqwn hox dy bwvjUd Swh sujwA
Awpxy bwrkzeI BrwvW dy A`XwSI, md-msqI Aqy BYVIAW krqUqW
kwrn bhuqw icr rwj nw kr sikAw[ mihmUd Swh ny Swh sujwA nUM
AYsI BWj id`qI ik ieh jwn bcwA ky kSmIr phuMc igAw[ Swh
sujwA dI bygm ny ieh fr mihsUs kr ky ik kSmIr dw hwkm A`qw
muhMmd ^wn Swh mihmUd dy kihx qy aus dy Swh nUM mrvw nw dvy
Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM jw imlI[ mhwrwjy pws iesny Arz kIqI ik ayh
AwpxI &Oj Byj ky kSmIr dy hwkm qoN Cufw ky Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr lY
Awaux qy auh koihnUr hIrw ByNt kr dvygI[
mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr nlvw nUM kSmIr qy cVHweI krn leI
hukm id`qw Aqy Swh sujwA nUM A`qw muhMmd ^wn dy bMdI^wny 'coN shI
slwmq Cufw ky ilAwaux leI AwiKAw[ iehnI idnI vzIr-&qih
Kwn vI srkwr nUM ^wlsw drbwr iv`c Aw imilAw[ aus ny AwiKAw
ik mYN kSmIr dI lu`t coN nO l`K rupey quhwnUM dyvWgw[ AwpW iek`Ty
cVHweI krIey[ ieM\ dohW &OjW ny sWJI cVHweI kIqI Aqy kSmIr qy jw
Dwvw boilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn cwhuMdw sI ik ikvyN nw ikvy Swh
sujwA myry h`Q Aw jwvy Aqy ^wlsw &Oj nUM vwAdw kIqw Dn vI nW
dvW[ sujwn hrI isMG nlUey ny dUjy srdwrW nwl iml ky bVI smJdwrI
Aqy PurqI nwl Swh sujwA nUM Cufw ilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn lu`t dw
swrw mwl lY ky kwbl nUM qur igAw Aqy Awpxy Brw AzIm ^wn nUM
kSmIr dw sUbydwr Qwp igAw[
37

srdwr hrI isMG ny Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr drbwr iv`c phuMcw
id`qw[ mhwrwjy v`loN ij`q dIAW BwrI KuSIAW mnweIAW geIAW[ Swh
sujwA dw vI cMgw suAwgq krky aus nUM aus dI bygm pws mubwrk
hvylI iv`c phuMcw id`qw[ BwvyN bygm Aqy Swh sujwA ny koihnUr hIrw
dyx qoN twl-mtol kIqw pr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ih`k dy zor nwl
ies nUM kwbU kr ilAw[ qkrIbn 26 swl (1813-1839) q`k ieh
hIrw mhwrwjy kol irhw[ jdoN 1839 iv`c mhwrwjy ny Awpxw AMqlw
smW nyVy AwauNdw dyiKAw qW koihnUr nUM jgn nwQ mMdr (auVIsw) dy
nW qy vsIAq (willed) krvw id`qw sI[ pr ^wlsw rwj qy kwbU pw
ky eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI ny lwhOr dy ^wlsw qoSyKwny iv`coN hor bhumu`lIAW vsqW smyq koihnUr hIrw vI curw ilAw[ ieM\ AMgryz srkwr
ny mhwrwjy dI soc pUrI nw hox id`qI[

Atk dy iklHy aup`r kwbz hoxw

leI mwno ieh mu`K duAwr sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN ies iklyH
au~pr jhwn dwd ^wn dw kbzw sI[ mhwrwjy dI bu`DI bhuq qIKx Aqy
soc-dUr idRStI vwlI sI[ srdwrW nwl soc ivcwr kr ky srkwr ny
ikhw ik ijqnw icr q`k AwpW Atk dy iklyH qy kbzw nhIN kr lYNdy
auqnW icr APgwnW nUM pMjwb AMdr dwKl hox qoN rok nhIN skWgy Aqy
pMjwb iv`c Amn-Amwn vI auqnw icr nhIN ho skdw[ ieM\ Akl qoN
kMm lYNidAW mhwrwjy ny Atk iklHy qy kbzw krn leI dIvwn mohkm
cMd Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nlUey nUM bIVw cu`kx leI AwiKAw[
hukm imlx dI dyr sI ik ^wlsw &OjW hrI isMG dI kmwn hyT
bVy zor Aqy Sor nwl Atk v`l nUM cVHIAW ijhlm dirAw pwr kr ky
ieh pMjw swihb qoN huMdIAW hoeIAW brhwn dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc
geIAW[ auDroN bhwdr &qih ^wn vzIr Awpxy BweI infr dosq
muhMmd ^wn nUM nwl lY ky 15 hzwr A&gwnW nwl hzro dy lwgy
SmSbwd dy mYdwn iv`c Aw fitAw[

Atk dw ielwkw purwqn smyN AMdr gMDrv dy nW nwl jwixAw

jWdw sI[ ijvyN ijvyN s`iBAqw iv`c qbdIlI AweI rwijAW dy rwj
bdly ies dw nW vI bdldw igAw[ kwbl dirAw, kwbl
(APgwinsqwn dw Sihr) dy p`CmI pwsy qoN SurU ho ky 435 mIl dI
dUrI qy Atk jw ky ^qm ho jWdw hY Aqy isMD iv`c jw pYNdw hY[ purwxy
simAW AMdr ies dirAw nUM isMDU AwiKAw jWdw sI[ grIk iv`c ies
nUM isnQU, romn iv`c isMXoj kihMdy hn pr cInI lyKkW ny ies nUM isnqU
iliKAw hY jd ik eIrwnI Awb-ey-isMD Aqy plInI ieMfs ilKdw hY[
ies dirAw pwr krn smyN &OjW nUM jW XwqrUAW nUM rukxw pYNdw sI[
ikauNik Atk dw Bwv hI hY 'rukxw'[ ieh Sbd pihlI vwr 'AweIny
AkbrI' iv`c vriqAw igAw Aqy Akbr bwdSwh ny ies dw nwm
Atk r`iKAw[ Akbr ny 1581 iv`c au~cI jgHw qy ie`k bhuq hI
mjbUq, AwlISwn Aqy v`fy Awkwr dw iklHw bxwieAw ijs dw nW vI
Atk r`iKAw[ APgwinsqwn dIAW &OjW dw ihMMdusqwn AMdr dwKly

DONisAW dI gUMj nwl 12 julweI 1813 nUM svyry hI jMg AwrMB

ho geI[ qopW idAW goilAW Aqy bMdUkW dIAW c`l rhIAW qVw-qV
golIAW nwl jMgy mYdwn DUMAw Dwr ho igAw[ sUrimAW v`loN cwry pwsy
mwr lau mwr lau dI Awvwj suxweI dyx l`gI[ ijauN ijauN Du`p kVkx
l`gI iqvyN iqvyN jMg AMdr grmI vD rhI sI[ dohW pwisAW dy P`tV
pey sUrmy pwxI dI pukwr kr rhy sn Aqy v`fy P`t l`gx kwrn koeI
hwey hwey AwK irhw sI qy koeI pRwx iqAwg irhw sI[ swrw idn lohy
qy lohw KVkdw irhw Aqy idn dy CpwA nwl lVweI bMd hox dw ibgl
v`j igAw[

38

39

rwq ho geI jo vI Kwx nUM imilAw Kw ky Q`ky tu`ty keI DrqI qy

hI lyt gey, keI GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW qy hI sONA gey pr hrI isMG
Aqy mohkm cMd muKI srdwrW nUM ie`kTy kr ky dUjy idn hox vwlI jMg
dIAW skImW bnwaux 'c ju`t gey[ inSwnw ie`ko hI hY[ iklHy qy kwbz
ikvyN hoxw hY? mrn dI mnW iv`c koeI prvwh nhIN sI[ phu-Putwlw

srdwr hrI isMG ny Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr drbwr iv`c phuMcw
id`qw[ mhwrwjy v`loN ij`q dIAW BwrI KuSIAW mnweIAW geIAW[ Swh
sujwA dw vI cMgw suAwgq krky aus nUM aus dI bygm pws mubwrk
hvylI iv`c phuMcw id`qw[ BwvyN bygm Aqy Swh sujwA ny koihnUr hIrw
dyx qoN twl-mtol kIqw pr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ih`k dy zor nwl
ies nUM kwbU kr ilAw[ qkrIbn 26 swl (1813-1839) q`k ieh
hIrw mhwrwjy kol irhw[ jdoN 1839 iv`c mhwrwjy ny Awpxw AMqlw
smW nyVy AwauNdw dyiKAw qW koihnUr nUM jgn nwQ mMdr (auVIsw) dy
nW qy vsIAq (willed) krvw id`qw sI[ pr ^wlsw rwj qy kwbU pw
ky eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI ny lwhOr dy ^wlsw qoSyKwny iv`coN hor bhumu`lIAW vsqW smyq koihnUr hIrw vI curw ilAw[ ieM\ AMgryz srkwr
ny mhwrwjy dI soc pUrI nw hox id`qI[

Atk dy iklHy aup`r kwbz hoxw

leI mwno ieh mu`K duAwr sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN ies iklyH
au~pr jhwn dwd ^wn dw kbzw sI[ mhwrwjy dI bu`DI bhuq qIKx Aqy
soc-dUr idRStI vwlI sI[ srdwrW nwl soc ivcwr kr ky srkwr ny
ikhw ik ijqnw icr q`k AwpW Atk dy iklyH qy kbzw nhIN kr lYNdy
auqnW icr APgwnW nUM pMjwb AMdr dwKl hox qoN rok nhIN skWgy Aqy
pMjwb iv`c Amn-Amwn vI auqnw icr nhIN ho skdw[ ieM\ Akl qoN
kMm lYNidAW mhwrwjy ny Atk iklHy qy kbzw krn leI dIvwn mohkm
cMd Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nlUey nUM bIVw cu`kx leI AwiKAw[
hukm imlx dI dyr sI ik ^wlsw &OjW hrI isMG dI kmwn hyT
bVy zor Aqy Sor nwl Atk v`l nUM cVHIAW ijhlm dirAw pwr kr ky
ieh pMjw swihb qoN huMdIAW hoeIAW brhwn dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc
geIAW[ auDroN bhwdr &qih ^wn vzIr Awpxy BweI infr dosq
muhMmd ^wn nUM nwl lY ky 15 hzwr A&gwnW nwl hzro dy lwgy
SmSbwd dy mYdwn iv`c Aw fitAw[

Atk dw ielwkw purwqn smyN AMdr gMDrv dy nW nwl jwixAw

jWdw sI[ ijvyN ijvyN s`iBAqw iv`c qbdIlI AweI rwijAW dy rwj
bdly ies dw nW vI bdldw igAw[ kwbl dirAw, kwbl
(APgwinsqwn dw Sihr) dy p`CmI pwsy qoN SurU ho ky 435 mIl dI
dUrI qy Atk jw ky ^qm ho jWdw hY Aqy isMD iv`c jw pYNdw hY[ purwxy
simAW AMdr ies dirAw nUM isMDU AwiKAw jWdw sI[ grIk iv`c ies
nUM isnQU, romn iv`c isMXoj kihMdy hn pr cInI lyKkW ny ies nUM isnqU
iliKAw hY jd ik eIrwnI Awb-ey-isMD Aqy plInI ieMfs ilKdw hY[
ies dirAw pwr krn smyN &OjW nUM jW XwqrUAW nUM rukxw pYNdw sI[
ikauNik Atk dw Bwv hI hY 'rukxw'[ ieh Sbd pihlI vwr 'AweIny
AkbrI' iv`c vriqAw igAw Aqy Akbr bwdSwh ny ies dw nwm
Atk r`iKAw[ Akbr ny 1581 iv`c au~cI jgHw qy ie`k bhuq hI
mjbUq, AwlISwn Aqy v`fy Awkwr dw iklHw bxwieAw ijs dw nW vI
Atk r`iKAw[ APgwinsqwn dIAW &OjW dw ihMMdusqwn AMdr dwKly

DONisAW dI gUMj nwl 12 julweI 1813 nUM svyry hI jMg AwrMB

ho geI[ qopW idAW goilAW Aqy bMdUkW dIAW c`l rhIAW qVw-qV
golIAW nwl jMgy mYdwn DUMAw Dwr ho igAw[ sUrimAW v`loN cwry pwsy
mwr lau mwr lau dI Awvwj suxweI dyx l`gI[ ijauN ijauN Du`p kVkx
l`gI iqvyN iqvyN jMg AMdr grmI vD rhI sI[ dohW pwisAW dy P`tV
pey sUrmy pwxI dI pukwr kr rhy sn Aqy v`fy P`t l`gx kwrn koeI
hwey hwey AwK irhw sI qy koeI pRwx iqAwg irhw sI[ swrw idn lohy
qy lohw KVkdw irhw Aqy idn dy CpwA nwl lVweI bMd hox dw ibgl
v`j igAw[

38

39

rwq ho geI jo vI Kwx nUM imilAw Kw ky Q`ky tu`ty keI DrqI qy

hI lyt gey, keI GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW qy hI sONA gey pr hrI isMG
Aqy mohkm cMd muKI srdwrW nUM ie`kTy kr ky dUjy idn hox vwlI jMg
dIAW skImW bnwaux 'c ju`t gey[ inSwnw ie`ko hI hY[ iklHy qy kwbz
ikvyN hoxw hY? mrn dI mnW iv`c koeI prvwh nhIN sI[ phu-Putwlw

hoieAw, isMG au~Ty, bwxI pVHI Aqy isMGW dI cVHdI klw Aqy ik`lHy aup`r
&qih pwaux leI Ardws kIqI[ sUrj cVHidAW hI gwzI AlI AlI
kr ky isMGW qy tu`t pey isMG vI boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl dy jYkwry
gjwauNdy AsmwnI ibjlI vWg mugl &OjW qy jw vrHy[ mro jW A`gy vDo
isMGW leI nlUey dw Purmwn sI[ srdwr nLUAw Awp vYrI dy dlW vl
pwxI dy hVH vWg A`gy vD irhw sI[ ies izMdgI mOq dy svwl iv`c
dohW dlW dy sUrmy koeI ksr bwkI nhIN sI C`f rhy[ pr r`bI Bwxw AYsw
vriqAw ik isMGW dy zoS A`gy muglW dy hoS au~f gey[ ^wlsy dw plVw
BwrI pY igAw[ srdwr jsvMq isMG mokl ny dosq muhMmd Kwn qy AYsI
qlvwr clweI ik ieh GoVy qoN ifg ipAw[ ieh smJ ky ik Kwn
mwirAw igAw hY mugl &Oj mYdwn C`f ky jMgy mYdwn 'coN B`jx l`gI[ ausy
smyN srdwr hrI isMG sYinkW smyq Atk iklHy vl qyzI nwl viDAw[
isMGW nUM J`KV dI qrHW vD dy dyK ky iklHy iv`c mOjUd A&gwnW dy qoqy
au~f gey Aqy ieh jwnW bcwaux leI qoiqAW vWg ibnw mukwbly iklHy
'coN au~f inkly[ srdwr nlUey ny iklHy qy kbzw kr ky ^wlseI JMfy Julw
id`qy[ A&gwnW au~qy ^wlsy dI ieh pihlI Aqy mu`K &qih sI[
ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c lwhOr, AMimRqsr Aqy btwlw Awid
SihrW iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srkwr ny srdwrW Aqy sYinkW nUM
ies ij`q kwrn v`fIAW jwgIrW, iK`lqW Aqy Dn dI bKiSS kIqI[
s`Xd muhMmd lqI& ny 'History of the Punjab' iv`c pMnw 397 qy
iliKAw hY ik ies ij`q dy idn qoN APgwnW dy idlW AMdr ^wlsy dI
bhwdrI dw AYsw is`kw bYTw ik A`gy nUM ^wlsw sdw leI A`gy vDdw
igAw[

rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI ij`q

&qih ^wn v`loN krweI jw rhI mwr-DwV Aqy lu`t-Ksu`t dIAW ^brW
idn-bidn phuMc rhIAW sn[ iehnW dI suDweI leI srkwr v`loN
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, dIvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr dl isMG nUM
&Oj dy ky ByijAw[ rwjOrI dy rwjw Agr ^wn ny lwlc dI cwl ADIn
hrI isMG nUM KihVw C`fx leI AwiKAw[ pr srdwr nlUAw AYsy lwlc
iv`c Psx vwly nhIN sn[ nlUey dI scweI vwlI nIqI nUM BWp ky Agr
^wn mOq qoN frdw mihl mwVIAW C`f ky iq`qr ho igAw[ is`K &Oj ny
rwjOrI Sihr lu`itAw, aus dy mihl Fwh id`qy[ ies auprMq iBMbr nUM
kbzy iv`c kIqw[ lutyirAW nUM krVIAW sjwvW id`qIAW Aqy Awaux
vwly smyN AMdr bMdy bxn leI AwiKAw[ KUMKwr rweIsW nUM kYdI bxw ky
lwhOr Byj id`qw[

mulqwn ^wlsw rwj ADIn krnw

mulqwn dw nvwb muz`&r j&r bVy cMcl suBwA vwlw sI[ sMn
1802 qoN 1819 dirimAwn ies ny s`q vwr Awpxy kIqy vwAidAW
nUM qoiVAw[ iehnW 16 swlW dOrwn is`KW v`loN mulqwn qy s`q hmly
(1802, 1805, 1807, 1810, 1812, 1816 Aqy 1817 iv`c)
hoey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c is`K &Oj dw jwnI nukswn kwPI hoieAw pr
mom idl mhwrwjw bwr bwr nvwb nUM bKSdy rhy[ jdoN 1819 iv`c
mulqwn dw mwmlw ivcwrn leI lwhOr ivKy drbwr hoieAw qW sB
muKI srdwrW ny nvwb dy vqIry nUM mwVw AwiKAw[ keIAW ny ie`QoN q`k
AwK id`qw ik ku`qy dI pUC vWg nvwb ny is`Dw nhIN hoxw[ bwr bwr blw
mulqwn qoN AwauNdI hY Aqy AnykW jwnW lY lYNdI hY[ auhnW mulqwn dw
tYNtw sdw leI mukwaux leI srkwr nUM AwiKAw[

vzIr &qih ^wn rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dy ielwikAW iv`c reIsW

nUM is`K rwj ivru`D auksw irhw sI[ lokW nUM lu`tx leI ies ny corW,
fwkUAW Aqy T`gW nUM vI KulH id`qI hoeI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny &Yslw kr id`qw ik mulqwn qy cVHweI

kIqI jwvy[ srdwr hrI isMG dI kmWf Q`ly AkwlI PUlw isMG, dIvwn
moqI rwm, srdwr &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, srdwr dl isMG Aqy
imsr dIvwn cMd nUM &Oj dy ky Byjx dw hukm hoieAw (&qih nwmw gurU

40

41

hoieAw, isMG au~Ty, bwxI pVHI Aqy isMGW dI cVHdI klw Aqy ik`lHy aup`r
&qih pwaux leI Ardws kIqI[ sUrj cVHidAW hI gwzI AlI AlI
kr ky isMGW qy tu`t pey isMG vI boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl dy jYkwry
gjwauNdy AsmwnI ibjlI vWg mugl &OjW qy jw vrHy[ mro jW A`gy vDo
isMGW leI nlUey dw Purmwn sI[ srdwr nLUAw Awp vYrI dy dlW vl
pwxI dy hVH vWg A`gy vD irhw sI[ ies izMdgI mOq dy svwl iv`c
dohW dlW dy sUrmy koeI ksr bwkI nhIN sI C`f rhy[ pr r`bI Bwxw AYsw
vriqAw ik isMGW dy zoS A`gy muglW dy hoS au~f gey[ ^wlsy dw plVw
BwrI pY igAw[ srdwr jsvMq isMG mokl ny dosq muhMmd Kwn qy AYsI
qlvwr clweI ik ieh GoVy qoN ifg ipAw[ ieh smJ ky ik Kwn
mwirAw igAw hY mugl &Oj mYdwn C`f ky jMgy mYdwn 'coN B`jx l`gI[ ausy
smyN srdwr hrI isMG sYinkW smyq Atk iklHy vl qyzI nwl viDAw[
isMGW nUM J`KV dI qrHW vD dy dyK ky iklHy iv`c mOjUd A&gwnW dy qoqy
au~f gey Aqy ieh jwnW bcwaux leI qoiqAW vWg ibnw mukwbly iklHy
'coN au~f inkly[ srdwr nlUey ny iklHy qy kbzw kr ky ^wlseI JMfy Julw
id`qy[ A&gwnW au~qy ^wlsy dI ieh pihlI Aqy mu`K &qih sI[
ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c lwhOr, AMimRqsr Aqy btwlw Awid
SihrW iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srkwr ny srdwrW Aqy sYinkW nUM
ies ij`q kwrn v`fIAW jwgIrW, iK`lqW Aqy Dn dI bKiSS kIqI[
s`Xd muhMmd lqI& ny 'History of the Punjab' iv`c pMnw 397 qy
iliKAw hY ik ies ij`q dy idn qoN APgwnW dy idlW AMdr ^wlsy dI
bhwdrI dw AYsw is`kw bYTw ik A`gy nUM ^wlsw sdw leI A`gy vDdw
igAw[

rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI ij`q

&qih ^wn v`loN krweI jw rhI mwr-DwV Aqy lu`t-Ksu`t dIAW ^brW
idn-bidn phuMc rhIAW sn[ iehnW dI suDweI leI srkwr v`loN
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, dIvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr dl isMG nUM
&Oj dy ky ByijAw[ rwjOrI dy rwjw Agr ^wn ny lwlc dI cwl ADIn
hrI isMG nUM KihVw C`fx leI AwiKAw[ pr srdwr nlUAw AYsy lwlc
iv`c Psx vwly nhIN sn[ nlUey dI scweI vwlI nIqI nUM BWp ky Agr
^wn mOq qoN frdw mihl mwVIAW C`f ky iq`qr ho igAw[ is`K &Oj ny
rwjOrI Sihr lu`itAw, aus dy mihl Fwh id`qy[ ies auprMq iBMbr nUM
kbzy iv`c kIqw[ lutyirAW nUM krVIAW sjwvW id`qIAW Aqy Awaux
vwly smyN AMdr bMdy bxn leI AwiKAw[ KUMKwr rweIsW nUM kYdI bxw ky
lwhOr Byj id`qw[

mulqwn ^wlsw rwj ADIn krnw

mulqwn dw nvwb muz`&r j&r bVy cMcl suBwA vwlw sI[ sMn
1802 qoN 1819 dirimAwn ies ny s`q vwr Awpxy kIqy vwAidAW
nUM qoiVAw[ iehnW 16 swlW dOrwn is`KW v`loN mulqwn qy s`q hmly
(1802, 1805, 1807, 1810, 1812, 1816 Aqy 1817 iv`c)
hoey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c is`K &Oj dw jwnI nukswn kwPI hoieAw pr
mom idl mhwrwjw bwr bwr nvwb nUM bKSdy rhy[ jdoN 1819 iv`c
mulqwn dw mwmlw ivcwrn leI lwhOr ivKy drbwr hoieAw qW sB
muKI srdwrW ny nvwb dy vqIry nUM mwVw AwiKAw[ keIAW ny ie`QoN q`k
AwK id`qw ik ku`qy dI pUC vWg nvwb ny is`Dw nhIN hoxw[ bwr bwr blw
mulqwn qoN AwauNdI hY Aqy AnykW jwnW lY lYNdI hY[ auhnW mulqwn dw
tYNtw sdw leI mukwaux leI srkwr nUM AwiKAw[

vzIr &qih ^wn rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dy ielwikAW iv`c reIsW

nUM is`K rwj ivru`D auksw irhw sI[ lokW nUM lu`tx leI ies ny corW,
fwkUAW Aqy T`gW nUM vI KulH id`qI hoeI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny &Yslw kr id`qw ik mulqwn qy cVHweI

kIqI jwvy[ srdwr hrI isMG dI kmWf Q`ly AkwlI PUlw isMG, dIvwn
moqI rwm, srdwr &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, srdwr dl isMG Aqy
imsr dIvwn cMd nUM &Oj dy ky Byjx dw hukm hoieAw (&qih nwmw gurU

40

41

^wlsw jI, ikRq gxyS dws ipMgl 1952)[ srdwr hrI isMG aunHIN
idnIN AtkoN pwr A&gwnW dI suDweI iv`c l`igAw hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw
ny ies muihMm iv`c Sihjwdw KVg isMG nUM vI 25 hzwr jMgI jvwn
Aqy qopKwnw lY ky Swml hox leI AwiKAw[ hrI isMG ny KUn-^rwby
qoN bcx leI Awpxy eylcI dIvwn BvwnI dws Aqy kwdr bKS Byjy[
iehnW nvwb nUM AwiKAw ik auh sulwh-s&weI nwl mulqwn isMGW dy
hvwly kr dyvy Aqy srkwr pwsoN jwgIr hwsl kr ky su`K-SWqI nwl
Awpxw jIvn bqIq kry[ jykr ieh g`l mnzUr nhI qW lVweI leI
iqAwr ho jwvy[ rwj Bwg dw mwlk mwieAw kwrn A`q dw AMnHw Aqy
bolw huMdw hY ijs kwrn auh iksy dI g`l nhIN suxdw Aqy hMkwr iv`c
msq huMdw hY[ vYsy vI khwvq hY 'lwqoN ky BUq bwqoN sy nhIN mwnqy'[ AYsy
lok 'fMfy dy Xwr' huMdy hn[ ieM\ ieh nvwb jdoN bwr bwr smJwaux
qy vI nhIN smiJAw qW Sihzwdw KVk isMG ny ^wlsw &Oj nUM iqMn
ih`isAw iv`c vMf ky mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dI ivauNq bxweI[ ie`k
pwsy Sihzwdw Awp qy dIvwn cMd, ivckwr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw
Aqy dUjy pwsy srdwr &qih isMG, srdwr DMnw isMG Aqy srdwr Swm
isMG AtwrI[

id`qI[ iklHy AMdr nvwb dy gwjI vI pUrI swvDwnI vrqx l`gy[ ij`Qy
ikqy kMD tu`tdI sI auh borIAW nwl surwK ie`ky dm Br idMdy sn[ cOQy
idn ^wlsw &Oj lwhOrI drvwjw qoVn iv`c s&l ho geI[ srdwr
nlvy dw dsqw pwxI dy hVH vWg Sihr 'c jw viVAw[ nvwb dI &Oj
ny qkVw mukwblw kIqw[ BwvyN A&gwn srIrW dy qkVy Aqy k`dwvr sn
pr joS, sMjm Aqy swhshIx sn[ieh r`iKAk dy qOr qy lV rhy sn
jd ik isMG hmlwvr vjoN auqSwh iv`c Aw ky jUJ rhy sn[ CykV
isMGW ny kwPI ktw-v`FI ip`CoN Sihr qy kbzw jmw ilAw[ pr nvwb
muj`&r ^wn gwzIAW nUM lY ky mulqwn dy iklHy iv`c jw viVAw[ 8
&rvrI nUM srdwrW ny slwh mSvry ip`CoN iklHy nUM Gyr ilAw[ ieh iklHw
ihMd dy mShUr p`ikAw ikilHAW iv`coN ie`k nwmI iklHw mMinAw jWdw sI[
ies dIAW dIvwrW 40 Pu`t au~cIAW Aqy 6 Pu`t cOVIAW sn[ iklHy AMdr
AMn pwxI vI nvwb ny bhuq jmHw kIqw hoieAw sI[ iklHy aup`r bIVIAW
qopW vI AwlHw drzy dIAW qy dUr q`k mwr krn vwlIAW sn[ ies leI
iklHy nUM sr krnw koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ isMG iklHy dy shI itkwixAW
qy in`q golwbwrI krdy rhy[ Gyry nUM 3 mhIny dw smW bIq igAw[ grmI
ru`q kwrn hYzy dI bImwrI vI &Oj iv`c PYl geI[

pihly h`ly iv`c hI srdwr &qih isMG dy dsqy ny mwmUlI Jpt

nwl kwnHgVH iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw[ auDr srdwr hrI isMG ny
gwzIAW qy AYsw Dwvw boilAw ik iehnW A`gy koeI nhIN AV sikAw[
muj`Pr gVH dy iklHydwr nUM kwbU kr ky &qih hwsl kr leI[ srdwrW
ny nvwb nUM iPr smJOqy leI ApIl kIqI ik qUM jwgIr hwsl kr ky
jMg nUM twl dy qWik sUrimAW dw KUn AMjweIN nw fulHy[ pr s`Xd muhMmd
lqI& ny ; History of the Punjab dy pMnw 411 qy iliKAw ik GumMfI
nvwb ny sulwh-s&weI vwlI g`l ie`k BI nw mMnI[ ies leI lwcwrI
v`s ho ky ^wlsy nUM jMg dw ibgl vjwauxw ipAw[

2 jUn vwly idn 80 GMitAW dI lgwqwr bMbwrI mgroN, AwiKr

iklHy dI dIvwr iv`c v`fy mGory ho gey[ gulwm ijlwnI jo gwzIAW dw
jwsUs sI aus ny AwpxI pusqk 'jMgy-mulwnw' iv`c ies nUM lUM kMfy KVHy
krn vwlw swkw iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik is`KW dIAW qopW ny
i^zrI gyt nyVy qbwhI mcweI hoeI sI[ kMD qoVn leI isrP QoVHy hI
goilAW dI hor loV sI ik Acwnk qop dw ie`k phIAw tu`t igAw qy
qop nwkwrw ho geI[ qop nUM TIk krn leI kwPI smyN dI loV sI pr
aus smyN ie`k ie`k imMt Aqy ie`k ie`k golw bVI kImq rKdw sI[ qop
kol Sor m`cx kwrn gulwm ijlwnI dyKx Aw igAw ik rOlw ikauN pY
irhw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik qop kmWfr au~cI au~cI kih irhw sI ik
jy kMm &qih krnw hY qW ie`ko hI cwrw hY ik tu`ty phIey dI QW iek`lw

5 PrvrI 1818 vwly idn sUrj cVHn qoN pihlW hI mulqwn

Sihr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ ies dIAW kMDW BMnx leI golwbwrI AwrMB
42

43

^wlsw jI, ikRq gxyS dws ipMgl 1952)[ srdwr hrI isMG aunHIN
idnIN AtkoN pwr A&gwnW dI suDweI iv`c l`igAw hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw
ny ies muihMm iv`c Sihjwdw KVg isMG nUM vI 25 hzwr jMgI jvwn
Aqy qopKwnw lY ky Swml hox leI AwiKAw[ hrI isMG ny KUn-^rwby
qoN bcx leI Awpxy eylcI dIvwn BvwnI dws Aqy kwdr bKS Byjy[
iehnW nvwb nUM AwiKAw ik auh sulwh-s&weI nwl mulqwn isMGW dy
hvwly kr dyvy Aqy srkwr pwsoN jwgIr hwsl kr ky su`K-SWqI nwl
Awpxw jIvn bqIq kry[ jykr ieh g`l mnzUr nhI qW lVweI leI
iqAwr ho jwvy[ rwj Bwg dw mwlk mwieAw kwrn A`q dw AMnHw Aqy
bolw huMdw hY ijs kwrn auh iksy dI g`l nhIN suxdw Aqy hMkwr iv`c
msq huMdw hY[ vYsy vI khwvq hY 'lwqoN ky BUq bwqoN sy nhIN mwnqy'[ AYsy
lok 'fMfy dy Xwr' huMdy hn[ ieM\ ieh nvwb jdoN bwr bwr smJwaux
qy vI nhIN smiJAw qW Sihzwdw KVk isMG ny ^wlsw &Oj nUM iqMn
ih`isAw iv`c vMf ky mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dI ivauNq bxweI[ ie`k
pwsy Sihzwdw Awp qy dIvwn cMd, ivckwr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw
Aqy dUjy pwsy srdwr &qih isMG, srdwr DMnw isMG Aqy srdwr Swm
isMG AtwrI[

id`qI[ iklHy AMdr nvwb dy gwjI vI pUrI swvDwnI vrqx l`gy[ ij`Qy
ikqy kMD tu`tdI sI auh borIAW nwl surwK ie`ky dm Br idMdy sn[ cOQy
idn ^wlsw &Oj lwhOrI drvwjw qoVn iv`c s&l ho geI[ srdwr
nlvy dw dsqw pwxI dy hVH vWg Sihr 'c jw viVAw[ nvwb dI &Oj
ny qkVw mukwblw kIqw[ BwvyN A&gwn srIrW dy qkVy Aqy k`dwvr sn
pr joS, sMjm Aqy swhshIx sn[ieh r`iKAk dy qOr qy lV rhy sn
jd ik isMG hmlwvr vjoN auqSwh iv`c Aw ky jUJ rhy sn[ CykV
isMGW ny kwPI ktw-v`FI ip`CoN Sihr qy kbzw jmw ilAw[ pr nvwb
muj`&r ^wn gwzIAW nUM lY ky mulqwn dy iklHy iv`c jw viVAw[ 8
&rvrI nUM srdwrW ny slwh mSvry ip`CoN iklHy nUM Gyr ilAw[ ieh iklHw
ihMd dy mShUr p`ikAw ikilHAW iv`coN ie`k nwmI iklHw mMinAw jWdw sI[
ies dIAW dIvwrW 40 Pu`t au~cIAW Aqy 6 Pu`t cOVIAW sn[ iklHy AMdr
AMn pwxI vI nvwb ny bhuq jmHw kIqw hoieAw sI[ iklHy aup`r bIVIAW
qopW vI AwlHw drzy dIAW qy dUr q`k mwr krn vwlIAW sn[ ies leI
iklHy nUM sr krnw koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ isMG iklHy dy shI itkwixAW
qy in`q golwbwrI krdy rhy[ Gyry nUM 3 mhIny dw smW bIq igAw[ grmI
ru`q kwrn hYzy dI bImwrI vI &Oj iv`c PYl geI[

pihly h`ly iv`c hI srdwr &qih isMG dy dsqy ny mwmUlI Jpt

nwl kwnHgVH iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw[ auDr srdwr hrI isMG ny
gwzIAW qy AYsw Dwvw boilAw ik iehnW A`gy koeI nhIN AV sikAw[
muj`Pr gVH dy iklHydwr nUM kwbU kr ky &qih hwsl kr leI[ srdwrW
ny nvwb nUM iPr smJOqy leI ApIl kIqI ik qUM jwgIr hwsl kr ky
jMg nUM twl dy qWik sUrimAW dw KUn AMjweIN nw fulHy[ pr s`Xd muhMmd
lqI& ny ; History of the Punjab dy pMnw 411 qy iliKAw ik GumMfI
nvwb ny sulwh-s&weI vwlI g`l ie`k BI nw mMnI[ ies leI lwcwrI
v`s ho ky ^wlsy nUM jMg dw ibgl vjwauxw ipAw[

2 jUn vwly idn 80 GMitAW dI lgwqwr bMbwrI mgroN, AwiKr

iklHy dI dIvwr iv`c v`fy mGory ho gey[ gulwm ijlwnI jo gwzIAW dw
jwsUs sI aus ny AwpxI pusqk 'jMgy-mulwnw' iv`c ies nUM lUM kMfy KVHy
krn vwlw swkw iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik is`KW dIAW qopW ny
i^zrI gyt nyVy qbwhI mcweI hoeI sI[ kMD qoVn leI isrP QoVHy hI
goilAW dI hor loV sI ik Acwnk qop dw ie`k phIAw tu`t igAw qy
qop nwkwrw ho geI[ qop nUM TIk krn leI kwPI smyN dI loV sI pr
aus smyN ie`k ie`k imMt Aqy ie`k ie`k golw bVI kImq rKdw sI[ qop
kol Sor m`cx kwrn gulwm ijlwnI dyKx Aw igAw ik rOlw ikauN pY
irhw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik qop kmWfr au~cI au~cI kih irhw sI ik
jy kMm &qih krnw hY qW ie`ko hI cwrw hY ik tu`ty phIey dI QW iek`lw

5 PrvrI 1818 vwly idn sUrj cVHn qoN pihlW hI mulqwn

Sihr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ ies dIAW kMDW BMnx leI golwbwrI AwrMB
42

43

iek`lw isMG Aw ky moFw dvy[ sB qoN pihlW ieh kMm mYN krWgw[
kmWfr dy kihx qy isMGW dI kqwr l`g geI[ ijlwnI ilKdw hY ik
ieh dyK ky mYN hYrwn ho igAw[ soicAw pqw nhIN isMGW nUM ienHW dy gurU
ny kI CkwieAw hoieAw hY ik ieh mrn qoN rqI Br vI nhIN frdy[ myry
dyKdy dyKdy sB qoN pihlW kmWfr ny qop dy tu`ty phIey vwly pwsy moFw
id`qw[ ie`k is`K ny qop clweI qy ijvyN hI golw inkl ky kMD iv`c jw
v`ijAw kmWfr vI nwl hI ShId ho igAw[ ieM\ igAwrW isMG
ShIdIAW pw gey[ ieh kMD pwV ky hI hty[ A`gy c`l ky ieh ilKdw
hY ik ieh swkw dyK ky myrw idl ih`l igAw ik ikvyN iehnW ny jwnW
vwrIAW[ pRBwvq ho ky mYnUM vI joS AwieAw ik mYN vI qop Q`ly moFw dvW
pr soicAw jykr mYN vI ShId ho igAw qW ies idl-ivMnvyN swky nUM
dunIAW swmHxy hor kOx r`Kygw[ is`KW dI kurbwnI dI ieh byimswl
khwxI hY[
ieh jMg kwPI lMbI hox kr ky ^wlsy dI pq nUM bcwaux leI
AkwlI PUlw isMG vI kOmI ipAwr sdkw mulqwn phuMc igAw sI[
ijauN hI iklHy dI dIvwr iv`c pwV ipAw ieh kOmI prvwnw Aqy
gurmiq dw dIvwnw isMGW nUM nwl lY mwro mwr krdw iklHy AMdr jw
viVAw[ iklHy AMdr Awhmo-swhmxy dI h`QopweI dI lVweI hox krky
ieqnw BwrI KUn-Krwbw hoieAw ijhVw keI swl lokW dI Xwd bixAw
irhw[ sUrmy srdwr hrI isMG Aqy dUjy isrk`F srdwrW ny gwzIAW dy
C`ky Cufw id`qy[ ies ktw v`FI iv`c nvwb muj`Pr ^wn sxy aus dy pMj
pu`q mwry gey Aqy bwkI dy iqMn pu`qr sr&rwz ^wn, zulPkwr Kwn Aqy
AmIr KW bcy jo 300 A&gwnW smyq isMGW ny kYdI bxw ley[ ies jMg
iv`c 12 hjwr A&gwn Aqy 4 hjwr dy krIb isMG mwry gey[
auprMq mulqwn nUM KUb lu`itAw[ kMvr KVk isMG ny ij`q ip`CoN
iklHy iv`c dwKl ho ky nkdI Dn, sonw, cWdI hor kImqI mwl jo SwhI
^jwny coN h`Q l`igAw aus dI sWB sMBwl kr ky lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[
nvwb dI hIry jVq qlvwr Aqy Fwl DMnw isMG dy h`Q AweI sI[ jdoN
44

ies ny ieh mhwrwjw swihb nUM pyS kIqI qW aus ny ieh dovyN vsqW
Aqy pMj hzwr rupey bhwdrI bdly DMnw isMG nUM bKS id`qy[ ies jMg
dI ij`q auprMq srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI jwgIr dUxI kr id`qI[
mugl ieiqhwskwrW dIAW ilKqW muqwbk, "rxjIq isMG dI
&Oj mulqwn qoN ip`Cy D`kI jwxI sI jykr PUlw isMG ie`k pwgl AkwlI,
ihMmq kr ky (kMD dy) aus mory iv`coN j`Qw lY ky AMdr nw jw vVdw[
lY&tInYt krnl gulcrn isMG ny Awpxy ie`k lyK jo 'sIs-gMj'
id`lI dy rswly 1984 iv`c 'mw: rxjIq isMG dw mulqwn &qih krnw
pMnw 73-96 qy iliKAw hY"? ies lVweI qoN swbq huMdw hY ik ie`k
nIvIN p`Dr dI isKlweI vwlIO Aqy AnuSwSn hIn &Oj ie`k fispln
vwlI Aqy byhqr isKlweI Aqy AwXojq &Oj dw mukwblw nhIN kr
skdI[ Dwrimk jnUMn &wiedymMd huMdw hY, pr ieh fispln, cMgI
isKlweI Aqy ivauNqbMdI dy Gwty nUM kdI vI pUrw nhIN kr skdw[ pr
lwiek, inpuMn Aqy idRV lIfriSp cMgy is`ty pYdw krdI hY[
aunHW ieh vI iliKAw ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ie`k bhuq hI
SkqISwlI, sw& idl, sucyq, sMjmI Aqy skImI rwjw sI[ gulwm,
ijlwnI dw iliKAw ik`sw ies g`l dI gvwhI Brdw hY ik is`KI
siprt kwrn is`K &Oj dy hOsly hmySw cVHdI klw vwly rihMdy sn[
mulqwn dI ij`q bVI hI mh`qv pUrn sI[ ies nwl is`K rwj
Atk qoN lY ky d`Kx iv`c pMj nd dirAw q`k jw imilAw[ pMjwb iv`c
A&gwnW dI qwkq dw Bog pY igAw[ ies ij`q ny isMD leI rwh KolH
id`qw[ ies nwl kMDwr qoN mulqwn huMdw hoieAw id`lI nUM jWdw rsqw jo
qjwrq p`KoN pRis`D sI, is`K rwj dy ADIn ho igAw[ sIqw rwm kohlI
Anuswr ies ij`q kwrn lwhOr dy Kzwny iv`c 680975 rupey swlwnw
dw vwDw ho igAw sI[

45

iek`lw isMG Aw ky moFw dvy[ sB qoN pihlW ieh kMm mYN krWgw[
kmWfr dy kihx qy isMGW dI kqwr l`g geI[ ijlwnI ilKdw hY ik
ieh dyK ky mYN hYrwn ho igAw[ soicAw pqw nhIN isMGW nUM ienHW dy gurU
ny kI CkwieAw hoieAw hY ik ieh mrn qoN rqI Br vI nhIN frdy[ myry
dyKdy dyKdy sB qoN pihlW kmWfr ny qop dy tu`ty phIey vwly pwsy moFw
id`qw[ ie`k is`K ny qop clweI qy ijvyN hI golw inkl ky kMD iv`c jw
v`ijAw kmWfr vI nwl hI ShId ho igAw[ ieM\ igAwrW isMG
ShIdIAW pw gey[ ieh kMD pwV ky hI hty[ A`gy c`l ky ieh ilKdw
hY ik ieh swkw dyK ky myrw idl ih`l igAw ik ikvyN iehnW ny jwnW
vwrIAW[ pRBwvq ho ky mYnUM vI joS AwieAw ik mYN vI qop Q`ly moFw dvW
pr soicAw jykr mYN vI ShId ho igAw qW ies idl-ivMnvyN swky nUM
dunIAW swmHxy hor kOx r`Kygw[ is`KW dI kurbwnI dI ieh byimswl
khwxI hY[
ieh jMg kwPI lMbI hox kr ky ^wlsy dI pq nUM bcwaux leI
AkwlI PUlw isMG vI kOmI ipAwr sdkw mulqwn phuMc igAw sI[
ijauN hI iklHy dI dIvwr iv`c pwV ipAw ieh kOmI prvwnw Aqy
gurmiq dw dIvwnw isMGW nUM nwl lY mwro mwr krdw iklHy AMdr jw
viVAw[ iklHy AMdr Awhmo-swhmxy dI h`QopweI dI lVweI hox krky
ieqnw BwrI KUn-Krwbw hoieAw ijhVw keI swl lokW dI Xwd bixAw
irhw[ sUrmy srdwr hrI isMG Aqy dUjy isrk`F srdwrW ny gwzIAW dy
C`ky Cufw id`qy[ ies ktw v`FI iv`c nvwb muj`Pr ^wn sxy aus dy pMj
pu`q mwry gey Aqy bwkI dy iqMn pu`qr sr&rwz ^wn, zulPkwr Kwn Aqy
AmIr KW bcy jo 300 A&gwnW smyq isMGW ny kYdI bxw ley[ ies jMg
iv`c 12 hjwr A&gwn Aqy 4 hjwr dy krIb isMG mwry gey[
auprMq mulqwn nUM KUb lu`itAw[ kMvr KVk isMG ny ij`q ip`CoN
iklHy iv`c dwKl ho ky nkdI Dn, sonw, cWdI hor kImqI mwl jo SwhI
^jwny coN h`Q l`igAw aus dI sWB sMBwl kr ky lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[
nvwb dI hIry jVq qlvwr Aqy Fwl DMnw isMG dy h`Q AweI sI[ jdoN
44

ies ny ieh mhwrwjw swihb nUM pyS kIqI qW aus ny ieh dovyN vsqW
Aqy pMj hzwr rupey bhwdrI bdly DMnw isMG nUM bKS id`qy[ ies jMg
dI ij`q auprMq srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI jwgIr dUxI kr id`qI[
mugl ieiqhwskwrW dIAW ilKqW muqwbk, "rxjIq isMG dI
&Oj mulqwn qoN ip`Cy D`kI jwxI sI jykr PUlw isMG ie`k pwgl AkwlI,
ihMmq kr ky (kMD dy) aus mory iv`coN j`Qw lY ky AMdr nw jw vVdw[
lY&tInYt krnl gulcrn isMG ny Awpxy ie`k lyK jo 'sIs-gMj'
id`lI dy rswly 1984 iv`c 'mw: rxjIq isMG dw mulqwn &qih krnw
pMnw 73-96 qy iliKAw hY"? ies lVweI qoN swbq huMdw hY ik ie`k
nIvIN p`Dr dI isKlweI vwlIO Aqy AnuSwSn hIn &Oj ie`k fispln
vwlI Aqy byhqr isKlweI Aqy AwXojq &Oj dw mukwblw nhIN kr
skdI[ Dwrimk jnUMn &wiedymMd huMdw hY, pr ieh fispln, cMgI
isKlweI Aqy ivauNqbMdI dy Gwty nUM kdI vI pUrw nhIN kr skdw[ pr
lwiek, inpuMn Aqy idRV lIfriSp cMgy is`ty pYdw krdI hY[
aunHW ieh vI iliKAw ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ie`k bhuq hI
SkqISwlI, sw& idl, sucyq, sMjmI Aqy skImI rwjw sI[ gulwm,
ijlwnI dw iliKAw ik`sw ies g`l dI gvwhI Brdw hY ik is`KI
siprt kwrn is`K &Oj dy hOsly hmySw cVHdI klw vwly rihMdy sn[
mulqwn dI ij`q bVI hI mh`qv pUrn sI[ ies nwl is`K rwj
Atk qoN lY ky d`Kx iv`c pMj nd dirAw q`k jw imilAw[ pMjwb iv`c
A&gwnW dI qwkq dw Bog pY igAw[ ies ij`q ny isMD leI rwh KolH
id`qw[ ies nwl kMDwr qoN mulqwn huMdw hoieAw id`lI nUM jWdw rsqw jo
qjwrq p`KoN pRis`D sI, is`K rwj dy ADIn ho igAw[ sIqw rwm kohlI
Anuswr ies ij`q kwrn lwhOr dy Kzwny iv`c 680975 rupey swlwnw
dw vwDw ho igAw sI[

45

AsQwn hY[ bwdSwh jhWgIr ny kSmIr bwry AmIr Kusro (kvI) dy

Sbd duhrwey :

kSmIr dy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI

Agr iPrdOs br rU ey zmIn Asq, hmy Asq hmy Asq E hmy Asq[

sMsikRq iv`c kSmIr do SbdW kw+SmIr dw sMjog hY['kw' dw

Bwv hY pwxI Aqy 'SmIr' KuSk DrqI nUM kihMdy hn[ kSmIr dI DrqI
bhuq au~cI nIvIN hY Aqy ivckwr ijhlm dirAw vgdw hY[ ieiqhws
AMdr ieh vrxn hY ik ie`Qy mrIcI dy pu`qr kSXp nwmI irSI ny qp
kIqw[ ies ny bwrwmUly pws ie`k phwV iv`coN rsqw bxvw ky sqIsr
dw pwxI pMjwb v`l vgw id`qw[ ieh vg irhw pwxI pihlW 'kwsUr'
Aqy ip`CoN ijhlm nwm nwl jwixAw jwx l`gw[ sqIsr ie`k JIl sI
ijhVI 56 koh lMmI Aqy 16 koh cOVI sI Aqy ieh cwry qrPoN phwVW
nwl iGrI hoeI sI[
mhW Bwrq iv`c drj hY ik pihly pihl ie`Qy kMbojW ny rwj
kIqw[ aus auprMq hor rwjy hoey Aqy cODvIN sdI iv`c pihlW musilm
pKqUn rwjw Swm-au-dIn Swh mIr hoieAw[ cIn dy XwqrI hIvn
sWg (ihaUn sWg) ny 1631 iv`c kSmIr dy s&r smyN ies nUM
ikAwSImIl iliKAw hY[ iq`bqI lok ies nUM Kwsl (br&wnI phwV)
kihMdy hn[ rwj 'qrMgnI' dw lyKk sRI Xuq klhx ilKdw hY ik
kSmIr auh dyS hY, ijs nUM sUrj dyvqw AwpxIAW suhwvxIAW ikrnW
Aqy im`TI-im`TI Du`p nwl rOxk bKSdw hY[ ieh irKIAW dI qp BUmI
Aqy ivdvwnW dw su`K invws hY[ ies dy au~qr v`l nwgw prbq
26620 Pu`t au~cw hY qy pUrb v`l hrmuK prbq snmu`K idKweI idMdw
hY[ d`Kx v`l Amr nwQ phwV 17800 Pu`t au~cw hY Aqy iesy qrHW
p`Cm v`l pIr pMjwl 15000 Pu`t au~cw hY[
jhWgIr bwdSwh qozky bwbrI iv`c AwpxI klm nwl ilKdw
hY ,"kSmIr ie`k bwg hY pr auh bwg ijs iv`c sdw bhwr rihMdI
hY ....bwdSwhW dI p`q vDwx vwlw dyS hY Aqy drvySW leI iekWq
46

Bwv jykr koeI DrqI qy svrg hY auh ieh jgHw hY[

kSmIr dI GwtI kudrq dy nzwirAW, mnmohxy idRSW, idliK`cvyN jl-JrinAW, hry-Bry mYdwnW, vMn-suvMny Pu`lW dI tihkmihk qy muskwn nwl BrpUr hY[ ie`Qy dIAW GwtIAW au~cy au~cy ibRCW,
bwgW, inrml jl qy br& nwl l`dIAW hoeIAW bhuq hI suMdr rmxIk
Aqy cmk dmk vwlIAW hn[ pr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn vwly ilKdy
hn ik ieh auh dyv-lok Aqy PirSiqAW dy invws vwlI DrqI
bykdirAW dy h`Q Aw ky surg qoN Gor nrk Aqy PulvwVI qoN mswx BUmI
dy rUp iv`c bdl geI[ ijauN hI ies DrqI qy A&gwnW dw kbjw
hoieAw Aqy 1752 iv`c Aihmd Swh durwnI ny ies nUM AwpxI
slqnq AMdr ADIn kIqw[ auprMq iehnW by-qrs, by-drd, bykdry Aqy by-iensw& zwlmW ny nwdr Swh dy kqlyAwm nUM vI mwmUlI
krwr id`qw[jrvwxy Asd^wn bwry ilKqW drswauNdIAW hn ik ieh
pSU ibrqI vwlw do do ihMdUAW dIAW ip`TW joV ky qy r`isAW nwl aunHW
nUM nrV ky fUMGy pwxI iv`c sutvw idMdw jdoN auh ivcwry bcx leI h`Q
pYr mwrdy qW iKV iKV krky h`sdw sI Aqy kihMdw sI ieh kI qmwSw
kr rhy hn? ieh aunHW nUM auyqnw icr KuSI KuSI q`kdw rihMdw ijqnw
icr aunHW dy jIvn dw dIvw gu`l nhIN sI ho jWdw[ ies ny hukm kr
id`qw ik koeI ihMdU isr qy p`g nhIN bMnH skdw Aqy nw hI pYNrI ju`qI
pihn skdw hY[ ihMdUAW dI ip`T qy cVH ky A&gwnW v`loN svwrI krnI
Awm g`l sI[ ieh g`l sr vwltr lwrMs ny 'dI vYlI AwP kSmIr'
dy pMnw 198 qy ilKI hY[
mOlwxw muhMmd dIn qvwrIK kSmIr dI hU bhU drd khwxI ieM\
ibAwn krdy hn :
47

AsQwn hY[ bwdSwh jhWgIr ny kSmIr bwry AmIr Kusro (kvI) dy

Sbd duhrwey :

kSmIr dy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI

Agr iPrdOs br rU ey zmIn Asq, hmy Asq hmy Asq E hmy Asq[

sMsikRq iv`c kSmIr do SbdW kw+SmIr dw sMjog hY['kw' dw

Bwv hY pwxI Aqy 'SmIr' KuSk DrqI nUM kihMdy hn[ kSmIr dI DrqI
bhuq au~cI nIvIN hY Aqy ivckwr ijhlm dirAw vgdw hY[ ieiqhws
AMdr ieh vrxn hY ik ie`Qy mrIcI dy pu`qr kSXp nwmI irSI ny qp
kIqw[ ies ny bwrwmUly pws ie`k phwV iv`coN rsqw bxvw ky sqIsr
dw pwxI pMjwb v`l vgw id`qw[ ieh vg irhw pwxI pihlW 'kwsUr'
Aqy ip`CoN ijhlm nwm nwl jwixAw jwx l`gw[ sqIsr ie`k JIl sI
ijhVI 56 koh lMmI Aqy 16 koh cOVI sI Aqy ieh cwry qrPoN phwVW
nwl iGrI hoeI sI[
mhW Bwrq iv`c drj hY ik pihly pihl ie`Qy kMbojW ny rwj
kIqw[ aus auprMq hor rwjy hoey Aqy cODvIN sdI iv`c pihlW musilm
pKqUn rwjw Swm-au-dIn Swh mIr hoieAw[ cIn dy XwqrI hIvn
sWg (ihaUn sWg) ny 1631 iv`c kSmIr dy s&r smyN ies nUM
ikAwSImIl iliKAw hY[ iq`bqI lok ies nUM Kwsl (br&wnI phwV)
kihMdy hn[ rwj 'qrMgnI' dw lyKk sRI Xuq klhx ilKdw hY ik
kSmIr auh dyS hY, ijs nUM sUrj dyvqw AwpxIAW suhwvxIAW ikrnW
Aqy im`TI-im`TI Du`p nwl rOxk bKSdw hY[ ieh irKIAW dI qp BUmI
Aqy ivdvwnW dw su`K invws hY[ ies dy au~qr v`l nwgw prbq
26620 Pu`t au~cw hY qy pUrb v`l hrmuK prbq snmu`K idKweI idMdw
hY[ d`Kx v`l Amr nwQ phwV 17800 Pu`t au~cw hY Aqy iesy qrHW
p`Cm v`l pIr pMjwl 15000 Pu`t au~cw hY[
jhWgIr bwdSwh qozky bwbrI iv`c AwpxI klm nwl ilKdw
hY ,"kSmIr ie`k bwg hY pr auh bwg ijs iv`c sdw bhwr rihMdI
hY ....bwdSwhW dI p`q vDwx vwlw dyS hY Aqy drvySW leI iekWq
46

Bwv jykr koeI DrqI qy svrg hY auh ieh jgHw hY[

kSmIr dI GwtI kudrq dy nzwirAW, mnmohxy idRSW, idliK`cvyN jl-JrinAW, hry-Bry mYdwnW, vMn-suvMny Pu`lW dI tihkmihk qy muskwn nwl BrpUr hY[ ie`Qy dIAW GwtIAW au~cy au~cy ibRCW,
bwgW, inrml jl qy br& nwl l`dIAW hoeIAW bhuq hI suMdr rmxIk
Aqy cmk dmk vwlIAW hn[ pr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn vwly ilKdy
hn ik ieh auh dyv-lok Aqy PirSiqAW dy invws vwlI DrqI
bykdirAW dy h`Q Aw ky surg qoN Gor nrk Aqy PulvwVI qoN mswx BUmI
dy rUp iv`c bdl geI[ ijauN hI ies DrqI qy A&gwnW dw kbjw
hoieAw Aqy 1752 iv`c Aihmd Swh durwnI ny ies nUM AwpxI
slqnq AMdr ADIn kIqw[ auprMq iehnW by-qrs, by-drd, bykdry Aqy by-iensw& zwlmW ny nwdr Swh dy kqlyAwm nUM vI mwmUlI
krwr id`qw[jrvwxy Asd^wn bwry ilKqW drswauNdIAW hn ik ieh
pSU ibrqI vwlw do do ihMdUAW dIAW ip`TW joV ky qy r`isAW nwl aunHW
nUM nrV ky fUMGy pwxI iv`c sutvw idMdw jdoN auh ivcwry bcx leI h`Q
pYr mwrdy qW iKV iKV krky h`sdw sI Aqy kihMdw sI ieh kI qmwSw
kr rhy hn? ieh aunHW nUM auyqnw icr KuSI KuSI q`kdw rihMdw ijqnw
icr aunHW dy jIvn dw dIvw gu`l nhIN sI ho jWdw[ ies ny hukm kr
id`qw ik koeI ihMdU isr qy p`g nhIN bMnH skdw Aqy nw hI pYNrI ju`qI
pihn skdw hY[ ihMdUAW dI ip`T qy cVH ky A&gwnW v`loN svwrI krnI
Awm g`l sI[ ieh g`l sr vwltr lwrMs ny 'dI vYlI AwP kSmIr'
dy pMnw 198 qy ilKI hY[
mOlwxw muhMmd dIn qvwrIK kSmIr dI hU bhU drd khwxI ieM\
ibAwn krdy hn :
47

prsIdm Az KrwbIey gulSn z bwgbW[

PgW kSId v gu&q ko AvgW ^rwb krd[
Swmqy Aihmwl sy A&gwn hwkm ho gey[
Awey Eu Avr qwly bydwr Apny so gey[

Bwv A&gwnW dIAW iGnwauxIAW, KO&nwk Aqy frwauxIAW hrkqW

ny AYsy idl ihlw id`qy ik mulk iv`c Sor Aqy qU&wn pYdw ho igAw[
ij`Dr vI mYN dyKdw sI lokW (Kws kr ihMdUAW) dI Swmq AweI hoeI
sI[ mUl rUp iv`c ieh mrdkuSI sI[
iehnW qoN ielwvW grIbW Aqy CotIAW zwqW vwilAW nUM D`ky nwl
PV ky ieh A&gwn ibgwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy kMm bdly kuJ nhIN sI
idMdy[ iehnW A&gwnW dy mohrIAW iv`coN A~qw muhmMd ieqnw nS`eI
Aqy ivS`eI sI ik AwpxI kwm vwSnw dI iqRpqI leI ies ny kUV
kpt vwlIAW jnwnIAW r`KIAW hoeIAW sn[ auh dUr dUr q`k GuMmdIAW
sn Aqy ijs Gr iv`c koeI suMdr qy juAwn nUMh DI dyKdIAW sn qW aus
nUM A~qw muhmMd ^wn kol Dky nwl lY AwauNdIAW sn[ Gr vwly ivcwry
roNdy kurlwauNdy rih jWdy sn Aqy iehnW dI &irAwd suxn vwlw koeI
nhIN sI[
ijvyN ik sRI gurU qyg bhwdr jI pws Awpxw Drm bcwaux leI
kSmIrI PirAwdI bx ky AnMdpur swihb Awey sn iqvyN AiqAwcwrW
nUM mu`K r`K ky kSmIr dw ie`k pqvMqw, sqvMqw bIrbl Dr nW dw
DnwF pMifq Awpxw Bys bdl ky kSmIr qoN lwhOr mhwrwjw rxjIq
isMG dy drbwr iv`c Aw hwzr hoieAw[ pr SmSyr isMG ASok ny ies
dw nW pMifq bIrvr iliKAw hY, jo sUbw j`bwr ^wn dy ADIn sRI ngr
(kSmIr) dw pRDwn mMqRI sI[ ies ny ro ro ky AiqAwcwrW dI drdnwk
gwQw mhwrwjy A`gy h`Q joV ky suxweI[ ieh sB kuJ sux ky Syir-eypMjwb dy rONgty KVHy ho gey Aqy kol bYTy srdwrW dw KUn aubwly Kwx
l`igAw[ Blw gurU dy is`K ieh g`lW ikvyN jr skdy sn? bIrbl ny
48

AwiKAw, "rwjn ! kSmIr dy iesqRI purS duKI ihridAW nwl pRBU

A`gy iehI bynqI krdy hn[ idvw XI XI[ is`K rwj qihq ikAwhW[
Bwv hy Bgvwn! is`K rwj CyqI ieQy phuMc jwvy[
mhwrwjy ny bIrbl Dr dy drd Bry Sbd sux ky kSmIr qy
cVHweI krn leI iqAwrIAW AwrMBx dw hukm kIqw[ vYsy vI kSmIr
ijQy ihMdUAW Aqy boDIAW dw Dwrimk kyNdr irhw hY au~Qy iqMn gurU
swihbwn gurU nwnk dyv jI, gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy gurU hir
rwey jI ny crn pwey sn[ gurU qyg bhwdr jI ny ihMdUAW dy iqlk jMvU
dI rwKI leI ijs dy ik auh DwrnI nhIN sn id`lI ivKy jw ky Shwdq
id`qI sI[ mhInw vI ivswK dw sI Aqy ^wlsw swjnw idvs c`l rhy
sn[ ieh idn ^ws krky ^wlsy dy mnW AMdr gurU goibMd isMG jI dy
khy bcn, 'inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN' dw Xu`D-nwd vjw idMdy hn[
^wlsw ieh pRyrxw lY ky iksy qy vI peI BIV dyK ky iensw& Aqy
suqMrqw dI ^wqr rx-q`qy iv`c CwqI fwh ky jUJ pYNdw hY[ Bwv
jb Awb kI AauD inDwn bnY,Aq hI rx mih qb jUJ mro]

AijhI nykI Aqy bdI dI jMg AMdr prmwqmW vI pwpIAW nUM

aunHW dy kIqy kukrmW qy pwpW dI szw idMdw hY Aqy DrmIAW dI jY jY
kwr krwauNdw hY[ DrmI dw krm hY ik piq lhwaux nwloN mOq kbUlxw
shI hY[ DrmI ho ky zulm zr lYxw ^wlsy dy nwm nUM klMkq krn dy
qu`l hY[ gurbwxI dy bol hn:
syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145)
jYkwr kIE DrmIAw kw pwpI ko dMf dIE]

^wlsw nwm hI mnu`KI Aqy r`bI pRym dw hY[ mnu`KI jzibAW dw

pRgtwvw hY, sMGrSmeI Gol Aqy srb`q dy Bly dw pRqIk hY[ sIqw rwm
dy kib`q Anuswr bIrbl Dr dy vihMdy nYxW ,coN nIr Aqy mu`KoN Alwey
vYx sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM ieh AwiKAw:

49

prsIdm Az KrwbIey gulSn z bwgbW[

PgW kSId v gu&q ko AvgW ^rwb krd[
Swmqy Aihmwl sy A&gwn hwkm ho gey[
Awey Eu Avr qwly bydwr Apny so gey[

Bwv A&gwnW dIAW iGnwauxIAW, KO&nwk Aqy frwauxIAW hrkqW

ny AYsy idl ihlw id`qy ik mulk iv`c Sor Aqy qU&wn pYdw ho igAw[
ij`Dr vI mYN dyKdw sI lokW (Kws kr ihMdUAW) dI Swmq AweI hoeI
sI[ mUl rUp iv`c ieh mrdkuSI sI[
iehnW qoN ielwvW grIbW Aqy CotIAW zwqW vwilAW nUM D`ky nwl
PV ky ieh A&gwn ibgwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy kMm bdly kuJ nhIN sI
idMdy[ iehnW A&gwnW dy mohrIAW iv`coN A~qw muhmMd ieqnw nS`eI
Aqy ivS`eI sI ik AwpxI kwm vwSnw dI iqRpqI leI ies ny kUV
kpt vwlIAW jnwnIAW r`KIAW hoeIAW sn[ auh dUr dUr q`k GuMmdIAW
sn Aqy ijs Gr iv`c koeI suMdr qy juAwn nUMh DI dyKdIAW sn qW aus
nUM A~qw muhmMd ^wn kol Dky nwl lY AwauNdIAW sn[ Gr vwly ivcwry
roNdy kurlwauNdy rih jWdy sn Aqy iehnW dI &irAwd suxn vwlw koeI
nhIN sI[
ijvyN ik sRI gurU qyg bhwdr jI pws Awpxw Drm bcwaux leI
kSmIrI PirAwdI bx ky AnMdpur swihb Awey sn iqvyN AiqAwcwrW
nUM mu`K r`K ky kSmIr dw ie`k pqvMqw, sqvMqw bIrbl Dr nW dw
DnwF pMifq Awpxw Bys bdl ky kSmIr qoN lwhOr mhwrwjw rxjIq
isMG dy drbwr iv`c Aw hwzr hoieAw[ pr SmSyr isMG ASok ny ies
dw nW pMifq bIrvr iliKAw hY, jo sUbw j`bwr ^wn dy ADIn sRI ngr
(kSmIr) dw pRDwn mMqRI sI[ ies ny ro ro ky AiqAwcwrW dI drdnwk
gwQw mhwrwjy A`gy h`Q joV ky suxweI[ ieh sB kuJ sux ky Syir-eypMjwb dy rONgty KVHy ho gey Aqy kol bYTy srdwrW dw KUn aubwly Kwx
l`igAw[ Blw gurU dy is`K ieh g`lW ikvyN jr skdy sn? bIrbl ny
48

AwiKAw, "rwjn ! kSmIr dy iesqRI purS duKI ihridAW nwl pRBU

A`gy iehI bynqI krdy hn[ idvw XI XI[ is`K rwj qihq ikAwhW[
Bwv hy Bgvwn! is`K rwj CyqI ieQy phuMc jwvy[
mhwrwjy ny bIrbl Dr dy drd Bry Sbd sux ky kSmIr qy
cVHweI krn leI iqAwrIAW AwrMBx dw hukm kIqw[ vYsy vI kSmIr
ijQy ihMdUAW Aqy boDIAW dw Dwrimk kyNdr irhw hY au~Qy iqMn gurU
swihbwn gurU nwnk dyv jI, gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy gurU hir
rwey jI ny crn pwey sn[ gurU qyg bhwdr jI ny ihMdUAW dy iqlk jMvU
dI rwKI leI ijs dy ik auh DwrnI nhIN sn id`lI ivKy jw ky Shwdq
id`qI sI[ mhInw vI ivswK dw sI Aqy ^wlsw swjnw idvs c`l rhy
sn[ ieh idn ^ws krky ^wlsy dy mnW AMdr gurU goibMd isMG jI dy
khy bcn, 'inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN' dw Xu`D-nwd vjw idMdy hn[
^wlsw ieh pRyrxw lY ky iksy qy vI peI BIV dyK ky iensw& Aqy
suqMrqw dI ^wqr rx-q`qy iv`c CwqI fwh ky jUJ pYNdw hY[ Bwv
jb Awb kI AauD inDwn bnY,Aq hI rx mih qb jUJ mro]

AijhI nykI Aqy bdI dI jMg AMdr prmwqmW vI pwpIAW nUM

aunHW dy kIqy kukrmW qy pwpW dI szw idMdw hY Aqy DrmIAW dI jY jY
kwr krwauNdw hY[ DrmI dw krm hY ik piq lhwaux nwloN mOq kbUlxw
shI hY[ DrmI ho ky zulm zr lYxw ^wlsy dy nwm nUM klMkq krn dy
qu`l hY[ gurbwxI dy bol hn:
syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145)
jYkwr kIE DrmIAw kw pwpI ko dMf dIE]

^wlsw nwm hI mnu`KI Aqy r`bI pRym dw hY[ mnu`KI jzibAW dw

pRgtwvw hY, sMGrSmeI Gol Aqy srb`q dy Bly dw pRqIk hY[ sIqw rwm
dy kib`q Anuswr bIrbl Dr dy vihMdy nYxW ,coN nIr Aqy mu`KoN Alwey
vYx sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM ieh AwiKAw:

49

puxC dy hwkm zbrdsq ^wn ny t`kr lYx leI qrweI iklHy

iv`c jMgI iqAwrIAW AwrMB id`qIAW[ Aw rhI ^wlsw &Oj nUM rokx leI
rsqy iv`c Bwry p`Qr sutvw id`qy Aqy dr^q ktvw ky su`t id`qy[
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy AkwlI PUulw isMG nUM ies g`l dI ^br
phuMcI qW iehnW qyzI nwl Aw ky h`lw boilAw[ AgoN jbrdsq ^wn
ny vI s^q twkrw kIqw[ isMGW ny iklHy dw ie`k pwsw brUd nwl aufw
id`qw Aqy joS iv`c Aw ky iklHy dy AMdr mukwblw kr rhy A&gwnW qy
tu`t pey[ qlvwrW, nyijAW qy BwilAW nwl jMm ky lVweI hoeI[ dohW
qr&W dy kw&I sUrmy lVdy lVdy jwnW vwr gey[ Aw^Ir ^wlsw &Oj ny

iklHy qy kbzw kr ky kysrI inSwn Julw id`qy[ieh morcw ij`q ky &Oj

bihrwm ij`Qy dw mOsm bVw suhwvnw sI vwps Aw geI[ ie`Qy Tihr
ky kuJ idn Awrwm kIqw Aqy Agly sMgrwm leI iqAwrI iv`FI
ikauNik kSmIr dy KwVkU hukmrwn bwrkzeIAW nwl m`Qw lwauxw sI[
ieh kSmIr nUM AwpxI p`kI mlkIAq smJdy sn[ kSmIr dI suMdrqw
krky, vDIAw mOsm Aqy au~cIAW phwVIAW kwrn sur`iKAq hox krky
mu`dqW qoN ieh jgHw bwdSwhW dI rxBUmI rhI hY[ mwro mwr krdIAW
^wlsw &OjW Awaux dI ^br sux ky kSmIr dy hwkm muhmMd j`bwr
^wn ny v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj iek`qr kr ky supeIAW (supn) dy mYdwn
iv`c twkry leI qopW bIV id`qIAW[ koh Drwl qy pIr pMjwl dIAW
au~cIAW cotIAW dw rsqw bVw kTn sI[ ^wlsw &OzW 26 jUn nUM srwey
ielwhI pu`j geIAW[ srwey qoN kUc krky AhIrpur fyrw kIqw ij`QoN jMg
dw mYdwn 5 koh qy sI[ A&gwn &Oj v`fI lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrI
iv`c sI[ srdwrW nUM vI vYrI dI hr qzvIz dI sUh iml cu`kI sI[
twkry leI iehnW &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAW iv`c vMf ky 3 julweI nUM 1819
nUM svyr swr A&gwnW dy moricAW qy Dwvw jw boilAw[ A`goN A&gwnW
ny qopW dy goly dwg id`qy[ Gmswn dw Xu`D hox l`igAw[ dohW pwisAW
qoN Ssqr KVk rhy sn Aqy sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho rhy sn[ AkwlI PUlw
isMG dI tukVI dy swmHxy bhwdr Syr idl ^wn Awpxy Brw mIr AKor
sm`d ^wn dy nwmI &OjIAW sxy Aw fitAw Aqy lVdw lVdw mwirAw
igAw[ dUjy pwsy j`bwr ^wn ny hrI isMG nlvw qy qlvwr dw lMbw vwr
kIqw[ nlvw ny PurqI nwl ieh vwr Fwl qy roikAw Aqy AwpxI
qlvwr nwl j`bwr ^wn dw qlvwr nwl h`Q v`F id`qw[ ies hwlq
iv`c auh jwn bcw ky n`s igAw[ rsqy iv`c muhmMd j`bwr ^wn ny
mYdwny-jMg AMdr Awpxy BrwvW nUM P`tV pey Aqy qVPdy dyiKAw qW
ieh jMg leI nw ruikAw Aqy A&gwinsqwn v`l inkl igAw[ ieM\
hwkmW dy mrn Aqy dOVn krky &Oj ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy ^wlsy
dI ij`q hoeI[ ies ij`q nwl kSmIr iv`c qkrIbn pMj sO swl qoN
lgwqwr c`l irhw ieslwmI rwj ^qm ho igAw[

50

51

J`t srkwr &OjW kIqIAW iqAwr,

mu`KoN ikhw bwr bwr hrI isMG ko vMgwr ky[
sIqw rwm bwJ qyry hovxw nw kwj audY,
kro bYTy rwj kSmIr Sihr mwr ky[

Syir-ey-pMjwb ny AwpxI ingrwnI hyT 30 hzwr &OjW nwl

lwhOr qoN kSmIr v`l kUc kIqw[ ies iv`c Sihzwdw KVg isMG,
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, AkwlI PUlw isMG, Swm isMG AtwrIvwlw,
hukmw isMG icmnI , jvwlw isMG Awid mu`K srdwr sn[ ies qoN ibnW
10 hzwr &Oj mhwrwjy ny Awpxy pws r`KI[ ^wlsw &Oj siq sRI Akwl
dy jYkwry gjwauNdI, ngwirAW qy cotW lwauNdI Aqy ByrIAW vjwauNdI
c`lI qW 20 ApRYl 1819 nUM lwhOr qoN sI pr ies dI Dmk kSmIr
iv`c pYxI SurU ho geI sI[ &Oj dI cVHq sux ky iBMbr, rwjOrI Awid dy
hwkm jwn bcwaux leI B`j inkly[ isMGW ny rwjOrI dy Agr Kwn nUM
pkV ky mhwrwjy dy swmHxy pyS kIqw[ srkwr ny qrs Kw ky jwn hI
nhIN bKSI dubwrw rwjOrI dw rwj Bwg sB sMBwl id`qw[ ^wlsw &Oj
bihrwm phuMcI pr A&gwnI &Ojdwr gVHI C`f ky sRI ngr v`l dOV
igAw[ hwkm mIr muhMmd KW Aqy muhMmd AlI ny eIn mMn ky Awpxy
Awp nUM KVg isMG dy hvwly kr id`qw[ Sihzwdy KVg isMG ny iehnW
nUM muAwP kr ky iK`lqW b^SIAW[

puxC dy hwkm zbrdsq ^wn ny t`kr lYx leI qrweI iklHy

iv`c jMgI iqAwrIAW AwrMB id`qIAW[ Aw rhI ^wlsw &Oj nUM rokx leI
rsqy iv`c Bwry p`Qr sutvw id`qy Aqy dr^q ktvw ky su`t id`qy[
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy AkwlI PUulw isMG nUM ies g`l dI ^br
phuMcI qW iehnW qyzI nwl Aw ky h`lw boilAw[ AgoN jbrdsq ^wn
ny vI s^q twkrw kIqw[ isMGW ny iklHy dw ie`k pwsw brUd nwl aufw
id`qw Aqy joS iv`c Aw ky iklHy dy AMdr mukwblw kr rhy A&gwnW qy
tu`t pey[ qlvwrW, nyijAW qy BwilAW nwl jMm ky lVweI hoeI[ dohW
qr&W dy kw&I sUrmy lVdy lVdy jwnW vwr gey[ Aw^Ir ^wlsw &Oj ny

iklHy qy kbzw kr ky kysrI inSwn Julw id`qy[ieh morcw ij`q ky &Oj

bihrwm ij`Qy dw mOsm bVw suhwvnw sI vwps Aw geI[ ie`Qy Tihr
ky kuJ idn Awrwm kIqw Aqy Agly sMgrwm leI iqAwrI iv`FI
ikauNik kSmIr dy KwVkU hukmrwn bwrkzeIAW nwl m`Qw lwauxw sI[
ieh kSmIr nUM AwpxI p`kI mlkIAq smJdy sn[ kSmIr dI suMdrqw
krky, vDIAw mOsm Aqy au~cIAW phwVIAW kwrn sur`iKAq hox krky
mu`dqW qoN ieh jgHw bwdSwhW dI rxBUmI rhI hY[ mwro mwr krdIAW
^wlsw &OjW Awaux dI ^br sux ky kSmIr dy hwkm muhmMd j`bwr
^wn ny v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj iek`qr kr ky supeIAW (supn) dy mYdwn
iv`c twkry leI qopW bIV id`qIAW[ koh Drwl qy pIr pMjwl dIAW
au~cIAW cotIAW dw rsqw bVw kTn sI[ ^wlsw &OzW 26 jUn nUM srwey
ielwhI pu`j geIAW[ srwey qoN kUc krky AhIrpur fyrw kIqw ij`QoN jMg
dw mYdwn 5 koh qy sI[ A&gwn &Oj v`fI lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrI
iv`c sI[ srdwrW nUM vI vYrI dI hr qzvIz dI sUh iml cu`kI sI[
twkry leI iehnW &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAW iv`c vMf ky 3 julweI nUM 1819
nUM svyr swr A&gwnW dy moricAW qy Dwvw jw boilAw[ A`goN A&gwnW
ny qopW dy goly dwg id`qy[ Gmswn dw Xu`D hox l`igAw[ dohW pwisAW
qoN Ssqr KVk rhy sn Aqy sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho rhy sn[ AkwlI PUlw
isMG dI tukVI dy swmHxy bhwdr Syr idl ^wn Awpxy Brw mIr AKor
sm`d ^wn dy nwmI &OjIAW sxy Aw fitAw Aqy lVdw lVdw mwirAw
igAw[ dUjy pwsy j`bwr ^wn ny hrI isMG nlvw qy qlvwr dw lMbw vwr
kIqw[ nlvw ny PurqI nwl ieh vwr Fwl qy roikAw Aqy AwpxI
qlvwr nwl j`bwr ^wn dw qlvwr nwl h`Q v`F id`qw[ ies hwlq
iv`c auh jwn bcw ky n`s igAw[ rsqy iv`c muhmMd j`bwr ^wn ny
mYdwny-jMg AMdr Awpxy BrwvW nUM P`tV pey Aqy qVPdy dyiKAw qW
ieh jMg leI nw ruikAw Aqy A&gwinsqwn v`l inkl igAw[ ieM\
hwkmW dy mrn Aqy dOVn krky &Oj ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy ^wlsy
dI ij`q hoeI[ ies ij`q nwl kSmIr iv`c qkrIbn pMj sO swl qoN
lgwqwr c`l irhw ieslwmI rwj ^qm ho igAw[

50

51

J`t srkwr &OjW kIqIAW iqAwr,

mu`KoN ikhw bwr bwr hrI isMG ko vMgwr ky[
sIqw rwm bwJ qyry hovxw nw kwj audY,
kro bYTy rwj kSmIr Sihr mwr ky[

Syir-ey-pMjwb ny AwpxI ingrwnI hyT 30 hzwr &OjW nwl

lwhOr qoN kSmIr v`l kUc kIqw[ ies iv`c Sihzwdw KVg isMG,
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, AkwlI PUlw isMG, Swm isMG AtwrIvwlw,
hukmw isMG icmnI , jvwlw isMG Awid mu`K srdwr sn[ ies qoN ibnW
10 hzwr &Oj mhwrwjy ny Awpxy pws r`KI[ ^wlsw &Oj siq sRI Akwl
dy jYkwry gjwauNdI, ngwirAW qy cotW lwauNdI Aqy ByrIAW vjwauNdI
c`lI qW 20 ApRYl 1819 nUM lwhOr qoN sI pr ies dI Dmk kSmIr
iv`c pYxI SurU ho geI sI[ &Oj dI cVHq sux ky iBMbr, rwjOrI Awid dy
hwkm jwn bcwaux leI B`j inkly[ isMGW ny rwjOrI dy Agr Kwn nUM
pkV ky mhwrwjy dy swmHxy pyS kIqw[ srkwr ny qrs Kw ky jwn hI
nhIN bKSI dubwrw rwjOrI dw rwj Bwg sB sMBwl id`qw[ ^wlsw &Oj
bihrwm phuMcI pr A&gwnI &Ojdwr gVHI C`f ky sRI ngr v`l dOV
igAw[ hwkm mIr muhMmd KW Aqy muhMmd AlI ny eIn mMn ky Awpxy
Awp nUM KVg isMG dy hvwly kr id`qw[ Sihzwdy KVg isMG ny iehnW
nUM muAwP kr ky iK`lqW b^SIAW[

ij`q dI KuSI iv`c DOisAW dI gUMj hyT ^wlseI inSwn Julw

id`qy[ prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw igAw[A&gwnI &Oj dIAW 22 qopW,
hzwrW bMdUkW, qlvwrW, Bwly, brCy, v`fI igxqI 'c hwQI Aqy GoVy
Aqy jKIry ^wlsy dy h`Q Awey[ ^wlsw &Oj sihzwdw KVg isMG dI
kmwn hyT bVI Swno SOkq nwl 4 julweI 1819 nUM sRI ngr iv`c
dupihr vyly dwKl hoeI[ Sihr 'c dwKly smyN A`gy A`gy ieh munwdI
krweI jw rhI sI ik koeI SihrI iblkul nw Gbrwey[ ^wlsw &OjW
quhwfI jwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw leI bVIAW qkVIAW GwlxW Gwl ky
Aqy sUrimAW dIAW jwnW vwr ky ie`Qy phuMcIAW hn[ auDr sYinkW nUM
vI s^q hukm kr id`qy ik koeI vI iksy SihrI v`l burI nzr nwl
nw q`ky Aqy nw hI iksy dy Dn mwl nUM curwvy[ ies hukm qy s^qI nwl
pihrw id`qw igAw Aqy ieh ieiqhwsk sYink prdrSn jo jlUs dI
Skl iv`c sI Awpxy Adu`qI jwho-jlwl idKwauNdw SWqI pUrbk Sihr
iv`c dI lMiGAw[ prjw ny vI bhuq grm joSI nwl idloN bVw BrmW
suAwgq kIqw[ AKIr Sihjwdw KVg isMG dw invws iklHw Syr gVHI
iv`c krvwieAw igAw Aqy bwkI srdwrW Aqy sYinkW dy Tihrn leI
Xog pRbMD kIqy gey[
ies v`fI kwmXwbI dI ^br Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dyx leI hlkwry
srdwr jYml isMG lmtMgy (lMbIAW tMgW vwlw) nUM ByijAw igAw[ ijauN
hI mhwrwjy ny ieh ^br suxI qW gd gd ho au~iTAw[ ies ij`q dw
DMnvwd krn leI sRI AMimRqsr hirmMdr swihb phuMc ky nqmsqk
hoey[ siqgurU dw l`K l`K Sukr kIqw Aqy gurU dIAW bKSIAW dwqW coN
svw l`K ruipAW dI sRI drbwr swihb jI qy sony dI syvw leI Ardws
krweI[ rwq nUM Sihr iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ hlkwry h`Q ilK ky
ByijAw ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy Swm isMG AtwrI vwly dI
sYnw Byj ky lgdy h`Q muj`Prwbwd Aqy drbMD Awid dy prgxy &qih
krky kSmIr nwl imlwau[ sX`d lqI& Anuswr iehnW srdwrW ny
krVIAW lVweIAW auprMq ieh ielwky &qih kr ley[ srkwr ny
52

pMifq bIrbl (bIrbr) nUM jwgIr bKSI Aqy kSmIr dy mwlIey coN
l`g pg 53 l`K rupey (kSmIrI is`ky) id`qy[ ieh pRgtwvw munSI
sohx lwl ny AwpxI ilKq 'vYlI AO& kSmIr' iv`c 199 s&y qy kIqw
hY[

lwhOr vwpsI Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUM

gvrnrI dyxw
kuJ smyN ipCoN hrI isMG nlUey dI fvIzn lwhOr phuMcI Aqy bwkI
&Oj kSmIr 'c hI r`KI geI[ Swhdry dy lwgy Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp
AihlkwrW smyq Awau Bgq leI phuMcy[ lwhOr phuMcx vwly rsqy
dulhn vWg sjwey gey[ srdwr nlUAw bhuq hI suMdr Aqy k`d kwT
vwly sjwey hoey hwQI qy svwr sI[ mhwrwjw swihb vI nwl nwl hwQI
qy c`l rhy sn[ lwhOr dy iklHy iv`c phuMcx qy qopW dI slwmI id`qI
geI[ Awsmwn 'boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl' dy jYkwirAW nwl gUMj
a~uiTAw Aqy rwq nUM dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ Agly idn hjUrI bwg iv`c
BwrI drbwr sjwieAw igAw ijs AMdr kSmIr dy ivjyiqAW, ShIdW
Aqy P`tVW nUM bhumu`ly isropy, iK`lqW Aqy jwgIrW bKSIAW[ srdwr
nlUey nUM DmnI dw ielwkw jwgIr vjoN id`qw igAw[ iesy idn dIvwn
moqI rwm nUM kSmIr dw pihlw gvrnr QwipAw igAw[
dIvwn moqI rwm mhwrwjw rxjIq swihb dw hukm brdwr, pUrw
qwibAwdwr Aqy nyk krmcwrI sI[ ies ny kSmIr iv`c Xog pRbMD
leI Aqy SWqI kwiem r`Kx leI isr qoV Xqn kIqy[ mMdBwgI Gtnw
ies nwl ieh vwprI ik ies dw pu`qr, gMdgVH ivKy, jo ik p`CmI
kSmIr iv`c sI, ijmIdwrW dy AMdoln nUM dbwauNdw hoieAw mwirAw
igAw[ dIvwn moqI rwm nUM l`gy ies v`fy D`ky kwrn aus dw idl tu`t
igAw[ sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr dIvwn ny mhwrwjw nUM syvw mukq krn
leI p`qr iliKAw[ vYsy vI izAwdw hI nrm idl krky moqI rwm
kSmIr AMdr au~T rhy AMdolnW qy kwbU nw pw sikAw[ mhwrwjy v`loN
53

ij`q dI KuSI iv`c DOisAW dI gUMj hyT ^wlseI inSwn Julw

id`qy[ prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw igAw[A&gwnI &Oj dIAW 22 qopW,
hzwrW bMdUkW, qlvwrW, Bwly, brCy, v`fI igxqI 'c hwQI Aqy GoVy
Aqy jKIry ^wlsy dy h`Q Awey[ ^wlsw &Oj sihzwdw KVg isMG dI
kmwn hyT bVI Swno SOkq nwl 4 julweI 1819 nUM sRI ngr iv`c
dupihr vyly dwKl hoeI[ Sihr 'c dwKly smyN A`gy A`gy ieh munwdI
krweI jw rhI sI ik koeI SihrI iblkul nw Gbrwey[ ^wlsw &OjW
quhwfI jwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw leI bVIAW qkVIAW GwlxW Gwl ky
Aqy sUrimAW dIAW jwnW vwr ky ie`Qy phuMcIAW hn[ auDr sYinkW nUM
vI s^q hukm kr id`qy ik koeI vI iksy SihrI v`l burI nzr nwl
nw q`ky Aqy nw hI iksy dy Dn mwl nUM curwvy[ ies hukm qy s^qI nwl
pihrw id`qw igAw Aqy ieh ieiqhwsk sYink prdrSn jo jlUs dI
Skl iv`c sI Awpxy Adu`qI jwho-jlwl idKwauNdw SWqI pUrbk Sihr
iv`c dI lMiGAw[ prjw ny vI bhuq grm joSI nwl idloN bVw BrmW
suAwgq kIqw[ AKIr Sihjwdw KVg isMG dw invws iklHw Syr gVHI
iv`c krvwieAw igAw Aqy bwkI srdwrW Aqy sYinkW dy Tihrn leI
Xog pRbMD kIqy gey[
ies v`fI kwmXwbI dI ^br Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dyx leI hlkwry
srdwr jYml isMG lmtMgy (lMbIAW tMgW vwlw) nUM ByijAw igAw[ ijauN
hI mhwrwjy ny ieh ^br suxI qW gd gd ho au~iTAw[ ies ij`q dw
DMnvwd krn leI sRI AMimRqsr hirmMdr swihb phuMc ky nqmsqk
hoey[ siqgurU dw l`K l`K Sukr kIqw Aqy gurU dIAW bKSIAW dwqW coN
svw l`K ruipAW dI sRI drbwr swihb jI qy sony dI syvw leI Ardws
krweI[ rwq nUM Sihr iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ hlkwry h`Q ilK ky
ByijAw ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy Swm isMG AtwrI vwly dI
sYnw Byj ky lgdy h`Q muj`Prwbwd Aqy drbMD Awid dy prgxy &qih
krky kSmIr nwl imlwau[ sX`d lqI& Anuswr iehnW srdwrW ny
krVIAW lVweIAW auprMq ieh ielwky &qih kr ley[ srkwr ny
52

pMifq bIrbl (bIrbr) nUM jwgIr bKSI Aqy kSmIr dy mwlIey coN
l`g pg 53 l`K rupey (kSmIrI is`ky) id`qy[ ieh pRgtwvw munSI
sohx lwl ny AwpxI ilKq 'vYlI AO& kSmIr' iv`c 199 s&y qy kIqw
hY[

lwhOr vwpsI Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUM

gvrnrI dyxw
kuJ smyN ipCoN hrI isMG nlUey dI fvIzn lwhOr phuMcI Aqy bwkI
&Oj kSmIr 'c hI r`KI geI[ Swhdry dy lwgy Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp
AihlkwrW smyq Awau Bgq leI phuMcy[ lwhOr phuMcx vwly rsqy
dulhn vWg sjwey gey[ srdwr nlUAw bhuq hI suMdr Aqy k`d kwT
vwly sjwey hoey hwQI qy svwr sI[ mhwrwjw swihb vI nwl nwl hwQI
qy c`l rhy sn[ lwhOr dy iklHy iv`c phuMcx qy qopW dI slwmI id`qI
geI[ Awsmwn 'boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl' dy jYkwirAW nwl gUMj
a~uiTAw Aqy rwq nUM dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ Agly idn hjUrI bwg iv`c
BwrI drbwr sjwieAw igAw ijs AMdr kSmIr dy ivjyiqAW, ShIdW
Aqy P`tVW nUM bhumu`ly isropy, iK`lqW Aqy jwgIrW bKSIAW[ srdwr
nlUey nUM DmnI dw ielwkw jwgIr vjoN id`qw igAw[ iesy idn dIvwn
moqI rwm nUM kSmIr dw pihlw gvrnr QwipAw igAw[
dIvwn moqI rwm mhwrwjw rxjIq swihb dw hukm brdwr, pUrw
qwibAwdwr Aqy nyk krmcwrI sI[ ies ny kSmIr iv`c Xog pRbMD
leI Aqy SWqI kwiem r`Kx leI isr qoV Xqn kIqy[ mMdBwgI Gtnw
ies nwl ieh vwprI ik ies dw pu`qr, gMdgVH ivKy, jo ik p`CmI
kSmIr iv`c sI, ijmIdwrW dy AMdoln nUM dbwauNdw hoieAw mwirAw
igAw[ dIvwn moqI rwm nUM l`gy ies v`fy D`ky kwrn aus dw idl tu`t
igAw[ sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr dIvwn ny mhwrwjw nUM syvw mukq krn
leI p`qr iliKAw[ vYsy vI izAwdw hI nrm idl krky moqI rwm
kSmIr AMdr au~T rhy AMdolnW qy kwbU nw pw sikAw[ mhwrwjy v`loN
53

Byjy hoey AihlIey dIvwn dyvI dws ny vI AwpxI pVqwlIAw rIport

iv`c drz kIqw ik "dIvwn moqI rwm nrm idl krky bdAmnI qy
kwbU nhIN pw sikAw, prjw dI guMJlI hoeI qwxI nUM sulJw nhIN sikAw
ijs kwrn by-ieMqzwmI dI h`d ho geI hY, ho skdw hY kSmIr iv`c
Awaux vwly smyN AMdr koeI v`fI bgwvq Pu`t pvy"[ ieh rIport pVH
ky mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM v`fI iK`lq bKSI Aqy
kSmIr dI gvrnrI sMBwlx dy hukm kr id`qy[

kSmIr dw gvrnr hrI isMG nlUAw

kSmIr dI ie`k qW irAwsq bhuq v`fI sI, dUjw ies dw
mwlIAw sB qoN v`D sI[ qIjw, ieh nvIN nvIN ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml
hoeI sI[ cOQw, ie`Qy pVHy ilKy ihMdU ivdvwn rihx krky muglW nwl
iehnW dI dYS Bwvnw v`D sI Aqy pMjvW, lMby smyN qoN mugl hkUmq
ie`Qy hox krky mugl iksy hor dI ADIngI pRvwn nhIN sI krnw
cwhuMdy[ iehnW g`lW nUM mu`K r`K ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ijhVw dUr-AMdySI,
bw-^br Aqy swvDwn rwjw sI ny Akl qoN kMm lYNidAW &OjI jrnYl
hrI isMG nlUey nUM gvrnr QwipAw qW ik ivgVy hoey hwlwqW nUM jldI
kwbU kIqw jw sky[ ijaNu hI Syr idl, dlyr idl, ibbyk idl Aqy nyk
idl nvyN gvrnr dy qOr qy kSmIr phuMcx dI ^br suxI qW hMkwrI,
bykwrI, qwnwSwh, bdmwS Aqy lutyirAW dy idl dihl gey[ 25
Agsq 1820 nUM srdwr ny dIvwn moqI rwm nUM Pwrg kr ky kMm kwz
sMBwl ilAw[
ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr kSmIrI lok ies g`l dy AwdI sn ik
ijhVw Swsk iehnW nwl nrmI vrqdw sI aus ivru`D ieh bgwvq
krdy sn Aqy s^qI krn vwly nUM zwlm qy &wlm kih ky BMfdy sn[
nwl hI pihly SwSk dI vifAweI Aqy nvyN dI inMdw SurU kr idMdy sn[
g`l kI hwkm dw tyFw-myFw nwm r`K ky aus nUM it`c smJdy sn[
54

so srdwr hrI isMG vrgw AxKIlw XoDw, DrmI bMdw hr ie`k

nwl ipAwr krn vwlw, iemwndwr, iensw&I Aqy nyk nIqIvwn prjw
dy du`KW nUM ikvyN shwr skdw sI? gvrnrI dI g`dI sMBwlidAW pihlw
AYlwn ieh kIqw ik myry huMdy koeI vI bMdw hkUmq ivru`D bgwvq nhIN
kr skdw, inrblW Aqy grIbW nUM Kwh-mKwh qMg nhIN kr skdw,
bhU bytIAW dI bypqI nhIN kr skdw, hkUmq dy rwh iv`c AOkVW nI
KVIAW kr skdw Aqy by-inXmIAW nI kr skdw[ mStMifAW, corW,
T`gW, fwkUAW, lutyirAW Aqy qwnySwhW nUM AwiKAw jW qW bwj Aw jwau
nhIN qW quhwfy nwl qkVy h`QIN dyiKAw jwvygw[ lwcwrI iv`c Aw ky
swnUM s^qI nw vrqxI pY jwvy ikauNik h`QW bwJ krwirAW mMdy idl
hox nw im`q['fMfw pIr huMdw hY ivgiVAW iqgiVAW dw' myrw imSn
jMgl rwj nhIN hlymI rwj hY[

kSmIr dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvW

gvrnrI kwrj sMBwlx smyN srdwr nlUey nUM hyT ilKIAW m`uK
sm`isAwvW dw swmHxw krnw ipAw:
1.

kSmIr GwtI AMdr hYjy dI iBAwnk bImwrI &Yl geI ijs iv`c
35 hzwr qoN v`D lok mr gey sn[

2.

bwrwmUlw qy puxC dy ielwikAW AMdr bwgIAW v`loN bgwvq dw

rwh PiVAw hoieAw sI[

3.

lyh ldwK Aqy lwgly ielwikAW iv`c ByfW ijnHW qoN kImqI Aqy
vDIAw aun Aqy hor k`cw mwl pRwpq huMdw sI, bImwrI kwrn
ie`jVW dy ie`jV mwry gey[

4.

ijhlm dirAw dy dohIN pwsIN vsx vwly K`Ky' Aqy b`by' AwpsI
KihbwjI kwrn lVdy JgVdy sn[

5.

A&gwnW dy p`KpwqI rwj kwrn Swl bnwaux qy vycx vwilAW

dw kwrobwr idno idn Gt irhw sI ikauNik vpwrI kSmIr C`f
55

Byjy hoey AihlIey dIvwn dyvI dws ny vI AwpxI pVqwlIAw rIport

iv`c drz kIqw ik "dIvwn moqI rwm nrm idl krky bdAmnI qy
kwbU nhIN pw sikAw, prjw dI guMJlI hoeI qwxI nUM sulJw nhIN sikAw
ijs kwrn by-ieMqzwmI dI h`d ho geI hY, ho skdw hY kSmIr iv`c
Awaux vwly smyN AMdr koeI v`fI bgwvq Pu`t pvy"[ ieh rIport pVH
ky mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM v`fI iK`lq bKSI Aqy
kSmIr dI gvrnrI sMBwlx dy hukm kr id`qy[

kSmIr dw gvrnr hrI isMG nlUAw

kSmIr dI ie`k qW irAwsq bhuq v`fI sI, dUjw ies dw
mwlIAw sB qoN v`D sI[ qIjw, ieh nvIN nvIN ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml
hoeI sI[ cOQw, ie`Qy pVHy ilKy ihMdU ivdvwn rihx krky muglW nwl
iehnW dI dYS Bwvnw v`D sI Aqy pMjvW, lMby smyN qoN mugl hkUmq
ie`Qy hox krky mugl iksy hor dI ADIngI pRvwn nhIN sI krnw
cwhuMdy[ iehnW g`lW nUM mu`K r`K ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ijhVw dUr-AMdySI,
bw-^br Aqy swvDwn rwjw sI ny Akl qoN kMm lYNidAW &OjI jrnYl
hrI isMG nlUey nUM gvrnr QwipAw qW ik ivgVy hoey hwlwqW nUM jldI
kwbU kIqw jw sky[ ijaNu hI Syr idl, dlyr idl, ibbyk idl Aqy nyk
idl nvyN gvrnr dy qOr qy kSmIr phuMcx dI ^br suxI qW hMkwrI,
bykwrI, qwnwSwh, bdmwS Aqy lutyirAW dy idl dihl gey[ 25
Agsq 1820 nUM srdwr ny dIvwn moqI rwm nUM Pwrg kr ky kMm kwz
sMBwl ilAw[
ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr kSmIrI lok ies g`l dy AwdI sn ik
ijhVw Swsk iehnW nwl nrmI vrqdw sI aus ivru`D ieh bgwvq
krdy sn Aqy s^qI krn vwly nUM zwlm qy &wlm kih ky BMfdy sn[
nwl hI pihly SwSk dI vifAweI Aqy nvyN dI inMdw SurU kr idMdy sn[
g`l kI hwkm dw tyFw-myFw nwm r`K ky aus nUM it`c smJdy sn[
54

so srdwr hrI isMG vrgw AxKIlw XoDw, DrmI bMdw hr ie`k

nwl ipAwr krn vwlw, iemwndwr, iensw&I Aqy nyk nIqIvwn prjw
dy du`KW nUM ikvyN shwr skdw sI? gvrnrI dI g`dI sMBwlidAW pihlw
AYlwn ieh kIqw ik myry huMdy koeI vI bMdw hkUmq ivru`D bgwvq nhIN
kr skdw, inrblW Aqy grIbW nUM Kwh-mKwh qMg nhIN kr skdw,
bhU bytIAW dI bypqI nhIN kr skdw, hkUmq dy rwh iv`c AOkVW nI
KVIAW kr skdw Aqy by-inXmIAW nI kr skdw[ mStMifAW, corW,
T`gW, fwkUAW, lutyirAW Aqy qwnySwhW nUM AwiKAw jW qW bwj Aw jwau
nhIN qW quhwfy nwl qkVy h`QIN dyiKAw jwvygw[ lwcwrI iv`c Aw ky
swnUM s^qI nw vrqxI pY jwvy ikauNik h`QW bwJ krwirAW mMdy idl
hox nw im`q['fMfw pIr huMdw hY ivgiVAW iqgiVAW dw' myrw imSn
jMgl rwj nhIN hlymI rwj hY[

kSmIr dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvW

gvrnrI kwrj sMBwlx smyN srdwr nlUey nUM hyT ilKIAW m`uK
sm`isAwvW dw swmHxw krnw ipAw:
1.

kSmIr GwtI AMdr hYjy dI iBAwnk bImwrI &Yl geI ijs iv`c
35 hzwr qoN v`D lok mr gey sn[

2.

bwrwmUlw qy puxC dy ielwikAW AMdr bwgIAW v`loN bgwvq dw

rwh PiVAw hoieAw sI[

3.

lyh ldwK Aqy lwgly ielwikAW iv`c ByfW ijnHW qoN kImqI Aqy
vDIAw aun Aqy hor k`cw mwl pRwpq huMdw sI, bImwrI kwrn
ie`jVW dy ie`jV mwry gey[

4.

ijhlm dirAw dy dohIN pwsIN vsx vwly K`Ky' Aqy b`by' AwpsI
KihbwjI kwrn lVdy JgVdy sn[

5.

A&gwnW dy p`KpwqI rwj kwrn Swl bnwaux qy vycx vwilAW

dw kwrobwr idno idn Gt irhw sI ikauNik vpwrI kSmIr C`f
55

ky dUjIAW sur`iKAq QwvW qy cly gey sn[ bwrSW G`t hox kwrn
Anwj dI ik`lq kwrn vI lok Gr bwr C`f ky hor QwvW qy jw
vsy sn[

srdwr nlUey dw rwj pRbMD

BwvyN kSmIr iv`c is`K rwj Awaux nwl lokW ny su`K dw swh
ilAw sI[ pr ipCly 500 swl dy mugl rwj Aqy 67 swl qoN c`l rhy
A&gwnW dy rwj nwl juVy hoey 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' Ajy mnmwnIAW kr rhy
sn[ d`Kx qoN Awey bRwhmx kwly sn jd ik kSmIrI bRwhmxW dw rMg
sw& (gorw ) sI[ iehnW iv`c vI kwly gory dw Byd Bwv jwrI sI[

K`Ky Aqy b`ibAW dI suDweI

ieh 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' kox sn? Asl iv`c ieh ihMdU jwqI dy
^`qrI Aqy bRwhmx sn[ muglW dI hkUmq dy julmW qoN frdy ieh
muslmwn bx gey sn[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik Awpxy
ip`Cy dI Xwd nUM kwiem r`Kx leI ^qrIAW dy pihly A`Kr 'K' nUM lY ky
iehnW ny AwpxI kOm dw nW 'K`Ky r`iKAw Aqy bRwhmxW ny iesy qrHW
pihlW A`Kr 'b' lY ky Awpxy Awp nUM 'b`by' khwauxw SurU kr id`qw[
iehnW iv`coN bhuqy qW hrI isMG dw nwm sux ky hI JgVy krno ht gey[
pr bwrwmUly ielwky dy reIs Aqy ijhlm dy dohIN pwsy vsx vwly K`Ky
Aqy b`by ijnHW dy AwgU rwjw gulwm AlI ^wn K`Kw Aqy zul&kwr ^wn
b`bw sI Awpxy Awp nUM bVy K`bI KW khwauNdy sn[ moqI rwm gvrnr
dy smyN Sry-Awm iehnW ny bdPYlI Aqy ASWqI &YlweI hoeI sI Aqy
mwmlw vI nhIN sI auqwirAw[ srkwr dy hukmW qoN vI AwkI sn[
srdwr nlUey dy Awp bwrwmUly phuMcx qy ieQoN dy hwkm qy lok
ieqny fr gey ik bhuiqAW ny ipClw rihMdw mwlIAw vI dy id`qw Aqy
pMj rupey hr Gr vwly nUM l`igAw 'qwvwn jMg' vI jmHw krvw id`qw[
56

srkwr dw hr hukm mMnx leI vI iekrwr kIqw[ ies auprMq nlUAw

swihb Kud srdwr tyk isMG Aqy srdwr hwkm isMG dIAW pltnW
lY ky 'K`Ky', 'b`ibAW' dy ipMfW 'c jw phuMcy[ phu-Putwly hI iehnW dy
hwkm su`qy pey hI d`b leyy[ iehnW nUM A`KW KolHx qy hI pqw l`igAw
ik swfy srHwxy do do isMG qlvwrW lihrweI KVHy hn[ hrI isMG dw
hukm sI iksy qy vwr nhIN krnw[ isMGW ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdr,
birAwV, bdmwS Aqy bl vwly smJ rhy AwgUAW rwjw gulwm AlI
Kwn qy zulPkwr Kwn dy byVIAW pw leIAW Aqy nlUey dy hukm Anuswr
ie`k qkVI gwrd hyT lwhOr ivKy mhwrwjy pws iBjvw id`qw[ bwkIAW
nUM is`K hkUmq dy AsUlW muqwbk c`lx leI AwiKAw[ iehnW dy
hiQAwr jbq kr ley Aqy mwlIAw vI augrwh ilAw[ ieM\ KUnKrwby qoN ibnw sB hwlwq kwbU krn dI rIport jdoN srkwr pws
phuMcI qW Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srkwrI Purmwn rwhIN nlUey srdwr dI
BwrI SwlwGw kIqI[ ielwky iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem hox nwl prjw
'c vI KuSIAW Cw geIAW[

grIbW qoN vgwr krvwauxI bMd krweI

ieslwm Aqy A&gwn rwj dy AMdr ibnW imhnq dyx qoN D`ky
nwl vgwr krwauxw Awm pRc`lq sI Aqy byqrsI dI h`d sI[ hukmrwn
lok Awpxy kMmW ijvyN ik iklHy bnwauxw, mh`l, msjdW, sVkW dy
smwn dI FoAw-FuAweI Awid leI ipMfW 'coN qkVy qkVy bMidAW Kws
kr grIb ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn SryxI dy SIAw pRvwrW iv`coN juAwnW
nUM pkV ilAwauNdy sn[ lMby smyN qoN ies qrHW mzdUrI lYx qoN ibnW hI
jykr koeI h`Q joV ky bMd-^lwsI mMgdw sI qW aus nUM ku`itAw vI jWdw
sI[
ieiqhwsk p`K drswauNdy hn ik ie`k vwr jdoN srdwr nlUAw
ielwky dw dOrw kr rhy sn qW aunHW kuJ bMidAW dy ku`t pYNdI dyKI qW
auh ruk gey[ pu`iCAw,"iehnW nUM ikauN ku`itAw jw irhw hY? auq`r
57

ky dUjIAW sur`iKAq QwvW qy cly gey sn[ bwrSW G`t hox kwrn
Anwj dI ik`lq kwrn vI lok Gr bwr C`f ky hor QwvW qy jw
vsy sn[

srdwr nlUey dw rwj pRbMD

BwvyN kSmIr iv`c is`K rwj Awaux nwl lokW ny su`K dw swh
ilAw sI[ pr ipCly 500 swl dy mugl rwj Aqy 67 swl qoN c`l rhy
A&gwnW dy rwj nwl juVy hoey 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' Ajy mnmwnIAW kr rhy
sn[ d`Kx qoN Awey bRwhmx kwly sn jd ik kSmIrI bRwhmxW dw rMg
sw& (gorw ) sI[ iehnW iv`c vI kwly gory dw Byd Bwv jwrI sI[

K`Ky Aqy b`ibAW dI suDweI

ieh 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' kox sn? Asl iv`c ieh ihMdU jwqI dy
^`qrI Aqy bRwhmx sn[ muglW dI hkUmq dy julmW qoN frdy ieh
muslmwn bx gey sn[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik Awpxy
ip`Cy dI Xwd nUM kwiem r`Kx leI ^qrIAW dy pihly A`Kr 'K' nUM lY ky
iehnW ny AwpxI kOm dw nW 'K`Ky r`iKAw Aqy bRwhmxW ny iesy qrHW
pihlW A`Kr 'b' lY ky Awpxy Awp nUM 'b`by' khwauxw SurU kr id`qw[
iehnW iv`coN bhuqy qW hrI isMG dw nwm sux ky hI JgVy krno ht gey[
pr bwrwmUly ielwky dy reIs Aqy ijhlm dy dohIN pwsy vsx vwly K`Ky
Aqy b`by ijnHW dy AwgU rwjw gulwm AlI ^wn K`Kw Aqy zul&kwr ^wn
b`bw sI Awpxy Awp nUM bVy K`bI KW khwauNdy sn[ moqI rwm gvrnr
dy smyN Sry-Awm iehnW ny bdPYlI Aqy ASWqI &YlweI hoeI sI Aqy
mwmlw vI nhIN sI auqwirAw[ srkwr dy hukmW qoN vI AwkI sn[
srdwr nlUey dy Awp bwrwmUly phuMcx qy ieQoN dy hwkm qy lok
ieqny fr gey ik bhuiqAW ny ipClw rihMdw mwlIAw vI dy id`qw Aqy
pMj rupey hr Gr vwly nUM l`igAw 'qwvwn jMg' vI jmHw krvw id`qw[
56

srkwr dw hr hukm mMnx leI vI iekrwr kIqw[ ies auprMq nlUAw

swihb Kud srdwr tyk isMG Aqy srdwr hwkm isMG dIAW pltnW
lY ky 'K`Ky', 'b`ibAW' dy ipMfW 'c jw phuMcy[ phu-Putwly hI iehnW dy
hwkm su`qy pey hI d`b leyy[ iehnW nUM A`KW KolHx qy hI pqw l`igAw
ik swfy srHwxy do do isMG qlvwrW lihrweI KVHy hn[ hrI isMG dw
hukm sI iksy qy vwr nhIN krnw[ isMGW ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdr,
birAwV, bdmwS Aqy bl vwly smJ rhy AwgUAW rwjw gulwm AlI
Kwn qy zulPkwr Kwn dy byVIAW pw leIAW Aqy nlUey dy hukm Anuswr
ie`k qkVI gwrd hyT lwhOr ivKy mhwrwjy pws iBjvw id`qw[ bwkIAW
nUM is`K hkUmq dy AsUlW muqwbk c`lx leI AwiKAw[ iehnW dy
hiQAwr jbq kr ley Aqy mwlIAw vI augrwh ilAw[ ieM\ KUnKrwby qoN ibnw sB hwlwq kwbU krn dI rIport jdoN srkwr pws
phuMcI qW Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srkwrI Purmwn rwhIN nlUey srdwr dI
BwrI SwlwGw kIqI[ ielwky iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem hox nwl prjw
'c vI KuSIAW Cw geIAW[

grIbW qoN vgwr krvwauxI bMd krweI

ieslwm Aqy A&gwn rwj dy AMdr ibnW imhnq dyx qoN D`ky
nwl vgwr krwauxw Awm pRc`lq sI Aqy byqrsI dI h`d sI[ hukmrwn
lok Awpxy kMmW ijvyN ik iklHy bnwauxw, mh`l, msjdW, sVkW dy
smwn dI FoAw-FuAweI Awid leI ipMfW 'coN qkVy qkVy bMidAW Kws
kr grIb ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn SryxI dy SIAw pRvwrW iv`coN juAwnW
nUM pkV ilAwauNdy sn[ lMby smyN qoN ies qrHW mzdUrI lYx qoN ibnW hI
jykr koeI h`Q joV ky bMd-^lwsI mMgdw sI qW aus nUM ku`itAw vI jWdw
sI[
ieiqhwsk p`K drswauNdy hn ik ie`k vwr jdoN srdwr nlUAw
ielwky dw dOrw kr rhy sn qW aunHW kuJ bMidAW dy ku`t pYNdI dyKI qW
auh ruk gey[ pu`iCAw,"iehnW nUM ikauN ku`itAw jw irhw hY? auq`r
57

imilAw,"ieh vgwrI lok hn Aqy Gr jwx leI kih rhy hn jd

ik Ajy kMm mukMml nhIN hoieAw"[ srdwr swihb dy mn AMdr is`KI
isDWq Gul Gul ky vsy hoey sn[ is`K dy mn iv`c qW qrs huMdw hY auh
byqrs nhIN ho skdw[ ausy vkq srdwr nlUAw ny vgwrI dI ikirAw
iblkul bMd krn leI AwiKAw[ A`gy qoN koeI AiDkwrI bMidAW nUM
vgwr kwrn nw PVy[ srkwrI smwn dy FoAw-FuAweI dw kMm K`crW
vgYrw nwl krvwau[ iPr vI ij`Qy mzdUrW jW kulIAW dI loV pvy
auhnW nUM bxdI mzdUrI id`qI jwvy[ A`gy vwsqy myry kol vgwrI dI koeI
iSkwieq nw Awvy[

Dwrimk AwzwdI
Drm dw Bwv hY s`c ArQwq r`bI inXm jW kwnUMn [ Drm
dieAw dw pu`qr hY , dieAw qoN pYdw huMdw hY[ Bwv ijs ihrdy iv`c
dieAw hY auQy Drm pRPul`q huMdw hY[ ivdvwnW dy kQn Anuswr s`c dy
pYr huMdy hn Aqy JUT dy pYr nhIN huMdy[ AslI DrmI bMdw s`c boldw
hY, JUT nhIN boldw ikauNik aus iv`c mYN nhIN huMdI[ Drm dw mqlb
hI hY, mYN nUM pry Drnw[ Drm bwry gurbwxI dy bol hn:

leI hukm kIqw Aqy dUjy dy Drm nUM hwnI phuMcwaux qoN vrijAw[
ihMdUAW pRqI Drm dI bhwlI dy Purmwn kwrn hr gopwl kOl (1883)
dI ilKq Anuswr 40 hzwr ihMdUAW ijhVy D`ky nwl muslmwn bxwey
gey sn ny iPr ihMdU Drm Dwrn kr ilAw[ hor qW hor gvrnr
swihb dy cMgy rwjnIqk Aqy AwriQk PYsilAW kwrn bhuq swry ihMdU
Aqy muslmwn is`K sj gey[
hrI isMG nlUAw ny ihMdU pMifqW nUM purwqn mMdr ijhVy ik muglW
ny Fwh id`qy sn Aqy aunHW dI jgHw msijdW auswr id`qIAW sn nUM
dubwrw bnwaux dI jdoN g`l kIqI qW auhnW ieh suJwA Tukrw id`qw[
kmzor idl hox kwrn fr gey ik ikqy muslmwn swfy ivru`D nw ho
jwx[ dUjw iehnW dy mn iv`c sI ik is`K rwj pqw nhIN ikMnw icr
rhy[

DOl Drmu dieAw kw pUq] sMqoK Qwip riKAw ijin sUiq] (5)
bolIey sc Drm JUT n bolIey]

hrI isMG ny gaU nUM ihMdU Drm AMdr piv`qr mMnx kwrn swry
kSmIr iv`c gaU h`iqAw bMd krn dw vI hukm id`qw[ muslmwn
ikauNik gaU dw mws KuS ho ky KWdy hn ies leI aunHW kihxw SurU kr
id`qw ik kw&r (is`K gvrnr) ny ieh cMgI g`l nhIN kIqI[ ies
bMdS nwl GwtI iv`c muslmwnW leI mIt dI Gwt vI ho geI pr ies
dI pUrqI leI aunHW ByfW, b`krIAW Aqy m`CI dy mIt qy inrbwh krnw
SurU kr id`qw[

Drm 'coN sMqoK jnmdw hY[ sMqoK dw vwsw au~Qy huMdw hY ij`Qy mYN
nw hovy[ pr sMswrI bMidAW ny mYN nUM A`gy r`K ky Awpxy Awpxy Drm bxw
ley hn Aqy iehnW nUM vpwr dw DMdw bxw ilAw Aqy srkwr dw AMg
smJ ilAw[ ijvyN ieslwm AMdr srkwrI hukmW Anuswr ihMdUAW nUM
muslmwn bnwaux leI iDM|ojorI vrqI geI[ kSmIr ikauNik ihMdUAW
dw kyNdr sI, ies leI muglW Aqy A&gwnW ny ie`Qy A`iqAwcwr kr
ky ihMdUAW nUM ieslwm AMdr ilAWdw Aqy iehnW dy bhuq swry mMdr vI
Fwh id`qy[ hrI isMG ny hr ie`k nUM Awpxy Drm iv`c p`ikAW rihx

hrI isMG ny hr Drm dy siqkwr v`l pUrw iDAwn id`qw[ fI.sI.

Srmw (1983) ny iliKAw hY ik nLUAw ny muslmwnW nUM sRI ngr iv`c
hzrq bl Aqy mKdUm swihb piv`qr smwrkW bnwaux leI Dn
id`qw[ gnySI lwl Awpxy kSmIr nwmy (1946) iv`c ilKdy hn ik
^wlsw rwj AMdr kSmIr qoN AmrnwQ dI XwqRw qy jwx vwly qkrIbn
400 bYrwgI swDUAW Aqy Cy hjwr dUjy XwqRIAW nUM rsqy iv`c mu&q Bojn
Aqy do rupey pRqI swDU hr smyN id`qy jWdy sn[ pr AMgRzI rwj smyN
hwkm ihMdU fogry, rwjw gulwb isMG ny ieh shUlq bMd kr id`qI sI[

58

59

imilAw,"ieh vgwrI lok hn Aqy Gr jwx leI kih rhy hn jd

ik Ajy kMm mukMml nhIN hoieAw"[ srdwr swihb dy mn AMdr is`KI
isDWq Gul Gul ky vsy hoey sn[ is`K dy mn iv`c qW qrs huMdw hY auh
byqrs nhIN ho skdw[ ausy vkq srdwr nlUAw ny vgwrI dI ikirAw
iblkul bMd krn leI AwiKAw[ A`gy qoN koeI AiDkwrI bMidAW nUM
vgwr kwrn nw PVy[ srkwrI smwn dy FoAw-FuAweI dw kMm K`crW
vgYrw nwl krvwau[ iPr vI ij`Qy mzdUrW jW kulIAW dI loV pvy
auhnW nUM bxdI mzdUrI id`qI jwvy[ A`gy vwsqy myry kol vgwrI dI koeI
iSkwieq nw Awvy[

Dwrimk AwzwdI
Drm dw Bwv hY s`c ArQwq r`bI inXm jW kwnUMn [ Drm
dieAw dw pu`qr hY , dieAw qoN pYdw huMdw hY[ Bwv ijs ihrdy iv`c
dieAw hY auQy Drm pRPul`q huMdw hY[ ivdvwnW dy kQn Anuswr s`c dy
pYr huMdy hn Aqy JUT dy pYr nhIN huMdy[ AslI DrmI bMdw s`c boldw
hY, JUT nhIN boldw ikauNik aus iv`c mYN nhIN huMdI[ Drm dw mqlb
hI hY, mYN nUM pry Drnw[ Drm bwry gurbwxI dy bol hn:

leI hukm kIqw Aqy dUjy dy Drm nUM hwnI phuMcwaux qoN vrijAw[
ihMdUAW pRqI Drm dI bhwlI dy Purmwn kwrn hr gopwl kOl (1883)
dI ilKq Anuswr 40 hzwr ihMdUAW ijhVy D`ky nwl muslmwn bxwey
gey sn ny iPr ihMdU Drm Dwrn kr ilAw[ hor qW hor gvrnr
swihb dy cMgy rwjnIqk Aqy AwriQk PYsilAW kwrn bhuq swry ihMdU
Aqy muslmwn is`K sj gey[
hrI isMG nlUAw ny ihMdU pMifqW nUM purwqn mMdr ijhVy ik muglW
ny Fwh id`qy sn Aqy aunHW dI jgHw msijdW auswr id`qIAW sn nUM
dubwrw bnwaux dI jdoN g`l kIqI qW auhnW ieh suJwA Tukrw id`qw[
kmzor idl hox kwrn fr gey ik ikqy muslmwn swfy ivru`D nw ho
jwx[ dUjw iehnW dy mn iv`c sI ik is`K rwj pqw nhIN ikMnw icr
rhy[

DOl Drmu dieAw kw pUq] sMqoK Qwip riKAw ijin sUiq] (5)
bolIey sc Drm JUT n bolIey]

hrI isMG ny gaU nUM ihMdU Drm AMdr piv`qr mMnx kwrn swry
kSmIr iv`c gaU h`iqAw bMd krn dw vI hukm id`qw[ muslmwn
ikauNik gaU dw mws KuS ho ky KWdy hn ies leI aunHW kihxw SurU kr
id`qw ik kw&r (is`K gvrnr) ny ieh cMgI g`l nhIN kIqI[ ies
bMdS nwl GwtI iv`c muslmwnW leI mIt dI Gwt vI ho geI pr ies
dI pUrqI leI aunHW ByfW, b`krIAW Aqy m`CI dy mIt qy inrbwh krnw
SurU kr id`qw[

Drm 'coN sMqoK jnmdw hY[ sMqoK dw vwsw au~Qy huMdw hY ij`Qy mYN
nw hovy[ pr sMswrI bMidAW ny mYN nUM A`gy r`K ky Awpxy Awpxy Drm bxw
ley hn Aqy iehnW nUM vpwr dw DMdw bxw ilAw Aqy srkwr dw AMg
smJ ilAw[ ijvyN ieslwm AMdr srkwrI hukmW Anuswr ihMdUAW nUM
muslmwn bnwaux leI iDM|ojorI vrqI geI[ kSmIr ikauNik ihMdUAW
dw kyNdr sI, ies leI muglW Aqy A&gwnW ny ie`Qy A`iqAwcwr kr
ky ihMdUAW nUM ieslwm AMdr ilAWdw Aqy iehnW dy bhuq swry mMdr vI
Fwh id`qy[ hrI isMG ny hr ie`k nUM Awpxy Drm iv`c p`ikAW rihx

hrI isMG ny hr Drm dy siqkwr v`l pUrw iDAwn id`qw[ fI.sI.

Srmw (1983) ny iliKAw hY ik nLUAw ny muslmwnW nUM sRI ngr iv`c
hzrq bl Aqy mKdUm swihb piv`qr smwrkW bnwaux leI Dn
id`qw[ gnySI lwl Awpxy kSmIr nwmy (1946) iv`c ilKdy hn ik
^wlsw rwj AMdr kSmIr qoN AmrnwQ dI XwqRw qy jwx vwly qkrIbn
400 bYrwgI swDUAW Aqy Cy hjwr dUjy XwqRIAW nUM rsqy iv`c mu&q Bojn
Aqy do rupey pRqI swDU hr smyN id`qy jWdy sn[ pr AMgRzI rwj smyN
hwkm ihMdU fogry, rwjw gulwb isMG ny ieh shUlq bMd kr id`qI sI[

58

59

nvyN is`ky Aqy v`ty clwauxy

hrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN 14 iksmW dy is`ky kSmIr iv`c c`l
rhy sn[ iehnW au~qy clwaux vwilAW dy nwm v`Kry v`Kry sn Aqy hr
ie`k is`ky dI kImq vI klk`qy dy is`ky mukwbly v`KrI sI[ iehnW
is`ikAW dy nW sn, ieskwrdo, ldwKI, rupeIAw hyrwqI, idnwr Awid[
pr hrI isMG nW dw is`kw kSmIr 'c hI nhIN swry pMjwb AMdr lMby
smyN q`k c`ilAw[ hrI isMG dy is`ky clwaux Aqy c`lx sMbMDI pihly
AiDAwie iv`c KoHl ky vrnx kIqw igAw hY[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001
Aqy 2004 iv`c is`K rwj dy is`ikAW sMbMDI AwpxIAW pusqkW iv`c
bhuq KolH ky vrnx kIqw hY[ auh ieh ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG AwpxI
gvrnrI smyN ieh is`ky cwlU nhIN kr sikAw[ ies dw kwrn ieh
hovygw ik tkswl iv`c is`ky GVn leI auhnW dI bxqr vgYrw leI
hukm id`qw jWdw hY jo srkwr v`loN dy id`qw igAw hovygw pr is`ikAW
dI iqAwrI leI smW l`igAw hovygw[ ikauNik srdwr nlUAw svw ku
swl hI kSmIr dy gvrnr rhy sn Aqy aunHW dy nwm dy is`ky bwzwr
iv`c auhnW dI gvrnrI qoN ip`Cy Awey[ ie`Qy ieh g`l vI bVI idlcsp
hY ik auhnW ip`CoN hor bhuq gvrnr Awey pr hrI isMGIAw is`kw
pMjwb iv`c 70 swl qoN v`D smW cldw irhw[ ies is`ky dy c`lx nwl
kSmIr dy srkwrI ^jwny iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw[ ieh is`ky krwieAw,
tYks Aqy v`Ko-v`Kry rIqI irvwjW Aqy cMUgI Awid leI vrqy jWdy
sn[ ie`k hor v`fI g`l ies is`ky dI ieh sI ik ies dI kImq AMgRyz
srkwr dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI dy clwey is`ky dy brwbr sI jd ik
dUjy is`ikAW dI kImq G`t sI[

clvw id`qy[ ij`Qy kSmIrI syr pihlW 14 CtWk dw sI auh 15 CtWk

krvwieAw[ hrI isMG dy clwey 92 rupieAw dw Bwr ie`k syr sI[
ikauNik aunHW idnW 'c Kzwnw giDAW jW K`crW qy l`d ky ljWdy sn[
imstr mUrkrO&t Aqy trYbYk dI 1841 lyKxI Anuswr hrI isMGIAw
Krvwr is`ikAW dw ie`k gDy dw Bwr 96 syr sI[ ies nUM ie`k KrvwV
jW Krvwr kihMdy sn[ gnySI lwl jI vI ilKdy hn ik kpVw, iGau
Awid dI imxqI vI KrvwV iv`c cldI sI[ hrI isMG ny swry v`ty lohy
dy vrqx dw hukm id`qw ikauNik p`Qr dy v`itAW nwl hyrw PyrI huMdI
sI[ Asl qol sn 17 qoly dw ie`k pweIAw jW pwau, 6 pwau jW fyF
syr dw 1 mnotw, 4 mnoitAW jW 16 syr dw 1 qrk, 16 qrk jW 96
syr dw ie`k KrvwV[
ieMj hrI isMG nlUey dw nwm dUr-drwfy q`k pRis`D ho igAw[
ieh is`ky brqwnIAW iv`c vI phuMc gey sn[ nySnl ArcIvj Aw&
ieMfIAw (NAD Foreign Secret Consultation 1837) muqwbk
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy pu`qr kMvr nO inhwl isMG dy ivAwh
smyN iehnW rupeIAW dy 11 QYly Br ky auhnW A&srW nUM id`qy ijhVy
biritS kmWfr ien cI& dy nwl ivAwh smyN Awey sn[

KyqIbwVI suDwr

jdoN hrI isG ny gvrnrI dw Ahudw sMBwilAw qW aus smyN

kSmIr AMdr c`l rhy v`ty Aqy hor imxqI dy pYmwny shI nhIN sn[
nklI, Koty Awid is`ikAW kwrn ie`k qW srkwr nUM ivqI qOr qy kw&I
Gwtw pY irhw sI dUjw vpwrI Aqy dukwndwr prjw nwl hyrw PyrI kr
rhy sn[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny AwauNidAW hI imAwrI v`ty qy is`ky

A&gwn srkwr ny kSmIr dI KyqIbwVI dy suDwr 'c koeI

idlcspI nhIN sI leI[ zmInW vI v`fy v`fy jwgIrdwrW kol sn[ A`goN
auh izmIdwrW nUM KyqI krn leI dy idMdy sn Aqy aunHW qoN mwlIAw
augrwhuMdy sn[ izmIdwr prweI zmIn smJ ky zmIn suDwr jW cMgI
&slvwVI v`l bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sn idMdy[ KyqI vI brwnI sI[ jykr
bwrS ho jWdI sI qW kuJ dwxy ho jWdy sn nhIN qW soky kwrn keI vwr
&sl qbwh ho jWdI sI[ AYsI hwlq iv`c izmIdwrW dy isr qy grIbI
dy b`dl mMflwauNdy sn pr srkwr dw iehnW v`l koeI iDAwn nhIN
sI[ &sl dI qbwhI kwrn jdNo izmIdwrW nUM hkUmq v`loN bIj id`qw

60

61

nvyN is`ky Aqy v`ty clwauxy

hrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN 14 iksmW dy is`ky kSmIr iv`c c`l
rhy sn[ iehnW au~qy clwaux vwilAW dy nwm v`Kry v`Kry sn Aqy hr
ie`k is`ky dI kImq vI klk`qy dy is`ky mukwbly v`KrI sI[ iehnW
is`ikAW dy nW sn, ieskwrdo, ldwKI, rupeIAw hyrwqI, idnwr Awid[
pr hrI isMG nW dw is`kw kSmIr 'c hI nhIN swry pMjwb AMdr lMby
smyN q`k c`ilAw[ hrI isMG dy is`ky clwaux Aqy c`lx sMbMDI pihly
AiDAwie iv`c KoHl ky vrnx kIqw igAw hY[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001
Aqy 2004 iv`c is`K rwj dy is`ikAW sMbMDI AwpxIAW pusqkW iv`c
bhuq KolH ky vrnx kIqw hY[ auh ieh ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG AwpxI
gvrnrI smyN ieh is`ky cwlU nhIN kr sikAw[ ies dw kwrn ieh
hovygw ik tkswl iv`c is`ky GVn leI auhnW dI bxqr vgYrw leI
hukm id`qw jWdw hY jo srkwr v`loN dy id`qw igAw hovygw pr is`ikAW
dI iqAwrI leI smW l`igAw hovygw[ ikauNik srdwr nlUAw svw ku
swl hI kSmIr dy gvrnr rhy sn Aqy aunHW dy nwm dy is`ky bwzwr
iv`c auhnW dI gvrnrI qoN ip`Cy Awey[ ie`Qy ieh g`l vI bVI idlcsp
hY ik auhnW ip`CoN hor bhuq gvrnr Awey pr hrI isMGIAw is`kw
pMjwb iv`c 70 swl qoN v`D smW cldw irhw[ ies is`ky dy c`lx nwl
kSmIr dy srkwrI ^jwny iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw[ ieh is`ky krwieAw,
tYks Aqy v`Ko-v`Kry rIqI irvwjW Aqy cMUgI Awid leI vrqy jWdy
sn[ ie`k hor v`fI g`l ies is`ky dI ieh sI ik ies dI kImq AMgRyz
srkwr dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI dy clwey is`ky dy brwbr sI jd ik
dUjy is`ikAW dI kImq G`t sI[

clvw id`qy[ ij`Qy kSmIrI syr pihlW 14 CtWk dw sI auh 15 CtWk

krvwieAw[ hrI isMG dy clwey 92 rupieAw dw Bwr ie`k syr sI[
ikauNik aunHW idnW 'c Kzwnw giDAW jW K`crW qy l`d ky ljWdy sn[
imstr mUrkrO&t Aqy trYbYk dI 1841 lyKxI Anuswr hrI isMGIAw
Krvwr is`ikAW dw ie`k gDy dw Bwr 96 syr sI[ ies nUM ie`k KrvwV
jW Krvwr kihMdy sn[ gnySI lwl jI vI ilKdy hn ik kpVw, iGau
Awid dI imxqI vI KrvwV iv`c cldI sI[ hrI isMG ny swry v`ty lohy
dy vrqx dw hukm id`qw ikauNik p`Qr dy v`itAW nwl hyrw PyrI huMdI
sI[ Asl qol sn 17 qoly dw ie`k pweIAw jW pwau, 6 pwau jW fyF
syr dw 1 mnotw, 4 mnoitAW jW 16 syr dw 1 qrk, 16 qrk jW 96
syr dw ie`k KrvwV[
ieMj hrI isMG nlUey dw nwm dUr-drwfy q`k pRis`D ho igAw[
ieh is`ky brqwnIAW iv`c vI phuMc gey sn[ nySnl ArcIvj Aw&
ieMfIAw (NAD Foreign Secret Consultation 1837) muqwbk
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy pu`qr kMvr nO inhwl isMG dy ivAwh
smyN iehnW rupeIAW dy 11 QYly Br ky auhnW A&srW nUM id`qy ijhVy
biritS kmWfr ien cI& dy nwl ivAwh smyN Awey sn[

KyqIbwVI suDwr

jdoN hrI isG ny gvrnrI dw Ahudw sMBwilAw qW aus smyN

kSmIr AMdr c`l rhy v`ty Aqy hor imxqI dy pYmwny shI nhIN sn[
nklI, Koty Awid is`ikAW kwrn ie`k qW srkwr nUM ivqI qOr qy kw&I
Gwtw pY irhw sI dUjw vpwrI Aqy dukwndwr prjw nwl hyrw PyrI kr
rhy sn[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny AwauNidAW hI imAwrI v`ty qy is`ky

A&gwn srkwr ny kSmIr dI KyqIbwVI dy suDwr 'c koeI

idlcspI nhIN sI leI[ zmInW vI v`fy v`fy jwgIrdwrW kol sn[ A`goN
auh izmIdwrW nUM KyqI krn leI dy idMdy sn Aqy aunHW qoN mwlIAw
augrwhuMdy sn[ izmIdwr prweI zmIn smJ ky zmIn suDwr jW cMgI
&slvwVI v`l bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sn idMdy[ KyqI vI brwnI sI[ jykr
bwrS ho jWdI sI qW kuJ dwxy ho jWdy sn nhIN qW soky kwrn keI vwr
&sl qbwh ho jWdI sI[ AYsI hwlq iv`c izmIdwrW dy isr qy grIbI
dy b`dl mMflwauNdy sn pr srkwr dw iehnW v`l koeI iDAwn nhIN
sI[ &sl dI qbwhI kwrn jdNo izmIdwrW nUM hkUmq v`loN bIj id`qw

60

61

jWdw sI qW ie`k KrvwV bIj nwl do qrk (Cy syr dy qol dw ie`k qrk
huMdw hY) v`D ilAw jWdw sI[ ijs kwrn izmIdwrW dy p`ly QoVHy dwxy hI
bcdy sn[
sMn 1819 iv`c hVHW dI mwr kwrn Dwn dI &sl qbwh ho
geI[ izmIdwrW kol ibjweI leI bIj vI nhIN sI[ pr srdwr nlUAw
ny puxC, rwjOrI qy muj`Prwbwd qoN do hzwr KrvwV srkwrI ^jwny 'coN
kFvw ky Dwn dw bIj 16 rupey pRqI KrvwV dI bjwey 3 rupey pRqI
KrvwV vMifAw Aqy qrk lYxw vI ^qm krw id`qw[ ies shwieqw
nwl ieh lwB hoieAw ik 1821 iv`c ipCly 12 swlW qoN v`D aupj
hoeI Aqy Agly swlW 'c vDdI geI[ hor qW hor izmIdwrW qoN mwlIey
dw lgwn vI qIjw ih`sw Gtw id`qw[ aupj smyN vwDy kwrn Aqy mwlIAw
Gtx kwrn izmIdwrW qy srkwr nUM lwB hoieAw[ ByfW, b`krIAW cwrn
vwly AwjVIAW nUM vI ivqI shwieqw dyxI AwrMB kIqI[ ies qoN ielwvw
A&gwnI hkUmq vloN aupj, mMgxI Aqy ivAwh qy lwieAw 'qorw tYks'
vI sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ sB qoN mu`K PYslw ieh kIqw ik A&gwnI
jwgIrdwrW dIAW zmInW nUM ^wlsw srkwr dI zmIn AYlwn id`qw[
auprMq kSmIr dy ihMdUAW, muslmwnW Aqy is`KW qoN ies zmIn qy KyqI
krn dIAW dr^wsqW mMgIAW Aqy A&gwnI lokW nUM KyqI krn vwilAW
nwl Kyq iv`c kMm krw ky gujwrw krn leI hukm kIqw[ nwl hI bhuq
swrI zmIn jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly Aqy Bwg lYx vwly is`K &OjIAW
nUM p`ky qOr qy kwSq krn leI dy id`qI[
hrI isMG ny kysr (sY&rn) dI KyqI nUM auqSwhq krn qy vI
bhuq zor id`qw ikauNik ieiqhwsk p`KW Anuswr 90 qoN vI v`D
bImwrIAW dy ielwj leI kysr vriqAw jWdw hY[ kysr ieqnw kImqI
hY ijqnw ik sonw Aqy qoilAw vI rqIAW mwiSAW iv`c jWdw hY[
purwqn gRMQW iv`c ies nUM 'kSmIr jnnI' iliKAw hY[ BwvyN eIrwn iv`c
vI ies dI kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr auh kSmIrI kysr dy mukwbly
GtIAw iksm dw sI[ kSmIr iv`c pwmpur dy Awly-duAwly ies dI
62

kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr jo kysr pwmpur qoN iqMn ku koh qy vwnqU iv`c
&ldw hY auh bhuq hI vDIAw igixAw jWdw hY Aqy ies dy Pu`lW dI
sugMDI bhuq dUr q`k mihsUs kIqI jWdI hY[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn
ilKdy hn ik kysr dI sugMDI iv`c rihx vwly nUM jukwm Aqy isr drd
nhIN huMdw[
iehnW guxW kwrn srdwr nlUAw ny pwmpur dy kysr augwaux
vwly izmIdwrW dw iek`T kIqw Aqy auhnW nUM ies dI kwSq sMbMDI Aw
rhIAW AOkVW ijvyN ik srkwrI lgwn Aqy kysr dI corI Awid dUr
kIqIAW[ ies dI kwSq vDwaux leI Awp kmytI dy srpRsq bxy[
kysr dw bUtw qkrIbn ie`k Pu`t au~cw huMdw hY Aqy hr twhxI
qy cwr Pu`l lgdy hn[ hryk Pu`l iv`c iqMn prwg kx huMdy hn[ Pu`lW
dw rMg BwvyN v`K-v`K huMdw hY pr kysrI rMg dy Pu`lW vwlI iksm bhuq
guxkwrI huMdI hY[ kysr dw suAwd kuV`qx vwlw huMdw hY pr ivigAwnk
Koj muqwbk ies iv``c 150 qoN v`D imSrq vsqUAW huMdIAW hn ijvyN
kwrbohweIfRyt, KurwkI rySw, pRotIn, ivtwimn ey, QwieAwmIn,
rweIboPlwivn, nwiesn, ivtwimn sI, kYlSIAm, lohw, mgnySIAm,
&wsPors, putwSIAm, izMk, slynIAm, Polyt Awid[ kysr dI 100
gRwm mwqRw iv`c 310 ik`lo kYlrI qwkq huMdI hY[ nvIN Koj Anuswr ies
iv`c kYNsr dI rokQwm dy Aqy AYNtIAwksIfYNt q`q mOjUd hn[ ieh
A`KW dI ingwh vI vDwauNdw hY[ ies dIAW p`qIAW dI vrqoN audwsI
dUr kr idMdIAW hn[ bUitAW dy Pu`lW qoN kysr iek`Tw krnw bhuq hI
imhnq vwlw Aqy isrVI kMm hY[ ies leI Krcw bhuq AwauNdw hY
ijs kwrn ies dI kImq v`D hY[

Swl audXog prPul`q krnw

kSmIr dw mu`K audXog SwlW dI iqAwrI sI[ srkwr nUM ies DMdy
qoN v`fI Awmdn sI[ pr A&gwn srkwr ny ies audXog nUM ^wqmy v`l
qor id`qw[ ie`k qW ByfW qy b`krIAW, ijnHW qoN SwlW leI vDIAw au~n
63

jWdw sI qW ie`k KrvwV bIj nwl do qrk (Cy syr dy qol dw ie`k qrk
huMdw hY) v`D ilAw jWdw sI[ ijs kwrn izmIdwrW dy p`ly QoVHy dwxy hI
bcdy sn[
sMn 1819 iv`c hVHW dI mwr kwrn Dwn dI &sl qbwh ho
geI[ izmIdwrW kol ibjweI leI bIj vI nhIN sI[ pr srdwr nlUAw
ny puxC, rwjOrI qy muj`Prwbwd qoN do hzwr KrvwV srkwrI ^jwny 'coN
kFvw ky Dwn dw bIj 16 rupey pRqI KrvwV dI bjwey 3 rupey pRqI
KrvwV vMifAw Aqy qrk lYxw vI ^qm krw id`qw[ ies shwieqw
nwl ieh lwB hoieAw ik 1821 iv`c ipCly 12 swlW qoN v`D aupj
hoeI Aqy Agly swlW 'c vDdI geI[ hor qW hor izmIdwrW qoN mwlIey
dw lgwn vI qIjw ih`sw Gtw id`qw[ aupj smyN vwDy kwrn Aqy mwlIAw
Gtx kwrn izmIdwrW qy srkwr nUM lwB hoieAw[ ByfW, b`krIAW cwrn
vwly AwjVIAW nUM vI ivqI shwieqw dyxI AwrMB kIqI[ ies qoN ielwvw
A&gwnI hkUmq vloN aupj, mMgxI Aqy ivAwh qy lwieAw 'qorw tYks'
vI sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ sB qoN mu`K PYslw ieh kIqw ik A&gwnI
jwgIrdwrW dIAW zmInW nUM ^wlsw srkwr dI zmIn AYlwn id`qw[
auprMq kSmIr dy ihMdUAW, muslmwnW Aqy is`KW qoN ies zmIn qy KyqI
krn dIAW dr^wsqW mMgIAW Aqy A&gwnI lokW nUM KyqI krn vwilAW
nwl Kyq iv`c kMm krw ky gujwrw krn leI hukm kIqw[ nwl hI bhuq
swrI zmIn jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly Aqy Bwg lYx vwly is`K &OjIAW
nUM p`ky qOr qy kwSq krn leI dy id`qI[
hrI isMG ny kysr (sY&rn) dI KyqI nUM auqSwhq krn qy vI
bhuq zor id`qw ikauNik ieiqhwsk p`KW Anuswr 90 qoN vI v`D
bImwrIAW dy ielwj leI kysr vriqAw jWdw hY[ kysr ieqnw kImqI
hY ijqnw ik sonw Aqy qoilAw vI rqIAW mwiSAW iv`c jWdw hY[
purwqn gRMQW iv`c ies nUM 'kSmIr jnnI' iliKAw hY[ BwvyN eIrwn iv`c
vI ies dI kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr auh kSmIrI kysr dy mukwbly
GtIAw iksm dw sI[ kSmIr iv`c pwmpur dy Awly-duAwly ies dI
62

kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr jo kysr pwmpur qoN iqMn ku koh qy vwnqU iv`c
&ldw hY auh bhuq hI vDIAw igixAw jWdw hY Aqy ies dy Pu`lW dI
sugMDI bhuq dUr q`k mihsUs kIqI jWdI hY[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn
ilKdy hn ik kysr dI sugMDI iv`c rihx vwly nUM jukwm Aqy isr drd
nhIN huMdw[
iehnW guxW kwrn srdwr nlUAw ny pwmpur dy kysr augwaux
vwly izmIdwrW dw iek`T kIqw Aqy auhnW nUM ies dI kwSq sMbMDI Aw
rhIAW AOkVW ijvyN ik srkwrI lgwn Aqy kysr dI corI Awid dUr
kIqIAW[ ies dI kwSq vDwaux leI Awp kmytI dy srpRsq bxy[
kysr dw bUtw qkrIbn ie`k Pu`t au~cw huMdw hY Aqy hr twhxI
qy cwr Pu`l lgdy hn[ hryk Pu`l iv`c iqMn prwg kx huMdy hn[ Pu`lW
dw rMg BwvyN v`K-v`K huMdw hY pr kysrI rMg dy Pu`lW vwlI iksm bhuq
guxkwrI huMdI hY[ kysr dw suAwd kuV`qx vwlw huMdw hY pr ivigAwnk
Koj muqwbk ies iv``c 150 qoN v`D imSrq vsqUAW huMdIAW hn ijvyN
kwrbohweIfRyt, KurwkI rySw, pRotIn, ivtwimn ey, QwieAwmIn,
rweIboPlwivn, nwiesn, ivtwimn sI, kYlSIAm, lohw, mgnySIAm,
&wsPors, putwSIAm, izMk, slynIAm, Polyt Awid[ kysr dI 100
gRwm mwqRw iv`c 310 ik`lo kYlrI qwkq huMdI hY[ nvIN Koj Anuswr ies
iv`c kYNsr dI rokQwm dy Aqy AYNtIAwksIfYNt q`q mOjUd hn[ ieh
A`KW dI ingwh vI vDwauNdw hY[ ies dIAW p`qIAW dI vrqoN audwsI
dUr kr idMdIAW hn[ bUitAW dy Pu`lW qoN kysr iek`Tw krnw bhuq hI
imhnq vwlw Aqy isrVI kMm hY[ ies leI Krcw bhuq AwauNdw hY
ijs kwrn ies dI kImq v`D hY[

Swl audXog prPul`q krnw

kSmIr dw mu`K audXog SwlW dI iqAwrI sI[ srkwr nUM ies DMdy
qoN v`fI Awmdn sI[ pr A&gwn srkwr ny ies audXog nUM ^wqmy v`l
qor id`qw[ ie`k qW ByfW qy b`krIAW, ijnHW qoN SwlW leI vDIAw au~n
63

pRwpq huMdI sI aunHW nUM pwlx vwilAW dI koeI shwieqw nhIN kIqI[
dUjw, kSmIr dI au~n jo A&gwinsqwn ByjI jWdI sI aus dI kImq qy
15 pRqISq ktOqI lw id`qI ijs kwrn au~n auqpwdkW nUM v`fw Gwtw
ho irhw sI[ qIjw, Swl audXog dI aun`qI leI Swl auqpwdkW leI
koeI srkwrI krzw Awid nw dyxw[
Swl audXog dI qr`kI leI srdwr nlUey ny qyzI nwl v`fy &Ysly
ley, ijvyN ByfW b`krIAW pwlx vwilAW dI hr p`KoN srkwrI shwieqw
krnw, A&gwinsqwn nUM KRId ky iljwx vwlI au~n qy l`gI 15 pRqISq
ktOqI Kqm krnw Aqy Swl audXog clwaux vwilAW nUM nkdI krzw
dyxw Awid[ ie`s v`fy &Ysly nwl Swl vycx dw jo bwhrI vpwr kyvl
APgwnW dy h`Q iv`c sI auh is`KW, ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn vpwrIAW dy
spurd kr id`qw[
mUrkrw&t Aqy trYbY`k (1841) dI ilKq Anuswr auprokq
cMgy PYsilAW nwl Swl audXog iv`c v`fw vwDw hoieAw[ sMn 1820
iv`c 4 l`K kSmIrI rupey dy SwlW dw inrmwx hoieAw jo ik 40 l`K
klk`qw islIkw Aqy 5 l`K pONf dy brwbr sI[ Swl bnwaux leI
mwlkW ny 48 hzwr julwhy Aqy hzwrW hI kwimAW nUM ies ruzgwr qy
lwieAw hoieAw sI[
ieiqhwskwrW ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik kSmIr dy pwxI iv`c
kudrqI bhuq v`fw gux hY ik ieh au~n nUM bhuq nrm Aqy grm bxw
idMdw hY[ ijs kwrn ie`QoN dy SwlW dI iksm (quality) vDIAw hY[

kwgz dsqkwrI dI aun`qI krwauxw

srdwr hrI isMG ny ies audXog nUM auqSwhq krn leI srkwrI
^jwny 'coN kwgz dy im`l mwlkW nUM G`t ivAwj drW qy coKw Dn
auplBD krwieAw[ ie`QoN dy kwgz nUM pMjwb iv`c iv`krI leI Kws
pRbMD krvwey[ ^wlsw rwj smyN ie`Qy ijhVw kwgz iqAwr huMdw sI
aus dy nW sn, Syr-jMgI, dwh-msqI, hsq-msqI, hrIrIAW, klmdwnI
Awid[ klmdwnI kwgz, f`ibAW Aqy QwlIAW Awid bnwaux Aqy
inkwSI dy kMm leI kmwl Aqy mnmohxw huMdw sI[
ieM\ AwpxI gvrnrI smyN srdwr swihb ny kSmIr dI burI
qrHW aulJI qwxI nUM suXog FMg nwl sulJwieAw[ iehnW dy rwj smyN
kSmIrIAW ny su`K dw swh ilAw, byAMq qr`kI kIqI, AwpsI BweIcwrw
Aqy ivrsw mzbUq kIqw ijs kwrn hrI isMG dw nW ie`Qy Aim`t Cwp
C`f igAw[ Syir-ey-pMjwb ny kSmIr iv`c Amn psMd hwlq, srkwrI
Kjwny dI Awmdn iv`c v`fw vwDw dyK Aqy ^wlsw rwj dIAW h`dW hor
vDwaux leI srdwr hrI isMG dw AiqAMq DMnvwd kIqw Aqy nwl hI
hor zrUrI kMmW nUM nypry cwVHn leI vwps bulwaux leI s`dw p`qr
ByijAw[ pihly gvrnr dIvwn moqI rwm nUM dubwrw gvrnrI dy Ahudy
qy lgw id`qw[ s`dw p`qr iv`c ieh vI drj sI ik dIvwn moqI rwm
nUM Awp jI v`loN clweIAW nvIAW XojnwvW, kIqy suDwr Aqy gvrnrI
krn dy qOr qrIikAW bwry cMgI qrHW smJwky swnUM &Oj smyq KuSbU dy
mukwm Aw imlxw[ AsIN 10 nvMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr v`l cVHweI krnI
hY[

nlvw dw kSmIr qoN muMGyr v`l mwrc

pihly pihl kSmIr AMdr kwgz dI dsqkwrI v`fy pYmwny qy

cldI sI[ ie`Qy dw kwgz vDIAw hox kwrn ies dI mMg dyS-ivdyS
AMdr kw&I sI[ srkwr nUM ies dy audXog qoN cMgI Awmdn huMdI sI[
pr bwhrI hmilAW dI lu`t-Ksu`t ny ies DMdy nUM bhuq Korw lwieAw[

hrI isMG ny jwx qoN pihlW BwrI drbwr sjwieAw bVy ipAwr
Bry Aqy idl tuMbvyN SbdW nwl kSmIr dI prjw v`loN aunHW nUM id`qy mwx
Aqy siqkwr dw DMnvwd kIqw[ aunHW AwiKAw, "BwvyN myrw idl nhIN sI
krdw kSmIr vrgI suMdr jgHw nUM C`fx leI pr mYN srkwr dw hukm
Awaux qy jw irhw hW[ qusIN Awaux vwly smyN AMdr dIvwn moqI rwm

64

65

pRwpq huMdI sI aunHW nUM pwlx vwilAW dI koeI shwieqw nhIN kIqI[
dUjw, kSmIr dI au~n jo A&gwinsqwn ByjI jWdI sI aus dI kImq qy
15 pRqISq ktOqI lw id`qI ijs kwrn au~n auqpwdkW nUM v`fw Gwtw
ho irhw sI[ qIjw, Swl audXog dI aun`qI leI Swl auqpwdkW leI
koeI srkwrI krzw Awid nw dyxw[
Swl audXog dI qr`kI leI srdwr nlUey ny qyzI nwl v`fy &Ysly
ley, ijvyN ByfW b`krIAW pwlx vwilAW dI hr p`KoN srkwrI shwieqw
krnw, A&gwinsqwn nUM KRId ky iljwx vwlI au~n qy l`gI 15 pRqISq
ktOqI Kqm krnw Aqy Swl audXog clwaux vwilAW nUM nkdI krzw
dyxw Awid[ ie`s v`fy &Ysly nwl Swl vycx dw jo bwhrI vpwr kyvl
APgwnW dy h`Q iv`c sI auh is`KW, ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn vpwrIAW dy
spurd kr id`qw[
mUrkrw&t Aqy trYbY`k (1841) dI ilKq Anuswr auprokq
cMgy PYsilAW nwl Swl audXog iv`c v`fw vwDw hoieAw[ sMn 1820
iv`c 4 l`K kSmIrI rupey dy SwlW dw inrmwx hoieAw jo ik 40 l`K
klk`qw islIkw Aqy 5 l`K pONf dy brwbr sI[ Swl bnwaux leI
mwlkW ny 48 hzwr julwhy Aqy hzwrW hI kwimAW nUM ies ruzgwr qy
lwieAw hoieAw sI[
ieiqhwskwrW ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik kSmIr dy pwxI iv`c
kudrqI bhuq v`fw gux hY ik ieh au~n nUM bhuq nrm Aqy grm bxw
idMdw hY[ ijs kwrn ie`QoN dy SwlW dI iksm (quality) vDIAw hY[

kwgz dsqkwrI dI aun`qI krwauxw

srdwr hrI isMG ny ies audXog nUM auqSwhq krn leI srkwrI
^jwny 'coN kwgz dy im`l mwlkW nUM G`t ivAwj drW qy coKw Dn
auplBD krwieAw[ ie`QoN dy kwgz nUM pMjwb iv`c iv`krI leI Kws
pRbMD krvwey[ ^wlsw rwj smyN ie`Qy ijhVw kwgz iqAwr huMdw sI
aus dy nW sn, Syr-jMgI, dwh-msqI, hsq-msqI, hrIrIAW, klmdwnI
Awid[ klmdwnI kwgz, f`ibAW Aqy QwlIAW Awid bnwaux Aqy
inkwSI dy kMm leI kmwl Aqy mnmohxw huMdw sI[
ieM\ AwpxI gvrnrI smyN srdwr swihb ny kSmIr dI burI
qrHW aulJI qwxI nUM suXog FMg nwl sulJwieAw[ iehnW dy rwj smyN
kSmIrIAW ny su`K dw swh ilAw, byAMq qr`kI kIqI, AwpsI BweIcwrw
Aqy ivrsw mzbUq kIqw ijs kwrn hrI isMG dw nW ie`Qy Aim`t Cwp
C`f igAw[ Syir-ey-pMjwb ny kSmIr iv`c Amn psMd hwlq, srkwrI
Kjwny dI Awmdn iv`c v`fw vwDw dyK Aqy ^wlsw rwj dIAW h`dW hor
vDwaux leI srdwr hrI isMG dw AiqAMq DMnvwd kIqw Aqy nwl hI
hor zrUrI kMmW nUM nypry cwVHn leI vwps bulwaux leI s`dw p`qr
ByijAw[ pihly gvrnr dIvwn moqI rwm nUM dubwrw gvrnrI dy Ahudy
qy lgw id`qw[ s`dw p`qr iv`c ieh vI drj sI ik dIvwn moqI rwm
nUM Awp jI v`loN clweIAW nvIAW XojnwvW, kIqy suDwr Aqy gvrnrI
krn dy qOr qrIikAW bwry cMgI qrHW smJwky swnUM &Oj smyq KuSbU dy
mukwm Aw imlxw[ AsIN 10 nvMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr v`l cVHweI krnI
hY[

nlvw dw kSmIr qoN muMGyr v`l mwrc

pihly pihl kSmIr AMdr kwgz dI dsqkwrI v`fy pYmwny qy

cldI sI[ ie`Qy dw kwgz vDIAw hox kwrn ies dI mMg dyS-ivdyS
AMdr kw&I sI[ srkwr nUM ies dy audXog qoN cMgI Awmdn huMdI sI[
pr bwhrI hmilAW dI lu`t-Ksu`t ny ies DMdy nUM bhuq Korw lwieAw[

hrI isMG ny jwx qoN pihlW BwrI drbwr sjwieAw bVy ipAwr
Bry Aqy idl tuMbvyN SbdW nwl kSmIr dI prjw v`loN aunHW nUM id`qy mwx
Aqy siqkwr dw DMnvwd kIqw[ aunHW AwiKAw, "BwvyN myrw idl nhIN sI
krdw kSmIr vrgI suMdr jgHw nUM C`fx leI pr mYN srkwr dw hukm
Awaux qy jw irhw hW[ qusIN Awaux vwly smyN AMdr dIvwn moqI rwm

64

65

nwl aus qrHW dw vrqwv krnw ijs qrHW myry nwl kIqw hY[ ikrpw
krky kSmIr dI qr`kI nUM mu`K r`Kxw"[
ijs idn 6 nvMbr 1821 nUM mhwn jrnYl ny kSmIr qoN cwly
pwey ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr auh nzwrw idl nUM DUA pwaux vwlw sI[
kUc krn smyN v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty hoey lokW ny rsqy dy dohIN pwsIN
Klo ky A`QrU BrIAW A`KW nwl srdwr nUM ivdwiegI id`qI[ Asmwn
ngwirAW dI gUMj nwl Aqy jYkwirAW dI jY jY kwr nwl gUMj irhw sI[
^wlsw &Oj ijs dI igxqI qkrIbn 7 hjwr sI jdoN gVHI
hbIbulw dy rsqy pKlI dy mYdwn iv`c pu`jI qW pqw l`igAw ik hzwry
dy jdUnW Aqy iqnwvlIAW ny 30 hzwr lSkr iek`Tw krky ^wlsy dw
rsqw rok ilAw hY Aqy lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrI kr leI hY[ jdoN
srdwr nlUAw nUM ieh ^br imlI qW auhnW Awpxy kuJ eylcI jdUnW
Aqy iqnwvlIAW nUM ieh d`sx leI p`qr ilK Byjy ik AsIN qW mWglI
dy ielwky iv`c dI lMGxw hI hY ies leI lVweI nUM iqAwgo Aqy KwhmKwh lhU nw foilHAw jwvy[ pr ieh hYNkVbwz, BYVy Aqy AVbYVy gwzI
nw tly Aqy nwkwbMdI pUry zor Sor nwl kr leI[ iehnW dy mnW iv`c
bhuqI igxqI dw, qwkq dw Aqy lu`tI hoeI Dn dOlq dw gumwn sI[
AYsy hwlwq jdoN srdwr nlUey ny q`ky qW ie`ky dm ^wlsw &Oj nUM
iqMn BwgW 'c vMf ky hmlw kr id`qw[ A`goN joSIly Aqy Awpxy Awp nUM
v`fy bhwdr khwaux vwly ieh iqnwvlI ^wlsw &Oj qy tu`t pey[ qVw
qV golIAW c`lx l`gIAW, qlvwrW dI kVw kV krn l`gI Aqy iBVdy
hoey sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho ky DrqI qy if`gx l`gy[
jMgy mYdwn iv`c gwjIAW nUM KMiBAW dI qrHW fty dyK ky srdwr
myG isMG rUsw isMGW smyq bVI inrBYqw nwl A`gy viDAw Aqy gwzIAW
dw gVH qoV id`qw[ mWglI dy nwky qy loQW dy Fyr l`g gey[ lVdw lVdw
BweI rUsw golIAW l`gx nwl pRwx iqAwg igAw[ pr ies dI dlyrI
Aqy h`lw SyrI ny jMg iv`c ieqnI hnyrI ilAw id`qI ik isMGW ny mWglI
66

dy cSimAW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ sUrj Asq hox q`k mYdwn ^wlsy dy

h`Q Aw igAw[ rwq pYx qy lVweI ruk geI[ Agly idn ieh gwzI hwr
pRvwn kr ky dono h`Q joV ky jwn b^SI leI hrI isMG A`gy pyS hoey[
ieM\ iehnW hMkwrIAW ny bhuiqAW dIAW jwnW guAw leIAW[ Asl Dn
vI guAw ilAw Aqy byiezqI vI krweI[ hrI isMG ny qrs Kw ky jwn
bKSI qW kr id`qI pr Awaux vwly smyN AMdr is`iKAw dyx leI ieh
Srq r`KI ik hr ie`k Gr 5 rupey jMg dMf dyvy qW iehnW jMg dMf
^wlsy nUM dy ky KihVw CufwieAw[ pwxI dy cSmy lwgy ShIdW dw dwh
sMskwr kIqw Aqy iqMn idn ie`Qy Awrwm kr ky &Oj ny A`gy cwly pwey[
P`tV isMGW nUM mrHm p`tI leI pMjw swihb phuMcwieAw[
ieh mWglI hjwry dI rwjDwnI sI[ lVweI kwrn srihMd dI
qrHW ies Sihr dy vsnIkW qy BwrI mwr peI sI Aqy smW pw ky Sihr
aujV igAw[ mWglI dy KMfr 1970 q`k vI mOjUd sn[ jdoN 1822
iv`c srdwr nlUAw hjwry dy gvrnr bxy qW mWglI dy aus cSmy kol,
ij`Qy ShIdW dw sMskwr kIqw sI au~Qy suMdr Xwdgwr bxweI Aqy cSmy
nUM qlwA iv`c bdl id`qw[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr 1925 q`k
ieh jgHw TIk hwlq iv`c sI[ ie`Qy ivswKI dy idhwVy mylw lgdw sI[
pr dyS dI vMf kwrn is`KW h`QoN ieh mhwn XwdW Ku`s geIAW[ is`K
pMQ leI ieh vMf bhuq v`fw Gwtw swbq hoeI[ ^wlsw rwj dI
rwjDwnI lwhOr hox krky mwno pwiksqwn ies rwj dw isr sI[

muMGyr qy cVHweI
mhwrwjy dy hukm Anuswr srdwr nlUAw &Oj smyq 28 nvMbr
1821 nUM KuSbU dy mYdwn qy phuMc gey[ slwh mSvry dOrwn Syir-eypMjwb ny AwiKAw ik muMGyr dy nvwb hw&z Aihmd ^wn dI socxI shI
nhIN[ ie`k qW ies ny itvwixAW dy AwgU jo hmySw AwpxI ivroDqw
krdw sI aus nUM Awpxy kol iklHw jMfvwlw iv`c pnwh id`qI sI[ dUjw,
67

nwl aus qrHW dw vrqwv krnw ijs qrHW myry nwl kIqw hY[ ikrpw
krky kSmIr dI qr`kI nUM mu`K r`Kxw"[
ijs idn 6 nvMbr 1821 nUM mhwn jrnYl ny kSmIr qoN cwly
pwey ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr auh nzwrw idl nUM DUA pwaux vwlw sI[
kUc krn smyN v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty hoey lokW ny rsqy dy dohIN pwsIN
Klo ky A`QrU BrIAW A`KW nwl srdwr nUM ivdwiegI id`qI[ Asmwn
ngwirAW dI gUMj nwl Aqy jYkwirAW dI jY jY kwr nwl gUMj irhw sI[
^wlsw &Oj ijs dI igxqI qkrIbn 7 hjwr sI jdoN gVHI
hbIbulw dy rsqy pKlI dy mYdwn iv`c pu`jI qW pqw l`igAw ik hzwry
dy jdUnW Aqy iqnwvlIAW ny 30 hzwr lSkr iek`Tw krky ^wlsy dw
rsqw rok ilAw hY Aqy lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrI kr leI hY[ jdoN
srdwr nlUAw nUM ieh ^br imlI qW auhnW Awpxy kuJ eylcI jdUnW
Aqy iqnwvlIAW nUM ieh d`sx leI p`qr ilK Byjy ik AsIN qW mWglI
dy ielwky iv`c dI lMGxw hI hY ies leI lVweI nUM iqAwgo Aqy KwhmKwh lhU nw foilHAw jwvy[ pr ieh hYNkVbwz, BYVy Aqy AVbYVy gwzI
nw tly Aqy nwkwbMdI pUry zor Sor nwl kr leI[ iehnW dy mnW iv`c
bhuqI igxqI dw, qwkq dw Aqy lu`tI hoeI Dn dOlq dw gumwn sI[
AYsy hwlwq jdoN srdwr nlUey ny q`ky qW ie`ky dm ^wlsw &Oj nUM
iqMn BwgW 'c vMf ky hmlw kr id`qw[ A`goN joSIly Aqy Awpxy Awp nUM
v`fy bhwdr khwaux vwly ieh iqnwvlI ^wlsw &Oj qy tu`t pey[ qVw
qV golIAW c`lx l`gIAW, qlvwrW dI kVw kV krn l`gI Aqy iBVdy
hoey sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho ky DrqI qy if`gx l`gy[
jMgy mYdwn iv`c gwjIAW nUM KMiBAW dI qrHW fty dyK ky srdwr
myG isMG rUsw isMGW smyq bVI inrBYqw nwl A`gy viDAw Aqy gwzIAW
dw gVH qoV id`qw[ mWglI dy nwky qy loQW dy Fyr l`g gey[ lVdw lVdw
BweI rUsw golIAW l`gx nwl pRwx iqAwg igAw[ pr ies dI dlyrI
Aqy h`lw SyrI ny jMg iv`c ieqnI hnyrI ilAw id`qI ik isMGW ny mWglI
66

dy cSimAW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ sUrj Asq hox q`k mYdwn ^wlsy dy

h`Q Aw igAw[ rwq pYx qy lVweI ruk geI[ Agly idn ieh gwzI hwr
pRvwn kr ky dono h`Q joV ky jwn b^SI leI hrI isMG A`gy pyS hoey[
ieM\ iehnW hMkwrIAW ny bhuiqAW dIAW jwnW guAw leIAW[ Asl Dn
vI guAw ilAw Aqy byiezqI vI krweI[ hrI isMG ny qrs Kw ky jwn
bKSI qW kr id`qI pr Awaux vwly smyN AMdr is`iKAw dyx leI ieh
Srq r`KI ik hr ie`k Gr 5 rupey jMg dMf dyvy qW iehnW jMg dMf
^wlsy nUM dy ky KihVw CufwieAw[ pwxI dy cSmy lwgy ShIdW dw dwh
sMskwr kIqw Aqy iqMn idn ie`Qy Awrwm kr ky &Oj ny A`gy cwly pwey[
P`tV isMGW nUM mrHm p`tI leI pMjw swihb phuMcwieAw[
ieh mWglI hjwry dI rwjDwnI sI[ lVweI kwrn srihMd dI
qrHW ies Sihr dy vsnIkW qy BwrI mwr peI sI Aqy smW pw ky Sihr
aujV igAw[ mWglI dy KMfr 1970 q`k vI mOjUd sn[ jdoN 1822
iv`c srdwr nlUAw hjwry dy gvrnr bxy qW mWglI dy aus cSmy kol,
ij`Qy ShIdW dw sMskwr kIqw sI au~Qy suMdr Xwdgwr bxweI Aqy cSmy
nUM qlwA iv`c bdl id`qw[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr 1925 q`k
ieh jgHw TIk hwlq iv`c sI[ ie`Qy ivswKI dy idhwVy mylw lgdw sI[
pr dyS dI vMf kwrn is`KW h`QoN ieh mhwn XwdW Ku`s geIAW[ is`K
pMQ leI ieh vMf bhuq v`fw Gwtw swbq hoeI[ ^wlsw rwj dI
rwjDwnI lwhOr hox krky mwno pwiksqwn ies rwj dw isr sI[

muMGyr qy cVHweI
mhwrwjy dy hukm Anuswr srdwr nlUAw &Oj smyq 28 nvMbr
1821 nUM KuSbU dy mYdwn qy phuMc gey[ slwh mSvry dOrwn Syir-eypMjwb ny AwiKAw ik muMGyr dy nvwb hw&z Aihmd ^wn dI socxI shI
nhIN[ ie`k qW ies ny itvwixAW dy AwgU jo hmySw AwpxI ivroDqw
krdw sI aus nUM Awpxy kol iklHw jMfvwlw iv`c pnwh id`qI sI[ dUjw,
67

AMdrKwqy ieh ^wlsw rwj dy ivru`D zihr augldw hY Aqy rozwnw

A&gwinsqwn ^brW Byjdw hY[ ies leI muMGyr nUM &qih krnw zrUrI
ho igAw hY[
muMGyr Atk dirAw dy s`jy pwsy dUr q`k PYilAw hoieAw prgnw
hY[ ielwkw ryqlw sI, AwvwjweI vI sVkW nw hox krky muSkl sI
Aqy v`fI g`l pwxI dw rsqy iv`c koeI pRbMD nhIN sI[ sur`iKAw p`KoN
ieh ielwkw bVw mjbUq sI ikauNik ies dy cwry pwsy bwrW iklHy sn
Aqy pwxI iehnW ikilHAW dy ivckwr sI[ ies qoN vI v`fI muSkl ieh
sI ik nvwb ny 25 hjwr dy krIb bVy bl vwly juAwn &Oj iv`c r`Ky
hoey sn[ iehnW kwrnW kr ky muMGyr nUM ij`qxw koeI Kwlw jI dw vwVw
nhIN sI[

dyK nvwb bygmW sxy srdwr hrI isMG dI Srn iv`c Aw igAw Aqy
jwn b^SI leI Arz kIqI[ nlUey srdwr ny iehnW nUM kuJ isMGW dI
ingrwnI hyT Syir-ey-pMjwb pws Byj id`qw[ s`Xd muhMmd lqI& dI
ilKq muqwbk dlyr mhwrwjy ny 20 dsMbr 1821 vwly idn nvwb nUM
bhumu`lI iK`lq dy ky C`f id`qw[ Agly idn srdwr hrI isMG nwl
slwh krky mhwrwjy ny srdwr Amr isMG nUM ie`Qy dw gvrnr lgw
id`qw[ mhwrwjw swihb sxy srdwr hrI isMG, jnvrI 1822 nUM
lwhOr phuMc gey[

srdwr nlUAw dI hzwry dy gvrnr vjoN

inXukqI

mhwrwjw vI ies soc dw mwlk sI ik ig`dV nUM mwrn leI Syr

jYsI qwkq Aqy iqAwrI hoxI cwhIdI hY[ auprokq AOkVW nUM iDAwn
gocry r`K ky hI srkwr ny cotI dy jrnYl nUM bulwieAw sI[ ^wlsw &Oj
ny 3 dsMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr qy Dwvw boilAw[ srdwr hrI isMG ny
srdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr KuSwl isMG nwl imlky Xu`D AwrMB
id`qw[ iqMn idnW dI lhU folHvIN lVweI lV ky s`q ikilHAW qy kbzw
kr ilAw[ nvwb dy juAwn vI bhwdrI nwl lVy ijs kr ky keI idn
lohw KVikAw, goly Aqy golIAW c`lIAW[ AKIr muG
M r
y dw iklHw jo bhuq
hI mjbUq sI auDr nUM isMG vDy[ jdoN dyiKAw ik drvwijAW qy s^q
qkVweI hox krky iklHy AMdr jwxw muSkl hY qW hrI isMG ny iklHy dI
kMD qopW nwl aufwaux dI skIm bxweI[ A`Dw idn goly dwgx auprMq
ijauN hI kMD if`gI hrI isMG Syr dI inAweIN dhwVdy XoiDAW smyq
ik`lHy AMdr ikrpwnW clwauNdy jw vVy[ A`goN nvwb vI juAwnW smyq ft
igAw[ Gmswx dw jMg hoieAw Aqy CykV nvwb dy pYr au~KV gey[ mOq
qoN frdw nvwb hrm iv`c jw viVAw[ bhwdr hrI isMG ny
AwiKAw,"isMGo! hrm iv`c AwpW nhIN vVnw ikauNik au~Qy muglW dIAW
bygmW, nUhW Aqy DIAW hn[ AKIr isMGW dw iklHy au~pr kbzw hoieAw

hzwrw, ihmwlIAw prbq dIAW bwhrI Aqy A`D q`k PYlIAW

phwVIAW dw jMkSn hY[ purwqn simAW AMdr ies nUM gMDwrw jW
gMDrv dyS vI kihMdy sn[ ieh cMdr gupq morIey dI slqnq dw
ih`sw sI[ aus smyN ies nUM aurwsw AwKdy sn Aqy ieh boDIAW Aqy
ihMdUAW dw mu`K Dwrimk kyNdr sI[ keI ieiqhwskwrW ny ies nUM aurg
iliKAw hY[ cMdr gupq morIey dw poqw ASok vI ieQy dw gvrnr irhw
hY[ auprMq rwjw rswlU ny vI ie`Qy rwj kIqw[ hIvn sWg ny ies nUM
vUlwSI iliKAw hY[ jdoN 1399 iv`c AmIr qYmUr ihMdusqwn nUM l`ut ky
vwps priqAw qW jWdy smyN ies ny ie`k hzwr qurk ie`Qy p`ky qOr qy
r`Kx leI hukm id`qw[ ieM\ ies jgHw dw nW aus smyN qoN hzwrw pY
igAw[ iqMn sdIAW ieh ielwkw qurkW dy kbzy hyT irhw[ pr aus
ip`CoN svwqIAW ny ies nUM &qih kr ilAw[ sMn 1752 iv`c Aihmd
Swh durwnI ny i`e`Qy Awpxy pYr jmw ley[ BWq BWq kOmW dy lok ie`Qy
rihx krky AwpsI DVy bwzI, KihbwzI, fwkwznI, lu`t-Ksu`t Aqy
KUn-^rwbw zorW qy ho igAw[ swry hzwry iv`c bdAmnI krky lokW dw
ijauxw du`Br ho igAw sI[ AYsy hwlwq dyK ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
ny AkqUbr 1818 iv`c qurk hwSm ^wn dI &irAwd qy srdwr m`Kx

68

69

AMdrKwqy ieh ^wlsw rwj dy ivru`D zihr augldw hY Aqy rozwnw

A&gwinsqwn ^brW Byjdw hY[ ies leI muMGyr nUM &qih krnw zrUrI
ho igAw hY[
muMGyr Atk dirAw dy s`jy pwsy dUr q`k PYilAw hoieAw prgnw
hY[ ielwkw ryqlw sI, AwvwjweI vI sVkW nw hox krky muSkl sI
Aqy v`fI g`l pwxI dw rsqy iv`c koeI pRbMD nhIN sI[ sur`iKAw p`KoN
ieh ielwkw bVw mjbUq sI ikauNik ies dy cwry pwsy bwrW iklHy sn
Aqy pwxI iehnW ikilHAW dy ivckwr sI[ ies qoN vI v`fI muSkl ieh
sI ik nvwb ny 25 hjwr dy krIb bVy bl vwly juAwn &Oj iv`c r`Ky
hoey sn[ iehnW kwrnW kr ky muMGyr nUM ij`qxw koeI Kwlw jI dw vwVw
nhIN sI[

dyK nvwb bygmW sxy srdwr hrI isMG dI Srn iv`c Aw igAw Aqy
jwn b^SI leI Arz kIqI[ nlUey srdwr ny iehnW nUM kuJ isMGW dI
ingrwnI hyT Syir-ey-pMjwb pws Byj id`qw[ s`Xd muhMmd lqI& dI
ilKq muqwbk dlyr mhwrwjy ny 20 dsMbr 1821 vwly idn nvwb nUM
bhumu`lI iK`lq dy ky C`f id`qw[ Agly idn srdwr hrI isMG nwl
slwh krky mhwrwjy ny srdwr Amr isMG nUM ie`Qy dw gvrnr lgw
id`qw[ mhwrwjw swihb sxy srdwr hrI isMG, jnvrI 1822 nUM
lwhOr phuMc gey[

srdwr nlUAw dI hzwry dy gvrnr vjoN

inXukqI

mhwrwjw vI ies soc dw mwlk sI ik ig`dV nUM mwrn leI Syr

jYsI qwkq Aqy iqAwrI hoxI cwhIdI hY[ auprokq AOkVW nUM iDAwn
gocry r`K ky hI srkwr ny cotI dy jrnYl nUM bulwieAw sI[ ^wlsw &Oj
ny 3 dsMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr qy Dwvw boilAw[ srdwr hrI isMG ny
srdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr KuSwl isMG nwl imlky Xu`D AwrMB
id`qw[ iqMn idnW dI lhU folHvIN lVweI lV ky s`q ikilHAW qy kbzw
kr ilAw[ nvwb dy juAwn vI bhwdrI nwl lVy ijs kr ky keI idn
lohw KVikAw, goly Aqy golIAW c`lIAW[ AKIr muG
M r
y dw iklHw jo bhuq
hI mjbUq sI auDr nUM isMG vDy[ jdoN dyiKAw ik drvwijAW qy s^q
qkVweI hox krky iklHy AMdr jwxw muSkl hY qW hrI isMG ny iklHy dI
kMD qopW nwl aufwaux dI skIm bxweI[ A`Dw idn goly dwgx auprMq
ijauN hI kMD if`gI hrI isMG Syr dI inAweIN dhwVdy XoiDAW smyq
ik`lHy AMdr ikrpwnW clwauNdy jw vVy[ A`goN nvwb vI juAwnW smyq ft
igAw[ Gmswx dw jMg hoieAw Aqy CykV nvwb dy pYr au~KV gey[ mOq
qoN frdw nvwb hrm iv`c jw viVAw[ bhwdr hrI isMG ny
AwiKAw,"isMGo! hrm iv`c AwpW nhIN vVnw ikauNik au~Qy muglW dIAW
bygmW, nUhW Aqy DIAW hn[ AKIr isMGW dw iklHy au~pr kbzw hoieAw

hzwrw, ihmwlIAw prbq dIAW bwhrI Aqy A`D q`k PYlIAW

phwVIAW dw jMkSn hY[ purwqn simAW AMdr ies nUM gMDwrw jW
gMDrv dyS vI kihMdy sn[ ieh cMdr gupq morIey dI slqnq dw
ih`sw sI[ aus smyN ies nUM aurwsw AwKdy sn Aqy ieh boDIAW Aqy
ihMdUAW dw mu`K Dwrimk kyNdr sI[ keI ieiqhwskwrW ny ies nUM aurg
iliKAw hY[ cMdr gupq morIey dw poqw ASok vI ieQy dw gvrnr irhw
hY[ auprMq rwjw rswlU ny vI ie`Qy rwj kIqw[ hIvn sWg ny ies nUM
vUlwSI iliKAw hY[ jdoN 1399 iv`c AmIr qYmUr ihMdusqwn nUM l`ut ky
vwps priqAw qW jWdy smyN ies ny ie`k hzwr qurk ie`Qy p`ky qOr qy
r`Kx leI hukm id`qw[ ieM\ ies jgHw dw nW aus smyN qoN hzwrw pY
igAw[ iqMn sdIAW ieh ielwkw qurkW dy kbzy hyT irhw[ pr aus
ip`CoN svwqIAW ny ies nUM &qih kr ilAw[ sMn 1752 iv`c Aihmd
Swh durwnI ny i`e`Qy Awpxy pYr jmw ley[ BWq BWq kOmW dy lok ie`Qy
rihx krky AwpsI DVy bwzI, KihbwzI, fwkwznI, lu`t-Ksu`t Aqy
KUn-^rwbw zorW qy ho igAw[ swry hzwry iv`c bdAmnI krky lokW dw
ijauxw du`Br ho igAw sI[ AYsy hwlwq dyK ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
ny AkqUbr 1818 iv`c qurk hwSm ^wn dI &irAwd qy srdwr m`Kx

68

69

isMG rwvlipMfI nUM SwqI kwiem krn leI ByijAw sI[ kuJ smyN ip`CoN
m`Kx isMG dw kql ho igAw[ ieh ^br sux ky Atk dw iklHydwr
srdwr hukmw isMG icmnI qyzI nwl ^wlsy dI m`dd leI hzwry phuMc
igAw[ srdwr m`Kx isMG dy kwqlW nUM szwvW dy ky srdwr icmnI
vwps Atk Aw igAw[ ie`Qy Aw ky hzwry dI swrI ^br lwhOr drbwr
AMdr Byj id`qI[ lwhOr iv`c muMGyr dI ij`q dIAW Ajy KuSIAW mnweIAW
jw rhIAW sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM ^br imlI ik A&gwn buriCAW ny
gvrnr Amr isMG klwn nUM mwr id`qw hY[ ies ^br dw mhwrwjw
swihb nUM gihrw sdmw hoieAw[ ikauNik ie`k qW Amr isMG dw k`dkwT bhuq sI, dUjw ieh mMinAw pRmMinAw dlyr sI Aqy qIjw rwj nIqI
iv`c mwhr sI[
auprokq cMgy cMgy srdwrW nUM hzwry dy ielwky iv`c mwrn krky
Aqy au~Qy dy hwkmW v`loN mwlIAw nw dyx kr ky srkwr ny lMbI soc
ivcwr ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM 1822 dy SurU iv`c hjwry dw gvrnr
Qwp id`qw[ srdwr hrI isMG &Oj smyq 26 &rvrI 1822 nUM hzwry
phuMc gey[ ie`Qy phuMc ky sB qoN pihlW srdwr Amr isMG dy kwqlW
dw pqw krvw ky aunHW nUM pkiVAw[ iPr ielwky invwsIAW dw v`fw
iek`T krvw ky iehnW nUM qop A`gy KVHw krky aufw id`qw[ ies szw dw
Asr ieh hoieAw ik muV koeI bdmwS bdmwSI qy nw au~qirAw[ sMn
1822 qoN 1837 q`k nlUAw srdwr hzwry dy gvrnr rhy pr ies
dOrwn iksy mugl nUM srdwr jW ihMdU nUM qMg krn jW mwrn dI jur`Aq
nhIN sI peI hwlWik ielwky iv`c 95 pRqISq mugl sn jd ik gYr
muslmwnW 'coN isr& ie`k pRqISq hI is`KW dI AwbwdI sI[
srdwr hrI isMG ny pwKlI, smqUr, drbMd Awid QwvW qy vI
Awpxw db dbw jmw ilAw[ bwhrI hmilAW qoN sur`iKAw leI keI
ikilHAW dI auswrI SurU krvw id`qI[ hjwry dy mYdwnI ielwky iv`c ijs
nUM hjwry dw idl ikhw jWdw sI ^wlsw &Oj leI A`TvyN siqgurW dy nW
qy hirikSn gVH iklHw auswirAw ijhVw qihsIl hrIpur iv`c hY[
70

ies iklHy dy lwgy hI hrIpur Sihr vswieAw[ bYrn hugl ilKdw hY

ik 1835 iv`c jdoN mYN hrIpur Sihr dyiKAw qW ies iv`c bhuq
gihmw gihm sI[ hzwry ijhw mYN ieMnw Gu`g vsdw Sihr hor koeI
nhIN dyiKAw[

qwrIn Aqy bMbwz nUM v`fI Sksq

lwhOr drbwr v`loN 1823 iv`c srdwr nlvw nUM hrIpur qoN
A&gwn AzIm ^wn, ijhVw ik kwbl qoN cVHweI kr ky Aw irhw sI
nUM sbk isKwaux leI bulwieAw[ nlvw nUM gYrhwzr dyK ky muhMmd
^wn ny ijhVw qwrInW dw muKI sI , ny hrI isMG dy sihkwrI srdwr
Amr isMG nwl JgVw kr ky hmIrpur qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ieh
qwrIn bloicsqwn qoN kwPI smW pihlW Awey sn[ muhMmd ^wn Awpxy
Awp nUM srdwrnI sdw kOr dw muqbMnw pu`qr khwauNdw sI[ AYsy hwlq
dyK ky srkwr ny srdwr nlUAw qy AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM lwhOr qoN jldI
kUc krky Atk phuMcx dw hukm id`qw[ iehnW &Oj smyq PrvrI
1823 nUM Atk jw fyry lwey[ Atk dirAw pwr krn leI iehnW
byiVAW dw pRbMD kIqw Aqy Kwx pIx leI AMn pwxI iek`qr kIqw[
bwrkzeI Grwxy dw mhwn sUrbIr muhMmd AzIm ^wn ijs dw
is`kw A&gwinsqwn AMdr mMinAw jWdw sI Aqy pySwvr Awid ielwikAW
dy bMdy ies dy sihm nwl Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ jdoN ies ny ^Ybr pwr
kIqw qW ^br imlI ik swrw ipSwvr KwlI ipAw hY[ ieh g`l sux
ky ies dy hOsly hor bulMd ho gey[ ieh ies vwr is`KW nUM cMgw sbk
isKwauxw cwhuMdw sI Aqy pUrI jMgI iqAwrI krky AwieAw sI[
ies ny v`fI sYnw smyq Awpxy BqIjy muhMmd zmwn qy &Iroz ^wn
Aqy p`uqr ^vws ^wn dI kmWf hyT ^wlsy nUM dirAw Atk dy pqn qy
hI rokx dw Xqn kIqw[ Atk kol iehnW qopW bIV ky bhuq p`ky morcy
bxw ley[ ^wlsw &Oj ijs dI AgvweI srdwr hrI isMG Aqy Sihzwdw
71

isMG rwvlipMfI nUM SwqI kwiem krn leI ByijAw sI[ kuJ smyN ip`CoN
m`Kx isMG dw kql ho igAw[ ieh ^br sux ky Atk dw iklHydwr
srdwr hukmw isMG icmnI qyzI nwl ^wlsy dI m`dd leI hzwry phuMc
igAw[ srdwr m`Kx isMG dy kwqlW nUM szwvW dy ky srdwr icmnI
vwps Atk Aw igAw[ ie`Qy Aw ky hzwry dI swrI ^br lwhOr drbwr
AMdr Byj id`qI[ lwhOr iv`c muMGyr dI ij`q dIAW Ajy KuSIAW mnweIAW
jw rhIAW sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM ^br imlI ik A&gwn buriCAW ny
gvrnr Amr isMG klwn nUM mwr id`qw hY[ ies ^br dw mhwrwjw
swihb nUM gihrw sdmw hoieAw[ ikauNik ie`k qW Amr isMG dw k`dkwT bhuq sI, dUjw ieh mMinAw pRmMinAw dlyr sI Aqy qIjw rwj nIqI
iv`c mwhr sI[
auprokq cMgy cMgy srdwrW nUM hzwry dy ielwky iv`c mwrn krky
Aqy au~Qy dy hwkmW v`loN mwlIAw nw dyx kr ky srkwr ny lMbI soc
ivcwr ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM 1822 dy SurU iv`c hjwry dw gvrnr
Qwp id`qw[ srdwr hrI isMG &Oj smyq 26 &rvrI 1822 nUM hzwry
phuMc gey[ ie`Qy phuMc ky sB qoN pihlW srdwr Amr isMG dy kwqlW
dw pqw krvw ky aunHW nUM pkiVAw[ iPr ielwky invwsIAW dw v`fw
iek`T krvw ky iehnW nUM qop A`gy KVHw krky aufw id`qw[ ies szw dw
Asr ieh hoieAw ik muV koeI bdmwS bdmwSI qy nw au~qirAw[ sMn
1822 qoN 1837 q`k nlUAw srdwr hzwry dy gvrnr rhy pr ies
dOrwn iksy mugl nUM srdwr jW ihMdU nUM qMg krn jW mwrn dI jur`Aq
nhIN sI peI hwlWik ielwky iv`c 95 pRqISq mugl sn jd ik gYr
muslmwnW 'coN isr& ie`k pRqISq hI is`KW dI AwbwdI sI[
srdwr hrI isMG ny pwKlI, smqUr, drbMd Awid QwvW qy vI
Awpxw db dbw jmw ilAw[ bwhrI hmilAW qoN sur`iKAw leI keI
ikilHAW dI auswrI SurU krvw id`qI[ hjwry dy mYdwnI ielwky iv`c ijs
nUM hjwry dw idl ikhw jWdw sI ^wlsw &Oj leI A`TvyN siqgurW dy nW
qy hirikSn gVH iklHw auswirAw ijhVw qihsIl hrIpur iv`c hY[
70

ies iklHy dy lwgy hI hrIpur Sihr vswieAw[ bYrn hugl ilKdw hY

ik 1835 iv`c jdoN mYN hrIpur Sihr dyiKAw qW ies iv`c bhuq
gihmw gihm sI[ hzwry ijhw mYN ieMnw Gu`g vsdw Sihr hor koeI
nhIN dyiKAw[

qwrIn Aqy bMbwz nUM v`fI Sksq

lwhOr drbwr v`loN 1823 iv`c srdwr nlvw nUM hrIpur qoN
A&gwn AzIm ^wn, ijhVw ik kwbl qoN cVHweI kr ky Aw irhw sI
nUM sbk isKwaux leI bulwieAw[ nlvw nUM gYrhwzr dyK ky muhMmd
^wn ny ijhVw qwrInW dw muKI sI , ny hrI isMG dy sihkwrI srdwr
Amr isMG nwl JgVw kr ky hmIrpur qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ieh
qwrIn bloicsqwn qoN kwPI smW pihlW Awey sn[ muhMmd ^wn Awpxy
Awp nUM srdwrnI sdw kOr dw muqbMnw pu`qr khwauNdw sI[ AYsy hwlq
dyK ky srkwr ny srdwr nlUAw qy AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM lwhOr qoN jldI
kUc krky Atk phuMcx dw hukm id`qw[ iehnW &Oj smyq PrvrI
1823 nUM Atk jw fyry lwey[ Atk dirAw pwr krn leI iehnW
byiVAW dw pRbMD kIqw Aqy Kwx pIx leI AMn pwxI iek`qr kIqw[
bwrkzeI Grwxy dw mhwn sUrbIr muhMmd AzIm ^wn ijs dw
is`kw A&gwinsqwn AMdr mMinAw jWdw sI Aqy pySwvr Awid ielwikAW
dy bMdy ies dy sihm nwl Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ jdoN ies ny ^Ybr pwr
kIqw qW ^br imlI ik swrw ipSwvr KwlI ipAw hY[ ieh g`l sux
ky ies dy hOsly hor bulMd ho gey[ ieh ies vwr is`KW nUM cMgw sbk
isKwauxw cwhuMdw sI Aqy pUrI jMgI iqAwrI krky AwieAw sI[
ies ny v`fI sYnw smyq Awpxy BqIjy muhMmd zmwn qy &Iroz ^wn
Aqy p`uqr ^vws ^wn dI kmWf hyT ^wlsy nUM dirAw Atk dy pqn qy
hI rokx dw Xqn kIqw[ Atk kol iehnW qopW bIV ky bhuq p`ky morcy
bxw ley[ ^wlsw &Oj ijs dI AgvweI srdwr hrI isMG Aqy Sihzwdw
71

Syr isMG kr rhy sI hvw dy qyz vyg vWg Atk pwr kr gey Aqy
gwzIAW nwl pMjw jw lwieAw[ dohW pwisAW dIAW &OjW dw Awhmo
swhmxy BwrI ByV hoieAw[ DrqI qy loQW ivC geIAW, AnykW hI
Gwiel hoey qVP rhy sn pr sUrmy qno mno ie`k dUjy qy fwFy vwr kr
rhy sn[ gwzIAW dI &Oj dI igxqI ieiqhwskwrW ny ^wlsy dI &Oj
nwloN cwr guxw v`D ilKI hY[ iehnW Atk dy pu`l dy r`sy v`F ky pul
^qm kr id`qw qW ik hor ^wlsw &Oj m`dd leI nw Aw jwvy[ Sihjwdw
Syr isMG Aqy srdwr nlvw BwvyN pUry qwx nwl mukwblw kr rhy sn
pr gwzIAW dI &Oj jo kIVI dy ktk vWg sI, ny ^wlsw sYnw dw kwPI
nukswn kIqw[ auDroN mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr PUlw isMG nUM m`dd
leI ByijAw[ jdoN AkwlI PUlw isMG ny dyiKAw ik Atk dw pul
gwzIAW ny qoV id`qw hY qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW GoVw Atk v`l
TylH id`qw[ AkwlI jI vl dyK ky sYinkW ny vI dyr nhIN lweI dirAw
pwr kr gey[ iehnW nUM dyK isMGW dy joS ny AYsw hulwrw KwDw ik
gwzIAW aup`r mwno kihr tu`t ipAw[ iehnW jwnW bcwaux leI n`T
B~j SurU kr id`qI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny iklHw jhWgIr qy kbzw kr
ilAw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn ny mYdwny jMg 'coN dOV rhy sYinkW nUM p`q
bcwaux leI A`lw dw vwsqw pwieAw pr jwn ipAwrI jwx ky auh nw
ruky[ iBAwnk jMg dI ^br sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp &Oj smyq
nuSihry phuMc gey[ ieQy sUhIey ny ^br id`qI ik muhMmd AzIm ^wn
ny ip~Cy ht ky KySgI dy AsQwn qy morcy g`f ley hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb
ny AkwlI PUlw isMG, srdwr hrI isMG, Sihzwdw KVk isMG nUM A`gy
vDx leI ikhw[ A`gy jw ky AwpsI AYsw ByV hoieAw ik DrqI lhU
nwl rMgI geI, Asmwn qopW dy goilAW Aqy DUV dy kxW nwl kwlw BUrw
ho igAw Aqy gzb dw Gmswn m`c igAw[ pr isMGW dy A`gy A&gwnW
dI hwlq ieh ho geI jYsI hMsW A`gy ttIhrIAW dI huMdI hY[ muhMmd
AzIm ^wn nUM rx q`qy 'coN dOVidAW dyK ky ispwhI vI rx C`fx l`gy[
dOVy jWidAW ny ip`Cw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nW hI isMGW ny iehnW qy hmlw

kIqw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn AwpxI jwn bcw ky kwbl nhIN phuMc
sikAw[ jMg iv`c hwr kwrn idl dw dOrw pYx nwl rsqy iv`c hI pRwx
iqAwg igAw[^wlsw pMQ dw DrmI sUrmw AkwlI PUlw isMG Aqy hor
keI srdwr ies jMg iv`c ShIdI gwny pw gey[

72

73

jMg dI &qih auprMq ^wlsw &Oj kuJ smW Awrwm krky mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nwl XUsPzeI, hsq ngr (Ast
ngr) Aqy ipSwvr ielwikAW iv`c phuMcI ij`Qy pTwxW ny ^wlsw rwj
dy AsUlW qy c`lx qy SWqI r`Kx dw pRx ilAw[ ies qoN ielwvw nzrwny
vI srkwr nUM ByNt kIqy[ srdwr nlUAw jI qkrIbn 7 mhIny ipSwvr
hI rhy qWik ie`Qy Amn Amwn bhwl hovy, lokW nUM hr p`KoN rwhq imly
Aqy srkwrI pRbMD Xog FMg nwl c`ly[ jdoN cwry pwsy SWqI ho geI qW
srkwr dy hukm Anuswr &Oj smyq srdwr swihb ipSwvr qoN hzwry
v`l rvwnw hoey[

hzwry dy rsqy dIAW AOkVW

ie`k qW hzwry dw rsqw phwVI sI Aqy dUjw ie`Qy iBMn iBMn
kbIly rihMdy sn ijnHW dw kMm hI fwky mwrnw Aqy lu`t-mwr krnw sI[
muglW Aqy A&gwnW dw lMby smyN qoN ie`Qy rwj rihx krky hr kbIly
kol hiQAwrW, brUd Awid dy v`fy zKIry sn[ Awm lok qW ies rsqy
v`l mUMh nhIN sI krdy[ jdoN iehnW nUM ^wlsw &Oj dI Awmd dw pqw
l`igAw qW iehnW swry rsqy p`QrW, drKqW Awid nwl bMd kr id`qy[
isMGW nUM lu`tx leI v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty ho ky hiQAwrW nwl lYs
jMg leI iqAwr ho gey[
^wlsw AYsIAW rukwvtW dUr krdw A`gy viDAw[ iehnW nUM eylcI
Byj ky pMgw nw lYx Aqy dMgw nw krn leI bQyrw smJwieAw pr ieh
ib&ry hoey nw tly[ ^wlsy nwl iehnW qkVI Jpt leI Aqy Awpxy
bwhUbl nUM bhwdrI nwl idKwieAw[ bhuq ktw v`F hoeI pr ^wlsw

Syr isMG kr rhy sI hvw dy qyz vyg vWg Atk pwr kr gey Aqy
gwzIAW nwl pMjw jw lwieAw[ dohW pwisAW dIAW &OjW dw Awhmo
swhmxy BwrI ByV hoieAw[ DrqI qy loQW ivC geIAW, AnykW hI
Gwiel hoey qVP rhy sn pr sUrmy qno mno ie`k dUjy qy fwFy vwr kr
rhy sn[ gwzIAW dI &Oj dI igxqI ieiqhwskwrW ny ^wlsy dI &Oj
nwloN cwr guxw v`D ilKI hY[ iehnW Atk dy pu`l dy r`sy v`F ky pul
^qm kr id`qw qW ik hor ^wlsw &Oj m`dd leI nw Aw jwvy[ Sihjwdw
Syr isMG Aqy srdwr nlvw BwvyN pUry qwx nwl mukwblw kr rhy sn
pr gwzIAW dI &Oj jo kIVI dy ktk vWg sI, ny ^wlsw sYnw dw kwPI
nukswn kIqw[ auDroN mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr PUlw isMG nUM m`dd
leI ByijAw[ jdoN AkwlI PUlw isMG ny dyiKAw ik Atk dw pul
gwzIAW ny qoV id`qw hY qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW GoVw Atk v`l
TylH id`qw[ AkwlI jI vl dyK ky sYinkW ny vI dyr nhIN lweI dirAw
pwr kr gey[ iehnW nUM dyK isMGW dy joS ny AYsw hulwrw KwDw ik
gwzIAW aup`r mwno kihr tu`t ipAw[ iehnW jwnW bcwaux leI n`T
B~j SurU kr id`qI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny iklHw jhWgIr qy kbzw kr
ilAw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn ny mYdwny jMg 'coN dOV rhy sYinkW nUM p`q
bcwaux leI A`lw dw vwsqw pwieAw pr jwn ipAwrI jwx ky auh nw
ruky[ iBAwnk jMg dI ^br sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp &Oj smyq
nuSihry phuMc gey[ ieQy sUhIey ny ^br id`qI ik muhMmd AzIm ^wn
ny ip~Cy ht ky KySgI dy AsQwn qy morcy g`f ley hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb
ny AkwlI PUlw isMG, srdwr hrI isMG, Sihzwdw KVk isMG nUM A`gy
vDx leI ikhw[ A`gy jw ky AwpsI AYsw ByV hoieAw ik DrqI lhU
nwl rMgI geI, Asmwn qopW dy goilAW Aqy DUV dy kxW nwl kwlw BUrw
ho igAw Aqy gzb dw Gmswn m`c igAw[ pr isMGW dy A`gy A&gwnW
dI hwlq ieh ho geI jYsI hMsW A`gy ttIhrIAW dI huMdI hY[ muhMmd
AzIm ^wn nUM rx q`qy 'coN dOVidAW dyK ky ispwhI vI rx C`fx l`gy[
dOVy jWidAW ny ip`Cw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nW hI isMGW ny iehnW qy hmlw

kIqw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn AwpxI jwn bcw ky kwbl nhIN phuMc
sikAw[ jMg iv`c hwr kwrn idl dw dOrw pYx nwl rsqy iv`c hI pRwx
iqAwg igAw[^wlsw pMQ dw DrmI sUrmw AkwlI PUlw isMG Aqy hor
keI srdwr ies jMg iv`c ShIdI gwny pw gey[

72

73

jMg dI &qih auprMq ^wlsw &Oj kuJ smW Awrwm krky mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nwl XUsPzeI, hsq ngr (Ast
ngr) Aqy ipSwvr ielwikAW iv`c phuMcI ij`Qy pTwxW ny ^wlsw rwj
dy AsUlW qy c`lx qy SWqI r`Kx dw pRx ilAw[ ies qoN ielwvw nzrwny
vI srkwr nUM ByNt kIqy[ srdwr nlUAw jI qkrIbn 7 mhIny ipSwvr
hI rhy qWik ie`Qy Amn Amwn bhwl hovy, lokW nUM hr p`KoN rwhq imly
Aqy srkwrI pRbMD Xog FMg nwl c`ly[ jdoN cwry pwsy SWqI ho geI qW
srkwr dy hukm Anuswr &Oj smyq srdwr swihb ipSwvr qoN hzwry
v`l rvwnw hoey[

hzwry dy rsqy dIAW AOkVW

ie`k qW hzwry dw rsqw phwVI sI Aqy dUjw ie`Qy iBMn iBMn
kbIly rihMdy sn ijnHW dw kMm hI fwky mwrnw Aqy lu`t-mwr krnw sI[
muglW Aqy A&gwnW dw lMby smyN qoN ie`Qy rwj rihx krky hr kbIly
kol hiQAwrW, brUd Awid dy v`fy zKIry sn[ Awm lok qW ies rsqy
v`l mUMh nhIN sI krdy[ jdoN iehnW nUM ^wlsw &Oj dI Awmd dw pqw
l`igAw qW iehnW swry rsqy p`QrW, drKqW Awid nwl bMd kr id`qy[
isMGW nUM lu`tx leI v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty ho ky hiQAwrW nwl lYs
jMg leI iqAwr ho gey[
^wlsw AYsIAW rukwvtW dUr krdw A`gy viDAw[ iehnW nUM eylcI
Byj ky pMgw nw lYx Aqy dMgw nw krn leI bQyrw smJwieAw pr ieh
ib&ry hoey nw tly[ ^wlsy nwl iehnW qkVI Jpt leI Aqy Awpxy
bwhUbl nUM bhwdrI nwl idKwieAw[ bhuq ktw v`F hoeI pr ^wlsw

&Oj lVdI lVdI A`gy lMG geI[ ijs rsqy hrI isMG jw rhy sI au~Qy
iehnW v`fy p`QrW hyT brUd BirAw hoieAw sI[ ies brUd nUM Ptwaux
leI pTwx luky hoey sn[ mOkw qwV ky iehnW plIiqAW nUM dwg id`qw
ijs kwrn v`fw Dmwkw hoieAw[ ies Dmwky nwl phwVI qoN v`fy v`fy
p`Qr ruVH pey jo srdwr nlUAw Aqy aunHW nwl c`l rhy juAwnW nUM GVIs
ky phwVI dI K`f 'c ryVH ky lY gey[ nlUey srdwr nUM l`Bx leI srdwr
swihb mhW isMG mIrpurIAw Aqy srdwr tyk isMG sUrimAW nUM nwl
lY ky swrI rwq Bwldy rhy pr koeI au~G su`G nw l`gI[ idn ciVHAw
qW dyiKAw srdwr swihb ie`k drKq dy mu`F iv`c Psy hoey lhU nwl
l`Q-p`Q pey sn[ bVI muSkl nwl cu`k ky ilAWdw , mrHm p`tI kIqI
pr srIr bhuq nFwl ho cu~kw sI[
dUjy idn srdwr mhW isMG ny nwVy ipMf qy h`lw boilAw, ijs
nzdIk ieh Bwxw vwpirAw sI[ ipMf nUM lu`t ky A`g lgw id`qI[ ieM\
duSmx dw nws krdy krdy isrIkot dy ielwky nUM sr kr ilAw[
srdwr dy burI qrHW j^mI hox dI ^br jd Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imlI
qW ie`ky dm iqAwrI krky hzwry vl nUM qur pey[ pr iehnW dy phuMcx
q`k srdwr swihb TIk ho gey sn[ mhwrwjw swihb nUM nwl lY ky
nlUAw srdwr ny dUr dUr q`k GumwieAw iPrwieAw[ ie`QoN dw rwj
pRbMD dyK ky srkwr AiqAMq KuS hoeI[

bdly qYnUM kI szw deIey? firAw hoieAw ieh kuJ nw boilAw[ srdwr
jI ny is`K sYinkW nUM AwiKAw, "ies nUM A`j soc lYx idau, k`lH nUM iPr
pyS kirau"[ ^wn srdwr dy jwho-jlwl Aqy roAb-dwb vwly ichry
nUM q`k ky ieqnw dihl igAw ik ies ny rwq smyN zihr Kw ky Awqm
h`iqAw kr leI[
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ny 1828 iv`c ktocIAW nUM Ajy kwbU hI
kIqw sI ik pqw l`igAw s`Xd Aihmd jhwd dw nwm dy ky pTwxW nUM
is`KW ivru`D BVkw irhw hY[ ieh brylI dw vsnIk sI Aqy 1786
iv`c jnimAw sI[ m`ky-SrI& h`j qy jwx krky pTwxW dy idl AMdr
ies dw bVw siqkwr sI[ieh kyvl s`Xd hI nhIN blik Awpxy Awp
nUM pMj AwSw (Bwv auh s`Xd hY, hwjI hY, gwjI hY, KlIPw hY Aqy
jhwdI hY) khwauNdw sI[ ies ny is`KW dI qwkq dy ^wqmy leI bhuq
swry ihMdusqwnI mOlvI vI ie`kTy kr ley[ iehnW mOlvIAW ny kwPI Dn
mwl iek`Tw krky jhwd leI lokW nUM aukswieAw[ ieh vI sunyhy s`Xd
q`k phuMcwey ik is`K rwj swnUM kMfy dI qrHW cuB irhw hY Aqy ieh kMfw
k`Fx vgYr pTwx su`K dI nINd nhIN sON skdy[ ieh mujwihd AMgRyzI
hkUmq dy ieSwry qy vI is`KW ivru`D pRcwr kr rhy sn[ AMdrKwqy
s~Xd ny ies jhwd leI Dn vI id`qw Aqy hiQAwr vI id`qy[

ie`Qy kuJ smyN leI srdwr swihb Awpxy Gr gujrW vwly GrylU
kMmW nUM inptwaux cly gey[ jwx l`gy hzwry iv`c gvrnrI dw kMmkwj Awpxy nwieb srdwr mhW isMG mIr purIey nUM sMBwl gey[ pr kuJ
smW bwAd hzwry 'c hwlwq iPr AYsy ho gey ijvyN jdoN Syr jMgl iv`coN
ikqy aury pry cilAw jwvy qW dUjy jwnvr pUCW cu`k lYNdy hn[ muhMmd
^wn qwrIn dy BqIjy ny isrIkot dy ielwky iv`c bgwvq kr id`qI[
ieh ^br sux ky srdwr hzwry phuMc igAw[ bwgIAW dI suDweI leI
isrIkot qy cVHweI kIqI[ Awm lokW nUM mrn qoN bcwaux leI ^wn dy
BqIjy dosq Kwn nUM pkiVAw[ ies nUM srdwr ny pu`iCAw ik bgwvq

srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok AwpxI pusqk 'vIr nwiek hrI

isMG nlvw' dy pMnw 64 qy ilKdy hn ik sqMbr 1910 iv`c mYN brylI
(XU.pI.) dy keI QwvW qy igAw qW pqw l`igAw ik s`Xd Aihmd dy
v`fy vfyry bwdSwh AOrMgzyb dy smyN nvwb vzIr ^wn sUbw srihMd dy
ADIn v`fy kwzI sn[ iehnW sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy Coty swihbzwidAW
nUM ShId krn dw &qvw id`qw sI[ ip`CoN bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dy
cVHweI krn qy jd is`KW ny srihMd dI ie`t nwl ie`t KVkweI qW
s`Xd ^wndwn dy kuJ ivAkqI ies AprwD bdly is`KW dy h`QoN mwry
gey qy bwkI kuJ n`s ky lKnaU dy ierd igrd, brylI Awid QweIN jw
vsy sn[

74

75

&Oj lVdI lVdI A`gy lMG geI[ ijs rsqy hrI isMG jw rhy sI au~Qy
iehnW v`fy p`QrW hyT brUd BirAw hoieAw sI[ ies brUd nUM Ptwaux
leI pTwx luky hoey sn[ mOkw qwV ky iehnW plIiqAW nUM dwg id`qw
ijs kwrn v`fw Dmwkw hoieAw[ ies Dmwky nwl phwVI qoN v`fy v`fy
p`Qr ruVH pey jo srdwr nlUAw Aqy aunHW nwl c`l rhy juAwnW nUM GVIs
ky phwVI dI K`f 'c ryVH ky lY gey[ nlUey srdwr nUM l`Bx leI srdwr
swihb mhW isMG mIrpurIAw Aqy srdwr tyk isMG sUrimAW nUM nwl
lY ky swrI rwq Bwldy rhy pr koeI au~G su`G nw l`gI[ idn ciVHAw
qW dyiKAw srdwr swihb ie`k drKq dy mu`F iv`c Psy hoey lhU nwl
l`Q-p`Q pey sn[ bVI muSkl nwl cu`k ky ilAWdw , mrHm p`tI kIqI
pr srIr bhuq nFwl ho cu~kw sI[
dUjy idn srdwr mhW isMG ny nwVy ipMf qy h`lw boilAw, ijs
nzdIk ieh Bwxw vwpirAw sI[ ipMf nUM lu`t ky A`g lgw id`qI[ ieM\
duSmx dw nws krdy krdy isrIkot dy ielwky nUM sr kr ilAw[
srdwr dy burI qrHW j^mI hox dI ^br jd Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imlI
qW ie`ky dm iqAwrI krky hzwry vl nUM qur pey[ pr iehnW dy phuMcx
q`k srdwr swihb TIk ho gey sn[ mhwrwjw swihb nUM nwl lY ky
nlUAw srdwr ny dUr dUr q`k GumwieAw iPrwieAw[ ie`QoN dw rwj
pRbMD dyK ky srkwr AiqAMq KuS hoeI[

bdly qYnUM kI szw deIey? firAw hoieAw ieh kuJ nw boilAw[ srdwr
jI ny is`K sYinkW nUM AwiKAw, "ies nUM A`j soc lYx idau, k`lH nUM iPr
pyS kirau"[ ^wn srdwr dy jwho-jlwl Aqy roAb-dwb vwly ichry
nUM q`k ky ieqnw dihl igAw ik ies ny rwq smyN zihr Kw ky Awqm
h`iqAw kr leI[
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ny 1828 iv`c ktocIAW nUM Ajy kwbU hI
kIqw sI ik pqw l`igAw s`Xd Aihmd jhwd dw nwm dy ky pTwxW nUM
is`KW ivru`D BVkw irhw hY[ ieh brylI dw vsnIk sI Aqy 1786
iv`c jnimAw sI[ m`ky-SrI& h`j qy jwx krky pTwxW dy idl AMdr
ies dw bVw siqkwr sI[ieh kyvl s`Xd hI nhIN blik Awpxy Awp
nUM pMj AwSw (Bwv auh s`Xd hY, hwjI hY, gwjI hY, KlIPw hY Aqy
jhwdI hY) khwauNdw sI[ ies ny is`KW dI qwkq dy ^wqmy leI bhuq
swry ihMdusqwnI mOlvI vI ie`kTy kr ley[ iehnW mOlvIAW ny kwPI Dn
mwl iek`Tw krky jhwd leI lokW nUM aukswieAw[ ieh vI sunyhy s`Xd
q`k phuMcwey ik is`K rwj swnUM kMfy dI qrHW cuB irhw hY Aqy ieh kMfw
k`Fx vgYr pTwx su`K dI nINd nhIN sON skdy[ ieh mujwihd AMgRyzI
hkUmq dy ieSwry qy vI is`KW ivru`D pRcwr kr rhy sn[ AMdrKwqy
s~Xd ny ies jhwd leI Dn vI id`qw Aqy hiQAwr vI id`qy[

ie`Qy kuJ smyN leI srdwr swihb Awpxy Gr gujrW vwly GrylU
kMmW nUM inptwaux cly gey[ jwx l`gy hzwry iv`c gvrnrI dw kMmkwj Awpxy nwieb srdwr mhW isMG mIr purIey nUM sMBwl gey[ pr kuJ
smW bwAd hzwry 'c hwlwq iPr AYsy ho gey ijvyN jdoN Syr jMgl iv`coN
ikqy aury pry cilAw jwvy qW dUjy jwnvr pUCW cu`k lYNdy hn[ muhMmd
^wn qwrIn dy BqIjy ny isrIkot dy ielwky iv`c bgwvq kr id`qI[
ieh ^br sux ky srdwr hzwry phuMc igAw[ bwgIAW dI suDweI leI
isrIkot qy cVHweI kIqI[ Awm lokW nUM mrn qoN bcwaux leI ^wn dy
BqIjy dosq Kwn nUM pkiVAw[ ies nUM srdwr ny pu`iCAw ik bgwvq

srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok AwpxI pusqk 'vIr nwiek hrI

isMG nlvw' dy pMnw 64 qy ilKdy hn ik sqMbr 1910 iv`c mYN brylI
(XU.pI.) dy keI QwvW qy igAw qW pqw l`igAw ik s`Xd Aihmd dy
v`fy vfyry bwdSwh AOrMgzyb dy smyN nvwb vzIr ^wn sUbw srihMd dy
ADIn v`fy kwzI sn[ iehnW sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy Coty swihbzwidAW
nUM ShId krn dw &qvw id`qw sI[ ip`CoN bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dy
cVHweI krn qy jd is`KW ny srihMd dI ie`t nwl ie`t KVkweI qW
s`Xd ^wndwn dy kuJ ivAkqI ies AprwD bdly is`KW dy h`QoN mwry
gey qy bwkI kuJ n`s ky lKnaU dy ierd igrd, brylI Awid QweIN jw
vsy sn[

74

75

so ies s`Xd Aihmd ny auh purwxw ivroD mn iv`c icqwr ky

is`K rwj ivr`D
u jhwd dw bIVw cui` kAw[ dIn mzhb dy nW qy muslmwnW
nUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlwieAw[ ieM\ ies s`Xd dy jhwd iv`c
mOlvI imrzw hsn, AlI muhMmd lKnvI, mOlvI Abdul heI Aqy
mOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl idhlvw Awid rl gey (j&rnwmw rxjIq
isMG dIvwn Amr nwQ) pMnw 174[
BwvyN ^wlsw rwj AMdr hr vrg dy lokW nUM Dwrimk, smwijk,
rwjnIiqk p`KW qoN Awpxw jIvn ibqwaux dI KulH id`qI geI[ hr
SryxI dy lokW nwl suhxw ivvhwr Aqy siqkwr kIqw jWdw sI Aqy
aunHW nUM au~cy Ahudy vI id`qy gey pr kwdr Xwr dI ilKq Anuswr ku`qy
dI pU`C kdy vI is`DI nhIN huMdI :
fwl-fMgxo s`p nhIN mUl jWdw, BwvyN l`p iv`c du`D iplw mIAW[
burw bwj burweI QIN nw Awvy, l`K Blw ies nwl kmw mIAW[
pUCl ku`qy dI kdy nw hovy is`DI, bwrW brs nVI iv`c pw mIAW[
kwdrXwr prnIq qy imly bdlw, BwvyN lvy koeI Azmw mIAW[

ijs kOm dw ivrsw ShIdIAW BirAw hovy, ijnHW AMdr au~cI DOx
krky ijaux dw swhs TwTW mwry Aqy ijnHW ny gYrW dy A`gy kdy isr hI
nhIN JukwieAw auh Avysly nhIN huMdy[ auh hmySw swvDwn rihMdy hn[
imrzw gwlb dy bol hn:
rMgoN my dOVqy iPrny ky hm nhIN kwiel,
jb AWK sy hI nw tpky qo iPr lhU ikAw hY?

ij`Qy isMGW dw pwqSwh mhwn hY, au~Qy ieiqhws vI mhwn hY[

pwqSwh ny mUrqIAW nhIN, murdy nhIN mrd pYdw kIqy hn[ s`Xd
Aihmd dI pUC c`kI dyK ky v`fI igxqI iv`c qurkW dy ie`kTy hox dI
^br srdwr bu`D isMG ny srdwr nlUAw nUM ByjI[ srdwr swihb 8
hzwr &Oj lY ky qurMq Atk pwr krky KYrwbwd dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc
gey[ Agly idn Sukrvwr (juMmy) dw idn sI Aqy inmwj ip`CoN qurkW
76

ny isMGW qy hmlw krnw sI[ pr sujwn, sucyq Aqy swhsI isMG

sUrimAW ny &Oj nUM ibnw dyrI vYrI qy tu`t pYx dw ibgl vjw id`qw[
gwzI vI ikauNik jMg leI pUrI iqAwrI iv`c sn ieh pUry joS iv`c
^wlsy nwl iBVn l`gy[ kdy gwzI ^wlsy nUM ip~Cy Dkyldy Aqy kdy
^wlsw gwzIAW nUM BjwauNdw[ mYdwn iv`c jW lohw KVkdw suxdw sI qy
jW lhU fulHdw idKweI idMdw sI[ qopW dy goilAW ny G`ty kwrn sUrj dI
lwlI vI m`Dm pw id`qI[ gwjIAW dI v`fI igxqI kwrn isMGW dy h`Q
s&lqw nhIN sI Aw rhI[ ieh dyK ky srdwr nlUAw ny mOq dI prvwh
nw kridAW nyzw h`Q iv`c lY ky Awpxw GoVw qyzI nwl s`Xd Aihmd
vl dOVwieAw[ isMG vI A`gy vDy[ ieiqhwskwr ilKdy hn ik srdwr
nlUey nUM AwauNdy dyK ky s`Xd mOq qoN frdw CweIN mweIN ho igAw[ ieh
AkOVy dw pqn pwr krky qorU qy hoqI mrdwn iv`c dI huMdw hoieAw
is`Dw lUMd KuvV phuMc igAw[ qurk &Oj vI sYdU dw mYdwn C`f ky iq`qr
ho geI[ isMGW ny jo qyg ies mYdwn iv`c clweI Aqy nyijAW nwl qurkW
nUM ijvyN fMigAw, aus sMbMDI ie`k pSqo dw kvI ilKdw hY:
dw sIkwnoN nyzy qly pWc Ajgro
lkw ieqMn pKymw durumI dw iKAwm[

Bwv is`KW dy nyzy gwzIAW dIAW sMjoAW nUM cIr ky ie`k nhIN pMjW
nUM ivMnH rhy sn[ ieh nyzy gwjIAW dy srIrW iv`c dI ieMv inkl rhy
sn ijvyN drjI dI sUeI k`pVy iv`c dI Awrpwr inkldI huMdI hY[
srdwr hrI isMG ny cqr bu`DI qoN kMm lYNidAW srdwr bu`D isMG
nwl slwh kIqI ik AwpW nUM jMg nUM ie``Qy hI nhIN mkwauxw cwhIdw sgoN
s`Xd dw ip`Cw krnw cwhIdw hY[ ^wlsw &Oj cVHI AwauNdI dyK ieh lUMd
KuvV qoN vI B`j inkilAw[ pr A`gy mOlvI iesmweIl nwl iml ky 14
hzwr gwzIAW nwl iPr lVweI leI ft igAw[ ie`Qy vI zorW dw jMg
hoieAw Aqy ^wlsw h`QoN hwr Kw ky dOV igAw[ hwzIAW nwl lVdw
lVwauNdw ^wlsw pMjqwr phuMc igAw pr s`Xd bunyr dy phwVW iv`c
77

so ies s`Xd Aihmd ny auh purwxw ivroD mn iv`c icqwr ky

is`K rwj ivr`D
u jhwd dw bIVw cui` kAw[ dIn mzhb dy nW qy muslmwnW
nUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlwieAw[ ieM\ ies s`Xd dy jhwd iv`c
mOlvI imrzw hsn, AlI muhMmd lKnvI, mOlvI Abdul heI Aqy
mOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl idhlvw Awid rl gey (j&rnwmw rxjIq
isMG dIvwn Amr nwQ) pMnw 174[
BwvyN ^wlsw rwj AMdr hr vrg dy lokW nUM Dwrimk, smwijk,
rwjnIiqk p`KW qoN Awpxw jIvn ibqwaux dI KulH id`qI geI[ hr
SryxI dy lokW nwl suhxw ivvhwr Aqy siqkwr kIqw jWdw sI Aqy
aunHW nUM au~cy Ahudy vI id`qy gey pr kwdr Xwr dI ilKq Anuswr ku`qy
dI pU`C kdy vI is`DI nhIN huMdI :
fwl-fMgxo s`p nhIN mUl jWdw, BwvyN l`p iv`c du`D iplw mIAW[
burw bwj burweI QIN nw Awvy, l`K Blw ies nwl kmw mIAW[
pUCl ku`qy dI kdy nw hovy is`DI, bwrW brs nVI iv`c pw mIAW[
kwdrXwr prnIq qy imly bdlw, BwvyN lvy koeI Azmw mIAW[

ijs kOm dw ivrsw ShIdIAW BirAw hovy, ijnHW AMdr au~cI DOx
krky ijaux dw swhs TwTW mwry Aqy ijnHW ny gYrW dy A`gy kdy isr hI
nhIN JukwieAw auh Avysly nhIN huMdy[ auh hmySw swvDwn rihMdy hn[
imrzw gwlb dy bol hn:
rMgoN my dOVqy iPrny ky hm nhIN kwiel,
jb AWK sy hI nw tpky qo iPr lhU ikAw hY?

ij`Qy isMGW dw pwqSwh mhwn hY, au~Qy ieiqhws vI mhwn hY[

pwqSwh ny mUrqIAW nhIN, murdy nhIN mrd pYdw kIqy hn[ s`Xd
Aihmd dI pUC c`kI dyK ky v`fI igxqI iv`c qurkW dy ie`kTy hox dI
^br srdwr bu`D isMG ny srdwr nlUAw nUM ByjI[ srdwr swihb 8
hzwr &Oj lY ky qurMq Atk pwr krky KYrwbwd dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc
gey[ Agly idn Sukrvwr (juMmy) dw idn sI Aqy inmwj ip`CoN qurkW
76

ny isMGW qy hmlw krnw sI[ pr sujwn, sucyq Aqy swhsI isMG

sUrimAW ny &Oj nUM ibnw dyrI vYrI qy tu`t pYx dw ibgl vjw id`qw[
gwzI vI ikauNik jMg leI pUrI iqAwrI iv`c sn ieh pUry joS iv`c
^wlsy nwl iBVn l`gy[ kdy gwzI ^wlsy nUM ip~Cy Dkyldy Aqy kdy
^wlsw gwzIAW nUM BjwauNdw[ mYdwn iv`c jW lohw KVkdw suxdw sI qy
jW lhU fulHdw idKweI idMdw sI[ qopW dy goilAW ny G`ty kwrn sUrj dI
lwlI vI m`Dm pw id`qI[ gwjIAW dI v`fI igxqI kwrn isMGW dy h`Q
s&lqw nhIN sI Aw rhI[ ieh dyK ky srdwr nlUAw ny mOq dI prvwh
nw kridAW nyzw h`Q iv`c lY ky Awpxw GoVw qyzI nwl s`Xd Aihmd
vl dOVwieAw[ isMG vI A`gy vDy[ ieiqhwskwr ilKdy hn ik srdwr
nlUey nUM AwauNdy dyK ky s`Xd mOq qoN frdw CweIN mweIN ho igAw[ ieh
AkOVy dw pqn pwr krky qorU qy hoqI mrdwn iv`c dI huMdw hoieAw
is`Dw lUMd KuvV phuMc igAw[ qurk &Oj vI sYdU dw mYdwn C`f ky iq`qr
ho geI[ isMGW ny jo qyg ies mYdwn iv`c clweI Aqy nyijAW nwl qurkW
nUM ijvyN fMigAw, aus sMbMDI ie`k pSqo dw kvI ilKdw hY:
dw sIkwnoN nyzy qly pWc Ajgro
lkw ieqMn pKymw durumI dw iKAwm[

Bwv is`KW dy nyzy gwzIAW dIAW sMjoAW nUM cIr ky ie`k nhIN pMjW
nUM ivMnH rhy sn[ ieh nyzy gwjIAW dy srIrW iv`c dI ieMv inkl rhy
sn ijvyN drjI dI sUeI k`pVy iv`c dI Awrpwr inkldI huMdI hY[
srdwr hrI isMG ny cqr bu`DI qoN kMm lYNidAW srdwr bu`D isMG
nwl slwh kIqI ik AwpW nUM jMg nUM ie``Qy hI nhIN mkwauxw cwhIdw sgoN
s`Xd dw ip`Cw krnw cwhIdw hY[ ^wlsw &Oj cVHI AwauNdI dyK ieh lUMd
KuvV qoN vI B`j inkilAw[ pr A`gy mOlvI iesmweIl nwl iml ky 14
hzwr gwzIAW nwl iPr lVweI leI ft igAw[ ie`Qy vI zorW dw jMg
hoieAw Aqy ^wlsw h`QoN hwr Kw ky dOV igAw[ hwzIAW nwl lVdw
lVwauNdw ^wlsw pMjqwr phuMc igAw pr s`Xd bunyr dy phwVW iv`c
77

jw luikAw[ lokW nUM lVw ky qy mrvw ky Awp mYdwn iv`coN dOV jwxw
kwierqw hY Aqy ku`qy dI mOq dy brwbr hY[ ie`k jrmn &OjI icMqk
'kwlz ivtz' (On War Vol.I., Page 297) qy ilKdw hY, AslI
sUrbIr ijvyN ik cwrls XII, mwrlbro, XUjIn , PrYNfirk Awzm
AwpxIAW PYslw kuMn ij`qW mgroN vYrI dw zordwr ip`Cw krdy sn[
lYPtInYNt krnl gulcrn isMG Awpxy ie`k lyK 'jnrl hrI isMG
nlvw 'ijhVw sIs-gMj mwsk id`lI mwrc 1986 nUM CipAw dy pMnw
33 qy ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG ny vI sYdU Aqy hor lVweIAW ij`qx
auprMq ieM\ hI kIqw sI[ ies leI aus dw nwm vI auprokq ilst
iv`c Swml kIqw jw skdw hY[
sYdU dy mYdwn AMdr gwzIAW dI igxqI ^wlsw &Oj nwloN l`g Bg
20 guxw v`D sI[ bwrns AlYgjYNfr jMg dy kuJ Arsy ip`CoN sYdU iv`c
dI lMiGAw qW cwry pwsy ies nUM kbrW hI kbrW idKweI id`qIAW[ ies
ny AwpxI ilKq iv`c jo 1831 dI hY iv`c iliKAw hY ik ^wlsy dI
8 hzwr &Oj ny 150000 lSkr qy iklHw KYrwbwd aup`r &qih pweI[
iesy qrHW lYPtInYNt ivlIAm jd bwr sr klyf vYNJ nwl sYdU iv`c dI
lMiGAw qW aus ny vI AwpxI fwierI iv`c dohW &OjW dI igxqI bwrns
vwlI hI ilKI hY[ ieh igxqI bwrns nUM iksy is`K ny nhIN sgoN jnrl
kort dI &Oj dy ie`k muslmwn njIb jmWdwr ny d`sI sI (ilKq
jnrl AO& ey mwrc PrOm idhlI tU ipSwvr, lYPtInYNt ivlIAm
bwr, s&w 203)[ ieh sMkyq pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn v`loN pusqk jIvn
ieiqhws hrI isMG nlUAw iv`c vI drz hY[

KbrW AKbwr (The Times London) iv`c vI CpIAW[ ies ij`q nUM
lY ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI &OjI qwkq nUM bhuq hI sUJ bUJ vwlI
Aqy SkqISwlI drswieAw igAw[
s`Xd muhMmd ijhVw Awpxy Awp nUM vwhwbI msIhw AKvwauNdw
sI 1828 iv`c Pyr isMD iv`c Aw viVAw Aqy 5600 jhwdIAW nwl
pihlW ies ny hsq ngr iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw ijhVw ipSwvr
qoN 25 mIl dI dUrI qy au~qr pUrb idSw iv`c sI[ mYsn cwrls dI
842 ilKq muqwbk ies auprMq ies ny bwlw ihswr dy iklHy nUM sr
kr ilAw[ mhwrwjw swihb ny ies nUM pkVn leI ie`k l`K dw ienwm
r`iKAw[ s`Xd ny pYNdy ^wn dy bMidAW nUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlw ilAw
Aqy jUn 1830 nUM drbMD dy ielwky iv`c Aw phuMicAw[ &ulqrW dy
AsQwn qy hrI isMG nwl qkVI mu`T ByV hoeI pr mrdW dy mrdwny
Aqy rx dy dIvwny Syr jo sINh vWg bukdw sI Aqy jMg dy hr hunr dw
mwhr sI A`gy ieh bhuqw icr lV nw sikAw Aqy phwVW 'c jw
luikAw[ sIqw rwm srdwr dI bhwdrI bwbq ilKdw hY:
ATwrW sO aunq
` I iv`c s`Xd KW Aihmd, iPr inkl phwVoN kSmIr iv`c AwieAw[
krdw ie`kTy jo muslmwn ielwky iv`c, Awx ky qy m`Qw muV ^wlsy nwl lwieAw[
hrI srdwr &Oj AwpnI sMBwl swrI, mwr mwr qurkW dI DUV sI aufWvdw[
sIqw rwm au~T n`Tw s`Xd Aihmd ^wn Pyr, cldI nw pyS idl iv`c gu`sw
KWvdw[

s`Xd Aihmd dI mOq

fwktr mry dI rIport Anuswr mhwrwjw swihb sYdU dI jMg

AMdr isMGW dI ij`q sux ky kuJ idnW iv`c hI rwzI ho gey ikauNik kuJ
smyN qoN auh ibmwr sn[ rx q`qy iv`c srdwr hrI isMG Aqy isMGW v`loN
idKweI Ascrz bhwdrI qoN KuS ho ky iehnW nUM bhuq kImqI vsqW
Aqy GoVy Byjy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny mYkwl& jo ik id`lI dw
kimSnr sI aus nUM sYdU dI &qih dy vDweI p`qr Byjy[ ies ij`q dIAW

isMGW Aqy pTwx jhwdIAW ivckwr AwKrI jMg meI 1831

iv`c bwlwkot jo kunwr dy s`jy kMFy qy hY Aqy hrIpur qoN 61 mIl dUrI
qy sI, hoeI[ ieh jgHw hzwry dIAW phwVIAW iv`c cwry qrPoN iGrI hox
krky jMg p`KoN bhuq Xog sI[ s`Xd A`lw v`loN ByijAw hoieAw KlIPw
smJx kwrn Aqy v`fw krwmwqI &kIr hox kwrn v`fI igxqI iv`c

78

79

jw luikAw[ lokW nUM lVw ky qy mrvw ky Awp mYdwn iv`coN dOV jwxw
kwierqw hY Aqy ku`qy dI mOq dy brwbr hY[ ie`k jrmn &OjI icMqk
'kwlz ivtz' (On War Vol.I., Page 297) qy ilKdw hY, AslI
sUrbIr ijvyN ik cwrls XII, mwrlbro, XUjIn , PrYNfirk Awzm
AwpxIAW PYslw kuMn ij`qW mgroN vYrI dw zordwr ip`Cw krdy sn[
lYPtInYNt krnl gulcrn isMG Awpxy ie`k lyK 'jnrl hrI isMG
nlvw 'ijhVw sIs-gMj mwsk id`lI mwrc 1986 nUM CipAw dy pMnw
33 qy ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG ny vI sYdU Aqy hor lVweIAW ij`qx
auprMq ieM\ hI kIqw sI[ ies leI aus dw nwm vI auprokq ilst
iv`c Swml kIqw jw skdw hY[
sYdU dy mYdwn AMdr gwzIAW dI igxqI ^wlsw &Oj nwloN l`g Bg
20 guxw v`D sI[ bwrns AlYgjYNfr jMg dy kuJ Arsy ip`CoN sYdU iv`c
dI lMiGAw qW cwry pwsy ies nUM kbrW hI kbrW idKweI id`qIAW[ ies
ny AwpxI ilKq iv`c jo 1831 dI hY iv`c iliKAw hY ik ^wlsy dI
8 hzwr &Oj ny 150000 lSkr qy iklHw KYrwbwd aup`r &qih pweI[
iesy qrHW lYPtInYNt ivlIAm jd bwr sr klyf vYNJ nwl sYdU iv`c dI
lMiGAw qW aus ny vI AwpxI fwierI iv`c dohW &OjW dI igxqI bwrns
vwlI hI ilKI hY[ ieh igxqI bwrns nUM iksy is`K ny nhIN sgoN jnrl
kort dI &Oj dy ie`k muslmwn njIb jmWdwr ny d`sI sI (ilKq
jnrl AO& ey mwrc PrOm idhlI tU ipSwvr, lYPtInYNt ivlIAm
bwr, s&w 203)[ ieh sMkyq pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn v`loN pusqk jIvn
ieiqhws hrI isMG nlUAw iv`c vI drz hY[

KbrW AKbwr (The Times London) iv`c vI CpIAW[ ies ij`q nUM
lY ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI &OjI qwkq nUM bhuq hI sUJ bUJ vwlI
Aqy SkqISwlI drswieAw igAw[
s`Xd muhMmd ijhVw Awpxy Awp nUM vwhwbI msIhw AKvwauNdw
sI 1828 iv`c Pyr isMD iv`c Aw viVAw Aqy 5600 jhwdIAW nwl
pihlW ies ny hsq ngr iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw ijhVw ipSwvr
qoN 25 mIl dI dUrI qy au~qr pUrb idSw iv`c sI[ mYsn cwrls dI
842 ilKq muqwbk ies auprMq ies ny bwlw ihswr dy iklHy nUM sr
kr ilAw[ mhwrwjw swihb ny ies nUM pkVn leI ie`k l`K dw ienwm
r`iKAw[ s`Xd ny pYNdy ^wn dy bMidAW nUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlw ilAw
Aqy jUn 1830 nUM drbMD dy ielwky iv`c Aw phuMicAw[ &ulqrW dy
AsQwn qy hrI isMG nwl qkVI mu`T ByV hoeI pr mrdW dy mrdwny
Aqy rx dy dIvwny Syr jo sINh vWg bukdw sI Aqy jMg dy hr hunr dw
mwhr sI A`gy ieh bhuqw icr lV nw sikAw Aqy phwVW 'c jw
luikAw[ sIqw rwm srdwr dI bhwdrI bwbq ilKdw hY:
ATwrW sO aunq
` I iv`c s`Xd KW Aihmd, iPr inkl phwVoN kSmIr iv`c AwieAw[
krdw ie`kTy jo muslmwn ielwky iv`c, Awx ky qy m`Qw muV ^wlsy nwl lwieAw[
hrI srdwr &Oj AwpnI sMBwl swrI, mwr mwr qurkW dI DUV sI aufWvdw[
sIqw rwm au~T n`Tw s`Xd Aihmd ^wn Pyr, cldI nw pyS idl iv`c gu`sw
KWvdw[

s`Xd Aihmd dI mOq

fwktr mry dI rIport Anuswr mhwrwjw swihb sYdU dI jMg

AMdr isMGW dI ij`q sux ky kuJ idnW iv`c hI rwzI ho gey ikauNik kuJ
smyN qoN auh ibmwr sn[ rx q`qy iv`c srdwr hrI isMG Aqy isMGW v`loN
idKweI Ascrz bhwdrI qoN KuS ho ky iehnW nUM bhuq kImqI vsqW
Aqy GoVy Byjy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny mYkwl& jo ik id`lI dw
kimSnr sI aus nUM sYdU dI &qih dy vDweI p`qr Byjy[ ies ij`q dIAW

isMGW Aqy pTwx jhwdIAW ivckwr AwKrI jMg meI 1831

iv`c bwlwkot jo kunwr dy s`jy kMFy qy hY Aqy hrIpur qoN 61 mIl dUrI
qy sI, hoeI[ ieh jgHw hzwry dIAW phwVIAW iv`c cwry qrPoN iGrI hox
krky jMg p`KoN bhuq Xog sI[ s`Xd A`lw v`loN ByijAw hoieAw KlIPw
smJx kwrn Aqy v`fw krwmwqI &kIr hox kwrn v`fI igxqI iv`c

78

79

jhwdI ies dy nwl juV gey[ ieslwm dI r`iKAw leI ieh pTwx isr
DV dI bwzI lwaux leI iqAwr sn Aqy SsqrW nwl pUrI qrHW lYs
sn[
auDroN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, kMvr Syr isMG Aqy jnrl
vYnqUrw dIAW &OjW ny bwlw kot nUM cwry pwisauN Gyr ilAw[ jMg SurU ho
geI[ jYkmwaUNt (1829-1832) Anuswr s`Xd dy bMdy jMg AMdr
cIiqAW dI inAweIN is`KW nwl lVy[bwlw kot jhwdIAW dw tRyinMg kYNp
hox kr ky ieQoN dy bMdy jMg dy mwhr sn[ pr isMGW A`gy iehnW dI
pyS nw geI[ jMg dOrwn ie`k isMG ny s`Xd Aihmd dw isr v`F ky
kMvr Syr isMG A`gy ilAw r`iKAw[ Awpxy nwiek dw ieh hSr dyK ky
pTwx ijDr bcwau dw rsqw dyiKAw auDr nUM hrn ho gey[ rx q`qy
AMdr vI is`K rwjnIqI dy nwl nwl Drm nIqI ApxwauNdw hY, ispwhI
huMidAW sMqgIrI krdw hY ArQwq gurU dy hukm nUM pugwauNdw hY Aqy
duStpuxW mn iv`c nhIN ilAwauNdw[ jMg dI ij`q auprMq kMvr Syr
isMG Aqy srdwr nlUey ny isMGW nUM AwiKAw,"s`Xd dw DV l`Bo"[ DV
l`iBAw, auprMq kbr Kod ky sIs Aqy DV au~qy kImqI duSwlw pw ky
muslmwn mOlvI dy h`QoN ieslwm dIAW rsmW Anuswr s`Xd dw AMqm
sMskwr krwieAw[ iesy qrHW mOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl Aqy pRwx
iqAwg gey mugl sYinkW nUM vI siqkwr sihq d&nwieAw[
vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik ^wlsw rwj ^qm hox ip~CoN jdoN
AMgryzI srkwr ny ies iK`qy iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem krnw cwihAw
qW mnu`KI hmdrdI Alop ho geI sI[ cwrls (2000) iv`c ilKdw
hY ik 1853 iv`c ipSwvr AMdr ie`k muslmwn v`loN brqwnIAW dy
kimSnr nUM mwrn krky AMgryzW ny pihlW aus mugl nUM PWsI id`qI
auprMq aus dw srIr ie`k sUr dI K`l iv`c mVH id`qw[ muslmwnW leI
AYsI szw bVI hI iBRSt mMnI jWdI hY[ mwnoN aus leI svrg dy
drvwzy bMd krn dy qu`l hY[ muslmwn Drm AMdr sUr nUM bhuq piv`qr
mMinAw jWdw hY[ AYsIAW Axmnu`KI sjwvW bhwdrI dI inSwnI nhIN
drswauNdIAW[
80

hzwry AMdr nlUAw dw rwj pRbMD

AwpxI pMdrW swl dI gvrnrI Aqy au~qrI sImW dy hwkm
(1922-1937) vjoN AnykW jMgW Xu`DW dy bwvjUd srdwr nlUAw ny
bhuq hI kmwl dw Swsn kIqw[ jMg qW ibgVI hoeI kwnUMnI hwlq,
Awm lu`t-Ksu`t , burCwgrdI, D`kySwhI Aqy iesqrI blwqkwr nUM n`Q
pwaux leI zrUrI sI[ ies qoN ibnW iK`qy iv`c SWqI, Amn kwnUMn Aqy
qr`kI AsMBv sI[

zmInI suDwr
KyqIbwVI ijs aup`r 12 pRqISq lok KyqI krdy sn dI aupj
vDwaux leI zmInI suDwrW dI aus smyN bhuq zrUrq sI[ mugl rwj
AMdr zmIn dw mwlk (vwrs) qkVw hI huMdw sI Aqy koeI j`dI mwlkI
dw kwnUMn nhIN sI[ mwlk kol bhuqI zmIn hox krky auh aupj
vDwaux v`l koeI bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sI idMdw[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny
v`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky ikswnW nUM vMf id`qIAW[ vMf vI ies
AwDwr qy kIqI ik ijhVw ikswn srkwr nUM pUrw mwlIAw dyvygw auhI
zmIn dw mwlk hovygw[ ieM\ ^wlI peIAW zmInW qy vI KyqI AwrMB ho
geI Aqy pYdwvwr iv`c BwrI vwDw hoieAw[ zmInW dy pihly vwrsW ny
ies kwnUMn dw AiqAMq ivroD kIqw pr srdwr hrI isMG ny iehnW
dI koeI pRvwh nw kIqI[ KyqIbwVI dI vwDU aupj nUM sWBx leI godwm
vI bxwey[ ieh aupj aunHW swlW iv`c vrqI jWdI sI ijnHW iv`c bwrS
hox krky kwl pY jWdw sI[

pwxI leI Xog pRbMD

Awpxy rwj pRbMD smyN hrIpur lwgy 'rMgIlw' nwmI nihr hrI
isMG ny KudvweI[ ies leI dOr dirAw qoN pwxI ilAw ky ie`k v`fy
qlwA iv`c pwieAw igAw Aqy iPr nihr rwhIN v`K v`K ipMfW iv`c
81

jhwdI ies dy nwl juV gey[ ieslwm dI r`iKAw leI ieh pTwx isr
DV dI bwzI lwaux leI iqAwr sn Aqy SsqrW nwl pUrI qrHW lYs
sn[
auDroN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, kMvr Syr isMG Aqy jnrl
vYnqUrw dIAW &OjW ny bwlw kot nUM cwry pwisauN Gyr ilAw[ jMg SurU ho
geI[ jYkmwaUNt (1829-1832) Anuswr s`Xd dy bMdy jMg AMdr
cIiqAW dI inAweIN is`KW nwl lVy[bwlw kot jhwdIAW dw tRyinMg kYNp
hox kr ky ieQoN dy bMdy jMg dy mwhr sn[ pr isMGW A`gy iehnW dI
pyS nw geI[ jMg dOrwn ie`k isMG ny s`Xd Aihmd dw isr v`F ky
kMvr Syr isMG A`gy ilAw r`iKAw[ Awpxy nwiek dw ieh hSr dyK ky
pTwx ijDr bcwau dw rsqw dyiKAw auDr nUM hrn ho gey[ rx q`qy
AMdr vI is`K rwjnIqI dy nwl nwl Drm nIqI ApxwauNdw hY, ispwhI
huMidAW sMqgIrI krdw hY ArQwq gurU dy hukm nUM pugwauNdw hY Aqy
duStpuxW mn iv`c nhIN ilAwauNdw[ jMg dI ij`q auprMq kMvr Syr
isMG Aqy srdwr nlUey ny isMGW nUM AwiKAw,"s`Xd dw DV l`Bo"[ DV
l`iBAw, auprMq kbr Kod ky sIs Aqy DV au~qy kImqI duSwlw pw ky
muslmwn mOlvI dy h`QoN ieslwm dIAW rsmW Anuswr s`Xd dw AMqm
sMskwr krwieAw[ iesy qrHW mOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl Aqy pRwx
iqAwg gey mugl sYinkW nUM vI siqkwr sihq d&nwieAw[
vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik ^wlsw rwj ^qm hox ip~CoN jdoN
AMgryzI srkwr ny ies iK`qy iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem krnw cwihAw
qW mnu`KI hmdrdI Alop ho geI sI[ cwrls (2000) iv`c ilKdw
hY ik 1853 iv`c ipSwvr AMdr ie`k muslmwn v`loN brqwnIAW dy
kimSnr nUM mwrn krky AMgryzW ny pihlW aus mugl nUM PWsI id`qI
auprMq aus dw srIr ie`k sUr dI K`l iv`c mVH id`qw[ muslmwnW leI
AYsI szw bVI hI iBRSt mMnI jWdI hY[ mwnoN aus leI svrg dy
drvwzy bMd krn dy qu`l hY[ muslmwn Drm AMdr sUr nUM bhuq piv`qr
mMinAw jWdw hY[ AYsIAW Axmnu`KI sjwvW bhwdrI dI inSwnI nhIN
drswauNdIAW[
80

hzwry AMdr nlUAw dw rwj pRbMD

AwpxI pMdrW swl dI gvrnrI Aqy au~qrI sImW dy hwkm
(1922-1937) vjoN AnykW jMgW Xu`DW dy bwvjUd srdwr nlUAw ny
bhuq hI kmwl dw Swsn kIqw[ jMg qW ibgVI hoeI kwnUMnI hwlq,
Awm lu`t-Ksu`t , burCwgrdI, D`kySwhI Aqy iesqrI blwqkwr nUM n`Q
pwaux leI zrUrI sI[ ies qoN ibnW iK`qy iv`c SWqI, Amn kwnUMn Aqy
qr`kI AsMBv sI[

zmInI suDwr
KyqIbwVI ijs aup`r 12 pRqISq lok KyqI krdy sn dI aupj
vDwaux leI zmInI suDwrW dI aus smyN bhuq zrUrq sI[ mugl rwj
AMdr zmIn dw mwlk (vwrs) qkVw hI huMdw sI Aqy koeI j`dI mwlkI
dw kwnUMn nhIN sI[ mwlk kol bhuqI zmIn hox krky auh aupj
vDwaux v`l koeI bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sI idMdw[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny
v`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky ikswnW nUM vMf id`qIAW[ vMf vI ies
AwDwr qy kIqI ik ijhVw ikswn srkwr nUM pUrw mwlIAw dyvygw auhI
zmIn dw mwlk hovygw[ ieM\ ^wlI peIAW zmInW qy vI KyqI AwrMB ho
geI Aqy pYdwvwr iv`c BwrI vwDw hoieAw[ zmInW dy pihly vwrsW ny
ies kwnUMn dw AiqAMq ivroD kIqw pr srdwr hrI isMG ny iehnW
dI koeI pRvwh nw kIqI[ KyqIbwVI dI vwDU aupj nUM sWBx leI godwm
vI bxwey[ ieh aupj aunHW swlW iv`c vrqI jWdI sI ijnHW iv`c bwrS
hox krky kwl pY jWdw sI[

pwxI leI Xog pRbMD

Awpxy rwj pRbMD smyN hrIpur lwgy 'rMgIlw' nwmI nihr hrI
isMG ny KudvweI[ ies leI dOr dirAw qoN pwxI ilAw ky ie`k v`fy
qlwA iv`c pwieAw igAw Aqy iPr nihr rwhIN v`K v`K ipMfW iv`c
81

phuMcwieAw[ hr ie`k vwhIkwr nUM bwrI-su`Dy pwxI isMjweI leI

imldw sI[ SihrI ieh pwxI pIx leI vI vrqdy sn[ ies qoN
ielwvw phwVW iv`c AwbSwrW dw pwxI iek`Tw krn leI vI bhuq swry
qlwA Kudvwey gey qW ik pyNfU ieh pwxI pIx leI jW &slvwVI leI
loV pYx qy vrq skx[ pwxI dy ies Xog pRbMD kwrn hrIpur dy Awly
duAwly dw ielwkw dUr-durwfy q`k hrw Brw bx igAw[ ^wlsw rwj
ipCoN AMgryjI srkwr dy AiDkwrIAW ny hrI isMG v`loN bxweI pwxI dI
AwdrS Xojnw nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy ies nUM aus dI au~cI m`q Aqy
dUr-AMdySI vwlI soc AwiKAw[ ies nwl ielwky AMdr PslW sbzIAW
Awid dI aupj vDx kwrn ij`Qy ikswnW nUM lwB hoieAw au~Qy srkwrI
Awmdn iv`c vI vwDw hoieAw sI[

nvyN qol mwp

A&gwnI Aqy mugl hkUmqW smyN Atklp`cU vwly qol mwp vrqy
jWdy sn ijnHW kwrn lokW dI lu`t-Ksu`t huMdI sI[ srdwr swihb ny
shI mwp qol vrqx leI s^q hdwieqW id`qIAW[ hzwry iv`c
mihmUd SwhI p`kw syr Bwr p`KoN gYNfy dy 100 rupey dy brwbr sI[ ieh
p`kw syr 96 qoly dw sI Aqy k`cw 82 qoly dw sI[ ie`k qolw Aty sty
10 gRwm huMdw sI[ keI QwvW qy bhwdr SwhI syr cldw sI ijhVw 82
qoly dw sI[ iesy qrHW gujr Syr vI vriqAw jWdw sI[ k`pVy dI imxqI
leI hrI isMG ny p`kw gz clwieAw ijhVw AMgryzI gz nwloN solHvW
ih`sw v`fw sI[ keI QwvW qy k`pVw qol ky vI ivkdw sI[

rihxI bihxI 'c suDwr

hzwry dw ielwkw bhuq au~pdrI, &swdI Aqy puAwVy h`Qw sI[
ie`Qy 94.6 pRqISq muslmwn rihMdy sn[ pr hrI isMG ny hrIpur
Sihr vswieAw ijs iv`c is`KW qy ihMdUAW dI igxqI kw&I sI[
kYptn vys ijhVw ik AMgRyzI srkwr dw ishq ivBwg sMbMDI A&sr
82

sI[ auh ilKdw hY ik mYN dUr dUr q`k hzwry dy ielwky iv`c igAw pr
hrIpur vrgw sw&-suQrw, hrw-Brw Aqy cihl-pihl vwlw ielwkw
hor koeI idKweI nhIN id`qw[ ie`Qy is`KW dy Gr bVy suMdr sn, lok Awp
vI s&weI vwly sn Aqy v`fI g`l AMimRq vyly au~T KVoNdy sn[ ieh
Awp qW imhnqI sn pr iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW bMidAW qoN vI v`D
imhnq krdIAW sn Aqy bsqr vgYrw vI cMgy Aqy sw& pihndIAW
sn[ jdik muslm ielwikAW iv`c bVI gMdgI sI, lokW dy Gr Aqy
k`pVy vI mYly-kucYly sn[ is`KW dI aun`qI hrI isMG dI v`fI dyx sI[
ikauNik ies ny KyqIbwVI Aqy vpwr vDwaux leI jwdUgrI qr`kI
krvweI sI[ National Archieves of India, New Delhi (Foreign
Secret Consultation 31.12.1847 Page 326 qy drj hY, 'Hari
Singh Nalwas resource management in this difficult and turbulent frontier was more efficient than that of the British)
Bwv ies sImw vwly gVbVI ielwky iv`c hrI isMG dy rwj pRbMD dy
sroq AMgryz hkUmq nwloN vI bhuq kwrgr sn[ hzwry dy gztIAr
(1901) iv`c drz hY ik hrI isMG Awpxy kwrnwimAW dI Cwp ie`Qy
C`f igAw ikauNik koeI qwkqvr, dlyr Aqy v`fy idl vwlw bMdw hI
ieh kMm kr skdw hY[ aus ny is`D kr id`qw ik ivroDI qwkqW
swhsI, gqISIl, ihMmqI Aqy in~fr bMdy dy mUhry nw AV skdIAW hn
Aqy nw KVH skdIAW hn[
ieM\ ieh gurU klgIDr dw isMG sUrmw Aqy srdwr Asmwnqw
ivru`D jUiJAw, suqMqrqw leI liVAw Aqy s&lqw sihq AwpxI
mMzl vl vDdw hoieAw sUrj v`q ho ky cmikAw[ ies Syr idl XoDy
dy Xu`g pltwaU kwrnwimAW krky srdwr nlUey dI pRis`DI bwry ie`k
gYr is`K AwpxI SihrPI iv`c ilKdw hY:
by-bhuq hoieAw hrI isMG dUlo, ijhdw nwm roSn dUr dUr swry[
id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwh nUM KOP zrUr swry[
rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgU, hwqmqweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[
kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, sKI auh bulMd hzUr swry[
83

phuMcwieAw[ hr ie`k vwhIkwr nUM bwrI-su`Dy pwxI isMjweI leI

imldw sI[ SihrI ieh pwxI pIx leI vI vrqdy sn[ ies qoN
ielwvw phwVW iv`c AwbSwrW dw pwxI iek`Tw krn leI vI bhuq swry
qlwA Kudvwey gey qW ik pyNfU ieh pwxI pIx leI jW &slvwVI leI
loV pYx qy vrq skx[ pwxI dy ies Xog pRbMD kwrn hrIpur dy Awly
duAwly dw ielwkw dUr-durwfy q`k hrw Brw bx igAw[ ^wlsw rwj
ipCoN AMgryjI srkwr dy AiDkwrIAW ny hrI isMG v`loN bxweI pwxI dI
AwdrS Xojnw nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy ies nUM aus dI au~cI m`q Aqy
dUr-AMdySI vwlI soc AwiKAw[ ies nwl ielwky AMdr PslW sbzIAW
Awid dI aupj vDx kwrn ij`Qy ikswnW nUM lwB hoieAw au~Qy srkwrI
Awmdn iv`c vI vwDw hoieAw sI[

nvyN qol mwp

A&gwnI Aqy mugl hkUmqW smyN Atklp`cU vwly qol mwp vrqy
jWdy sn ijnHW kwrn lokW dI lu`t-Ksu`t huMdI sI[ srdwr swihb ny
shI mwp qol vrqx leI s^q hdwieqW id`qIAW[ hzwry iv`c
mihmUd SwhI p`kw syr Bwr p`KoN gYNfy dy 100 rupey dy brwbr sI[ ieh
p`kw syr 96 qoly dw sI Aqy k`cw 82 qoly dw sI[ ie`k qolw Aty sty
10 gRwm huMdw sI[ keI QwvW qy bhwdr SwhI syr cldw sI ijhVw 82
qoly dw sI[ iesy qrHW gujr Syr vI vriqAw jWdw sI[ k`pVy dI imxqI
leI hrI isMG ny p`kw gz clwieAw ijhVw AMgryzI gz nwloN solHvW
ih`sw v`fw sI[ keI QwvW qy k`pVw qol ky vI ivkdw sI[

rihxI bihxI 'c suDwr

hzwry dw ielwkw bhuq au~pdrI, &swdI Aqy puAwVy h`Qw sI[
ie`Qy 94.6 pRqISq muslmwn rihMdy sn[ pr hrI isMG ny hrIpur
Sihr vswieAw ijs iv`c is`KW qy ihMdUAW dI igxqI kw&I sI[
kYptn vys ijhVw ik AMgRyzI srkwr dw ishq ivBwg sMbMDI A&sr
82

sI[ auh ilKdw hY ik mYN dUr dUr q`k hzwry dy ielwky iv`c igAw pr
hrIpur vrgw sw&-suQrw, hrw-Brw Aqy cihl-pihl vwlw ielwkw
hor koeI idKweI nhIN id`qw[ ie`Qy is`KW dy Gr bVy suMdr sn, lok Awp
vI s&weI vwly sn Aqy v`fI g`l AMimRq vyly au~T KVoNdy sn[ ieh
Awp qW imhnqI sn pr iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW bMidAW qoN vI v`D
imhnq krdIAW sn Aqy bsqr vgYrw vI cMgy Aqy sw& pihndIAW
sn[ jdik muslm ielwikAW iv`c bVI gMdgI sI, lokW dy Gr Aqy
k`pVy vI mYly-kucYly sn[ is`KW dI aun`qI hrI isMG dI v`fI dyx sI[
ikauNik ies ny KyqIbwVI Aqy vpwr vDwaux leI jwdUgrI qr`kI
krvweI sI[ National Archieves of India, New Delhi (Foreign
Secret Consultation 31.12.1847 Page 326 qy drj hY, 'Hari
Singh Nalwas resource management in this difficult and turbulent frontier was more efficient than that of the British)
Bwv ies sImw vwly gVbVI ielwky iv`c hrI isMG dy rwj pRbMD dy
sroq AMgryz hkUmq nwloN vI bhuq kwrgr sn[ hzwry dy gztIAr
(1901) iv`c drz hY ik hrI isMG Awpxy kwrnwimAW dI Cwp ie`Qy
C`f igAw ikauNik koeI qwkqvr, dlyr Aqy v`fy idl vwlw bMdw hI
ieh kMm kr skdw hY[ aus ny is`D kr id`qw ik ivroDI qwkqW
swhsI, gqISIl, ihMmqI Aqy in~fr bMdy dy mUhry nw AV skdIAW hn
Aqy nw KVH skdIAW hn[
ieM\ ieh gurU klgIDr dw isMG sUrmw Aqy srdwr Asmwnqw
ivru`D jUiJAw, suqMqrqw leI liVAw Aqy s&lqw sihq AwpxI
mMzl vl vDdw hoieAw sUrj v`q ho ky cmikAw[ ies Syr idl XoDy
dy Xu`g pltwaU kwrnwimAW krky srdwr nlUey dI pRis`DI bwry ie`k
gYr is`K AwpxI SihrPI iv`c ilKdw hY:
by-bhuq hoieAw hrI isMG dUlo, ijhdw nwm roSn dUr dUr swry[
id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwh nUM KOP zrUr swry[
rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgU, hwqmqweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[
kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, sKI auh bulMd hzUr swry[
83

4
iSmlw imSn dw mu`KI
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw ^wlsw rwj dirAw sqluj qoN mulqwn,
kSmIr Aqy ipSwvr q`k PYl cu`ikAw sI jd ik eIst ieMifAw kMpnI
(AMgryzI hkUmq) ny sqluj qoN d`Kx q`k pYr pswry hoey sn[ Syirey-pMjwb dy rwj ADIn pMjwb dw ielwkw sI[ AMgryz A&sr keI
vwr grmI dIAW Cu`tIAW iSmly ibqwauNdy sn ikauNik grmI iv`c ie`Qy
mOsm bhuq suhwvxw huMdw hY[ jdoN vI AMgryz A&sr iSmly AwauNdy qW
ihMdusqwn dIAW v`K v`K irAwsqW dy rwjy, mhwrwjy , nvwb Awid
iehnW nUM iSmly ivKy 'jIau AwieAW' kihx AwauNdy Aqy iehnW dI
cwplUsI vI krdy sn[ sMn 1809 dI AMimRqsr sMDI kwrn Syir-eypMjwb nwl vI AMgryzW ny im`qRqw bxweI hoeI sI[ ies imqRqw dI AwV
hyT AMgryz hkUmq ie`k pMQ do kwj kr rhI sI[ ie`k qW vpwrk
swDnW leI AwvwjweI ^wqr pMjwb dw rsqw vrq rhI sI dUjw rwj
Bwg dw Byd lY rhI sI[
AMgryz hkUmq ielwkw isMD qy kbjw krky Awpxw rwj Bwg
smu`cy A&gwinsqwn Aqy bloicsqwn qy jmwaux dI soc rhI sI[ aunHI
idnI s`Xd Aihmd brylvI dw db dbw ^qm ho cu`ikAw sI Aqy
AMgryz hkUmq Swh sujwA nUM kwbl dI g`dI qy ibTwaux dy Xqn iv`c
sI[ pr Syir-ey-pMjwb Aqy ies dy jrnYl AMgryz dI ies kUV nIqI
qy ingwh r`K rhy sn[
ieh pqw l`gx qy ik 1831 dIAW grmIAW iv`c pihlI vwr
AMgryz srkwr dy do v`fy A&sr (birtS gvrnr jnrl, lwrf
ivlIAm bYNitk Aqy birtS kmWfr-ien-cI& lwrf flhOjI) iek`Ty
iSmly Aw rhy hn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy jrnYlW Aqy
drbwrIAW dI mIitMg iv`c ikhw ik myrI soc hY AwpW nUM vI imlxI
84

iv`c iSmlw ivKy zrUr Swml hoxw cwhIdw hY[ sB ny ies g`l qy
sihmqI pRgt kIqI pr nwl hI keIAW ny ivcwr id`qy ik swnUM
AMgryz srkwr A`gy gofy nhIN tykxy cwhIdy[ iehnW PrMgIAW dIAW
momo TgxIAW g`lW qy ivSvwS nhIN krnw cwhIdw[
iehnW idnW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Atk ivKy sn[
iehnW nUM sunyhw imilAw ik qusIN lwhOr jldI phuMco[ mhwrwjw swihb
bhuq sUJvwn sn[ aunHW iSmly ivKy v&d Byjx leI iqMn AiDkwrIAW
hrI isMG nlUAw, &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm) dI
cox kIqI[ ies v&d iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM muKI bxwieAw
ikauNik ie`k qW srdwr nlUAw swry jrnYlW iv`c mu`K miltrI kmWfr
sI[ dUjw, aus nUM mhwrwjw ny ie`k nwmvr jrnYl hox dw purskwr
id`qw hoieAw sI[ qIjw, ieh XUrpI &OzW dy FMgW qoN pUrI qrHW nwl jwxU
sI[iehnW guxW qoN ielwvw ieh s^iSAq p`KoN bhuq hI roAb vwlw,
idmwg p`KoN bu`DImwn, g`lbwq p`KoN hwzr juAwb, idRV ihrdy vwlw
Aqy idloN sw& Aqy BrosyXog sI[ ies v&d dI cox qoN mhwrwjw
swihb dI Drm inrp`Kqw fu`lH fu`lH pYNdI hY[ ikauNik ies iv`c ie`k
is`K, ie`k ihMdU Aqy ie`k muslmwn r`iKAw igAw[ iehnW iv`coN hrI
isMG sB qoN CotI aumr dw sI[ auprly gux jo srdwr nlUAw bwry
vrnx kIqy hn ieh koeI PrzI nhIN AslIAq hY[ bYrn hugl
ijhVw jrmnI dw &OjI, ivdvwn Aqy nIqIvwn sI auh hrI isMG dI
1836 iv`c aus nwl hoeI imlxI bwry ilKdw hY:
Our conversation was very different from the majority
of such interviews in India.... the exchange of ideas and of
references to events which had actually taken place. His questions proved him to have thought and reasoned... He was one
of the very few Sardars at the court of Lahore who could read
and write persian, the official language... (Hugel, 1845: 255)

85

4
iSmlw imSn dw mu`KI
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw ^wlsw rwj dirAw sqluj qoN mulqwn,
kSmIr Aqy ipSwvr q`k PYl cu`ikAw sI jd ik eIst ieMifAw kMpnI
(AMgryzI hkUmq) ny sqluj qoN d`Kx q`k pYr pswry hoey sn[ Syirey-pMjwb dy rwj ADIn pMjwb dw ielwkw sI[ AMgryz A&sr keI
vwr grmI dIAW Cu`tIAW iSmly ibqwauNdy sn ikauNik grmI iv`c ie`Qy
mOsm bhuq suhwvxw huMdw hY[ jdoN vI AMgryz A&sr iSmly AwauNdy qW
ihMdusqwn dIAW v`K v`K irAwsqW dy rwjy, mhwrwjy , nvwb Awid
iehnW nUM iSmly ivKy 'jIau AwieAW' kihx AwauNdy Aqy iehnW dI
cwplUsI vI krdy sn[ sMn 1809 dI AMimRqsr sMDI kwrn Syir-eypMjwb nwl vI AMgryzW ny im`qRqw bxweI hoeI sI[ ies imqRqw dI AwV
hyT AMgryz hkUmq ie`k pMQ do kwj kr rhI sI[ ie`k qW vpwrk
swDnW leI AwvwjweI ^wqr pMjwb dw rsqw vrq rhI sI dUjw rwj
Bwg dw Byd lY rhI sI[
AMgryz hkUmq ielwkw isMD qy kbjw krky Awpxw rwj Bwg
smu`cy A&gwinsqwn Aqy bloicsqwn qy jmwaux dI soc rhI sI[ aunHI
idnI s`Xd Aihmd brylvI dw db dbw ^qm ho cu`ikAw sI Aqy
AMgryz hkUmq Swh sujwA nUM kwbl dI g`dI qy ibTwaux dy Xqn iv`c
sI[ pr Syir-ey-pMjwb Aqy ies dy jrnYl AMgryz dI ies kUV nIqI
qy ingwh r`K rhy sn[
ieh pqw l`gx qy ik 1831 dIAW grmIAW iv`c pihlI vwr
AMgryz srkwr dy do v`fy A&sr (birtS gvrnr jnrl, lwrf
ivlIAm bYNitk Aqy birtS kmWfr-ien-cI& lwrf flhOjI) iek`Ty
iSmly Aw rhy hn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy jrnYlW Aqy
drbwrIAW dI mIitMg iv`c ikhw ik myrI soc hY AwpW nUM vI imlxI
84

iv`c iSmlw ivKy zrUr Swml hoxw cwhIdw hY[ sB ny ies g`l qy
sihmqI pRgt kIqI pr nwl hI keIAW ny ivcwr id`qy ik swnUM
AMgryz srkwr A`gy gofy nhIN tykxy cwhIdy[ iehnW PrMgIAW dIAW
momo TgxIAW g`lW qy ivSvwS nhIN krnw cwhIdw[
iehnW idnW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Atk ivKy sn[
iehnW nUM sunyhw imilAw ik qusIN lwhOr jldI phuMco[ mhwrwjw swihb
bhuq sUJvwn sn[ aunHW iSmly ivKy v&d Byjx leI iqMn AiDkwrIAW
hrI isMG nlUAw, &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm) dI
cox kIqI[ ies v&d iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM muKI bxwieAw
ikauNik ie`k qW srdwr nlUAw swry jrnYlW iv`c mu`K miltrI kmWfr
sI[ dUjw, aus nUM mhwrwjw ny ie`k nwmvr jrnYl hox dw purskwr
id`qw hoieAw sI[ qIjw, ieh XUrpI &OzW dy FMgW qoN pUrI qrHW nwl jwxU
sI[iehnW guxW qoN ielwvw ieh s^iSAq p`KoN bhuq hI roAb vwlw,
idmwg p`KoN bu`DImwn, g`lbwq p`KoN hwzr juAwb, idRV ihrdy vwlw
Aqy idloN sw& Aqy BrosyXog sI[ ies v&d dI cox qoN mhwrwjw
swihb dI Drm inrp`Kqw fu`lH fu`lH pYNdI hY[ ikauNik ies iv`c ie`k
is`K, ie`k ihMdU Aqy ie`k muslmwn r`iKAw igAw[ iehnW iv`coN hrI
isMG sB qoN CotI aumr dw sI[ auprly gux jo srdwr nlUAw bwry
vrnx kIqy hn ieh koeI PrzI nhIN AslIAq hY[ bYrn hugl
ijhVw jrmnI dw &OjI, ivdvwn Aqy nIqIvwn sI auh hrI isMG dI
1836 iv`c aus nwl hoeI imlxI bwry ilKdw hY:
Our conversation was very different from the majority
of such interviews in India.... the exchange of ideas and of
references to events which had actually taken place. His questions proved him to have thought and reasoned... He was one
of the very few Sardars at the court of Lahore who could read
and write persian, the official language... (Hugel, 1845: 255)

85

Bwv swfI g`lbwq Bwrq iv`c hoeIAW bhuq swrIAW mulwkwqW

nwloN v`KrI sI....AsIN hoeIAW Asl GtnwvW bwry Awpxy iKAwlwq
Aqy prsMg sWJy kIqy[ aus dy svwl bhuq ivcwr BrpUr Aqy qrk
vwly sn[ lwhOr dI kcihrI iv`c auh kuJ srdwrW iv`coN ie`k sI
ijhVw srkwrI BwSw &wrsI pVH Aqy ilK skdw sI[
(hugl 1845: 255)

hrI isMG nlvw ijs dy imSn iv`c 265 sYink hoxgy, bwry
iSmly phuMcx sMbMDI brqwnIAW dy iejMt kYptn vyf ny gvrnr
jnrl nUM p`qr ilK ky sUicq kr id`qw sI[ mhwrwjw swihb ny &kIr
AzIz-aud-dIn nUM hox vwlI swrI g`lbwq dw mUl KrVw (protokol)
iqAwr krn leI AgwaUN luiDAwxy Byj id`qw Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUM
kYptn vyf kol iPlOr phuMcx leI AwiKAw[

iSmlw imSn dw mMqv

1.

2.

iSmlw imSn ijhVw 1831 iv`c r`iKAw igAw dw mu`K mMqv

sI brqnIAW dy vpwr nUM auqSwhq krnw ikauNik 1830 dy eyV
gyV iehnW dy vpwr dI iezwrydwrI bhuq Gt geI sI[ pMjwb,
kwbl, buKwrw Awid ielwikAW iv`c in`q dI vrqoN dIAW vsqW,
k`pVw, lohw, qWbw Awid bhuqIAW rUs qoN Aw ky ivkx l`g
peIAW sn[ hor qW hor ies imSn iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
v`loN brqnIAW dy A&srW nUM ijhVy is`ky qohPy vjoN ByNt kIqy
jWdy auh vI rUs qoN hI bx ky AwauNdy sn[
is`K rwj dI &OjI qwkq Aqy &OzW dI igxqI Awid bwry shI
jwxkwrI pRwpq krnI[ eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI nUM imstr Aylnbrg
ny AwiKAw sI ik ijqnw icr qusIN lwhOr Aqy kwbl qy kbzw
nhIN kr lYNdy Awpxw vpwr vD nhIN skdw[

86

3.

vpwr leI pMjwb dy ielwky iv`c sVkW dy inrmwx leI mMnjUrI

hwsl krnw[

4.

isMD Aqy pMjwb dy dirAwvW iv`c vpwr leI zhwzrwnI dy

swDnW bwry jwxnw Aqy prvwngI lYxw[

5.

pMjwb qy rUs dy hmly dI icqwvnI dyxw[

ivlIAm bYNitk dw kw&lw ijhVw iSmly v`l jw irhw sI aus

bwry jYkmwaUNt dI rIport (1834 ) ijhVI AwksPorf XUnIvristI
pRY~s, id`lI ny vwlIaUm 2, 1976 iv`c CwpI dy pMnw 386 qy drz
hY ik ies iv`c 103 hwQI, 1300 aUNT Aqy 800 rQ-g`fIAW sn[
bYNitk ny ipMjOr ivKy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy Aw rhy kw&ly dy
suAwgq leI rukx dw mn bxwieAw pr &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn ny
ikhw ik mhwrwjw swihb dw hukm hY ik swfw kw&lw is`Dw iSmly
phuMcygw[ ieh g`l mMn ky bYNitk iSmly phuMc igAw[
srdwr hrI isMG jo gurU dw nUrw, bcnW dw pUrw Aqy krnI dw
sUrw sI ny mhwrwjy nUM AwiKAw, "swihb! mn dI ie`Cw nhIN iSmly jwx
dI[ hW, quhwfy hukm nUM svIkwr kr irhw hW[ ijs kMm mYN l`igAw
hoieAw sI auh Ajy ADUrw hY"[
iSmly v`l qurn qoN pihlW srkwr ny hrI isMG nUM Swndwr
iK`lq ByNt kIqI[ hrI isMG nwl AMq dy sjy hoey 265 sYink qy GoVy
qory[ rsqy iv`c Awpxy pirvwr kol gujrWvwly kuJ idn Tihr ky is`Dy
luiDAwxy phuMcy ij`Qy kYptn vyf ny iehnW dw in`Gw suAwgq kIqw[
vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik ihMdusqwn dy dUjy nvwbW qoN srdwr hrI
isMG leI suAwgq v`Krw sI[ hugl ny vI iliKAw hY ik srdwr nlUey
nUM ie`k ^ws kursI bYTx leI pihlW hI itkweI hoeI sI[ mOlvI modIn
kI ilKdw hY kIqy ies suAwgq bwry Aqy AMgryzW v`loN BwrqIAW leI
kIqy jw rhy slUk bwry?

87

Bwv swfI g`lbwq Bwrq iv`c hoeIAW bhuq swrIAW mulwkwqW

nwloN v`KrI sI....AsIN hoeIAW Asl GtnwvW bwry Awpxy iKAwlwq
Aqy prsMg sWJy kIqy[ aus dy svwl bhuq ivcwr BrpUr Aqy qrk
vwly sn[ lwhOr dI kcihrI iv`c auh kuJ srdwrW iv`coN ie`k sI
ijhVw srkwrI BwSw &wrsI pVH Aqy ilK skdw sI[
(hugl 1845: 255)

hrI isMG nlvw ijs dy imSn iv`c 265 sYink hoxgy, bwry
iSmly phuMcx sMbMDI brqwnIAW dy iejMt kYptn vyf ny gvrnr
jnrl nUM p`qr ilK ky sUicq kr id`qw sI[ mhwrwjw swihb ny &kIr
AzIz-aud-dIn nUM hox vwlI swrI g`lbwq dw mUl KrVw (protokol)
iqAwr krn leI AgwaUN luiDAwxy Byj id`qw Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUM
kYptn vyf kol iPlOr phuMcx leI AwiKAw[

iSmlw imSn dw mMqv

1.

2.

iSmlw imSn ijhVw 1831 iv`c r`iKAw igAw dw mu`K mMqv

sI brqnIAW dy vpwr nUM auqSwhq krnw ikauNik 1830 dy eyV
gyV iehnW dy vpwr dI iezwrydwrI bhuq Gt geI sI[ pMjwb,
kwbl, buKwrw Awid ielwikAW iv`c in`q dI vrqoN dIAW vsqW,
k`pVw, lohw, qWbw Awid bhuqIAW rUs qoN Aw ky ivkx l`g
peIAW sn[ hor qW hor ies imSn iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
v`loN brqnIAW dy A&srW nUM ijhVy is`ky qohPy vjoN ByNt kIqy
jWdy auh vI rUs qoN hI bx ky AwauNdy sn[
is`K rwj dI &OjI qwkq Aqy &OzW dI igxqI Awid bwry shI
jwxkwrI pRwpq krnI[ eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI nUM imstr Aylnbrg
ny AwiKAw sI ik ijqnw icr qusIN lwhOr Aqy kwbl qy kbzw
nhIN kr lYNdy Awpxw vpwr vD nhIN skdw[

86

3.

vpwr leI pMjwb dy ielwky iv`c sVkW dy inrmwx leI mMnjUrI

hwsl krnw[

4.

isMD Aqy pMjwb dy dirAwvW iv`c vpwr leI zhwzrwnI dy

swDnW bwry jwxnw Aqy prvwngI lYxw[

5.

pMjwb qy rUs dy hmly dI icqwvnI dyxw[

ivlIAm bYNitk dw kw&lw ijhVw iSmly v`l jw irhw sI aus

bwry jYkmwaUNt dI rIport (1834 ) ijhVI AwksPorf XUnIvristI
pRY~s, id`lI ny vwlIaUm 2, 1976 iv`c CwpI dy pMnw 386 qy drz
hY ik ies iv`c 103 hwQI, 1300 aUNT Aqy 800 rQ-g`fIAW sn[
bYNitk ny ipMjOr ivKy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy Aw rhy kw&ly dy
suAwgq leI rukx dw mn bxwieAw pr &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn ny
ikhw ik mhwrwjw swihb dw hukm hY ik swfw kw&lw is`Dw iSmly
phuMcygw[ ieh g`l mMn ky bYNitk iSmly phuMc igAw[
srdwr hrI isMG jo gurU dw nUrw, bcnW dw pUrw Aqy krnI dw
sUrw sI ny mhwrwjy nUM AwiKAw, "swihb! mn dI ie`Cw nhIN iSmly jwx
dI[ hW, quhwfy hukm nUM svIkwr kr irhw hW[ ijs kMm mYN l`igAw
hoieAw sI auh Ajy ADUrw hY"[
iSmly v`l qurn qoN pihlW srkwr ny hrI isMG nUM Swndwr
iK`lq ByNt kIqI[ hrI isMG nwl AMq dy sjy hoey 265 sYink qy GoVy
qory[ rsqy iv`c Awpxy pirvwr kol gujrWvwly kuJ idn Tihr ky is`Dy
luiDAwxy phuMcy ij`Qy kYptn vyf ny iehnW dw in`Gw suAwgq kIqw[
vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik ihMdusqwn dy dUjy nvwbW qoN srdwr hrI
isMG leI suAwgq v`Krw sI[ hugl ny vI iliKAw hY ik srdwr nlUey
nUM ie`k ^ws kursI bYTx leI pihlW hI itkweI hoeI sI[ mOlvI modIn
kI ilKdw hY kIqy ies suAwgq bwry Aqy AMgryzW v`loN BwrqIAW leI
kIqy jw rhy slUk bwry?

87

These Feringis will seat their dogs by their sides on

chairs, beds, on palankeens but will not suffer these brutes
(meaning people of india whether Hindu or Muslim) to come
into their presence; when admitted they will not allow him to
sit down even on the ground when noble and distinguished
natives appear in the presence of an Englishman, they find
him seated on a chair, and though they salute him, they will
not return the salutation nor even move his heads (NAI/FSC
21.8.1939 : 16)
.Bwv ieh PrMgI Awpxy ku`iqAW nUM qW kursIAW, ibsqirAW
Aqy pwlkIAW iv`c Awpxy kol ibTw lYNdy hn pr jd iksy ihMdU jW
muslmwn nUM jdoN kdy iehnW nUM imlx dI AwigAw iml jwvy qW ieh
ies nUM DrqI qy vI bYTx leI nhIN AwKdy[ jdoN guAWF dw koeI db
dby vwlw Aqy pqvMqw ie`k AMgryz dy swmHxy AwauNdw hY aus nUM bYTx
leI kursI idMdy hn, aus nUM slUt mwrdy hn BwvyN auh slUt dw juAwb
nw vI dyvy Aqy Awpxw isr vI nw ihlwvy[
is`K rwj dw kw&lw luiDAwxy qoN c`l ky ropV, mwCIvwVw, cmkOr
swihb huMdw hoieAw iSmly v`l c`ilAw[ A`D ApYRl ieh nwlwgVH
phuMc gey[ imstr mry iehnw nwl c`l irhw sI pr kYptn vyf
iehnW dy suAwgq leI iSmly phuMc igAw sI[ hrI isMG dw kw&lw
rsqy iv`c sbwQU (spwtU) kol kuJ smW TihirAw sI[ ies jgHw
ksOlI iSmlw rUt qy A`j klH 'nlvw' nwmI ipMf visAw hoieAw hY[
dUjy pwsy ihMdusqwn dy rwjy Aqy nvwb ijnHW iv`c nwBy dw rwjw
jsvMq isMG Aqy jINd Aqy kYQl dy is`K rwjy sn, auh gvrnr jnrl
nUM mnImwjrw ivKy qoh&y ByNt kr ky vwps cly gey[ pitAwly dy rwjy
ny ipMjOr ivKy gvrnr jnrl nwl ByNt krky qoh&y id`qy[

88

lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk phwVI aup`r bxy mkwn 'bYNitk kYsl'

iv`c TihirAw hoieAw sI[ hrI isMG 21 ApRYL 1831 nUM jdoN iSmly
phuMcy qW aunHW nUM 2500 rupey jY&wq vjoN id`qy gey[ iehnW dy swry
mYNbrW Aqy sYinkW dy iDAwn leI imstr kYnyfI dI ifaUtI lgweI
geI[ kYptn vyf 13 vYswK (23 ApRYl 1831) nUM srdwr hrI isMG
Aqy aunHW dy nwl dy mYNbrW nUM "Paliti's Grand Hotel" iv`c AgvweI
kr ky pihlI mIitMg leI lY ky igAw[ lwt ivlIAm bYNitk Aqy lwt
flhOzI ny kmytI hwl dy duAwr qy Aw ky iehnW nUM jIE AwieAW
(Welcome) kIqw, h`Q imlwey Aqy pRm
y sihq kursIAW qy ibTwieAw[
mhwrwjw swihb dI ishqXwbI bwry pu`iCAw[ &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn
ny mhwrwjy v`loN ByijAw p`qr ijs iv`c dosqI dw auphwr vrnx sI,
pyS kIqw[ A`go ivlIAm bYNitk ny vI dovW qr&W dI Atu`t dosqI dw
Aihsws ijqwieAw Aqy mhwrwjy v`loN idKweI audwrqw, idAwlqw
Aqy ikRpwlqw dw DMnvwd kIqw[ iPr dohW pwisAW qoN qohiPAW dw
Awdwn-pRdwn kIqw igAw[ ie`k dUjy nwl iml ky g`l bwq rwhIN KuSI
sWJI kIqI geI[ Asl iv`c ieh idKwieAw jw irhw AwpsI ipAwr
Aqy idKweI jw rhI AwpsI sWJ Aqy KuSI aup`roN aup`roN hI sI[ ieh
lok aupr
` No ijqny gory ic`ty sn AMdroN iehnW dy idl auqny hI kwly sn[
ieh g`l mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq auprMq j`g zwhr ho geI sI[
j`g jwxdw hY iehnW ny is`K rwj ikvyN qbwh kIqw Aqy ikvyN koihnUr
hIry vrgIAW AnykW hI kImqI vsqW lu`t ky lMfn lY gey[

rsmI sMmyln
srdwr hrI isMG jI nlUAw Aqy aunHW dy v&d dI AMgryz
A&srW nwl 27 ApRYl 1831 nUM pYiltI dy grYNf hotl iv`c rsmI
g`lbwq hoeI[ ies g`l bwq iv`c dohW rwjW dIAW gupq g`lW nUM pRSn
auq`r rwhIN iekWqvws iv`c sWJw kIqw igAw[ BwvyN ies mIitMg bwry

89

These Feringis will seat their dogs by their sides on

chairs, beds, on palankeens but will not suffer these brutes
(meaning people of india whether Hindu or Muslim) to come
into their presence; when admitted they will not allow him to
sit down even on the ground when noble and distinguished
natives appear in the presence of an Englishman, they find
him seated on a chair, and though they salute him, they will
not return the salutation nor even move his heads (NAI/FSC
21.8.1939 : 16)
.Bwv ieh PrMgI Awpxy ku`iqAW nUM qW kursIAW, ibsqirAW
Aqy pwlkIAW iv`c Awpxy kol ibTw lYNdy hn pr jd iksy ihMdU jW
muslmwn nUM jdoN kdy iehnW nUM imlx dI AwigAw iml jwvy qW ieh
ies nUM DrqI qy vI bYTx leI nhIN AwKdy[ jdoN guAWF dw koeI db
dby vwlw Aqy pqvMqw ie`k AMgryz dy swmHxy AwauNdw hY aus nUM bYTx
leI kursI idMdy hn, aus nUM slUt mwrdy hn BwvyN auh slUt dw juAwb
nw vI dyvy Aqy Awpxw isr vI nw ihlwvy[
is`K rwj dw kw&lw luiDAwxy qoN c`l ky ropV, mwCIvwVw, cmkOr
swihb huMdw hoieAw iSmly v`l c`ilAw[ A`D ApYRl ieh nwlwgVH
phuMc gey[ imstr mry iehnw nwl c`l irhw sI pr kYptn vyf
iehnW dy suAwgq leI iSmly phuMc igAw sI[ hrI isMG dw kw&lw
rsqy iv`c sbwQU (spwtU) kol kuJ smW TihirAw sI[ ies jgHw
ksOlI iSmlw rUt qy A`j klH 'nlvw' nwmI ipMf visAw hoieAw hY[
dUjy pwsy ihMdusqwn dy rwjy Aqy nvwb ijnHW iv`c nwBy dw rwjw
jsvMq isMG Aqy jINd Aqy kYQl dy is`K rwjy sn, auh gvrnr jnrl
nUM mnImwjrw ivKy qoh&y ByNt kr ky vwps cly gey[ pitAwly dy rwjy
ny ipMjOr ivKy gvrnr jnrl nwl ByNt krky qoh&y id`qy[

88

lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk phwVI aup`r bxy mkwn 'bYNitk kYsl'

iv`c TihirAw hoieAw sI[ hrI isMG 21 ApRYL 1831 nUM jdoN iSmly
phuMcy qW aunHW nUM 2500 rupey jY&wq vjoN id`qy gey[ iehnW dy swry
mYNbrW Aqy sYinkW dy iDAwn leI imstr kYnyfI dI ifaUtI lgweI
geI[ kYptn vyf 13 vYswK (23 ApRYl 1831) nUM srdwr hrI isMG
Aqy aunHW dy nwl dy mYNbrW nUM "Paliti's Grand Hotel" iv`c AgvweI
kr ky pihlI mIitMg leI lY ky igAw[ lwt ivlIAm bYNitk Aqy lwt
flhOzI ny kmytI hwl dy duAwr qy Aw ky iehnW nUM jIE AwieAW
(Welcome) kIqw, h`Q imlwey Aqy pRm
y sihq kursIAW qy ibTwieAw[
mhwrwjw swihb dI ishqXwbI bwry pu`iCAw[ &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn
ny mhwrwjy v`loN ByijAw p`qr ijs iv`c dosqI dw auphwr vrnx sI,
pyS kIqw[ A`go ivlIAm bYNitk ny vI dovW qr&W dI Atu`t dosqI dw
Aihsws ijqwieAw Aqy mhwrwjy v`loN idKweI audwrqw, idAwlqw
Aqy ikRpwlqw dw DMnvwd kIqw[ iPr dohW pwisAW qoN qohiPAW dw
Awdwn-pRdwn kIqw igAw[ ie`k dUjy nwl iml ky g`l bwq rwhIN KuSI
sWJI kIqI geI[ Asl iv`c ieh idKwieAw jw irhw AwpsI ipAwr
Aqy idKweI jw rhI AwpsI sWJ Aqy KuSI aup`roN aup`roN hI sI[ ieh
lok aupr
` No ijqny gory ic`ty sn AMdroN iehnW dy idl auqny hI kwly sn[
ieh g`l mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq auprMq j`g zwhr ho geI sI[
j`g jwxdw hY iehnW ny is`K rwj ikvyN qbwh kIqw Aqy ikvyN koihnUr
hIry vrgIAW AnykW hI kImqI vsqW lu`t ky lMfn lY gey[

rsmI sMmyln
srdwr hrI isMG jI nlUAw Aqy aunHW dy v&d dI AMgryz
A&srW nwl 27 ApRYl 1831 nUM pYiltI dy grYNf hotl iv`c rsmI
g`lbwq hoeI[ ies g`l bwq iv`c dohW rwjW dIAW gupq g`lW nUM pRSn
auq`r rwhIN iekWqvws iv`c sWJw kIqw igAw[ BwvyN ies mIitMg bwry

89

sB kuJ gupq r`iKAw igAw sI[ pr ivlIAm bYNitk dy bwAd iv`c

ilKy p`qrW qoN pqw l`gdw hY ik ies iv`c &Oj dI igxqI, B`qy, &OjI
krq`vW Aqy Awaux vwly smyN iv`c &Oj dI kwrvweI bwry ivcwirAw
igAw sI[ lYPtInYNt jnrl AY~s AY~& vitMgm nUM ilKy p`qr nMbr
314 iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ny ieh iliKAw:
Ranjit Singh had abondoned the lance for the sabre. This
was necessitated from the moment. Ranjit Singh determined
to organise regular troops modelled after European methods. For the cavalry to manouver in line and at close order,
the long lance was inconvenient to use and thereafter replaced
by the sabre.
Bwv hux rxjIq isMG ny nyjy dI QW ktwr dI vrqoN leI AwiKAw
hY[ rxjIq isMG AwpxIAW &OjW nUM XUrpIn FMg Apnwaux leI idRV
hY[ sYinkW nUM pYNqVybwjI dI vrqoN sihq lMby nyzy dI vrqoN Xog nhIN;
ies dI QW ktwr r`Kx nUM AwiKAw hY[
Awpxy 378 nMbr p`qr iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ilKdw hY ik
Krcw Gtwaux leI ihMdusqwn iv`c AMgryz A&srW Aqy sYinkW dI QW
ihMdusqwnI BrqI kIqy jwx ikauNik auh G`t qnKwh B`qy qy kMm kr
skdy hn[ bYNitk ny Awpxy sk`qr nUM ieh hdwieqW id`qIAW ik mYnUM
pqw kr ky d`sy ik rxjIq isMG AwpxI ieqnI &Oj nUM ieqny PMf ikQoN
pRwpq krdw hY?
mIitMg auprMq ^wlsw &Oj dy sYinkW Aqy GoV svwrW v`loN Awpxy
kwrnwimAW dw pRdrSn kIqw igAw[ ies Ajb Aqy gzb dy pRdrSn
nUM dyK ivlIAm bYNitk ny ispwhIAW nUM ienwm pRdwn kIqy[
bYNitk ny ies ip`CoN ihMdusqwnI Aqy XUrp dy s`iBAwcwr dI sWJ
leI bVw sj Dj vwlw iesqrI nwc SurU kr id`qw ijs iv`c aus dI

90

mym vI ih`sw lY rhI sI[ pr ^wlsw &Oj dy imSn ny ieh psMd nhIN
kIqw[ mUMh iv`c tokw twkI vI kIqI, auh ieh dyK ky hYrwn Aqy prySwn
hI nhIN hoey sgoN aunHW dy idlW qy ies gm dI gihrI s`t v`jI[ ^wlsw
gurU dy aupdyS qy cldw hoieAw iesqrI dI ie`zq Aqy p~q dw
rKvwlw hY, prweIAW iesqrIAW v`l nhIN q`kdw Aqy nw hI AYsy nwc
(mujry) dyKdw hY[ nwcW, nwtkW, cytkW Awid nUM gurU swihb ny mwVy
AwiKAw hY ikauNik ieh bySrmI dw qwx huMdy hn[
nwtk cytk kIey kukwjw] pRBu logn ko Awvq lwjw]

sohn isMG sUrI ilKdw hY:

"During those days the wife of the Governor with other
fifty Eurpean ladies came forward and began to dance and
sing with instruments in such a way that the audience become spell-bound like pictures on the wall". (Sohan Singh
Suri 19th Cent: (111-1)f.25)
"Bwv aunHI idnI gvrnr (bYNitk) dI mym 50 hor mymW nwl A`gy
AweI[ aunHW swzW nwl n`cxw Aqy gwauxW SurU kr id`qw ijs nUM dyK ky
sRoqy mugD ho gey ijvyN kMD qy koeI qsvIr l`gI idKweI idMdI hovy"[
ies imlxI iv`c mu`K qOr qy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl Awaux
vwly smyN AMdr qih hoey pRogRwm dI crcw hoeI, ijhVI 26 AkqUbr
1831 nUM ropV ivKy hoxI sI[ ivdwiegI smyN srdwr hrI isMG nUM lwl
drI ivCw ky 13 kImqI bsqrW, klgI, gly dw hwr Aqy Cwp nwl
snmwinq kIqw igAw[ ^wlsw imSn dy c`lx smyN bYNitk ny mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG nUM jldI imlx dI auqsukqw duhrweI[ kYptn vyf qW
mhwrwjw swihb nUM iSmlw imSn dI s&lqw d`sx lwhOr v`l qur
igAw pr srdwr nlUAw sYinkW smyq gurDwmW dy drSnW leI AnMdpur
swihb v`l c`l pey[ dIvwn moqI rwm gMgw dy iknwry vsy hirduAwr
v`l clw igAw[
91

sB kuJ gupq r`iKAw igAw sI[ pr ivlIAm bYNitk dy bwAd iv`c

ilKy p`qrW qoN pqw l`gdw hY ik ies iv`c &Oj dI igxqI, B`qy, &OjI
krq`vW Aqy Awaux vwly smyN iv`c &Oj dI kwrvweI bwry ivcwirAw
igAw sI[ lYPtInYNt jnrl AY~s AY~& vitMgm nUM ilKy p`qr nMbr
314 iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ny ieh iliKAw:
Ranjit Singh had abondoned the lance for the sabre. This
was necessitated from the moment. Ranjit Singh determined
to organise regular troops modelled after European methods. For the cavalry to manouver in line and at close order,
the long lance was inconvenient to use and thereafter replaced
by the sabre.
Bwv hux rxjIq isMG ny nyjy dI QW ktwr dI vrqoN leI AwiKAw
hY[ rxjIq isMG AwpxIAW &OjW nUM XUrpIn FMg Apnwaux leI idRV
hY[ sYinkW nUM pYNqVybwjI dI vrqoN sihq lMby nyzy dI vrqoN Xog nhIN;
ies dI QW ktwr r`Kx nUM AwiKAw hY[
Awpxy 378 nMbr p`qr iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ilKdw hY ik
Krcw Gtwaux leI ihMdusqwn iv`c AMgryz A&srW Aqy sYinkW dI QW
ihMdusqwnI BrqI kIqy jwx ikauNik auh G`t qnKwh B`qy qy kMm kr
skdy hn[ bYNitk ny Awpxy sk`qr nUM ieh hdwieqW id`qIAW ik mYnUM
pqw kr ky d`sy ik rxjIq isMG AwpxI ieqnI &Oj nUM ieqny PMf ikQoN
pRwpq krdw hY?
mIitMg auprMq ^wlsw &Oj dy sYinkW Aqy GoV svwrW v`loN Awpxy
kwrnwimAW dw pRdrSn kIqw igAw[ ies Ajb Aqy gzb dy pRdrSn
nUM dyK ivlIAm bYNitk ny ispwhIAW nUM ienwm pRdwn kIqy[
bYNitk ny ies ip`CoN ihMdusqwnI Aqy XUrp dy s`iBAwcwr dI sWJ
leI bVw sj Dj vwlw iesqrI nwc SurU kr id`qw ijs iv`c aus dI

90

mym vI ih`sw lY rhI sI[ pr ^wlsw &Oj dy imSn ny ieh psMd nhIN
kIqw[ mUMh iv`c tokw twkI vI kIqI, auh ieh dyK ky hYrwn Aqy prySwn
hI nhIN hoey sgoN aunHW dy idlW qy ies gm dI gihrI s`t v`jI[ ^wlsw
gurU dy aupdyS qy cldw hoieAw iesqrI dI ie`zq Aqy p~q dw
rKvwlw hY, prweIAW iesqrIAW v`l nhIN q`kdw Aqy nw hI AYsy nwc
(mujry) dyKdw hY[ nwcW, nwtkW, cytkW Awid nUM gurU swihb ny mwVy
AwiKAw hY ikauNik ieh bySrmI dw qwx huMdy hn[
nwtk cytk kIey kukwjw] pRBu logn ko Awvq lwjw]

sohn isMG sUrI ilKdw hY:

"During those days the wife of the Governor with other
fifty Eurpean ladies came forward and began to dance and
sing with instruments in such a way that the audience become spell-bound like pictures on the wall". (Sohan Singh
Suri 19th Cent: (111-1)f.25)
"Bwv aunHI idnI gvrnr (bYNitk) dI mym 50 hor mymW nwl A`gy
AweI[ aunHW swzW nwl n`cxw Aqy gwauxW SurU kr id`qw ijs nUM dyK ky
sRoqy mugD ho gey ijvyN kMD qy koeI qsvIr l`gI idKweI idMdI hovy"[
ies imlxI iv`c mu`K qOr qy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl Awaux
vwly smyN AMdr qih hoey pRogRwm dI crcw hoeI, ijhVI 26 AkqUbr
1831 nUM ropV ivKy hoxI sI[ ivdwiegI smyN srdwr hrI isMG nUM lwl
drI ivCw ky 13 kImqI bsqrW, klgI, gly dw hwr Aqy Cwp nwl
snmwinq kIqw igAw[ ^wlsw imSn dy c`lx smyN bYNitk ny mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG nUM jldI imlx dI auqsukqw duhrweI[ kYptn vyf qW
mhwrwjw swihb nUM iSmlw imSn dI s&lqw d`sx lwhOr v`l qur
igAw pr srdwr nlUAw sYinkW smyq gurDwmW dy drSnW leI AnMdpur
swihb v`l c`l pey[ dIvwn moqI rwm gMgw dy iknwry vsy hirduAwr
v`l clw igAw[
91

auprMq hrI isMG dw kw&lw sqluj dirAw pwr krky i&lOr

phuMicAw[ i&lOr qoN A`gy AdInw ngr phuMcy ijhVw gurdwspur Aqy
pTwnkot dy ivckwr hY[ AdInw ngr A&gwn gvrnr AdInw byg
ny vswieAw sI[ aunIH idnIN mhwrwjw swihb AdInw byg ngr TihirAw
hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG, dIvwn moqI rwm Aqy &kIr
AzIz-aud-dIn dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iqMnW nUM sony nwl jVIAW
kwTIAW vwly suMdr GoVy id`qy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG BwvyN ies im~qRqw
qoN bhuq KuS sI pr srdwr nlUAw AMgryzW nwl im`qRqw gMFx dy h`k
iv`c nhIN sn[ auhnW nUM ies im`qRqw iv`c AOkVW idKweI idMdIAW sn[
aunHW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM kYptn vyf dIAW im`TIAW im`TIAW g`lW
qoN swvDwn rihx leI vI AwiKAw[ srdwr nlvw dy id`qy suJwvW
Anuswr mhwrwjw ny kYptn vyf nUM AgwaUN hox vwlI mIitMg sMbMDI pMj
SrqW r`KIAW:
1.

mIitMg iv`c g`lbwq kyvl dohW rwjW iv`c im`qRqw sMbMDI hovygI
Aqy koeI rwjnIiqk mu`dw nhIN ivcwirAw jwvygw[

2.

ieh imlxI AnMdpur (mwKovwl) dy nyVy qyVy hovygI Aqy dohW

rwjW dy sYink sqluj dirAw dy Awpxy Awpxy pwsy bYTxgy[

3.

quhwfy swihb (English lordship) nUM pihlW swfy kol Awauxw

pvygw[

4.

mYN Awpxy v`loN quhwnUM myry (Syir-ey-pMjwb) pws ilAwaux leI

Awpxy byty kMvr KVk isMG nUM ByjWgw Aqy mYnUM quhwfy pws
quhwfw kmWfr ien-cIP iljwvygw[

5.

quhwfy swihb nwl ies imlxI dI g`l bwq Awaux vwly smyN
AMdr koeI imswl nhIN hovg
y I[ AgwaUN vwlI imlxI jW imlxIAW
Awpxy ih`qW nUM m`uK r`K ky hI hovygI jW hoxgIAW[

92

kYptn vyf ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN id`qw p`qr ivlIAm

bYNitk kol Byj id`qw[ bYNitk ny ieh SrqW ivcwr ky ilK id`qw ik
ieh imlxI quhwfy id`qy suJwvW dy Anuswr hI hovygI[ mYnUM ieh swrIAW
g`lW pRvwn hn[
is`K srdwrW dI mIitMg iv`c mhwrwjy ny jd AMgryzW nwl hox
vwlI imlxI sMbMDI ivcwr kIqw qW swry srdwrW ny ies nUM tyFI cwl
AwiKAw[ ies ivroD nUM dyK ky srkwr ny aunHW kol phuMcy kYptn vyf
nUM AwiKAw ik quhwfw swihb mYnUM ieh Brosw dyvy ik jo g`lbwq hovygI
auh gupq r`KI jwvygI[ SYqwn vyf ny AwiKAw,"swihb! ies mIitMg
sMbMDI swfw koeI gu`Jw Byd nhIN , ieh qW im`qRqw sMbMDI qy dohW rwjW
iv`c cMgw mwhOl bnwaux leI hovygI[ AKIr mhwrwjy ny AkqUbr
1831 iv`c imlxI bwry hW kr id~qI[ pr vyf Ajy vI mIitMg bwry
Gbrwht iv`c sI ikauNik mhwrwjy ny jI.fI. kinMGm nUM ieh AwiKAw
sI ik myry swry srdwr AjyhI imlxI dy pUrI qrHW i^lwP hn[
Asl iv~c jo kuJ huMdw hY auh kudrq krwauNdI hY[ kudrq dI
krnI nUM koeI nhIN myt skdw[ bMdw l`K Xqn kry jo hoxw hY auh ho ky
hI rihMdw hY[ b`s bMdy dI Akl au~pr AYsw pVdw pY jWdw hY ik iPr
isAwxp vI PylH ho jWdIO hY[ kudrq AMdr koeI cIz siQr nhIN hr
vsqU iv`c bdlw AwauNdw hY[ Bwv ieiqhwskwrW ny iliKAw hY ik
mhwrwjy ny AMgryzW nwl imlxIAW kr ky v`fI glqI kIqI sI, pr
rwj Bwg ijs nUM Aqy ijqnw icr leI pRwpq huMdw hY auh r`bI bKiSS
kwrn hI huMdw hY[

ropV imlxI
lMbI soc ivcwr ip`CoN ieh BYA ho igAw ik ieh imlxI ropV
ivKy AkqUbr iv`c hovygI[ AMgryz kw&lw sqluj dy K`by pwsy Aqy
is`K Kw&lw s`jy pwsy itkw krygw[ ies imlxI leI iqAwrIAW zor
93

auprMq hrI isMG dw kw&lw sqluj dirAw pwr krky i&lOr

phuMicAw[ i&lOr qoN A`gy AdInw ngr phuMcy ijhVw gurdwspur Aqy
pTwnkot dy ivckwr hY[ AdInw ngr A&gwn gvrnr AdInw byg
ny vswieAw sI[ aunIH idnIN mhwrwjw swihb AdInw byg ngr TihirAw
hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG, dIvwn moqI rwm Aqy &kIr
AzIz-aud-dIn dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iqMnW nUM sony nwl jVIAW
kwTIAW vwly suMdr GoVy id`qy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG BwvyN ies im~qRqw
qoN bhuq KuS sI pr srdwr nlUAw AMgryzW nwl im`qRqw gMFx dy h`k
iv`c nhIN sn[ auhnW nUM ies im`qRqw iv`c AOkVW idKweI idMdIAW sn[
aunHW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM kYptn vyf dIAW im`TIAW im`TIAW g`lW
qoN swvDwn rihx leI vI AwiKAw[ srdwr nlvw dy id`qy suJwvW
Anuswr mhwrwjw ny kYptn vyf nUM AgwaUN hox vwlI mIitMg sMbMDI pMj
SrqW r`KIAW:
1.

mIitMg iv`c g`lbwq kyvl dohW rwjW iv`c im`qRqw sMbMDI hovygI
Aqy koeI rwjnIiqk mu`dw nhIN ivcwirAw jwvygw[

2.

ieh imlxI AnMdpur (mwKovwl) dy nyVy qyVy hovygI Aqy dohW

rwjW dy sYink sqluj dirAw dy Awpxy Awpxy pwsy bYTxgy[

3.

quhwfy swihb (English lordship) nUM pihlW swfy kol Awauxw

pvygw[

4.

mYN Awpxy v`loN quhwnUM myry (Syir-ey-pMjwb) pws ilAwaux leI

Awpxy byty kMvr KVk isMG nUM ByjWgw Aqy mYnUM quhwfy pws
quhwfw kmWfr ien-cIP iljwvygw[

5.

quhwfy swihb nwl ies imlxI dI g`l bwq Awaux vwly smyN
AMdr koeI imswl nhIN hovg
y I[ AgwaUN vwlI imlxI jW imlxIAW
Awpxy ih`qW nUM m`uK r`K ky hI hovygI jW hoxgIAW[

92

kYptn vyf ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN id`qw p`qr ivlIAm

bYNitk kol Byj id`qw[ bYNitk ny ieh SrqW ivcwr ky ilK id`qw ik
ieh imlxI quhwfy id`qy suJwvW dy Anuswr hI hovygI[ mYnUM ieh swrIAW
g`lW pRvwn hn[
is`K srdwrW dI mIitMg iv`c mhwrwjy ny jd AMgryzW nwl hox
vwlI imlxI sMbMDI ivcwr kIqw qW swry srdwrW ny ies nUM tyFI cwl
AwiKAw[ ies ivroD nUM dyK ky srkwr ny aunHW kol phuMcy kYptn vyf
nUM AwiKAw ik quhwfw swihb mYnUM ieh Brosw dyvy ik jo g`lbwq hovygI
auh gupq r`KI jwvygI[ SYqwn vyf ny AwiKAw,"swihb! ies mIitMg
sMbMDI swfw koeI gu`Jw Byd nhIN , ieh qW im`qRqw sMbMDI qy dohW rwjW
iv`c cMgw mwhOl bnwaux leI hovygI[ AKIr mhwrwjy ny AkqUbr
1831 iv`c imlxI bwry hW kr id~qI[ pr vyf Ajy vI mIitMg bwry
Gbrwht iv`c sI ikauNik mhwrwjy ny jI.fI. kinMGm nUM ieh AwiKAw
sI ik myry swry srdwr AjyhI imlxI dy pUrI qrHW i^lwP hn[
Asl iv~c jo kuJ huMdw hY auh kudrq krwauNdI hY[ kudrq dI
krnI nUM koeI nhIN myt skdw[ bMdw l`K Xqn kry jo hoxw hY auh ho ky
hI rihMdw hY[ b`s bMdy dI Akl au~pr AYsw pVdw pY jWdw hY ik iPr
isAwxp vI PylH ho jWdIO hY[ kudrq AMdr koeI cIz siQr nhIN hr
vsqU iv`c bdlw AwauNdw hY[ Bwv ieiqhwskwrW ny iliKAw hY ik
mhwrwjy ny AMgryzW nwl imlxIAW kr ky v`fI glqI kIqI sI, pr
rwj Bwg ijs nUM Aqy ijqnw icr leI pRwpq huMdw hY auh r`bI bKiSS
kwrn hI huMdw hY[

ropV imlxI
lMbI soc ivcwr ip`CoN ieh BYA ho igAw ik ieh imlxI ropV
ivKy AkqUbr iv`c hovygI[ AMgryz kw&lw sqluj dy K`by pwsy Aqy
is`K Kw&lw s`jy pwsy itkw krygw[ ies imlxI leI iqAwrIAW zor
93

Sor nwl SurU ho geIAW[ XUrpI &OzW ny pihlW Aw ky lwl rMg dy tYNt
g`f id`qy[ is`K sYnW dy Tihrn leI rwjw iDAwn isMG fogrw ny kysrI
rMg dy tYNt lvw ky sohxI iqAwrI krweI[ dirAw au`pr dI lMGx leI
dohW iDrW ny Awpxy Awpxy pul iqAwr krvwey[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
25 AkqUbr nUM 6 hzwr ipAwdw &Oj Aqy 10 hzwr GoV svwrW nwl
ie`Qy pu`jy[ iehnW ny swihbzwdw KVk isMG, jINd dw rwjw sMgq isMG,
srdwr Aqr isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw gulwb isMG Aqy Swm isMG
AtwrIvwly nUM gvrnr jnrl lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk nUM Su`B ieCwvW
dyx leI ByijAw[ iehnW dy AMgryzI kYNp iv`c phuMcx qy &OjW v`loN
slwmI id`qI geI[ mhwrwjw Aqy gvrnr jnrl ivckwr mIitMg 26
AkqUbr nUM hoeI[ mhwrwjw Aqy srdwrW dy kysrI puSwky pihny hoey
sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dI sunihrI kursI Aqy koihnUr hIrw sB leI
iK`c dw kyNdr bxy hoey sn[ mIitMg dOrwn vyf Aqy pirnsY~p AnuvwdI
(interpretor) sn[ 27 AkqUbr nUM hrI isMG nlUAw, swihbzwdw
KVk isMG Aqy rwjw gulwb isMG ny gvrnr jnrl nUM ^wlsw kYNp 'c
Awaux qy jIau AwieAW AwiKAw[ auprMq srdwr nlUAw ny nyzwbwzI
dw bhuq hI cmqkwrI prdrSn kIqw[ ies ip`CoN bYNitk ny ie`k p`qr
id`qw ijs dy mu`Fly Sbd sn:

Bwv swnUM vYr Bwvnw Bulw ky AwpsI imqRqw gMFxI cwhIdI hY

ArQwq im`qR dw vYrI nhIN bxnw cwhIdw[
pr bYNitk ny AMqly smJOqy iv`c ieh Sbd (ik AsIN im`qR nwl
Droh nhIN krWgy) nhIN pwey ijs kwrn ^ws kr srdwr hrI isMG
nlUAw Aqy hor srdwrW ny ropV dy smJOqy nUM Tukrw id`qw sI[ BwvyN
ropV dI mIitMg auprMq hrI isMG dw Ahudw srkwr v`loN hor vDw
id`qw sI[ pr srdwr nlvw AMgryzW nwl iksy iksm dI sWJ pwaux
bwry hmySw ivroD krdw irhw[ ieh ie`k ijauNdw jwgdw &OjI jrnYl
Aqy bhuq hI inpuMn Swsk hox nwqy AMgryzW dy hr pYNqVy qoN pUrI qrHW
jwxU sI[ Agr ieh lMby smyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw qW AMgryzW dI kI
mjwl sI ik auh ^wlsw rwj qy kwbz ho jWdy? hrI isMG dI bhwdrI
sMbMDI ie`k kvI dy bol hn:
nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[
pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr dry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[
sYNkVy swlW dI gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

The interview at Rooper was no doubt intended to cement more strongly the union of the two powers..."
Bwv ies iv`c koeI S`k nhIN sI ik ropV dI g`lbwq ny do
qwkqW dI im`qRqw nUM vDyry p`ikAw kIqw hY....
iesy qrHW mhwrwjw v`loN vI jo KrVw ilKqI rUp iv`c bYNitk nUM
id`qw igAw aus dy Sbd sn:
"The friends and enemies of the one should be considered the friends and enemies of the other"

94

95

Sor nwl SurU ho geIAW[ XUrpI &OzW ny pihlW Aw ky lwl rMg dy tYNt
g`f id`qy[ is`K sYnW dy Tihrn leI rwjw iDAwn isMG fogrw ny kysrI
rMg dy tYNt lvw ky sohxI iqAwrI krweI[ dirAw au`pr dI lMGx leI
dohW iDrW ny Awpxy Awpxy pul iqAwr krvwey[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
25 AkqUbr nUM 6 hzwr ipAwdw &Oj Aqy 10 hzwr GoV svwrW nwl
ie`Qy pu`jy[ iehnW ny swihbzwdw KVk isMG, jINd dw rwjw sMgq isMG,
srdwr Aqr isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw gulwb isMG Aqy Swm isMG
AtwrIvwly nUM gvrnr jnrl lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk nUM Su`B ieCwvW
dyx leI ByijAw[ iehnW dy AMgryzI kYNp iv`c phuMcx qy &OjW v`loN
slwmI id`qI geI[ mhwrwjw Aqy gvrnr jnrl ivckwr mIitMg 26
AkqUbr nUM hoeI[ mhwrwjw Aqy srdwrW dy kysrI puSwky pihny hoey
sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dI sunihrI kursI Aqy koihnUr hIrw sB leI
iK`c dw kyNdr bxy hoey sn[ mIitMg dOrwn vyf Aqy pirnsY~p AnuvwdI
(interpretor) sn[ 27 AkqUbr nUM hrI isMG nlUAw, swihbzwdw
KVk isMG Aqy rwjw gulwb isMG ny gvrnr jnrl nUM ^wlsw kYNp 'c
Awaux qy jIau AwieAW AwiKAw[ auprMq srdwr nlUAw ny nyzwbwzI
dw bhuq hI cmqkwrI prdrSn kIqw[ ies ip`CoN bYNitk ny ie`k p`qr
id`qw ijs dy mu`Fly Sbd sn:

Bwv swnUM vYr Bwvnw Bulw ky AwpsI imqRqw gMFxI cwhIdI hY

ArQwq im`qR dw vYrI nhIN bxnw cwhIdw[
pr bYNitk ny AMqly smJOqy iv`c ieh Sbd (ik AsIN im`qR nwl
Droh nhIN krWgy) nhIN pwey ijs kwrn ^ws kr srdwr hrI isMG
nlUAw Aqy hor srdwrW ny ropV dy smJOqy nUM Tukrw id`qw sI[ BwvyN
ropV dI mIitMg auprMq hrI isMG dw Ahudw srkwr v`loN hor vDw
id`qw sI[ pr srdwr nlvw AMgryzW nwl iksy iksm dI sWJ pwaux
bwry hmySw ivroD krdw irhw[ ieh ie`k ijauNdw jwgdw &OjI jrnYl
Aqy bhuq hI inpuMn Swsk hox nwqy AMgryzW dy hr pYNqVy qoN pUrI qrHW
jwxU sI[ Agr ieh lMby smyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw qW AMgryzW dI kI
mjwl sI ik auh ^wlsw rwj qy kwbz ho jWdy? hrI isMG dI bhwdrI
sMbMDI ie`k kvI dy bol hn:
nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[
pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr dry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[
sYNkVy swlW dI gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

The interview at Rooper was no doubt intended to cement more strongly the union of the two powers..."
Bwv ies iv`c koeI S`k nhIN sI ik ropV dI g`lbwq ny do
qwkqW dI im`qRqw nUM vDyry p`ikAw kIqw hY....
iesy qrHW mhwrwjw v`loN vI jo KrVw ilKqI rUp iv`c bYNitk nUM
id`qw igAw aus dy Sbd sn:
"The friends and enemies of the one should be considered the friends and enemies of the other"

94

95

5
ipSwvr dw prdySpqI
ipSwvr qkrIbn 836 vrS A&gwnW dw qkVw gVH irhw sI[
Awpxy Awp nUM bVy qwkqvr, blvwn Aqy D`kV khwaux vwly AnykW
rwjy mhwrwijAW ny ies au~pr kbzw krn dIAW bhuq koiSSW kIqIAW
pr sB As&l rhy[ ipSwvr nUM &qih krn leI brqwnIAW, rUs Aqy
eIrwn vwly vI koiSS kr rhy sn[ BwvyN ipSwvr dw ielwkw keI swlW
qoN is`K rwj dy ADIn sI pr bwrkzeI srdwr gVbVI kr rhy sn[
hzwrw ifsitRkt gztIAr, 1907 pMnw 131 muqwbk hrI isMG nUM
mhwrwjw ny mwx-siqkwr dy ky AwiKAw ik auh CyqI qoN CyqI dirAw
rwvI Jnw Awid pwr kr ky iPr jldI AtkoN pwr jw ky sUbw ipSwvr
nUM Awpxy AiDkwr hyT kr lvy[ srdwr nlUAw ny srkwr dw hukm mMn
ky &Oj smyq rwvlipMfI v`l cwly pw id`qy[ ies dI md`d leI kMvr
nO inhwl isMG ADIn jnrl vYnqUrw dI &Oj ByjI geI (aumdw quq
` vwrIK,
3/1, pMnw 118-119)[
ipSwvr nUM pihly pihl gMDwrw kihMdy sn Aqy ies dI rwjDwnI
'prospur' sI[ rwjw pors ny ies nUM vswieAw sI[ ieh ielwkw cMdr
gupq morIAw dy ADIn vI irhw[ bwbw pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn Anuswr
cMdr gupq morIAw ny A`j qoN 2200 swl pihlW ihMdusqwn dI auh
kudrqI srh`d kwiem kr id`qI, ijs leI A`j q`k sMswr dIAW
v`fIAW qwkqW bwvjUd Xqn krn dy BI kwmXwb nhI ho skIAW[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI soc sI ik pMjwb dI purwxI cMdr gupq
vwlI srh`d q`k is`K rwj dy JMfy JUlx[ pr hrI isMG Aqy rxjIq
isMG dy byvkq clwxy kwrn ieh kMm ADUrw rih igAw[ ies g`l dI
qweId pMjwb rIkwrfz iv`c kYptn vyf pulItIkl eyjMt, luiDAwxw
dy ^q, jo aus ny gvrnr jnrl nUM julweI 1, 1832 nUM iliKAw iv`c
drz hY[
96

They may take the possession of the path of khyber and

gradualy extend the Maharaja's authority to Cabul in the same
manner as his occupation of the fort of Attack enabled him
overawe and after wards subvery the independence of
Peshawar.
Bwv is`K ^Ybr qy AiDkwr jmw ky hOlI hOlI mhwrwjy dw rwj
kwbl q`k vDw skdy hn ijvyN iehnW Atk dy iklHy qy kbzw kIqw
Aqy auprMq ipSwvr nUM Awzwd krwauxgy[
ipSwvr dy nwvW iv`c bhuq qbdIlIAW AweIAW[ pors smyN
ies nUM porspurw, ASok smyN purspurw, kinSk smyN purspr kihMdy
sn[ PwihXwn ny pwrwSwvr, hIvn sWg ny po-lo-Shw-poloN, putwlwnI
ny pwrspur, Ab irhwn ny prswvr, Akbr ny pySAwvr, AKUn
drvzw ny pUrsor, KuSwl Kwn Ktk ny poKwvr, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
ny pSOr Aqy A`j kl ipSwvr ikhw jWdw hY[ ATwrvIN sdI q`k ieh
A&gwnW dI isAwlU ru`q dI rwjDwnI huMdI sI[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ipSwvr qy iqMn vwr AiDkwr jmwaux
dI koiSS kIqI sI[ ij`q vI pRwpq kIqI pr ij`q ky ies nUM bwrkzeIAW
dy ADIn kr idMdy sn[ ieh ielwkw bhuq aupjwaU sI Aqy ies qoN
srkwr nUM v`fI Awmdn sI[ mwrc 1831 iv`c A&gwinsqwn dy rwjy
Swh sujwA Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ivckwr ie`k gupq sMDI hoeI
sI[ ijs iv`c aus ny swrw ielwkw pMjwb nUM dy id`qw sI[ ies bdly
Syir-ey-pMjwb ny aus nUM hr m`dd dw Brosw id`qw sI[ pr AMgryzW
nwl hoeI ropV imlxI kwrn pSOr qy p`kw AiDkwr jmwaux leI kuJ
Atkwr pY geI sI[ sMn 1833 iv`c mhwrwjw ny srdwr nlUAw nUM
Atk dirAw qy p`kw pul bnwaux leI AwiKAw ikauNik auh dusihrw
pSOr iv`c mnwauxw cwhuMdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw swihb bhuq bImwr ho
gey Aqy ieh ^br vI iksy ny aufw id`qI ik Syir-ey-pMjwb mr igAw
97

5
ipSwvr dw prdySpqI
ipSwvr qkrIbn 836 vrS A&gwnW dw qkVw gVH irhw sI[
Awpxy Awp nUM bVy qwkqvr, blvwn Aqy D`kV khwaux vwly AnykW
rwjy mhwrwijAW ny ies au~pr kbzw krn dIAW bhuq koiSSW kIqIAW
pr sB As&l rhy[ ipSwvr nUM &qih krn leI brqwnIAW, rUs Aqy
eIrwn vwly vI koiSS kr rhy sn[ BwvyN ipSwvr dw ielwkw keI swlW
qoN is`K rwj dy ADIn sI pr bwrkzeI srdwr gVbVI kr rhy sn[
hzwrw ifsitRkt gztIAr, 1907 pMnw 131 muqwbk hrI isMG nUM
mhwrwjw ny mwx-siqkwr dy ky AwiKAw ik auh CyqI qoN CyqI dirAw
rwvI Jnw Awid pwr kr ky iPr jldI AtkoN pwr jw ky sUbw ipSwvr
nUM Awpxy AiDkwr hyT kr lvy[ srdwr nlUAw ny srkwr dw hukm mMn
ky &Oj smyq rwvlipMfI v`l cwly pw id`qy[ ies dI md`d leI kMvr
nO inhwl isMG ADIn jnrl vYnqUrw dI &Oj ByjI geI (aumdw quq
` vwrIK,
3/1, pMnw 118-119)[
ipSwvr nUM pihly pihl gMDwrw kihMdy sn Aqy ies dI rwjDwnI
'prospur' sI[ rwjw pors ny ies nUM vswieAw sI[ ieh ielwkw cMdr
gupq morIAw dy ADIn vI irhw[ bwbw pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn Anuswr
cMdr gupq morIAw ny A`j qoN 2200 swl pihlW ihMdusqwn dI auh
kudrqI srh`d kwiem kr id`qI, ijs leI A`j q`k sMswr dIAW
v`fIAW qwkqW bwvjUd Xqn krn dy BI kwmXwb nhI ho skIAW[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI soc sI ik pMjwb dI purwxI cMdr gupq
vwlI srh`d q`k is`K rwj dy JMfy JUlx[ pr hrI isMG Aqy rxjIq
isMG dy byvkq clwxy kwrn ieh kMm ADUrw rih igAw[ ies g`l dI
qweId pMjwb rIkwrfz iv`c kYptn vyf pulItIkl eyjMt, luiDAwxw
dy ^q, jo aus ny gvrnr jnrl nUM julweI 1, 1832 nUM iliKAw iv`c
drz hY[
96

They may take the possession of the path of khyber and

gradualy extend the Maharaja's authority to Cabul in the same
manner as his occupation of the fort of Attack enabled him
overawe and after wards subvery the independence of
Peshawar.
Bwv is`K ^Ybr qy AiDkwr jmw ky hOlI hOlI mhwrwjy dw rwj
kwbl q`k vDw skdy hn ijvyN iehnW Atk dy iklHy qy kbzw kIqw
Aqy auprMq ipSwvr nUM Awzwd krwauxgy[
ipSwvr dy nwvW iv`c bhuq qbdIlIAW AweIAW[ pors smyN
ies nUM porspurw, ASok smyN purspurw, kinSk smyN purspr kihMdy
sn[ PwihXwn ny pwrwSwvr, hIvn sWg ny po-lo-Shw-poloN, putwlwnI
ny pwrspur, Ab irhwn ny prswvr, Akbr ny pySAwvr, AKUn
drvzw ny pUrsor, KuSwl Kwn Ktk ny poKwvr, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
ny pSOr Aqy A`j kl ipSwvr ikhw jWdw hY[ ATwrvIN sdI q`k ieh
A&gwnW dI isAwlU ru`q dI rwjDwnI huMdI sI[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ipSwvr qy iqMn vwr AiDkwr jmwaux
dI koiSS kIqI sI[ ij`q vI pRwpq kIqI pr ij`q ky ies nUM bwrkzeIAW
dy ADIn kr idMdy sn[ ieh ielwkw bhuq aupjwaU sI Aqy ies qoN
srkwr nUM v`fI Awmdn sI[ mwrc 1831 iv`c A&gwinsqwn dy rwjy
Swh sujwA Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ivckwr ie`k gupq sMDI hoeI
sI[ ijs iv`c aus ny swrw ielwkw pMjwb nUM dy id`qw sI[ ies bdly
Syir-ey-pMjwb ny aus nUM hr m`dd dw Brosw id`qw sI[ pr AMgryzW
nwl hoeI ropV imlxI kwrn pSOr qy p`kw AiDkwr jmwaux leI kuJ
Atkwr pY geI sI[ sMn 1833 iv`c mhwrwjw ny srdwr nlUAw nUM
Atk dirAw qy p`kw pul bnwaux leI AwiKAw ikauNik auh dusihrw
pSOr iv`c mnwauxw cwhuMdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw swihb bhuq bImwr ho
gey Aqy ieh ^br vI iksy ny aufw id`qI ik Syir-ey-pMjwb mr igAw
97

hY[ ieh ^br sux ky XusPzeI Aqy Ktk kbIilAW ny bgwvq kr

id`qI[ bgwvq dI ^br suxdy swr jnvrI 1834 iv`c hrI isMG,
vYnqUrw Aqy rwm lwl dIAW &OjW AkOVw phuMc geIAW jo pSOr qoN 36
mIl qy sI[ PrvrI iv`c srkwr ny kMvr nO inhwl nUM vI pSOr v`l qor
id`qw[ mwrc iv`c hrI isMG pMjqwr v`l Aqy vYnqUrw &Oj lY ky nwlw
bu`Fw vl viDAw[ bwrkzeIAW nUM jd ies cVHweI dI ^br imlI qW
auhnW bhuq &Oj jMg leI ie`kTI kr leI[
hrI isMG nlUAw mMzl qih krdw cmknI phuMc igAw[ ie`Qy
Syir-ey-pMjwb v`loN srdwr nlUAw ny ie`k p`qr hwsl kIqw ijs iv`c
iliKAw sI ik cmknI iv`c ie`k bhuq v`fw pusqkwlw (library) hY[
cmknI qy hmly smyN pusqkwly nUM A`g qoN zrUr bcwauxw[ (pRoPYsr
sIqw rwm, s&w 327)[ ieh g`l mhwrwjy dI audwrqw BrI soc nUM
drswauNdI hY[ pr du`K dI g`l jdoN 1984 iv`c 'auprySn bilaU
stwr' vkq BwrqI &Oz ny Awpxy Awp nUM prjw qMqr vwdI khwaux
vwlI srkwr dy hukm nwl hirmMdr swihb au~pr hmlw kIqw sI qW
ies hmly dOrwn is~K rY&rYs lwiebRyrI AMdr pey Anmol ^zwny nUM
A`g lgw ky qbwh kr id`qw[ aus smyN lwiebRyrI iv`c 13 hzwr qoN vI
v`D mhwn icMqkW dIAW ilKqW, purwqn h`Q KrVy , poQIAW Aqy
Dwrimk gRMQ mOjUd sn[ AYsI hI kwrvweI ieiqhws AMdr muhMmd
gOrI v`loN ibhwr (mgD dyS) dI nwlMdw XUnIvristI, jo ik bu`D Drm
dw kyNdr sI, kIqI geI sI[ aus ny ividAwly dw pusqkwlw A`g lgw
ky rwK kr id`qw sI[ iksy kOm dy swihq nUM nSt krnw aus kMOm nUM
qbwh krnw huMdw hY[ swihq kOm dw cwnx munwrw huMdw hY[ ieh Awaux
vwlIAW pIVHIAW leI aunHW dy puriKAW dy hunrW, smwijk FMgW, rsmirvwzW, rihxI-bihxI, Aqy kwrW ivhwrW nUM idRStImwn krdw hY[
ijs qrHW bMdw mr ky iPr ausy hwlq iv`c aus Skl iv`c ies DrqI
qy nhIN iv`cr skdw iesy qrHW swihq nUM swV ky dubwrw aus Skl iv`c
pyS nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ swihq ie`k jIvn hY, jIvn vI auh ijhVw
98

sdIAW Br ijauNdw hY jd ik mnu`KI jIvn v`D qoN v`D ie`k sdI dy eyV
gyV hI hY[ ^wlsw sYnw nUM pqw l`igAw ik hwjI ^wn Aqy muhMmd ^wn
A`gy v`fI igxqI iv`c brkzeIAW dy lSkr hiQAwrW nwl lYs jMg
leI morcw bMdI krI bYTy hn[ ieh SurU qoN hI ^wlsw rwj dw ivroD
kr rhy sn Aqy ies ielwky iv`c ihMdUAW Aqy is`KW ivru`D &qUr
mcwieAw hoieAw sI[ ^wlsy ny BwvyN pihlW vI iehnW nUM krwry h`Q
idKwey sn Aqy ieh jwnW bcw ky B`jy sn[ ies vwr srdwr nlUAw
ny ieh g`l Twx leI sI ik ielwky iv`c jo A`g iehnW ny lweI hoeI
hY aus nUM buJwey vgYr g`l rws nhIN AwauxI[ gurU dy isMG iehnW
pTwxW qy Bu`Ky SyrW vWg jw pey[ isMGW dI qlvwr iehnW aup`r hnyHrI
vWg c`lI, golIAW mINh vWg vrHIAW Aqy qopW dy goly giVAW vWg
if`gy[ BwvyN hwjI ^wn Aqy ies dy pTwx vI CwqIAW qwx ky lVy pr
isMGW dI cVHq Aqy dlyrI A`gy iehnW dy hoS au~f gey[ lVdy lVdy
hwjI ^wn Aqy muhMmd ^wn burI qrHW Pt`V ho gey[ isMGW dw vI BwvyN
kwPI nukswn hoieAw pr meI 1834 nUM ^wlsy dy inSwn pSOr dy iklHy
bwlw ihswr qy JUl gey[ auprMq ^wlsy ny ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVH
r`iKAw[ pTwxW ny hwr mMn leI Aqy bhuq swirAW nUM bMdI bxw ilAw[
XUs&zeIAW qoN iKrwj vsUl kIqw Aqy kYdIAW nUM lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[
ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny 7 meI 1834 nUM ipSwvr dy swry
pRWq nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml krn leI srdwr nlUAw nUM iK`lq dy
ky bKiSAw[ kwdrXwr ny ies jMg iv`c hrI isMG dI c`lI qyg Aqy
ipSwvr iv`c Dmk bwry kwiv toty iv`c ies qrHW iliKAw hY:
qy-qyg mYdwn my bhuq c`ly, nwl qyg dy rwj kmWvdw ey,
cVHql Syr dI cVHy mYdwn AMdr, iklHy mwr lYNdw &qih pWvdw ey[
audoN Bwj pYNdy v`fy KYbrW nUM , jdoN Dmk pySwvr nUM jWvdw ey[
kwdrXwr kMDwrIAw dosq muhMmd, frdw kwbloN aurW nw AWvdw ey[

A letter dated 12 May 1834 from Maharaja Ranjit Singh

to captain Wade Political agent Ludhiana states:
99

hY[ ieh ^br sux ky XusPzeI Aqy Ktk kbIilAW ny bgwvq kr

id`qI[ bgwvq dI ^br suxdy swr jnvrI 1834 iv`c hrI isMG,
vYnqUrw Aqy rwm lwl dIAW &OjW AkOVw phuMc geIAW jo pSOr qoN 36
mIl qy sI[ PrvrI iv`c srkwr ny kMvr nO inhwl nUM vI pSOr v`l qor
id`qw[ mwrc iv`c hrI isMG pMjqwr v`l Aqy vYnqUrw &Oj lY ky nwlw
bu`Fw vl viDAw[ bwrkzeIAW nUM jd ies cVHweI dI ^br imlI qW
auhnW bhuq &Oj jMg leI ie`kTI kr leI[
hrI isMG nlUAw mMzl qih krdw cmknI phuMc igAw[ ie`Qy
Syir-ey-pMjwb v`loN srdwr nlUAw ny ie`k p`qr hwsl kIqw ijs iv`c
iliKAw sI ik cmknI iv`c ie`k bhuq v`fw pusqkwlw (library) hY[
cmknI qy hmly smyN pusqkwly nUM A`g qoN zrUr bcwauxw[ (pRoPYsr
sIqw rwm, s&w 327)[ ieh g`l mhwrwjy dI audwrqw BrI soc nUM
drswauNdI hY[ pr du`K dI g`l jdoN 1984 iv`c 'auprySn bilaU
stwr' vkq BwrqI &Oz ny Awpxy Awp nUM prjw qMqr vwdI khwaux
vwlI srkwr dy hukm nwl hirmMdr swihb au~pr hmlw kIqw sI qW
ies hmly dOrwn is~K rY&rYs lwiebRyrI AMdr pey Anmol ^zwny nUM
A`g lgw ky qbwh kr id`qw[ aus smyN lwiebRyrI iv`c 13 hzwr qoN vI
v`D mhwn icMqkW dIAW ilKqW, purwqn h`Q KrVy , poQIAW Aqy
Dwrimk gRMQ mOjUd sn[ AYsI hI kwrvweI ieiqhws AMdr muhMmd
gOrI v`loN ibhwr (mgD dyS) dI nwlMdw XUnIvristI, jo ik bu`D Drm
dw kyNdr sI, kIqI geI sI[ aus ny ividAwly dw pusqkwlw A`g lgw
ky rwK kr id`qw sI[ iksy kOm dy swihq nUM nSt krnw aus kMOm nUM
qbwh krnw huMdw hY[ swihq kOm dw cwnx munwrw huMdw hY[ ieh Awaux
vwlIAW pIVHIAW leI aunHW dy puriKAW dy hunrW, smwijk FMgW, rsmirvwzW, rihxI-bihxI, Aqy kwrW ivhwrW nUM idRStImwn krdw hY[
ijs qrHW bMdw mr ky iPr ausy hwlq iv`c aus Skl iv`c ies DrqI
qy nhIN iv`cr skdw iesy qrHW swihq nUM swV ky dubwrw aus Skl iv`c
pyS nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ swihq ie`k jIvn hY, jIvn vI auh ijhVw
98

sdIAW Br ijauNdw hY jd ik mnu`KI jIvn v`D qoN v`D ie`k sdI dy eyV
gyV hI hY[ ^wlsw sYnw nUM pqw l`igAw ik hwjI ^wn Aqy muhMmd ^wn
A`gy v`fI igxqI iv`c brkzeIAW dy lSkr hiQAwrW nwl lYs jMg
leI morcw bMdI krI bYTy hn[ ieh SurU qoN hI ^wlsw rwj dw ivroD
kr rhy sn Aqy ies ielwky iv`c ihMdUAW Aqy is`KW ivru`D &qUr
mcwieAw hoieAw sI[ ^wlsy ny BwvyN pihlW vI iehnW nUM krwry h`Q
idKwey sn Aqy ieh jwnW bcw ky B`jy sn[ ies vwr srdwr nlUAw
ny ieh g`l Twx leI sI ik ielwky iv`c jo A`g iehnW ny lweI hoeI
hY aus nUM buJwey vgYr g`l rws nhIN AwauxI[ gurU dy isMG iehnW
pTwxW qy Bu`Ky SyrW vWg jw pey[ isMGW dI qlvwr iehnW aup`r hnyHrI
vWg c`lI, golIAW mINh vWg vrHIAW Aqy qopW dy goly giVAW vWg
if`gy[ BwvyN hwjI ^wn Aqy ies dy pTwx vI CwqIAW qwx ky lVy pr
isMGW dI cVHq Aqy dlyrI A`gy iehnW dy hoS au~f gey[ lVdy lVdy
hwjI ^wn Aqy muhMmd ^wn burI qrHW Pt`V ho gey[ isMGW dw vI BwvyN
kwPI nukswn hoieAw pr meI 1834 nUM ^wlsy dy inSwn pSOr dy iklHy
bwlw ihswr qy JUl gey[ auprMq ^wlsy ny ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVH
r`iKAw[ pTwxW ny hwr mMn leI Aqy bhuq swirAW nUM bMdI bxw ilAw[
XUs&zeIAW qoN iKrwj vsUl kIqw Aqy kYdIAW nUM lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[
ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny 7 meI 1834 nUM ipSwvr dy swry
pRWq nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml krn leI srdwr nlUAw nUM iK`lq dy
ky bKiSAw[ kwdrXwr ny ies jMg iv`c hrI isMG dI c`lI qyg Aqy
ipSwvr iv`c Dmk bwry kwiv toty iv`c ies qrHW iliKAw hY:
qy-qyg mYdwn my bhuq c`ly, nwl qyg dy rwj kmWvdw ey,
cVHql Syr dI cVHy mYdwn AMdr, iklHy mwr lYNdw &qih pWvdw ey[
audoN Bwj pYNdy v`fy KYbrW nUM , jdoN Dmk pySwvr nUM jWvdw ey[
kwdrXwr kMDwrIAw dosq muhMmd, frdw kwbloN aurW nw AWvdw ey[

A letter dated 12 May 1834 from Maharaja Ranjit Singh

to captain Wade Political agent Ludhiana states:
99

By the grace of God at present auspecious moment I

have been delighted by the arrival of happy news. The Barkzai
Sardars destitute of foresight had arrived at the the dawn of
the day with about 12000 horses and foot inhostility against
my troops. Kanwar Nau-Nihal Singh took spear in his hand
and prepared to oppose them with great presence of mind in
concert with Hari Singh Nalwa and Mr. Court with a discharge
of artillary and musketroy commenced . At length the Barkzais
repinning at their timidity sought safety in flight and dispersed on all sides. Peshawar fell in the hands of officers of
my Governmaent who extended their protection to the inhabitants of that place and their property. In the evening there
was illumination in the city which was hailed both by Hindus
and Muslims of the country as the harbinger of their deliverance from the hands of their tyrants. The victory of Peshawar
is one of the greatest of the Sikh Raj and it was mostly due to
generalship and boldness of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa. (NAI/
SPC 2: 12: 1834: 61)
Bwv 12 meI 1834 nUM ijhVw p`qr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN
kYptn vyf (eyjMt luiDAwxw) nUM iliKAw igAw aus dy Sbd sn:
r`bI ikRpw sdkw ies suBwgSwlI Aqy kilAwxkwrI smyN mYN KuSI
BrI ^br sux ky bhuq AnMdq hW[ bwrkzeI srdwrW dI dirMdgI qy
hIxqw kwrn svyr smyN 12 hzwr GoV svwr Aqy ipAwidAW ny swfy
sYinkW nwl mwVw slUk kIqw[ kMvr nO inhwl ny nyjw pkV ky hrI isMG
nlUAw nwl imstr kort dy qopKwny Aqy hor Asly dI vrqoN kr ky hoS
hvws nwl jdoN hmlw kIqw qW buzidl Aqy frpok bwrkzeI Awpxy
bcw leI ij`Dr rsqw imilAw dOV gey[ myry A&srW ny pSOr nUM kwbU
kr ky au~Qy dy lokW dIAW izMdgIAW Aqy dOlq nUM bcwieAw[ Swm dy
100

smyN Sihr AMdr dIp mwlw kIqI geI[ ihMdU Aqy muslmwnW ny ies
kwrvweI nUM slwihAw ikauNik auh iehnW dy zulmW qoN bc gey[ pSOr
dI ij`q is`K rwj dI sB qoN mhwn ij`q hY Aqy ies dw swrw ishrw
jrnYl hrI isMG nlUAw nUM jWdw hY[ (AY~n ey AweI/AY~s pI sI 2:
12:1834-61)
ipSwvr dI ij`q auprMq Agly swl bsMq ru`qy mhwrwjw swihb
ie`Qy pDwry Aqy swrw rwj pRbMD dyK ky srdwr nlUAw dI BwrI SlwGw
kIqI[ aunHW ie`k v`fw drbwr kIqw ijs iv`c ielwky dy reIsW, ^wnW
Awid ny KuSI KuSI nzrwnw srkwr nUM id`qw[ ies bdly Syir-ey-pMjwb
ny iehnW nUM jwgIrW b^SIAW ijhVIAW bwjy Grwxy dy bMidAW pws
hoqI mrdwn jI dy smyN q`k vI hwsl sn[
kuJ smW bIqx ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM ^br imlI ik AmIr
dosq muhMmd Kwn bwrkzeI kwbl iv`c hY[ ieh ipSwvr hiQAwaux
leI &yr BwrI jMgI iqAwrIAW kr irhw hY[ ieh jhwd dw nW dy ky drw
KYbr kol phuMc igAw[ BwvyN ieh pihlW vI do vwr hzwry Aqy
nuSihry dIAW lVwieAW AMdr hwr Kw ky dOV igAw sI pr Ajy vI
hMkwr mn 'coN nhIN sI igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG twkry leI qihkwl
bwlw dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc gey Aqy ipSwvr vwly swry rsqy bMd kr
id`qy[
11 meI 1835 nUM nmwz pVH ky muhMmd Kwn ny isMGW qy v`fw
hmlw kIqw[ ies vwr ieh isMGW dy dMd K`ty krn dy joS iv`c sI[
&OjI lSkr Aqy Aslw vI ies pws bhuq sI[ bVw iBAwnk Xu`D iCV
igAw[ dohW pwisAW dy sUrmy jwn qoV ky lV rhy sn[ pr hrI isMG
ny jMg dI AYsI ivauNq bxweI ik muhMmd Kwn Aqy aus dI &Oj nUM pUrI
qrHW Gyrw pw ilAw[ swrw idn jMg huMdI rhI[ idn smyN isMGW dI mwr
peI dyK rwq smyN hnHyry iv`c ieh kwbl v`l dOV igAw[ &Oj dw v`fw
nukswn krw ky AYsw dOiVAw muV ipSwvr v`l mUMh nhIN kIqw[
101

By the grace of God at present auspecious moment I

have been delighted by the arrival of happy news. The Barkzai
Sardars destitute of foresight had arrived at the the dawn of
the day with about 12000 horses and foot inhostility against
my troops. Kanwar Nau-Nihal Singh took spear in his hand
and prepared to oppose them with great presence of mind in
concert with Hari Singh Nalwa and Mr. Court with a discharge
of artillary and musketroy commenced . At length the Barkzais
repinning at their timidity sought safety in flight and dispersed on all sides. Peshawar fell in the hands of officers of
my Governmaent who extended their protection to the inhabitants of that place and their property. In the evening there
was illumination in the city which was hailed both by Hindus
and Muslims of the country as the harbinger of their deliverance from the hands of their tyrants. The victory of Peshawar
is one of the greatest of the Sikh Raj and it was mostly due to
generalship and boldness of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa. (NAI/
SPC 2: 12: 1834: 61)
Bwv 12 meI 1834 nUM ijhVw p`qr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN
kYptn vyf (eyjMt luiDAwxw) nUM iliKAw igAw aus dy Sbd sn:
r`bI ikRpw sdkw ies suBwgSwlI Aqy kilAwxkwrI smyN mYN KuSI
BrI ^br sux ky bhuq AnMdq hW[ bwrkzeI srdwrW dI dirMdgI qy
hIxqw kwrn svyr smyN 12 hzwr GoV svwr Aqy ipAwidAW ny swfy
sYinkW nwl mwVw slUk kIqw[ kMvr nO inhwl ny nyjw pkV ky hrI isMG
nlUAw nwl imstr kort dy qopKwny Aqy hor Asly dI vrqoN kr ky hoS
hvws nwl jdoN hmlw kIqw qW buzidl Aqy frpok bwrkzeI Awpxy
bcw leI ij`Dr rsqw imilAw dOV gey[ myry A&srW ny pSOr nUM kwbU
kr ky au~Qy dy lokW dIAW izMdgIAW Aqy dOlq nUM bcwieAw[ Swm dy
100

smyN Sihr AMdr dIp mwlw kIqI geI[ ihMdU Aqy muslmwnW ny ies
kwrvweI nUM slwihAw ikauNik auh iehnW dy zulmW qoN bc gey[ pSOr
dI ij`q is`K rwj dI sB qoN mhwn ij`q hY Aqy ies dw swrw ishrw
jrnYl hrI isMG nlUAw nUM jWdw hY[ (AY~n ey AweI/AY~s pI sI 2:
12:1834-61)
ipSwvr dI ij`q auprMq Agly swl bsMq ru`qy mhwrwjw swihb
ie`Qy pDwry Aqy swrw rwj pRbMD dyK ky srdwr nlUAw dI BwrI SlwGw
kIqI[ aunHW ie`k v`fw drbwr kIqw ijs iv`c ielwky dy reIsW, ^wnW
Awid ny KuSI KuSI nzrwnw srkwr nUM id`qw[ ies bdly Syir-ey-pMjwb
ny iehnW nUM jwgIrW b^SIAW ijhVIAW bwjy Grwxy dy bMidAW pws
hoqI mrdwn jI dy smyN q`k vI hwsl sn[
kuJ smW bIqx ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM ^br imlI ik AmIr
dosq muhMmd Kwn bwrkzeI kwbl iv`c hY[ ieh ipSwvr hiQAwaux
leI &yr BwrI jMgI iqAwrIAW kr irhw hY[ ieh jhwd dw nW dy ky drw
KYbr kol phuMc igAw[ BwvyN ieh pihlW vI do vwr hzwry Aqy
nuSihry dIAW lVwieAW AMdr hwr Kw ky dOV igAw sI pr Ajy vI
hMkwr mn 'coN nhIN sI igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG twkry leI qihkwl
bwlw dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc gey Aqy ipSwvr vwly swry rsqy bMd kr
id`qy[
11 meI 1835 nUM nmwz pVH ky muhMmd Kwn ny isMGW qy v`fw
hmlw kIqw[ ies vwr ieh isMGW dy dMd K`ty krn dy joS iv`c sI[
&OjI lSkr Aqy Aslw vI ies pws bhuq sI[ bVw iBAwnk Xu`D iCV
igAw[ dohW pwisAW dy sUrmy jwn qoV ky lV rhy sn[ pr hrI isMG
ny jMg dI AYsI ivauNq bxweI ik muhMmd Kwn Aqy aus dI &Oj nUM pUrI
qrHW Gyrw pw ilAw[ swrw idn jMg huMdI rhI[ idn smyN isMGW dI mwr
peI dyK rwq smyN hnHyry iv`c ieh kwbl v`l dOV igAw[ &Oj dw v`fw
nukswn krw ky AYsw dOiVAw muV ipSwvr v`l mUMh nhIN kIqw[
101

rwj pRbMD
ipSwvr dw ielwkw AiqAMq gVbVI vwlw hox krky ie`Qy dw
pRbMD clwaux koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ mhwrwjy ny srdwr nlUAw nUM
ieQy bhuq swvDwnI nwl c`lx leI AwiKAw[ kudrqI dyx kr ky hrI
isMG bhuq hI suXog, dUrdrSI, KulH iKAwlI Aqy audwric`q pRbMDk
sI[ ij`Qy ieh nrm idl Aqy duKIAW dw drd vMd sI, auQy p`Qr idl,
duSmx dy nkyl pwaux vwlw vI sI[ ies sMbMDI kwdrXwr dy bol ieM\
hn:
Al& Aw ipSwvr dy iv`c Xwro, hrI isMG hux rwj kmwaux l`gw[
gzb nwk A&gwn p`ky, iv`coN sUeI dy n`ky lMGwaux l`gw[
nwl nok-sMgIn mhIn kr ky, dyKo AwpxI eIn mnwaux l`gw[
kwdrXwr dlyrI dy kMm kr ky, nwm Awpxw roSn krwaux l`gw[

swry ielwky dw dOrw kr ky pihlW lokW dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvW

bwry srdwr nlUAw ny jwixAw[ ipSwvr dw ksbw do ih`isAW iv`c
vMifAw hoieAw sI[ ie`k ih`sw kwbl dirAw dy s`jy pwsy A&rIdI Aqy
Ktk phwVIAW nUM jw imldw sI Aqy dUjw Atk q`k jWdw sI[ ieh
iqkonI Skl iv`c dirAw dy dUjy bMny bwVw Aqy ^Ybr dIAW phwVIAW
nUM jw lgdw sI[ ieh swrw ielwkw pwxI dI hoNd kr ky Aqy cMgI zmIn
kr ky bhuq aupjwaU sI[ ipSwvr dy d`Kx iv`c is`KW dI kuJ vsoN sI
ijs dw bUtw sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny lwieAw sI[

mwSy) dy brwbr huMdw sI[ ihMdUAW (kw&rW) aup`r ieh bhuq v`fw Bwr
hI nhIN sI sgoN ies dy auqwrn smyN ie`zq vI rolI jWdI sI[ bwdSwh
dy hukm Anuswr hr ihMdU bwlg nUM Awp hwzr ho ky ieh tYks dyxw
pYNdw sI[ ieM\ juAwn muMifAW nUM dyK ky aunHW qoN ieh mugl GrW iv`c
bygwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy suMdr DIAW, BYxW, nUhW nUM D`ky nwl iljw ky
Awpxy GrW dw kMm krWauNdy sn Aqy aunHW dI iezq lu`tdy sn[ ijhVw
ieh jzIAw nhIN sI auqwrdw aus nUM sKq sjw id~qI jWdI sI[
srdwr nlvw ny sB qoN pihlW AwpxI gvrnrI smyN ihMdU BrwvW dw
jzIAw ^qm kIqw[ ^jwny iv`c ies Gwty dI pUrqI leI muglW dy
hryk Gr qy 4 rupey pRqI Gr 'iKrwj' auhnW aup`r lgw id`qw[ swrI
pYdwvwr dw pMjvW ih`sw mwmly vjoN srkwr nUM jWdw sI[ hoqI mrdwn,
pRym isMG jI dI ilKq muqwbk 1221630 rupey swlwnw srkwr nUM hyT
ilKy pMj prgixAw qoN pRwpq huMdw sI[
1.

prgxw muhMmd mlk AmIn aulw Kwn

2.

ielwkw KlIl Arbwb muhMmd Kwn

3.

prgxw dwauzeI-suMdr dws gopwl dw, ipSOrIAw

4.

prgxw ^wlsw-pbI, Akrpurw sweIN id`qw m`l, ipSOrIAw

5.

prgxw hSq ngr-srdwr sYd muhm

M d ^wn Aqy sulqwn muhm
M d
^wn bwrkzeI[ (ieh iehnW nUM guzwry leI jwgIr vjoN sI)

muglW dI GxI v`soN kr ky ivcwry ihMdU qW gulwmI vwlw jIvn

bqIq kr rhy sn[ AorMgzyb bwdSwh (pUrw nwm- AbzPr muhIEudIn
muhMmd AorMgzyb sI Aqy AwlmgIr ies dw iKqwb sI) ny 1658 iv`c
ihMdUAW qy 'jjIAw' lgw id`qw sI[ ies tYks leI hr ihMdU bwlk
(18 swl dI aumr qoN v`fy) nUM ie`k 'dInwr' hr swl dyxw pYNdw sI[
ieh dInwr sony dy is`ky nUM kihMdy sn, ijs dw qol 32 r`qIAW (cwr

hrI isMG ny pihly hwkmW nwloN mwmly dy ryt kwPI Gtw id`qy
sn[ fwktr cOpVw ny AwpxI ilKq (The Punjab as a Soverign
State dy pMnw 130) iv`c iliKAw hY ik mwmlw Gtwaux dy nwl
ijmIdwrW nUM hor vI bhuq shUlqW id`qIAW[ srdwr swihb ny bwV
Aqy kwbl dirAw iv`coN keI nihrW isMjweI leI kFweIAW[ munSI
Swhwmq AlI (The Sikhs and Afgan dy s&w 201 qy ilKdw hY ik
jd AsIN 13 mwrc nUM cmknI (ipSwvr) phuMcy qW keI nihrW dyKIAW

102

103

rwj pRbMD
ipSwvr dw ielwkw AiqAMq gVbVI vwlw hox krky ie`Qy dw
pRbMD clwaux koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ mhwrwjy ny srdwr nlUAw nUM
ieQy bhuq swvDwnI nwl c`lx leI AwiKAw[ kudrqI dyx kr ky hrI
isMG bhuq hI suXog, dUrdrSI, KulH iKAwlI Aqy audwric`q pRbMDk
sI[ ij`Qy ieh nrm idl Aqy duKIAW dw drd vMd sI, auQy p`Qr idl,
duSmx dy nkyl pwaux vwlw vI sI[ ies sMbMDI kwdrXwr dy bol ieM\
hn:
Al& Aw ipSwvr dy iv`c Xwro, hrI isMG hux rwj kmwaux l`gw[
gzb nwk A&gwn p`ky, iv`coN sUeI dy n`ky lMGwaux l`gw[
nwl nok-sMgIn mhIn kr ky, dyKo AwpxI eIn mnwaux l`gw[
kwdrXwr dlyrI dy kMm kr ky, nwm Awpxw roSn krwaux l`gw[

swry ielwky dw dOrw kr ky pihlW lokW dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvW

bwry srdwr nlUAw ny jwixAw[ ipSwvr dw ksbw do ih`isAW iv`c
vMifAw hoieAw sI[ ie`k ih`sw kwbl dirAw dy s`jy pwsy A&rIdI Aqy
Ktk phwVIAW nUM jw imldw sI Aqy dUjw Atk q`k jWdw sI[ ieh
iqkonI Skl iv`c dirAw dy dUjy bMny bwVw Aqy ^Ybr dIAW phwVIAW
nUM jw lgdw sI[ ieh swrw ielwkw pwxI dI hoNd kr ky Aqy cMgI zmIn
kr ky bhuq aupjwaU sI[ ipSwvr dy d`Kx iv`c is`KW dI kuJ vsoN sI
ijs dw bUtw sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny lwieAw sI[

mwSy) dy brwbr huMdw sI[ ihMdUAW (kw&rW) aup`r ieh bhuq v`fw Bwr
hI nhIN sI sgoN ies dy auqwrn smyN ie`zq vI rolI jWdI sI[ bwdSwh
dy hukm Anuswr hr ihMdU bwlg nUM Awp hwzr ho ky ieh tYks dyxw
pYNdw sI[ ieM\ juAwn muMifAW nUM dyK ky aunHW qoN ieh mugl GrW iv`c
bygwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy suMdr DIAW, BYxW, nUhW nUM D`ky nwl iljw ky
Awpxy GrW dw kMm krWauNdy sn Aqy aunHW dI iezq lu`tdy sn[ ijhVw
ieh jzIAw nhIN sI auqwrdw aus nUM sKq sjw id~qI jWdI sI[
srdwr nlvw ny sB qoN pihlW AwpxI gvrnrI smyN ihMdU BrwvW dw
jzIAw ^qm kIqw[ ^jwny iv`c ies Gwty dI pUrqI leI muglW dy
hryk Gr qy 4 rupey pRqI Gr 'iKrwj' auhnW aup`r lgw id`qw[ swrI
pYdwvwr dw pMjvW ih`sw mwmly vjoN srkwr nUM jWdw sI[ hoqI mrdwn,
pRym isMG jI dI ilKq muqwbk 1221630 rupey swlwnw srkwr nUM hyT
ilKy pMj prgixAw qoN pRwpq huMdw sI[
1.

prgxw muhMmd mlk AmIn aulw Kwn

2.

ielwkw KlIl Arbwb muhMmd Kwn

3.

prgxw dwauzeI-suMdr dws gopwl dw, ipSOrIAw

4.

prgxw ^wlsw-pbI, Akrpurw sweIN id`qw m`l, ipSOrIAw

5.

prgxw hSq ngr-srdwr sYd muhm

M d ^wn Aqy sulqwn muhm
M d
^wn bwrkzeI[ (ieh iehnW nUM guzwry leI jwgIr vjoN sI)

muglW dI GxI v`soN kr ky ivcwry ihMdU qW gulwmI vwlw jIvn

bqIq kr rhy sn[ AorMgzyb bwdSwh (pUrw nwm- AbzPr muhIEudIn
muhMmd AorMgzyb sI Aqy AwlmgIr ies dw iKqwb sI) ny 1658 iv`c
ihMdUAW qy 'jjIAw' lgw id`qw sI[ ies tYks leI hr ihMdU bwlk
(18 swl dI aumr qoN v`fy) nUM ie`k 'dInwr' hr swl dyxw pYNdw sI[
ieh dInwr sony dy is`ky nUM kihMdy sn, ijs dw qol 32 r`qIAW (cwr

hrI isMG ny pihly hwkmW nwloN mwmly dy ryt kwPI Gtw id`qy
sn[ fwktr cOpVw ny AwpxI ilKq (The Punjab as a Soverign
State dy pMnw 130) iv`c iliKAw hY ik mwmlw Gtwaux dy nwl
ijmIdwrW nUM hor vI bhuq shUlqW id`qIAW[ srdwr swihb ny bwV
Aqy kwbl dirAw iv`coN keI nihrW isMjweI leI kFweIAW[ munSI
Swhwmq AlI (The Sikhs and Afgan dy s&w 201 qy ilKdw hY ik
jd AsIN 13 mwrc nUM cmknI (ipSwvr) phuMcy qW keI nihrW dyKIAW

102

103

ijhVIAW bwV Awid dirAwvW iv`coN k`FIAW geIAW sn[ Syir-eypMjwb ny KuS ho ky srdwr nlUAw nUM bhuq mwx id`qw Aqy ipSwvr iv`c
vI Awpxy nwm dw is`kw(zrb) clwaux leI AwiKAw[ srdwr ny
ijhVw is`kw clwieAw aus dy ie`k rupey dw Bwr 135 gRyn (swFy 8
mwSy) sI[ hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik sMn 1937 iv`c vI lwhOr dy
Ajwieb Gr iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dw ipSOrI tkswl dw is`kw mOjUd
sI[
hrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN ipSwvr iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
dy v`fy pu`qr nO inhwl isMG dy nwm qy vI is`kw c`ilAw ijs nUM nO inhwl
isMGI is`kw kihMdy sn[ ieh cWdI dw is`kw sI[ ies is`ky dy dohIN
pwsIN ibkRmI 1891 aukirAw hoieAw sI[ ieh is`kw 18 ipSwvrI
Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr 124-130 gRynz sI[ pr hrI
isMG vwlw is`kw 15 ipSwvrI Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr
170 gRynz sI (16 gRynz dw Bwr ie`k mwSy dy brwbr huMdw hY)[
ipSwvr iv`c nwnk SwhI is`kw vI c`ldw sI jo 24 ipSwvrI Awny dy
brwbr sI Aqy Bwr iv`c 170-172 gRynz sI[ ipSwvrI culnI jW
rupeIAw 16 Awny dw sI[ nwnk SwhI dy 100 rupey dw mu`l kwbl dy
113, pySwvr dy 122, nO inhwl dy 133 Aqy hrI isMG dy 160 rupey
dy brwbr sI[ bVI hI Ascrz g`l ieh sI ik hrI isMG dI mOq dy
sO swl ip`CoN vI 15 pRqISq mwmlw hrI isMG dy rupey nwl c`l irhw
sI (vnIq nlUAw)

&OjI pRbMD
bwhrI hmilAW qoN bcwA leI Aqy hmlwAwvrW dw twkrw
krn leI keI ikilHAW dI auswrI krvweI[ iehnW iv`coN jmrOd
(&iqhgVH) dw iklHw ie`k sI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny 17 AkqUbr
1836 vwly idn v`fw &OjI iek`T kr ky Ardws krw ky jmrOd dy iklHy
dI nINh Awpxy h`Q nwl r`KI Aqy qkrIbn do mhIinAW iv`c ies dI
iqAwrI mukMml krw id`qI[ ij`Qy ieh iklHw bxvwieAw au~Qy pihlW
Qyh qy ie`k k`cI gVHI bxI hoeI sI[ Aqy ies nUM jmrOd dI gVHI kihMdy
sI Aqy ipMf lwgy v`fI mwqrw iv`c pwxI mOjUd sI[ pSqo iv`c pwxI
dy iek`T nUM rOd kihMdy hn[ ieM\ jMm+rOd qoN ies jgHw dw nW jmrOd
pY igAw sI[ ieh pwxI drw ^Ybr qoN AwauNdw sI[ dUr idRStI qoN kMm
lY ik srdwr ny pwxI dy pRbD
M leI iklHy AMdr ie`k KUh vI KudvwieAw[
ies qoN ielwvw ipSwvr Aqy jmrOd dy ivckwr ie`k Cotw burj hrI
isMG vI bxvwieAw[ hoqI mrdwn jI AwpxI pusqk jo auhnW 1937
iv`c ilKI iv`c ilKdy hn ik ieh iklHw Ajy vI mOjUd hY Aqy ies
iv`c pulIs dw Qwxw hY[ iehnW ikilHAW iv`c &OzI qopKwnw Aqy
loVINdw jMgI j^Irw rKvwieAw[ ienHW ikilHAW qy ^wlsy dy inSwn
swihb JULdy sn[ iehnW inSwnW nUM q`k mugl BwvyN kcIcIAW v`tdy
sn pr ^wlsy nwl m`Qw lwaux qoN aunHW dy idl dihldy sn[

AwvwjweI dy swDnW leI sVkW dw vI inrmwx krwieAw[

nySnl AwrcIvz Aw& ieMfIAw (nvIN id`lI) dI &OirMn pulItIkl
knsltySn 1836 dy pMnw 32 qy iliKAw hY ik is`K rwj ny ipSwvr
dI mMdhwlI nUM dUr kr id`qw, cwry pwsy hirAwlI ho geI, KuShwlI Cw
geI Aqy prjw suBwgSwlI ho geI[ ies dw v`fw kwrn ieh sI ik
Amn Amwn kr ky bhuq swry ihMdU vpwrI Aqy SwhUkwr ie`Qy Aw vsy
ijs kwrn vpwr bhuq vDx l`igAw[

rwj AMdr SWqI dI bhwlI leI AYsy kwnUMn bxwey gey ik koeI
iksy nwl D`kw-SwhI nw kry, julm nw Fwh sky, dgw-&ryb nw kry Aqy
lu`t-Ksu`t qoN bcwA rhy[ iehnW kwnUMnW AMdr drz hI nhIN kIqw
sgoN iehnW nUM lwgU kIqw[ aus vyly hukm sI ik ijhVw iksy nwl vYrivroD krygw ibn pu`C aus nUM ijauNdy hI A`g iv`c swV id`qw jwvygw[
ies kwrn BwvyN koeI kwnUMn dI Av`igAw G`t hI krdw sI pr ijhVw
mwVI motI glqI kwrn pkiVAw jWdw sI auh dovyN h`Q joV ky Aqy
DrqI qy n`k nwl lkIrW k`F ky hoey zurm qoN srdwrW koloN Cu`tx leI
muAw&I mMgdw sI[ ie`QoN q`k vI q`Q mOjUd hn ik glqI qoN bKSx

104

105

ijhVIAW bwV Awid dirAwvW iv`coN k`FIAW geIAW sn[ Syir-eypMjwb ny KuS ho ky srdwr nlUAw nUM bhuq mwx id`qw Aqy ipSwvr iv`c
vI Awpxy nwm dw is`kw(zrb) clwaux leI AwiKAw[ srdwr ny
ijhVw is`kw clwieAw aus dy ie`k rupey dw Bwr 135 gRyn (swFy 8
mwSy) sI[ hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik sMn 1937 iv`c vI lwhOr dy
Ajwieb Gr iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dw ipSOrI tkswl dw is`kw mOjUd
sI[
hrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN ipSwvr iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
dy v`fy pu`qr nO inhwl isMG dy nwm qy vI is`kw c`ilAw ijs nUM nO inhwl
isMGI is`kw kihMdy sn[ ieh cWdI dw is`kw sI[ ies is`ky dy dohIN
pwsIN ibkRmI 1891 aukirAw hoieAw sI[ ieh is`kw 18 ipSwvrI
Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr 124-130 gRynz sI[ pr hrI
isMG vwlw is`kw 15 ipSwvrI Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr
170 gRynz sI (16 gRynz dw Bwr ie`k mwSy dy brwbr huMdw hY)[
ipSwvr iv`c nwnk SwhI is`kw vI c`ldw sI jo 24 ipSwvrI Awny dy
brwbr sI Aqy Bwr iv`c 170-172 gRynz sI[ ipSwvrI culnI jW
rupeIAw 16 Awny dw sI[ nwnk SwhI dy 100 rupey dw mu`l kwbl dy
113, pySwvr dy 122, nO inhwl dy 133 Aqy hrI isMG dy 160 rupey
dy brwbr sI[ bVI hI Ascrz g`l ieh sI ik hrI isMG dI mOq dy
sO swl ip`CoN vI 15 pRqISq mwmlw hrI isMG dy rupey nwl c`l irhw
sI (vnIq nlUAw)

&OjI pRbMD
bwhrI hmilAW qoN bcwA leI Aqy hmlwAwvrW dw twkrw
krn leI keI ikilHAW dI auswrI krvweI[ iehnW iv`coN jmrOd
(&iqhgVH) dw iklHw ie`k sI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny 17 AkqUbr
1836 vwly idn v`fw &OjI iek`T kr ky Ardws krw ky jmrOd dy iklHy
dI nINh Awpxy h`Q nwl r`KI Aqy qkrIbn do mhIinAW iv`c ies dI
iqAwrI mukMml krw id`qI[ ij`Qy ieh iklHw bxvwieAw au~Qy pihlW
Qyh qy ie`k k`cI gVHI bxI hoeI sI[ Aqy ies nUM jmrOd dI gVHI kihMdy
sI Aqy ipMf lwgy v`fI mwqrw iv`c pwxI mOjUd sI[ pSqo iv`c pwxI
dy iek`T nUM rOd kihMdy hn[ ieM\ jMm+rOd qoN ies jgHw dw nW jmrOd
pY igAw sI[ ieh pwxI drw ^Ybr qoN AwauNdw sI[ dUr idRStI qoN kMm
lY ik srdwr ny pwxI dy pRbD
M leI iklHy AMdr ie`k KUh vI KudvwieAw[
ies qoN ielwvw ipSwvr Aqy jmrOd dy ivckwr ie`k Cotw burj hrI
isMG vI bxvwieAw[ hoqI mrdwn jI AwpxI pusqk jo auhnW 1937
iv`c ilKI iv`c ilKdy hn ik ieh iklHw Ajy vI mOjUd hY Aqy ies
iv`c pulIs dw Qwxw hY[ iehnW ikilHAW iv`c &OzI qopKwnw Aqy
loVINdw jMgI j^Irw rKvwieAw[ ienHW ikilHAW qy ^wlsy dy inSwn
swihb JULdy sn[ iehnW inSwnW nUM q`k mugl BwvyN kcIcIAW v`tdy
sn pr ^wlsy nwl m`Qw lwaux qoN aunHW dy idl dihldy sn[

AwvwjweI dy swDnW leI sVkW dw vI inrmwx krwieAw[

nySnl AwrcIvz Aw& ieMfIAw (nvIN id`lI) dI &OirMn pulItIkl
knsltySn 1836 dy pMnw 32 qy iliKAw hY ik is`K rwj ny ipSwvr
dI mMdhwlI nUM dUr kr id`qw, cwry pwsy hirAwlI ho geI, KuShwlI Cw
geI Aqy prjw suBwgSwlI ho geI[ ies dw v`fw kwrn ieh sI ik
Amn Amwn kr ky bhuq swry ihMdU vpwrI Aqy SwhUkwr ie`Qy Aw vsy
ijs kwrn vpwr bhuq vDx l`igAw[

rwj AMdr SWqI dI bhwlI leI AYsy kwnUMn bxwey gey ik koeI
iksy nwl D`kw-SwhI nw kry, julm nw Fwh sky, dgw-&ryb nw kry Aqy
lu`t-Ksu`t qoN bcwA rhy[ iehnW kwnUMnW AMdr drz hI nhIN kIqw
sgoN iehnW nUM lwgU kIqw[ aus vyly hukm sI ik ijhVw iksy nwl vYrivroD krygw ibn pu`C aus nUM ijauNdy hI A`g iv`c swV id`qw jwvygw[
ies kwrn BwvyN koeI kwnUMn dI Av`igAw G`t hI krdw sI pr ijhVw
mwVI motI glqI kwrn pkiVAw jWdw sI auh dovyN h`Q joV ky Aqy
DrqI qy n`k nwl lkIrW k`F ky hoey zurm qoN srdwrW koloN Cu`tx leI
muAw&I mMgdw sI[ ie`QoN q`k vI q`Q mOjUd hn ik glqI qoN bKSx

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105

leI kurwn dI sONh mugl KWdy sI[ sIqw rwm ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw
iv`c kwnUMn bwry ieM\ iliKAw hY:
swry hI ielwky iv`c k`iFAw kwnUn
M ie`k,kry jo lVweI PUk idMdy nhIN J`k dy[
A`g pwsoN fr pTwx jwx bIs kos, h`Q joV k`Fdy lkIrW nwl n`k dy[
lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI A`lw pwk dI hY,Kwx v`fy sugD
M qy kurwn pey c`k dy[
sIqw rwm m`c geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI, mwr mwr mugl aufwey vWg P`k dy[

is`K rwj AMdr cMgy pRbMDW bwry jwnx leI brqwnIAW dI

AMgryzI srkwr ny lwrf mYkwly nUM ByijAw sI ijs ny 1835 iv`c swry
pMjwb dw dOrw kIqw[ aus ny swry rwj nUM dyKx auprMq ieMglYNf phuMc
ky pwrlImYNt iv`c ieh BwSx id`qw sI[
I have travelled across the length and bredth of Punjab
(India) and have not seen one person who is a thief, such high
moral values, people of such calibre that I do not think we
would even conquer this country, unless break the very back
bone of this nation, which is her spirtitual and cultural heritage?
'Bwv mYN Bwrq dy pMjwb iv`c dUr-drwfy q`k iPr qur ky dyiKAw
hY, mYN au~Qy koeI mMgqw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nw hI koeI cor dyiKAw hY[lokW
dw bhuq hI au~cw-su`cw ikrdwr, ieKlwk Aqy hYsIAq idKw rhI hY
ik aus dyS nUM ij`qxw auqnw icr muSkl l`g irhw hY ijqnw icr q`k
aus kOm dI ip`T qy Drm (gurU) dw b`iJAw ivSvwS nhIN qoV idMdy[
ieh auhnW dw Awqmk qy rUhwnI joS Aqy s`iBAwcwr vwlw ivrsw
drsw irhw hY[

hY[ iehnW ny mMinAW ik hrI isMG ny iBAMkr Aqy zwlm pTwxW nUM kwbU
krI r`iKAw[ BwvyN AMgryzW nUM ipSwvr dy AwLy-duAwly hrI isMG v`loN
auswry bhuq iklHy iml gey sn pr pKqUnW ny AMgryzW dy pYr nhIN
l`gx id`qy[
ieiqhwsk q`QW nUM GoK ky dyKIey qW is`KW ny muglW vWg nw qW
iksy qy zulm hI Fwhy Aqy nw hI k`tV pMQkqw idKweI[ pr iehnW
A&gwnW dy idlW AMdr is`KW dw BwrI fr vD igAw sI[ Kws kr hrI
isMG dy nW qoN qW ieh Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ ieh vI ieiqhwsk scweI
hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dw hor koeI srdwr ipSwvr
v`l nUM mUMh nhIN sI krnw cwhuMdw[ gurU ikRpw sdkw Aqy r`bI bl kwrn
kyvl hrI isMG hI ipSwvr iv`c Syr vWg buu`ikAw Aqy AMqly dm q`k
ie`Qy dw kmWfr ien-cI& irhw[ ies dUly ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdr
Aqy dYNq khwaux vwly muglW dy mUMh AYsy BMny ik dunIAW dI koeI v`fI
qoN v`fI qwkq Ajy q`k Ajyhw nhIN kr skI[
hrI isMG dI sUrbIrqw bwry ie`k kvI dy ivcwr ieM\ hn:
nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[
pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr d`ry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[
sYNkVy swlW gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

pTwxW dy ieiqhwskwr sr aurP ikrpYtirk kYroey Aqy

brqwnIAW dy gvrnr ijhVy Bwrq dI AwzwdI jo 1947 iv`c imlI
qoN pihlW ipSwvr ivKy swrI hwlq qy ingwh r`K rhy sI, iehnW dohW
ny ipSwvr iv`c srdwr nlUAw v`loN kIqy kMmW dI BwrI SwlwGw kIqI
106

107

leI kurwn dI sONh mugl KWdy sI[ sIqw rwm ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw
iv`c kwnUMn bwry ieM\ iliKAw hY:
swry hI ielwky iv`c k`iFAw kwnUn
M ie`k,kry jo lVweI PUk idMdy nhIN J`k dy[
A`g pwsoN fr pTwx jwx bIs kos, h`Q joV k`Fdy lkIrW nwl n`k dy[
lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI A`lw pwk dI hY,Kwx v`fy sugD
M qy kurwn pey c`k dy[
sIqw rwm m`c geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI, mwr mwr mugl aufwey vWg P`k dy[

is`K rwj AMdr cMgy pRbMDW bwry jwnx leI brqwnIAW dI

AMgryzI srkwr ny lwrf mYkwly nUM ByijAw sI ijs ny 1835 iv`c swry
pMjwb dw dOrw kIqw[ aus ny swry rwj nUM dyKx auprMq ieMglYNf phuMc
ky pwrlImYNt iv`c ieh BwSx id`qw sI[
I have travelled across the length and bredth of Punjab
(India) and have not seen one person who is a thief, such high
moral values, people of such calibre that I do not think we
would even conquer this country, unless break the very back
bone of this nation, which is her spirtitual and cultural heritage?
'Bwv mYN Bwrq dy pMjwb iv`c dUr-drwfy q`k iPr qur ky dyiKAw
hY, mYN au~Qy koeI mMgqw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nw hI koeI cor dyiKAw hY[lokW
dw bhuq hI au~cw-su`cw ikrdwr, ieKlwk Aqy hYsIAq idKw rhI hY
ik aus dyS nUM ij`qxw auqnw icr muSkl l`g irhw hY ijqnw icr q`k
aus kOm dI ip`T qy Drm (gurU) dw b`iJAw ivSvwS nhIN qoV idMdy[
ieh auhnW dw Awqmk qy rUhwnI joS Aqy s`iBAwcwr vwlw ivrsw
drsw irhw hY[

hY[ iehnW ny mMinAW ik hrI isMG ny iBAMkr Aqy zwlm pTwxW nUM kwbU
krI r`iKAw[ BwvyN AMgryzW nUM ipSwvr dy AwLy-duAwly hrI isMG v`loN
auswry bhuq iklHy iml gey sn pr pKqUnW ny AMgryzW dy pYr nhIN
l`gx id`qy[
ieiqhwsk q`QW nUM GoK ky dyKIey qW is`KW ny muglW vWg nw qW
iksy qy zulm hI Fwhy Aqy nw hI k`tV pMQkqw idKweI[ pr iehnW
A&gwnW dy idlW AMdr is`KW dw BwrI fr vD igAw sI[ Kws kr hrI
isMG dy nW qoN qW ieh Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ ieh vI ieiqhwsk scweI
hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dw hor koeI srdwr ipSwvr
v`l nUM mUMh nhIN sI krnw cwhuMdw[ gurU ikRpw sdkw Aqy r`bI bl kwrn
kyvl hrI isMG hI ipSwvr iv`c Syr vWg buu`ikAw Aqy AMqly dm q`k
ie`Qy dw kmWfr ien-cI& irhw[ ies dUly ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdr
Aqy dYNq khwaux vwly muglW dy mUMh AYsy BMny ik dunIAW dI koeI v`fI
qoN v`fI qwkq Ajy q`k Ajyhw nhIN kr skI[
hrI isMG dI sUrbIrqw bwry ie`k kvI dy ivcwr ieM\ hn:
nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[
pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr d`ry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[
sYNkVy swlW gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

pTwxW dy ieiqhwskwr sr aurP ikrpYtirk kYroey Aqy

brqwnIAW dy gvrnr ijhVy Bwrq dI AwzwdI jo 1947 iv`c imlI
qoN pihlW ipSwvr ivKy swrI hwlq qy ingwh r`K rhy sI, iehnW dohW
ny ipSwvr iv`c srdwr nlUAw v`loN kIqy kMmW dI BwrI SwlwGw kIqI
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6
jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq
AxKI , ihMmqI, dlyr Aqy inrBY XoDw muglW nUM llkwrdw Aqy
vMgwrdw au~cw mnbol kr ky ^Ybr dI GwtI iv`c phuMc igAw[ d`rw
^Ybr jmrOd qoN SurU ho ky au~qr-p`Cm v`l au~cIAW phwVIAW iv`c dI
ivMg vl KWdw 22 koh (33 mIl) lMbw qorKwm jw ky ^qm huMdw hY
jo ik kwbl dI rwjDwnI hY[ ieh d`rw smuMdrI ql qoN 1070 mItr
au~cw hY Aqy pwiksqwn-A&gwinsqwn nUM imlwauNdw hY[ bweIbl iv`c
ies nUM pyS hybr iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ^Ybr d`ry iv`c dI lMGdy rsqy
nUM suPyd koh kihMdy hn Aqy ieh purwqn smyN qoN m`D eySIAw Aqy
d`KxI eySIAw dw vpwrk rsqw hY Aqy &OjI Xu`D klw dI ^ws jgHw hY[
ieiqhws muqwbk KYbr dw Sbd hYbrIaU qoN bixAw hY ijs dw Bwv
hY iklHw, gVH jW mh`l[ ^Ybr Asl iv`c pSqo dw Sbd hY[
muhMmd gOrI, mihmUd gznvI, qYmUr lMg Aqy bwbr vrgy ies
rsqy hI ihMdusqwn nUM lu`tx Awey Aqy 1526 qoN 1857 q`k mugl rwj
kwiem kIqw[ ies auprMq ihMdusqwn qy nwdr Swh Aqy Aihmd Swh
durwnI hmlwvr bx ky Awey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c A&gwnW ny
ihMdusqwn jo sony dI icVI AKvwauNdw sI nUM KUb lu`itAw, ieQoN dI
sMsikRqI qbwh kr id`qI Aqy bhU bytIAW dI iezq lu`t ky aunHW nUM tky
tky iv`c gznI dy bzwrW AMdr vyicAw[ is`K rwj smyN kudrq v`loN Byjy
sUrmy hrI isMG nlUAw ny isMG XoiDAW nwl iehnW A&gwnW dy mUMh AYsy
BMny ik ^Ybr rwhIN Awaux vwly hmlwvrW ny muV ieDr nUM mUMh nhIN
kIqw[

ho sky[ brqwnIAW dIAW &OjW dw ie`k mYNbr jwrj molzvrQ ijs ny

1919 dI jMg lVI auh ilKdw hY:
Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood.
Bwv ^Ybr dw hr p`Qr KUn nwl iB`ijAw hoieAw hY[
^Ybr pws rwhIN lMGx vwly qoN ie`QoN dy hwkm tYks lYNdy sn[
ieh tYks iehnW dI Awmdn dw mu`K swDn sI[ AMgryzW ny ^Ybr pws
dI sVk dy nwl pihly sMswr mhW Xu`D (1914-18) ip`CoN ryl ptVI
bxweI[ dUjy sMswr Xu`D (1938-45) smyN AMgryzW ny ^Ybr dI sVk
qy v`fIAW Aqy mjbUq pQrIlIAW rukwvtW bxw id`qIAW qW ik jrmn
vwly tYNkW rwhIN Bwrq qy hmlw nw kr dyx[ sMn 2001 qoN AmrIkw,
brqwnIAW Aqy kYnyfw dIAW &OjW dI m`dd nwl A&gwinsqwn iv`c
jUJ irhw hY pr Ajy q`k qwlIbwnW nUM dbwaux iv`c As&l hY[ iehnW
&O j I qwkqW nwto Po r sz (NATO-North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation) dw Bojn Aqy jMgI smwn bhuqw ^Ybr pws rwhIN hI
pwiksqwn qoN A&gwinsqwn jWdw sI[ pr hux AmrIkw dI pwiksqwn
nwl ivgVI hox kr ky pwiksqwn vwilAW ny ies qy rok lweI hoeI
sI[

is`K rwj auprMq AMgryz ikauNik ihMdusqwn Aqy pMjwb qy kwbz

ho gey sn[ iehnW ny A&gwnW nwl iqMn jMgW 1838-42, 187880 Aqy 1919 iv`c, iehnW nUM dbwaux leI lVIAW pr kwmXwb nw

srdwr nlUAw v`loN ipSwvr qoN jmrOd q`k keI iklHy bnwaux
kr ky Aqy iehnW iv`c is`K &OjI v`fy Asly sihq qwienwq krwaux
kr ky kwbl kMbx l`g ipAw[ AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn iqMn vwr
is`KW qoN mwr Kwx ip`CoN Awp qW muV isMG srdwr nwl m`Qw lwaux qoN
iJjkdw sI[ies ny A&gwnW nUM duhweI pweI ik jykr Awpxw bcwA
cwhuMdy ho qW ieslwm dw vwsqw jhwd leI iqAwr hovy[ mYN Awpxy pMjy
pu`qrW (muhMmd A&jl ^wn, muhMmd Akbr ^wn, gulwm hYdr ^wn,
muhMmd Awzm ^wn Aqy muhMmd Akrm ^wn) nUM kOm dI r`iKAw leI
sONp irhw hW[ ieh pMjy kOm leI jwnW vwrn leI iqAwr hn[ dosq
muhMmd ^wn dI ieh pukwr sux ky A&gwinsqwn qoN vgYr ibjOV,

108

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6
jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq
AxKI , ihMmqI, dlyr Aqy inrBY XoDw muglW nUM llkwrdw Aqy
vMgwrdw au~cw mnbol kr ky ^Ybr dI GwtI iv`c phuMc igAw[ d`rw
^Ybr jmrOd qoN SurU ho ky au~qr-p`Cm v`l au~cIAW phwVIAW iv`c dI
ivMg vl KWdw 22 koh (33 mIl) lMbw qorKwm jw ky ^qm huMdw hY
jo ik kwbl dI rwjDwnI hY[ ieh d`rw smuMdrI ql qoN 1070 mItr
au~cw hY Aqy pwiksqwn-A&gwinsqwn nUM imlwauNdw hY[ bweIbl iv`c
ies nUM pyS hybr iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ^Ybr d`ry iv`c dI lMGdy rsqy
nUM suPyd koh kihMdy hn Aqy ieh purwqn smyN qoN m`D eySIAw Aqy
d`KxI eySIAw dw vpwrk rsqw hY Aqy &OjI Xu`D klw dI ^ws jgHw hY[
ieiqhws muqwbk KYbr dw Sbd hYbrIaU qoN bixAw hY ijs dw Bwv
hY iklHw, gVH jW mh`l[ ^Ybr Asl iv`c pSqo dw Sbd hY[
muhMmd gOrI, mihmUd gznvI, qYmUr lMg Aqy bwbr vrgy ies
rsqy hI ihMdusqwn nUM lu`tx Awey Aqy 1526 qoN 1857 q`k mugl rwj
kwiem kIqw[ ies auprMq ihMdusqwn qy nwdr Swh Aqy Aihmd Swh
durwnI hmlwvr bx ky Awey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c A&gwnW ny
ihMdusqwn jo sony dI icVI AKvwauNdw sI nUM KUb lu`itAw, ieQoN dI
sMsikRqI qbwh kr id`qI Aqy bhU bytIAW dI iezq lu`t ky aunHW nUM tky
tky iv`c gznI dy bzwrW AMdr vyicAw[ is`K rwj smyN kudrq v`loN Byjy
sUrmy hrI isMG nlUAw ny isMG XoiDAW nwl iehnW A&gwnW dy mUMh AYsy
BMny ik ^Ybr rwhIN Awaux vwly hmlwvrW ny muV ieDr nUM mUMh nhIN
kIqw[

ho sky[ brqwnIAW dIAW &OjW dw ie`k mYNbr jwrj molzvrQ ijs ny

1919 dI jMg lVI auh ilKdw hY:
Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood.
Bwv ^Ybr dw hr p`Qr KUn nwl iB`ijAw hoieAw hY[
^Ybr pws rwhIN lMGx vwly qoN ie`QoN dy hwkm tYks lYNdy sn[
ieh tYks iehnW dI Awmdn dw mu`K swDn sI[ AMgryzW ny ^Ybr pws
dI sVk dy nwl pihly sMswr mhW Xu`D (1914-18) ip`CoN ryl ptVI
bxweI[ dUjy sMswr Xu`D (1938-45) smyN AMgryzW ny ^Ybr dI sVk
qy v`fIAW Aqy mjbUq pQrIlIAW rukwvtW bxw id`qIAW qW ik jrmn
vwly tYNkW rwhIN Bwrq qy hmlw nw kr dyx[ sMn 2001 qoN AmrIkw,
brqwnIAW Aqy kYnyfw dIAW &OjW dI m`dd nwl A&gwinsqwn iv`c
jUJ irhw hY pr Ajy q`k qwlIbwnW nUM dbwaux iv`c As&l hY[ iehnW
&O j I qwkqW nwto Po r sz (NATO-North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation) dw Bojn Aqy jMgI smwn bhuqw ^Ybr pws rwhIN hI
pwiksqwn qoN A&gwinsqwn jWdw sI[ pr hux AmrIkw dI pwiksqwn
nwl ivgVI hox kr ky pwiksqwn vwilAW ny ies qy rok lweI hoeI
sI[

is`K rwj auprMq AMgryz ikauNik ihMdusqwn Aqy pMjwb qy kwbz

ho gey sn[ iehnW ny A&gwnW nwl iqMn jMgW 1838-42, 187880 Aqy 1919 iv`c, iehnW nUM dbwaux leI lVIAW pr kwmXwb nw

srdwr nlUAw v`loN ipSwvr qoN jmrOd q`k keI iklHy bnwaux
kr ky Aqy iehnW iv`c is`K &OjI v`fy Asly sihq qwienwq krwaux
kr ky kwbl kMbx l`g ipAw[ AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn iqMn vwr
is`KW qoN mwr Kwx ip`CoN Awp qW muV isMG srdwr nwl m`Qw lwaux qoN
iJjkdw sI[ies ny A&gwnW nUM duhweI pweI ik jykr Awpxw bcwA
cwhuMdy ho qW ieslwm dw vwsqw jhwd leI iqAwr hovy[ mYN Awpxy pMjy
pu`qrW (muhMmd A&jl ^wn, muhMmd Akbr ^wn, gulwm hYdr ^wn,
muhMmd Awzm ^wn Aqy muhMmd Akrm ^wn) nUM kOm dI r`iKAw leI
sONp irhw hW[ ieh pMjy kOm leI jwnW vwrn leI iqAwr hn[ dosq
muhMmd ^wn dI ieh pukwr sux ky A&gwinsqwn qoN vgYr ibjOV,

108

109

kuMnV Awid dy ielwikAW qoN BwrI igxqI iv`c jhwdI kwbl phuMcx
l`gy[ ieM\ &OjW nUM A`lw dIAW ksmW kro jW mro KuAw ky ies ny ApRYl
dy SurU iv`c ipSwvr v`l iklHw &qih gVH (jmrOd) Aqy hsq ngr
v`l qor id`qIAW[ iehnW &OjW dI AgvweI ies dy pMjy pu`qr Aqy
imrjw Abdul s`mI ^wn Aqy dosq muhMmd ^wn kr rhy sn[ srdwr
hrI isMG aus smyN sumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr) iv`c sI[ &qih gVH dw
iklHw jmrOd dy au~qr v`l 11 mIl dI dUrI qy ^Ybr dy mu`K qy hY[ jdoN
hI srdwr swihb nUM ieh mulK`eIAw cVH ky Awaux dI ^br imlI qW
ieh cukMny ho gey Aqy Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM hor &Oj Byjx leI p`qr ilK
Byjy[ ie`k qW aunHI idnI kMvr nO inhwl isMG dI SwdI hox krky
mhwrwjw swihb lwhOr iv`c SwdI dy kMmW 'c ru`Jy hoey sn[ dUjw,
iDAwn isMG fogrw srdwr nlUAw nUM v`fy AhuidAW dy imlx kr ky
AMdr Kwqy hrI isMG nwl Kwr KWdw sI Aqy idl dw Kotw sI ijs
kwrn ies ny ByjIAw ic`TIAW d`bI r`KIAW Aqy mhwrwjw q`k phuMcx
nw id`qIAW[ qIjw, kwPI B`j n`T kwrn srdwr nlUAw bImwr ho gey[

28 ApRYl vwly idn A&gwnW ny iklHy v`l qopW dy goly vrswauxy

SurU kr id`qy[ jdoN bhwdr srdwr mhW isMG ny A&gwnW nUM hwQIAW
vWg dhwVdy iklHy v`l v`fI igxqI iv`c AwauNdy q`ikAw qW isMGW ny vI
qopW dy goly dwgxy SurU kr id`qy[ dohW pwisAW qoN qVw qV golIAW
c`lxIAW SurU ho geIAW[ isMGW dI igxqI BwvyN Awty 'c lUx dy brwbr
sI pr rx-BUmI AMdr ieh gurU klgIDr dy nwhry 'svw lwK sy eyk
lVwaUN' nUM mn iv`c vsw ky jUJy[ swrw idn golIAW nwl DrqI kMbdI
rhI, Asmwn 'c grz pYNdI rhI pr isMG sUrmy isdk nwl lVy Aqy
nw foly[ bhuq swry sUrmy pRwx iqAwg gey[ srdwr AjYb isMG rMDwvw
dlyrI nwl lVdw hoieAw c`l visAw[ ies dI mOq nwl isMGW dy dl
nUM v`fw Gwtw ipAw[ SwmW pY geIAW, lVweI bMd ho geI Aqy dohW
qr&W ny Awpxy P`tV hoey Aqy imRqk juAwnW nUM sMBwilAw[

imrjw s`mI ^wn jo dosq muhMmd ^wn dI slqnq dw nwieb sI

Aqy jMg dy pRbMD Aqy kwrnwimAW p`KoN bVw pRis`D sI[ ies ny 15
ApRYl 1837 nUM AwpxI &Oj do BwgW iv`c vMf ky ^wlsy dy ^wqmy leI
qor id`qI[ ie`k ih`sy iv`c 30 hjwr &Oj, qopW sxy d`rw ^Ybr v`l kUc
kr ky AweI Aqy dUjy ih`sy dy 10 hzwr &OjIAW smyq SMkrgVH Aqy
imcnI qy Dwvw krn leI c`l peI[ ies qoN ielwvw nwl lgdy
A&rIdI kbIilAW nUM ies jMg iv`c Swml hox leI pRyirAw Aqy
iehnW nUM kwPI Dn vI vMifAw[ ieh hmlw iehnW ny ieh Byd jwx ky
ik ^wlsw &Oj ies Kyqr iv`c bhuq G`t hY Aqy hrI isMG nlUAw
bImwr ipAw hY Aqy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c nhIN hY bVI qyzI nwl kIqw[

dUjy idn vI swry CwqIAW fwh ky lVy[ vYrI vwr vwr iklHy v`l
AMDw-DuMd goly vrHw ky AMdr jwx dI koiSS kr irhw sI[ iehnW ny d`rw
^Ybr dy k`Ty (nwly) dw pwxI, ijhVw iklHy AMdr vrqoN leI jWdw sI,
auh bMd kr id`qw Aqy cwry pwsy AYsw Gyrw pwieAw ik bwhroN koeI
m`dd nw iml sky[ srdwr mhW isMG ny siqgurW nUM iDAw ky bVI
joSIlI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, isMGo! swfI ShIdI dy pl nyVy Aw rhy
hn[ jo siqgurU nUM Bwvygw auhI hovygw, hOslw r`K ky pUry qwx nwl
mukwblw kro[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGW ny AYsw golIAW dw mINh
vrHwieAw ik mugl A`lw A`lw krdy jwnW lkox l`gy[ srdwr SmSyr
isMG ASok muqwbk 800 qoN vI G`t isMGW ny 30 hjwr qoN v`D pTwx,
jo v`fy it`fI dl dI inAweIN sn, nwl pUrw idn mukwblw kIqw[ rwq
ho geI Aqy golwbwrI vI m`Dm ho geI[ lMgr pwxI C`kx auprMq
ivcwr kIqI ik bwhrI m`dd leI koeI aupwA krIey[ keI isMG sunyhw
phuMcwaux leI iqAwr ho gey Aqy kuJ iklHy dI FhI PsIl Brn l`g
pey qW ik vYrI AMdr nw Aw vVy[

110

111

jmrOd dI jMg

kuMnV Awid dy ielwikAW qoN BwrI igxqI iv`c jhwdI kwbl phuMcx
l`gy[ ieM\ &OjW nUM A`lw dIAW ksmW kro jW mro KuAw ky ies ny ApRYl
dy SurU iv`c ipSwvr v`l iklHw &qih gVH (jmrOd) Aqy hsq ngr
v`l qor id`qIAW[ iehnW &OjW dI AgvweI ies dy pMjy pu`qr Aqy
imrjw Abdul s`mI ^wn Aqy dosq muhMmd ^wn kr rhy sn[ srdwr
hrI isMG aus smyN sumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr) iv`c sI[ &qih gVH dw
iklHw jmrOd dy au~qr v`l 11 mIl dI dUrI qy ^Ybr dy mu`K qy hY[ jdoN
hI srdwr swihb nUM ieh mulK`eIAw cVH ky Awaux dI ^br imlI qW
ieh cukMny ho gey Aqy Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM hor &Oj Byjx leI p`qr ilK
Byjy[ ie`k qW aunHI idnI kMvr nO inhwl isMG dI SwdI hox krky
mhwrwjw swihb lwhOr iv`c SwdI dy kMmW 'c ru`Jy hoey sn[ dUjw,
iDAwn isMG fogrw srdwr nlUAw nUM v`fy AhuidAW dy imlx kr ky
AMdr Kwqy hrI isMG nwl Kwr KWdw sI Aqy idl dw Kotw sI ijs
kwrn ies ny ByjIAw ic`TIAW d`bI r`KIAW Aqy mhwrwjw q`k phuMcx
nw id`qIAW[ qIjw, kwPI B`j n`T kwrn srdwr nlUAw bImwr ho gey[

28 ApRYl vwly idn A&gwnW ny iklHy v`l qopW dy goly vrswauxy

SurU kr id`qy[ jdoN bhwdr srdwr mhW isMG ny A&gwnW nUM hwQIAW
vWg dhwVdy iklHy v`l v`fI igxqI iv`c AwauNdy q`ikAw qW isMGW ny vI
qopW dy goly dwgxy SurU kr id`qy[ dohW pwisAW qoN qVw qV golIAW
c`lxIAW SurU ho geIAW[ isMGW dI igxqI BwvyN Awty 'c lUx dy brwbr
sI pr rx-BUmI AMdr ieh gurU klgIDr dy nwhry 'svw lwK sy eyk
lVwaUN' nUM mn iv`c vsw ky jUJy[ swrw idn golIAW nwl DrqI kMbdI
rhI, Asmwn 'c grz pYNdI rhI pr isMG sUrmy isdk nwl lVy Aqy
nw foly[ bhuq swry sUrmy pRwx iqAwg gey[ srdwr AjYb isMG rMDwvw
dlyrI nwl lVdw hoieAw c`l visAw[ ies dI mOq nwl isMGW dy dl
nUM v`fw Gwtw ipAw[ SwmW pY geIAW, lVweI bMd ho geI Aqy dohW
qr&W ny Awpxy P`tV hoey Aqy imRqk juAwnW nUM sMBwilAw[

imrjw s`mI ^wn jo dosq muhMmd ^wn dI slqnq dw nwieb sI

Aqy jMg dy pRbMD Aqy kwrnwimAW p`KoN bVw pRis`D sI[ ies ny 15
ApRYl 1837 nUM AwpxI &Oj do BwgW iv`c vMf ky ^wlsy dy ^wqmy leI
qor id`qI[ ie`k ih`sy iv`c 30 hjwr &Oj, qopW sxy d`rw ^Ybr v`l kUc
kr ky AweI Aqy dUjy ih`sy dy 10 hzwr &OjIAW smyq SMkrgVH Aqy
imcnI qy Dwvw krn leI c`l peI[ ies qoN ielwvw nwl lgdy
A&rIdI kbIilAW nUM ies jMg iv`c Swml hox leI pRyirAw Aqy
iehnW nUM kwPI Dn vI vMifAw[ ieh hmlw iehnW ny ieh Byd jwx ky
ik ^wlsw &Oj ies Kyqr iv`c bhuq G`t hY Aqy hrI isMG nlUAw
bImwr ipAw hY Aqy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c nhIN hY bVI qyzI nwl kIqw[

dUjy idn vI swry CwqIAW fwh ky lVy[ vYrI vwr vwr iklHy v`l
AMDw-DuMd goly vrHw ky AMdr jwx dI koiSS kr irhw sI[ iehnW ny d`rw
^Ybr dy k`Ty (nwly) dw pwxI, ijhVw iklHy AMdr vrqoN leI jWdw sI,
auh bMd kr id`qw Aqy cwry pwsy AYsw Gyrw pwieAw ik bwhroN koeI
m`dd nw iml sky[ srdwr mhW isMG ny siqgurW nUM iDAw ky bVI
joSIlI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, isMGo! swfI ShIdI dy pl nyVy Aw rhy
hn[ jo siqgurU nUM Bwvygw auhI hovygw, hOslw r`K ky pUry qwx nwl
mukwblw kro[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGW ny AYsw golIAW dw mINh
vrHwieAw ik mugl A`lw A`lw krdy jwnW lkox l`gy[ srdwr SmSyr
isMG ASok muqwbk 800 qoN vI G`t isMGW ny 30 hjwr qoN v`D pTwx,
jo v`fy it`fI dl dI inAweIN sn, nwl pUrw idn mukwblw kIqw[ rwq
ho geI Aqy golwbwrI vI m`Dm ho geI[ lMgr pwxI C`kx auprMq
ivcwr kIqI ik bwhrI m`dd leI koeI aupwA krIey[ keI isMG sunyhw
phuMcwaux leI iqAwr ho gey Aqy kuJ iklHy dI FhI PsIl Brn l`g
pey qW ik vYrI AMdr nw Aw vVy[

110

111

jmrOd dI jMg

bIbI hrSrn kOr dI dlyrI

iksy isMG nUM m`dd leI sMdyS ipSwvr phuMcwaux leI ivcwr
c`l hI rhI sI ik bIbI hrSrn kOr qy aus dw pqI jo Ajy QoVHw smW
pihlW hI AMimRqpwn kr ky ^wlsw sjy sn, phuMc gey[ bIbI ny
AwiKAw, ^wlsw jI! iklHy AMdr jMg leI iek`ly iek`ly isMG dI bhuq
loV hY[ mYN srdwr mhW isMG jI dw p`qr srdwr nlUAw nUM phuc
M wvWgI[
keI isMGW ny AwiKAw, BYx AsIN qYnUM qorn dy h`k iv`c nhIN hW[ dunIAW
Awaux vwly smyN 'c kI AwKygI ik koeI isMG nhIN igAw, ie`k lVkI
nUM Byj id`qw[ pr bIbI hrSrn kOr ny ikhw, isMG!o myrI pMQ A`gy bynqI
hY ik ieh syvw mYnUM bKSI jwvy[ jykr muglW ny mYnUM pkV vI ilAw qW
bypqI krwaux dI bjwey kurbwnI dy dvWgI[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGW
AMdr AYsw joS TwTW mwrn l`igAw ik jMg AMdr jUJ mrn leI KUn
KOlx l`g ipAw[ bIbI hrSrn kOr ny A&rIdxW dw vys Dwrn kr
ilAw Aqy p`qr lY ky rwqo rwq ipSwvr jw pu`jI[ pihrydwrW qoN
AwigAw lY ky p`qr srdwr nlUAw nUM pkVwieAw[
p`qr iv`c AMikq sI siqkwr Xog srdwr jI! myrw idl nhIN
sI krdw ik bImwrI dI hwlq iv`c quhwnUM qMg krW, pr hwlwq h`QoN
bwhr hox kr ky pMQ dI Awn, Swn Aqy cVHdI klHw leI ibnY p`qr
ByijAw hY[ mn iv`c ies g`l dI qV& hY ik ikqy &qih gVH iklHw
swfIAW kurbwnIAW ip`CoN im`tI iv`c nw iml jwvy[ kOm dI ie`zq dw
svwl hY[ ^wlsy dy JMfy dI koeI bypqI nw kr dvy[
ieh idl tuMbvNy Sbd p`qr qoN pVH ky nlUey Syr dy srIr dw AMg
AMg &rk au~iTAw, A`KW 'c lhU auq`r AwieAw Aqy srIr iv`coN mwno
A`g dy Crwry inklx l`gy[ AwpxI bImwrI nUM A`KoN proKy kr ky pMQ dI
jwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw mu`K r`K ky h`Q SsqrW qy cly gey[ &Oj nUM qyzI
nwl jmrOd v`l jwx dy audyS dy id`qy[ srdwr swihb ny bIbI hrSrn
kOr dI dlyrI nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy bIbI dI idKweI byimswl
112

bhwdrI nUM mu`K rKidAW l`K l`K DMnvwd kIqw[ ipSwvr qoN c`lx smyN
jmrOd dI pqlI hwlq bwry srdwr nlUAw ny lwhOr v`l p`qr ilK
ByijAw Aqy jldI &Oj Byjx dI qwkId kIqI[

mhwrwj dw iDAwn isMG fogry nwl

lohw lwKw hoxw
srdwr nlUAw ny jmrOd dI nwzk hwlq bwry ijhVy cwr p`qr
m`dd leI Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM Byjy sn Aqy qurMq &Oj Byjx leI iliKAw
sI aunHW bwry vI Byjy gey p`qr iv`c vyrvw pw id`qw[ srkwr ny iDAwn
isMG fogrw nUM srdwr v`loN Byjy p`qrW dI jwxkwrI vyly isr nw dyx kr
ky bhuq JwV pweI[ Asl iv`c iDAwn isMG nhIN sI cwhuMdw ik hrI
isMG jlwlwbwd Aqy kwbl qy ij`q pRwpq kry[ aus dy idl iv`c sI
ik jykr hrI isMG ny ieh ij`qW ij`q leIAW qW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
dI mOq ip`CoN hrI isMG nlUAw is`K rwj dw mwlk bx jwvygw[ hrI
isMG dI Shwdq qoN auprMq mhwrwjw ny gu`sy iv`c Aw ky iDAwn isMG
dIAW l`qW qy gVvw mwirAw sI[ aus nUM AwiKAw myrIAW A`KW qoN prHy
ho jw[ qUM mnhUs bMdw hY[ kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c ies
g`l dw izkr ieM\ kIqw hY[
gYn gu`sy nwl mhwrwj Xwro, gVvw mwry vzIr dI tMg au~qy[
AwKy dUr ho jw myrI A`KW QIN, kuJ Pwiedw nhIN qyry sMg au~qy[
pihly ^br nw kIqyo mUl mYnUM, &OjW G`ldw m`dd nUM jMg au~qy[
kwdrXwr Aw d`isAw aus vyly, jdoN s`t Aw peI ey jMg au~qy[

srdwr nlUAw dI jmrOd v`l cVHweI

srdwr hrI isMG 1000 GoV svwr, 6000 pYdl ispwhI Aqy
6000 hor XoDy, qopKwnw Aqy jMgI swzo smwn lY ky jmrOd v`l hnHyrI
113

bIbI hrSrn kOr dI dlyrI

iksy isMG nUM m`dd leI sMdyS ipSwvr phuMcwaux leI ivcwr
c`l hI rhI sI ik bIbI hrSrn kOr qy aus dw pqI jo Ajy QoVHw smW
pihlW hI AMimRqpwn kr ky ^wlsw sjy sn, phuMc gey[ bIbI ny
AwiKAw, ^wlsw jI! iklHy AMdr jMg leI iek`ly iek`ly isMG dI bhuq
loV hY[ mYN srdwr mhW isMG jI dw p`qr srdwr nlUAw nUM phuc
M wvWgI[
keI isMGW ny AwiKAw, BYx AsIN qYnUM qorn dy h`k iv`c nhIN hW[ dunIAW
Awaux vwly smyN 'c kI AwKygI ik koeI isMG nhIN igAw, ie`k lVkI
nUM Byj id`qw[ pr bIbI hrSrn kOr ny ikhw, isMG!o myrI pMQ A`gy bynqI
hY ik ieh syvw mYnUM bKSI jwvy[ jykr muglW ny mYnUM pkV vI ilAw qW
bypqI krwaux dI bjwey kurbwnI dy dvWgI[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGW
AMdr AYsw joS TwTW mwrn l`igAw ik jMg AMdr jUJ mrn leI KUn
KOlx l`g ipAw[ bIbI hrSrn kOr ny A&rIdxW dw vys Dwrn kr
ilAw Aqy p`qr lY ky rwqo rwq ipSwvr jw pu`jI[ pihrydwrW qoN
AwigAw lY ky p`qr srdwr nlUAw nUM pkVwieAw[
p`qr iv`c AMikq sI siqkwr Xog srdwr jI! myrw idl nhIN
sI krdw ik bImwrI dI hwlq iv`c quhwnUM qMg krW, pr hwlwq h`QoN
bwhr hox kr ky pMQ dI Awn, Swn Aqy cVHdI klHw leI ibnY p`qr
ByijAw hY[ mn iv`c ies g`l dI qV& hY ik ikqy &qih gVH iklHw
swfIAW kurbwnIAW ip`CoN im`tI iv`c nw iml jwvy[ kOm dI ie`zq dw
svwl hY[ ^wlsy dy JMfy dI koeI bypqI nw kr dvy[
ieh idl tuMbvNy Sbd p`qr qoN pVH ky nlUey Syr dy srIr dw AMg
AMg &rk au~iTAw, A`KW 'c lhU auq`r AwieAw Aqy srIr iv`coN mwno
A`g dy Crwry inklx l`gy[ AwpxI bImwrI nUM A`KoN proKy kr ky pMQ dI
jwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw mu`K r`K ky h`Q SsqrW qy cly gey[ &Oj nUM qyzI
nwl jmrOd v`l jwx dy audyS dy id`qy[ srdwr swihb ny bIbI hrSrn
kOr dI dlyrI nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy bIbI dI idKweI byimswl
112

bhwdrI nUM mu`K rKidAW l`K l`K DMnvwd kIqw[ ipSwvr qoN c`lx smyN
jmrOd dI pqlI hwlq bwry srdwr nlUAw ny lwhOr v`l p`qr ilK
ByijAw Aqy jldI &Oj Byjx dI qwkId kIqI[

mhwrwj dw iDAwn isMG fogry nwl

lohw lwKw hoxw
srdwr nlUAw ny jmrOd dI nwzk hwlq bwry ijhVy cwr p`qr
m`dd leI Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM Byjy sn Aqy qurMq &Oj Byjx leI iliKAw
sI aunHW bwry vI Byjy gey p`qr iv`c vyrvw pw id`qw[ srkwr ny iDAwn
isMG fogrw nUM srdwr v`loN Byjy p`qrW dI jwxkwrI vyly isr nw dyx kr
ky bhuq JwV pweI[ Asl iv`c iDAwn isMG nhIN sI cwhuMdw ik hrI
isMG jlwlwbwd Aqy kwbl qy ij`q pRwpq kry[ aus dy idl iv`c sI
ik jykr hrI isMG ny ieh ij`qW ij`q leIAW qW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG
dI mOq ip`CoN hrI isMG nlUAw is`K rwj dw mwlk bx jwvygw[ hrI
isMG dI Shwdq qoN auprMq mhwrwjw ny gu`sy iv`c Aw ky iDAwn isMG
dIAW l`qW qy gVvw mwirAw sI[ aus nUM AwiKAw myrIAW A`KW qoN prHy
ho jw[ qUM mnhUs bMdw hY[ kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c ies
g`l dw izkr ieM\ kIqw hY[
gYn gu`sy nwl mhwrwj Xwro, gVvw mwry vzIr dI tMg au~qy[
AwKy dUr ho jw myrI A`KW QIN, kuJ Pwiedw nhIN qyry sMg au~qy[
pihly ^br nw kIqyo mUl mYnUM, &OjW G`ldw m`dd nUM jMg au~qy[
kwdrXwr Aw d`isAw aus vyly, jdoN s`t Aw peI ey jMg au~qy[

srdwr nlUAw dI jmrOd v`l cVHweI

srdwr hrI isMG 1000 GoV svwr, 6000 pYdl ispwhI Aqy
6000 hor XoDy, qopKwnw Aqy jMgI swzo smwn lY ky jmrOd v`l hnHyrI
113

dI qrHW igAw[ isMGW dy Awaux dI ^br sux ky iklHy ivcly isMGW dy

mUMhW qy ij`Qy lwlIAW cVH geIAW au~Qy pTwxW dy ichry au~qr gey Aqy
idlW 'c fol pYx l`gy[ ie`Qy phuMc ky srdwr ny &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAW
iv`c pTwxW nUM Gyrn leI vMf id`qw[ ie`k ih`sw Awpxy pws, dUjw
bhwdr srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw (nuSihry dI jMg iv`c pMj pTwx
ies qy tu`t ky pY gey[ ies ny AYsI bIrqw idKweI ik pMjW nUM SmSIr
nwl ^qm kr id`qw sI) Syir-ey-pMjwb ny Kud ies nUM jUJidAW
dyiKAw sI Aqy jMg auprMq pMj h`Qy dw iKqwb bKiSAw[ qIjw Bwg
srdwr Amr isMG Kurd mjITIAw nUM sONipAw[

sUhIey ny ^br id`qI sI ik hrI isMG nlUAw qw bImwr ipAw hY[ Ajy
ieh BwSx dy ky hitAw hI sI qW hrI isMG nlUAw &Oj smyq jYkwry
gjwauNdy dgV dgV Aqy mwro mwr krdy rx-BumI iv`c Aw phuMcy[
isMGW ny mOq dI pRvwh nw kridAW pTwxW dy dlW iv`c vV ky AYsI qyg
vwhI ik k`dUAW vWg iehnW dy isr lwh su`ty[ auDroN iklHy iv`coN isMGW
ny qopW Aqy golIAW dI BwrI buCwV SurU kr id`qI[ jMg dw mYdwn lhUluhwn ho igAw[ pTwxW leI mwnoN prloN Aw geI[ jdoN suixAw ik
nlUAw Aw phuMicAw hY qW s~mI Kwn dy pYrW hyToN zmIn inkl geI Aqy
buKlw igAw[

jMg dy qIjy idn A&gwn qVkswr hI jmrOd dy iklHy AMdr jwx

leI v`fy hmly dI iqAwrI iv`c sn[ s~mI ^wn ny hmlw krn qoN
pihlW au~cI phwVI qy Klo ky qlvwr lihrwauNdIAW bhuq joSIlw
BwSx Awpxy &OjIAW nUM id`qw[ srdwr sohx isMG sIql ny ieiqhws
'coN q`Q iek`qr kr ky kwiv rUp iv`c ies dw nkSw ieM\ ibAwinAw
hY:

ies Gmswx dI jMg iv`c nvwb jbr KW burI qrHW jKmI ho

igAw[ s`jy bMny srdwr inDwn isMG ny Akbr ^wn dy dsqy nwl t`kr
lweI[ inDwn isMG dI SmSIr cldI dyK pTwxW iv`c AYsI qVQ`lI
m`cI ik mwnoN hyTlI au~qy Aw if`gI[ lVdw lVdw Akbr ^wn mwirAw
igAw[ srdwr Amr isMG ny A&jl ^wn Aqy muhMmd Awzm ^wn nUM
AYsw BjwieAw ik aunHW ip`Cy muV ky nhIN dyiKAw[ ieqny nUM ie`k bhuq
hI dlyr pTwx ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM llkwirAw Aqy aus nwl m`Qw
lwaux leI ikhw[ pr pihly vwr iv`c hI auh srdwr nlUAw h`QoN
mwirAw igAw[ jMg nwmw hrI isMG ikRq kwnH isMG bMgw iv`c drz hY:

mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN

ksm kurwn dI KwvW, nwl eImwn dy[

gVH jmrOd dw FwvW, Kwk aufw idAW[
im`tI iv`c imlwvW, bwlw swr nUM[
imcnI qy hl vwhvW, swVW CwauxIAW[
A`g dlW iv`c lwvW, qygW bwl ky[
lhU dy iv`c nhwvW, v`ifAW XoiDAW[
r`q nwl vujU krwvW, AwpxI qyg dw[
isrW dy QVHy bxwvW, pVHW inmwj bih[
nwm inSwn imtwvW, j`g qoN is`K dw[
ieslwmI JMfy JulwvW, iv`c pMjwb dy[

eyk pTwx juAwn bfo, hrI isMG ko iqny llkwrXo[

Awin qbY iqMn vwr kIXo, kir Fwl ko Dwr ko vwr sMBwrXo[
mXwn qy kwF leI qb hI, bl Dwr ky iqs aupr mwrXo[
sIs ktXo ieh Taur pirXo, jYsy bylih qy kdUAw kt fwrXo[

s~mI ^wn ny ieh g`lW bVy hMkwr iv`c Aw ky kIqIAW[ ies nUM
ies jMg dI ij`q dw p`kw Brosw ies leI sI ikauNik ies dI &Oj dy

Awpxy KwnW nUM jMg iv`c mrdy Aqy B`jdy dyK s~mI Kwn nUM bVw
roh ciVHAw[ ieiqhwsk ilKqW dsdIAW hn ik ieh bhuq bhwdr
Aqy zorwvr sI Aqy rx-BumI iv`c jd AwauNdw sI KlblI mcw idMdw
sI[ jMg h`QoN jWdI dyK ies ny hrI isMG nlUey nUM vMgwirAw Aqy au~cI
Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw bMdy nw mrvw, myry nwl do h`Q kr ky dyK[ ies

114

115

dI qrHW igAw[ isMGW dy Awaux dI ^br sux ky iklHy ivcly isMGW dy

mUMhW qy ij`Qy lwlIAW cVH geIAW au~Qy pTwxW dy ichry au~qr gey Aqy
idlW 'c fol pYx l`gy[ ie`Qy phuMc ky srdwr ny &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAW
iv`c pTwxW nUM Gyrn leI vMf id`qw[ ie`k ih`sw Awpxy pws, dUjw
bhwdr srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw (nuSihry dI jMg iv`c pMj pTwx
ies qy tu`t ky pY gey[ ies ny AYsI bIrqw idKweI ik pMjW nUM SmSIr
nwl ^qm kr id`qw sI) Syir-ey-pMjwb ny Kud ies nUM jUJidAW
dyiKAw sI Aqy jMg auprMq pMj h`Qy dw iKqwb bKiSAw[ qIjw Bwg
srdwr Amr isMG Kurd mjITIAw nUM sONipAw[

sUhIey ny ^br id`qI sI ik hrI isMG nlUAw qw bImwr ipAw hY[ Ajy
ieh BwSx dy ky hitAw hI sI qW hrI isMG nlUAw &Oj smyq jYkwry
gjwauNdy dgV dgV Aqy mwro mwr krdy rx-BumI iv`c Aw phuMcy[
isMGW ny mOq dI pRvwh nw kridAW pTwxW dy dlW iv`c vV ky AYsI qyg
vwhI ik k`dUAW vWg iehnW dy isr lwh su`ty[ auDroN iklHy iv`coN isMGW
ny qopW Aqy golIAW dI BwrI buCwV SurU kr id`qI[ jMg dw mYdwn lhUluhwn ho igAw[ pTwxW leI mwnoN prloN Aw geI[ jdoN suixAw ik
nlUAw Aw phuMicAw hY qW s~mI Kwn dy pYrW hyToN zmIn inkl geI Aqy
buKlw igAw[

jMg dy qIjy idn A&gwn qVkswr hI jmrOd dy iklHy AMdr jwx

leI v`fy hmly dI iqAwrI iv`c sn[ s~mI ^wn ny hmlw krn qoN
pihlW au~cI phwVI qy Klo ky qlvwr lihrwauNdIAW bhuq joSIlw
BwSx Awpxy &OjIAW nUM id`qw[ srdwr sohx isMG sIql ny ieiqhws
'coN q`Q iek`qr kr ky kwiv rUp iv`c ies dw nkSw ieM\ ibAwinAw
hY:

ies Gmswx dI jMg iv`c nvwb jbr KW burI qrHW jKmI ho

igAw[ s`jy bMny srdwr inDwn isMG ny Akbr ^wn dy dsqy nwl t`kr
lweI[ inDwn isMG dI SmSIr cldI dyK pTwxW iv`c AYsI qVQ`lI
m`cI ik mwnoN hyTlI au~qy Aw if`gI[ lVdw lVdw Akbr ^wn mwirAw
igAw[ srdwr Amr isMG ny A&jl ^wn Aqy muhMmd Awzm ^wn nUM
AYsw BjwieAw ik aunHW ip`Cy muV ky nhIN dyiKAw[ ieqny nUM ie`k bhuq
hI dlyr pTwx ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM llkwirAw Aqy aus nwl m`Qw
lwaux leI ikhw[ pr pihly vwr iv`c hI auh srdwr nlUAw h`QoN
mwirAw igAw[ jMg nwmw hrI isMG ikRq kwnH isMG bMgw iv`c drz hY:

mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN
mYN

ksm kurwn dI KwvW, nwl eImwn dy[

gVH jmrOd dw FwvW, Kwk aufw idAW[
im`tI iv`c imlwvW, bwlw swr nUM[
imcnI qy hl vwhvW, swVW CwauxIAW[
A`g dlW iv`c lwvW, qygW bwl ky[
lhU dy iv`c nhwvW, v`ifAW XoiDAW[
r`q nwl vujU krwvW, AwpxI qyg dw[
isrW dy QVHy bxwvW, pVHW inmwj bih[
nwm inSwn imtwvW, j`g qoN is`K dw[
ieslwmI JMfy JulwvW, iv`c pMjwb dy[

eyk pTwx juAwn bfo, hrI isMG ko iqny llkwrXo[

Awin qbY iqMn vwr kIXo, kir Fwl ko Dwr ko vwr sMBwrXo[
mXwn qy kwF leI qb hI, bl Dwr ky iqs aupr mwrXo[
sIs ktXo ieh Taur pirXo, jYsy bylih qy kdUAw kt fwrXo[

s~mI ^wn ny ieh g`lW bVy hMkwr iv`c Aw ky kIqIAW[ ies nUM
ies jMg dI ij`q dw p`kw Brosw ies leI sI ikauNik ies dI &Oj dy

Awpxy KwnW nUM jMg iv`c mrdy Aqy B`jdy dyK s~mI Kwn nUM bVw
roh ciVHAw[ ieiqhwsk ilKqW dsdIAW hn ik ieh bhuq bhwdr
Aqy zorwvr sI Aqy rx-BumI iv`c jd AwauNdw sI KlblI mcw idMdw
sI[ jMg h`QoN jWdI dyK ies ny hrI isMG nlUey nUM vMgwirAw Aqy au~cI
Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw bMdy nw mrvw, myry nwl do h`Q kr ky dyK[ ies

114

115

dy kVkvyN bolW nUM sux ky srdwr nlUAw A`gy viDAw Aqy AwiKAw,
s~mI ^wn! qUM qwkq prKxI hY qW Aw jw[ pry kr dy hor &OjIAW nUM[
pihly iqMn vwr qUM myry qy krIN jykr mYN bc igAw iPr mYN qyry qy vwr
krWgw[ s~mI ^wn dy kIqy iqMny vwr hrI isMG ny pCwV id`qy[ s~mI
^wn! hux myrw vwr Awvygw iqAwr ho jw[ srdwr nlUey ny do DwrI KMfy
nwl jdoN vwr kIqw qW ieh P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg ipAw[ srdwr
dI Ku`lH -idlI dyKo dubwrw if`gy pey qy vwr nhIN kIqw[ sgoN s~mI ^wn
dy swQI ispwhIAW nUM AwiKAw, Awpxy hIro nUM cu`k ky lY jwau[ ies dy
j^mW qy mrHm p`tI kro[ ieM\ s~mI ^wn nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c dyK ky
pTwx mYdwn coN dOVn l`g pey[
ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr dosq muhMmd dw Cotw pu`qr hYdr ^wn
ijhVw pihlI vwr jMgy mYdwn iv`c AwieAw sI ies G`lU-Gwry nUM dyK
cIkW mwrdw Aqy roNdw krlwauNdw bcwau bcwau dI rt lweI jw irhw
sI[ AmIr dy dUjy pu`qr Akbr ^wn Aqy Akrm ^wn qW mOq qoN frdy
phwVW dIAW klMdrW iv`c hI luky rhy[
mYsn Awpxy s&rnwmy (Jorney in Balochistan, Afganistan
and Punjab Volume III, Page 384) iv`c ilKdw hY ik 30 ApRl
Y nUM
srdwr hrI isMG ny iehnW (AmIr dosq muhmMd ^wn) dI &Oz qy Dwvw
krky ienHW swirAW nUM A`gy Dr ilAw[ ies mYdwn iv`c hrI isMG dy
rswly ny A&gwnW dIAW 14 v`fIAW qopW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ iehnW
ij`qIAW qopW iv`c koh iSkn nwmI qop ieiqhws iv`c bVI pRis`D mMnI
geI sI[
ies jMg AMdr hrI isMG dy v&wdwr Aqy ijgrI dosq nvwb
Arvwb muhMmd ^wn qihkwl nUM ie`k pTwx ny nlUey dIAW A`KW swmHxy
golIAW nwl aufw id`qw[ srdwr swihb ny jdoN Awpxw ieh im`qr
qVP qV& ky mrdw dyiKAw qW bVy joS 'c Aw ky AwpxI qlvwr nwl
aus pTwx nUM f`kry f`kry kr id`qw[ ieM\ ipAwry dosq pRqI p`kI
im`qrqw dw sbUq id`qw[
116

A&gwnI &Oj burI qrHW hwr Kw ky d`rw ^Ybr v`l dOV geI[
srdwr hrI isMG dI idlI ie`Cw sI ik iehnW dw ip`Cw nw kIqw jwvy
Aqy isMG Awrwm kr lYx[ is`K &Oj keI idnW dI lVdI lVdI kw&I
Q`k-tu`t geI sI[ pr hoxI nUM jo mMnjUr sI auh hoxw sI[

mhwn jrnYl dw AMq

jMg iv`c qW hr sUrmw isr qy k`Pn bMnH ky qurdw hY[ mn iv`c
sUrmy ij`q leI A`gy nUM hI vDdy hn Aqy mOq dI pRvwh nhIN krdy[
^ws kr Drm nUM bcwaux leI Drm Xu`D iv`c Aqy grIb dI r`iKAw
leI auh Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn leI idRV huMdy hn[ is`K nUM qW
gurU ny is`iKAw hI ieh id`qI hY[ jYsy kbIr jI PrmwauNdy hn:
sUrw so pihcwnIAY ju lrY dIn ky hyq]
purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU nw CwfY Kyq] (1105)
jo jIvn mrnw jwnY] so pMc sYl suK mwnY ] (655)

srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw joS iv`c Aw ky AwpxI &OjI tukVI
lY ky duSmx nUM Bjwaux leI d`rw ^Ybr v`l viDAw[Awpxy isMG swQI
nUM ieM\ dyK srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nw rih sikAw[ aus dI m`dd
leI juAwnW nUM nwl lY A`gy viDAw[ srdwr swihb ny Ajy inDwn
isMG nUM vwps prq Awaux leI sunyhw G`ilAw hI sI ik ieqny nUM
SmsudIn ^wn 2000 svwrW smyq dry iv`c Aw igAw[ bhuq ktw v`FI
hoeI[ pr ^wlsy dIAW qygW A`gy ieh ^wn KVH nhIN sikAw[ r`bI Bwxw
dyKo ie`k pwsy qW ^wlsy dI ij`q dy DONsy v`j gey[ pr dUjy pwsyy Aiq
ipAwrw Aqy bhwdr jrnYl srdwr hrI isMG burI qrHW P`tV ho
igAw[
srdwr nlUAw surkmr pws Awpxy bwfI gwrf srdwr AjYb
isMG rMDwvw nwl jw rhy sn[ ie`Qy rqI nwmI ctwn iv`c ie`k guPw sI[
117

dy kVkvyN bolW nUM sux ky srdwr nlUAw A`gy viDAw Aqy AwiKAw,
s~mI ^wn! qUM qwkq prKxI hY qW Aw jw[ pry kr dy hor &OjIAW nUM[
pihly iqMn vwr qUM myry qy krIN jykr mYN bc igAw iPr mYN qyry qy vwr
krWgw[ s~mI ^wn dy kIqy iqMny vwr hrI isMG ny pCwV id`qy[ s~mI
^wn! hux myrw vwr Awvygw iqAwr ho jw[ srdwr nlUey ny do DwrI KMfy
nwl jdoN vwr kIqw qW ieh P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg ipAw[ srdwr
dI Ku`lH -idlI dyKo dubwrw if`gy pey qy vwr nhIN kIqw[ sgoN s~mI ^wn
dy swQI ispwhIAW nUM AwiKAw, Awpxy hIro nUM cu`k ky lY jwau[ ies dy
j^mW qy mrHm p`tI kro[ ieM\ s~mI ^wn nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c dyK ky
pTwx mYdwn coN dOVn l`g pey[
ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr dosq muhMmd dw Cotw pu`qr hYdr ^wn
ijhVw pihlI vwr jMgy mYdwn iv`c AwieAw sI ies G`lU-Gwry nUM dyK
cIkW mwrdw Aqy roNdw krlwauNdw bcwau bcwau dI rt lweI jw irhw
sI[ AmIr dy dUjy pu`qr Akbr ^wn Aqy Akrm ^wn qW mOq qoN frdy
phwVW dIAW klMdrW iv`c hI luky rhy[
mYsn Awpxy s&rnwmy (Jorney in Balochistan, Afganistan
and Punjab Volume III, Page 384) iv`c ilKdw hY ik 30 ApRl
Y nUM
srdwr hrI isMG ny iehnW (AmIr dosq muhmMd ^wn) dI &Oz qy Dwvw
krky ienHW swirAW nUM A`gy Dr ilAw[ ies mYdwn iv`c hrI isMG dy
rswly ny A&gwnW dIAW 14 v`fIAW qopW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ iehnW
ij`qIAW qopW iv`c koh iSkn nwmI qop ieiqhws iv`c bVI pRis`D mMnI
geI sI[
ies jMg AMdr hrI isMG dy v&wdwr Aqy ijgrI dosq nvwb
Arvwb muhMmd ^wn qihkwl nUM ie`k pTwx ny nlUey dIAW A`KW swmHxy
golIAW nwl aufw id`qw[ srdwr swihb ny jdoN Awpxw ieh im`qr
qVP qV& ky mrdw dyiKAw qW bVy joS 'c Aw ky AwpxI qlvwr nwl
aus pTwx nUM f`kry f`kry kr id`qw[ ieM\ ipAwry dosq pRqI p`kI
im`qrqw dw sbUq id`qw[
116

A&gwnI &Oj burI qrHW hwr Kw ky d`rw ^Ybr v`l dOV geI[
srdwr hrI isMG dI idlI ie`Cw sI ik iehnW dw ip`Cw nw kIqw jwvy
Aqy isMG Awrwm kr lYx[ is`K &Oj keI idnW dI lVdI lVdI kw&I
Q`k-tu`t geI sI[ pr hoxI nUM jo mMnjUr sI auh hoxw sI[

mhwn jrnYl dw AMq

jMg iv`c qW hr sUrmw isr qy k`Pn bMnH ky qurdw hY[ mn iv`c
sUrmy ij`q leI A`gy nUM hI vDdy hn Aqy mOq dI pRvwh nhIN krdy[
^ws kr Drm nUM bcwaux leI Drm Xu`D iv`c Aqy grIb dI r`iKAw
leI auh Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn leI idRV huMdy hn[ is`K nUM qW
gurU ny is`iKAw hI ieh id`qI hY[ jYsy kbIr jI PrmwauNdy hn:
sUrw so pihcwnIAY ju lrY dIn ky hyq]
purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU nw CwfY Kyq] (1105)
jo jIvn mrnw jwnY] so pMc sYl suK mwnY ] (655)

srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw joS iv`c Aw ky AwpxI &OjI tukVI
lY ky duSmx nUM Bjwaux leI d`rw ^Ybr v`l viDAw[Awpxy isMG swQI
nUM ieM\ dyK srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nw rih sikAw[ aus dI m`dd
leI juAwnW nUM nwl lY A`gy viDAw[ srdwr swihb ny Ajy inDwn
isMG nUM vwps prq Awaux leI sunyhw G`ilAw hI sI ik ieqny nUM
SmsudIn ^wn 2000 svwrW smyq dry iv`c Aw igAw[ bhuq ktw v`FI
hoeI[ pr ^wlsy dIAW qygW A`gy ieh ^wn KVH nhIN sikAw[ r`bI Bwxw
dyKo ie`k pwsy qW ^wlsy dI ij`q dy DONsy v`j gey[ pr dUjy pwsyy Aiq
ipAwrw Aqy bhwdr jrnYl srdwr hrI isMG burI qrHW P`tV ho
igAw[
srdwr nlUAw surkmr pws Awpxy bwfI gwrf srdwr AjYb
isMG rMDwvw nwl jw rhy sn[ ie`Qy rqI nwmI ctwn iv`c ie`k guPw sI[
117

ies guPw iv`c kuJ gwzI pTwx luky hoey sn[ ies guPw iv`coN Acwnk
golIAW c`lIAW jo srdwr AjYb isMG dy l`gIAW[ golIAW l`gx kwrn
ieh GoVy qoN if`g ipAw Aqy QW qy hI pRwx iqAwg igAw[ ieh Bwxw
bIqx qy srdwr hrI isMG GoVy qoN bVI PurqI nwl auqirAw Aqy GoVy
dI lgwm PVH ky guPw v`l igAw[ gwzIAW ny hor golIAW dwgIAW ijnHW
coN ie`k CwqI iv`c v`jI Aqy dUjI v`KI iv`c[ golIAW l`gx dy bwvjUd
ieh gwzIAW v`l vDy Aqy sB nUM qlvwr nwl mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[
jdoN srIr v`l dyiKAw qW P`tW coN KUn dIAW DwrW vg rhIAW sn[ aus
smyN idl krVw kr ky GoVy dI rkwb qy pYr DirAw Aqy plwkI mwr
ky suAwr ho gey[ GoVy nUM A`fI lweI Aqy s^q zKmI hwlq iv`c GoVw
qyzI nwl dOVw ky is`Dy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c phuMcy[ rsqy iv`c srIr
dI ivgV rhI hwlq nUM dyK ky Awpxy ipAwry, inAwry Aqy iSMgwry GoVy
nUM AYsw kih rhy hn ijvyN ik kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c
AMikq kIqw hY:
nUn inkl c`l GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[
golI l`gI ey kihr dlyr vwlI, Gwiel hoieAw ey A`j svwr qyrw[
myry bMikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[
kwdrXwr jy lY clyN A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw BulsI ipAwr Syrw[

A`gy GoVy dy kwrnwmy sMbMDI Sbd hn:

vw vigAw hvw dy vWg GoVw, ijvyN inkldw qIr kmwn iv`coN[
mwr cuMgIAW hrn dy vWg Xwro, au~f igAw sI aus mYdwn iv~coN [
&OjW isMGW dIAW iv`coN guzr igAw, lMG igAw sI lSkr pTwx iv`coN[
kwdrXwr h`T nwl srdwr bYTw, AYpr inkldI peI sI jwn iv~coN[
(hrI isMG nwmw, pMnw 20)

r`bI ikRpw sdkw srdwr swihb iklHy AMdr qW phuMc gey pr

^Un vgx kr ky GoVy qoN auqrn dI qwkq nw rhI[ srdwr mhW isMG
nUM bulwieAw Aqy AwiKAw srdwr jI ! mYnUM GoVy qoN isMGW dI m`dd nwl
118

auqwro[ golIAW v`jx kwrn srIr juAwb deI jw irhw hY[ srdwr
mhW isMG jrnYl nlUey dI hwlq dyK ky bhuq Gbrw gey[ GoVy qoN lwh
ky srdwr nUM mMjy qy swvDwnI nwl iltwieAw[ P`t bMnHx vwly nUM qurMq
bulwieAw[ mrHm p`tI qW kr id`qI pr srdwr dI hwlq plo plI
ivgV rhI sI[ auDroN srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw &Oj smyq ij`q dy
ngwry Aqy jYkwry gjwauNdw iklHy iv`c Aw phuMicAw[pr jdoN srdwr
hrI isMG dy burI qrHW zKmI hox bwry suixAW qW KuSIAW m`Dm pY
geIAW[ iklHy AMdr kihr Cw igAw[ AMqly swhW qy phuMc srdwr ny
mMjy dy Awly-duAwly bYTy Aqy KVHy srdwrW nUM AwiKAw isMGo! jmrOd dI
&qih sMbMDI mYN sB dw DMnvwdI hW ikauNik qusIN bhuq Gwlxw Gwl
ky Aqy jwnW vwr ky ies iklHy aup`r ^wlsw rwj dy JMfy Julwey hn[ l`K
l`K Sukr hY aus krqwr dw ijs ny dwsW qoN ieh kwrj krwieAw hY[
aus mwlk dw s`dVw Aw igAw hY, dws nUM KuSI KuSI ivdw krnw[ ijs
smyN srdwr lihxw isMG ny, ijhVy srdwr jI dy juAweI sn (srdwr
nlUey dI DI bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI), ny
ieh Sbd suxy qW ikhw bwpU jI! swnUM C`f ky iks dy hvwly kr c`ly
hoN? qW DImI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, pu`qr! Akwl purK sB dw rwKw
hY[ AKIr qy mhW isMG nUM ikhw, mhW isAW! ijqnw icr mhwrwjw
swihb nhIN phuMc jWdy auqnw icr iklHy qoN bwhr myry sMswr qoN jwx
dI ^br nw phuMcy[ ieh AMqly Sbd kihx dI dyr sI mhWblI XoDw
Aqy jrnYl; AwKrI svws lY ky sMswr qoN clw igAw[
srdwr dI Shwdq sMbMDI kvI gurid`q isMG jI kuMdn ny mn nUM
tuMbx vwly Sbd au~cry hn:
mOq nhIN sUrmy dI, mOq ieh pMjwb dI sI[
sONdy swr auhdy jwg peIAW brbwdIAW[
mwnoN tu`tw puL sqluj dw sI aus idn[
AweI sI gulwmI, qur geIAW sI AwzwdIAW[

119

ies guPw iv`c kuJ gwzI pTwx luky hoey sn[ ies guPw iv`coN Acwnk
golIAW c`lIAW jo srdwr AjYb isMG dy l`gIAW[ golIAW l`gx kwrn
ieh GoVy qoN if`g ipAw Aqy QW qy hI pRwx iqAwg igAw[ ieh Bwxw
bIqx qy srdwr hrI isMG GoVy qoN bVI PurqI nwl auqirAw Aqy GoVy
dI lgwm PVH ky guPw v`l igAw[ gwzIAW ny hor golIAW dwgIAW ijnHW
coN ie`k CwqI iv`c v`jI Aqy dUjI v`KI iv`c[ golIAW l`gx dy bwvjUd
ieh gwzIAW v`l vDy Aqy sB nUM qlvwr nwl mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[
jdoN srIr v`l dyiKAw qW P`tW coN KUn dIAW DwrW vg rhIAW sn[ aus
smyN idl krVw kr ky GoVy dI rkwb qy pYr DirAw Aqy plwkI mwr
ky suAwr ho gey[ GoVy nUM A`fI lweI Aqy s^q zKmI hwlq iv`c GoVw
qyzI nwl dOVw ky is`Dy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c phuMcy[ rsqy iv`c srIr
dI ivgV rhI hwlq nUM dyK ky Awpxy ipAwry, inAwry Aqy iSMgwry GoVy
nUM AYsw kih rhy hn ijvyN ik kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c
AMikq kIqw hY:
nUn inkl c`l GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[
golI l`gI ey kihr dlyr vwlI, Gwiel hoieAw ey A`j svwr qyrw[
myry bMikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[
kwdrXwr jy lY clyN A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw BulsI ipAwr Syrw[

A`gy GoVy dy kwrnwmy sMbMDI Sbd hn:

vw vigAw hvw dy vWg GoVw, ijvyN inkldw qIr kmwn iv`coN[
mwr cuMgIAW hrn dy vWg Xwro, au~f igAw sI aus mYdwn iv~coN [
&OjW isMGW dIAW iv`coN guzr igAw, lMG igAw sI lSkr pTwx iv`coN[
kwdrXwr h`T nwl srdwr bYTw, AYpr inkldI peI sI jwn iv~coN[
(hrI isMG nwmw, pMnw 20)

r`bI ikRpw sdkw srdwr swihb iklHy AMdr qW phuMc gey pr

^Un vgx kr ky GoVy qoN auqrn dI qwkq nw rhI[ srdwr mhW isMG
nUM bulwieAw Aqy AwiKAw srdwr jI ! mYnUM GoVy qoN isMGW dI m`dd nwl
118

auqwro[ golIAW v`jx kwrn srIr juAwb deI jw irhw hY[ srdwr
mhW isMG jrnYl nlUey dI hwlq dyK ky bhuq Gbrw gey[ GoVy qoN lwh
ky srdwr nUM mMjy qy swvDwnI nwl iltwieAw[ P`t bMnHx vwly nUM qurMq
bulwieAw[ mrHm p`tI qW kr id`qI pr srdwr dI hwlq plo plI
ivgV rhI sI[ auDroN srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw &Oj smyq ij`q dy
ngwry Aqy jYkwry gjwauNdw iklHy iv`c Aw phuMicAw[pr jdoN srdwr
hrI isMG dy burI qrHW zKmI hox bwry suixAW qW KuSIAW m`Dm pY
geIAW[ iklHy AMdr kihr Cw igAw[ AMqly swhW qy phuMc srdwr ny
mMjy dy Awly-duAwly bYTy Aqy KVHy srdwrW nUM AwiKAw isMGo! jmrOd dI
&qih sMbMDI mYN sB dw DMnvwdI hW ikauNik qusIN bhuq Gwlxw Gwl
ky Aqy jwnW vwr ky ies iklHy aup`r ^wlsw rwj dy JMfy Julwey hn[ l`K
l`K Sukr hY aus krqwr dw ijs ny dwsW qoN ieh kwrj krwieAw hY[
aus mwlk dw s`dVw Aw igAw hY, dws nUM KuSI KuSI ivdw krnw[ ijs
smyN srdwr lihxw isMG ny, ijhVy srdwr jI dy juAweI sn (srdwr
nlUey dI DI bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI), ny
ieh Sbd suxy qW ikhw bwpU jI! swnUM C`f ky iks dy hvwly kr c`ly
hoN? qW DImI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, pu`qr! Akwl purK sB dw rwKw
hY[ AKIr qy mhW isMG nUM ikhw, mhW isAW! ijqnw icr mhwrwjw
swihb nhIN phuMc jWdy auqnw icr iklHy qoN bwhr myry sMswr qoN jwx
dI ^br nw phuMcy[ ieh AMqly Sbd kihx dI dyr sI mhWblI XoDw
Aqy jrnYl; AwKrI svws lY ky sMswr qoN clw igAw[
srdwr dI Shwdq sMbMDI kvI gurid`q isMG jI kuMdn ny mn nUM
tuMbx vwly Sbd au~cry hn:
mOq nhIN sUrmy dI, mOq ieh pMjwb dI sI[
sONdy swr auhdy jwg peIAW brbwdIAW[
mwnoN tu`tw puL sqluj dw sI aus idn[
AweI sI gulwmI, qur geIAW sI AwzwdIAW[

119

srdwr mhW isMG ny sujwn srdwrW nwl slwh krky srdwr

swihb dI dyh dw sMskwr ausy rwq 30 ApRYl 1837 nUM jmrOd iklHy
dy AMdr hI krn dw PYslw kIqw[ jldI sMskwr krn dw v`fw kwrn
ieh sI ik mOsm bVw grm sI[ kOm dy mhwn Aqy Anmol hIry dy
sMskwr leI iklHy dI cVHdI nu`kr v`l sm`grI ie`kTI kr ky itkweI[
A`DI rwq dy smyN gurmiq mirXwdw Anuswr AMqm sMskwr kIqw[
auprMq AKMf pwT krvwky Bog pwieAw igAw Aqy Amr ShId dI
AMqm Ardws kIqI[
auprMq srdwr swihb dy AMgITy nUM Pol srIr dIAW AsQIAW
brqn iv`c pw ky siqkwr sihq r`KIAW[ iehnI idnIN mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG gujrwq iv`c sI[ srdwr nlUey dy zKmI hox dI ^br
mhwrwjw nUM 4 meI 1837 nUM imlI[ BwvyN rwjw iDAwn isMG nUM srdwr
dI mOq bwry pqw l`g cu`ikAw sI pr ies ny mhwrwjw swihb nUM nhIN
d`isAw[ iDAwn isMG ny ngwirAW dI gUMj nwl ie`QoN jmrOd v`l kUc
kIqw[

Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM srdwr dy clwxy dI

^br imlxI
jdoN mhwrwjw swihb zyhlm pwr krky rohqws phuMcy qW 6 meI
nUM ipSwvr qoN ^br AweI ik srdwr nlUAw qW cVHweI kr gey hn[
ieh sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb fUMGy vihx iv`c vih gey[ Awpxy Syr jYsy
Adu`qI XoDy nUM Xwd kr ky rox l`g pey[ munSI sohn lwl ny mhwrwjy
v`loN nlvw dy rudn sMbMDI mUMhoN ieh Sbd inkly ilKy hn:
srkwry AwlI Aj SunIdn dI ^br dhSq Asr kmwl qwsuP
v qP`kr &rmUdw, qmwm Ahvwly srdwr mzkUr Az iebqdwey qw
ieMqhw vnmk hlwlI dr[ qkdImy i^dmwq ibAwn PrmUdw cSm pur
Awb SudMd[
120

(aumdwqu`q qvwrIK , d&qr soiep, ih`sw cuhrwm pMnw 397)

fwktr gMfw isMG Anuswr mhwrwjw v`loN iDAwn isMG dy gVvw

mwrn dI Gtnw gujrwq ivKy hoeI sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr hrI
isMG dy ivCoVy dw Asr mhwrwjw qy ieqnw hoieAw ik jlDwrw dy rUp
iv`c A`KW coN pwxI iqRp iqRp co irhw sI Aqy bhuq hI KwmoSI dI hwlq
iv`c cly gey sn[ kwPI smyN dI cu`p ip`CoN boly, A`j ^wlsw rwj dy
iklHy dw BwrI burj Fih igAw hY[ myry bhwdr suGV isAwxy srdwr
hrI isMG dw ivCoVw myry leI Asih hY[ dsdy hn ik Syir-ey-pMjwb
Awpxy jIvn AMdr kdy ieqny mwXUs nhIN sn hoey[ Awp hmySw cVHdI
klw iv`c ivcrn vwly inDVk sUrmy sn[ srdwr nlUAw dw ivCoVw
auhnW dy idl nUM fwFw P`tV kr igAw[
jmrOd iv`c ies vrqy Bwxy kwrn Asmwn iv`c vI b`dl Cw gey
sn[ b`dlW iv`coN pwxI dIAW bUMdW vI vrsIAW ArQwq pRikrqI ny vI
hMJU kyry[ ipqw dI ^br sux ky srdwr hrI isMG dw v`fw pu`qr srdwr
jvwhr isMG nlvw ipSwvr nUM rvwnw ho igAw[ ie`QoN srdwr jvwhr
isMG jmrOd phuMicAw pr jwx vyly q`k sB kuJ sMpUrn ho cu`ikAw sI
Bwv AKIr smyN prvwr dw koeI jIA (juAweI srdwr lihxw isMG qoN
vgYr) srdwr dw mu`K nhIN dyK sikAw [ srdwr jvwhr isMG vwpsI
smyN srdwr dy AMgITy dw kuJ Bwg gujrW vwly ivKy lY AwieAw Aqy
AwpxI mwqw srdwrnI dysW dy aupdyS qy srdwr dy ipAwry bwg iv`c
bwrWdrI dy swmHxy suMdr Xwdgwr bxw id`qI[ srdwr pRym isMG jI hoqI
mrdwn ilKdy hn ik ieh smwD mYN dyKI hY[ ieh bwrWdrI qoN 12
kdm dI iv`Q pr zmIn nwloN 10 pOVIAW au~cI bxI hoeI hY[ ijs pr
16 Pu`t au~cw gMubj hY[ gMubj dy Awly-duAwly pRkrmw hY[ ie`k smwD
AMgITy vwly AsQwn qy bxweI geI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI ie`Cw
Anuswr smwD lwgy gurduAwrw swihb vI bxwieAw igAw[ ie`k gRMQI
isMG p`ky qOr qy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dI syvw leI r`iKAw igAw[ sMn

121

srdwr mhW isMG ny sujwn srdwrW nwl slwh krky srdwr

swihb dI dyh dw sMskwr ausy rwq 30 ApRYl 1837 nUM jmrOd iklHy
dy AMdr hI krn dw PYslw kIqw[ jldI sMskwr krn dw v`fw kwrn
ieh sI ik mOsm bVw grm sI[ kOm dy mhwn Aqy Anmol hIry dy
sMskwr leI iklHy dI cVHdI nu`kr v`l sm`grI ie`kTI kr ky itkweI[
A`DI rwq dy smyN gurmiq mirXwdw Anuswr AMqm sMskwr kIqw[
auprMq AKMf pwT krvwky Bog pwieAw igAw Aqy Amr ShId dI
AMqm Ardws kIqI[
auprMq srdwr swihb dy AMgITy nUM Pol srIr dIAW AsQIAW
brqn iv`c pw ky siqkwr sihq r`KIAW[ iehnI idnIN mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG gujrwq iv`c sI[ srdwr nlUey dy zKmI hox dI ^br
mhwrwjw nUM 4 meI 1837 nUM imlI[ BwvyN rwjw iDAwn isMG nUM srdwr
dI mOq bwry pqw l`g cu`ikAw sI pr ies ny mhwrwjw swihb nUM nhIN
d`isAw[ iDAwn isMG ny ngwirAW dI gUMj nwl ie`QoN jmrOd v`l kUc
kIqw[

Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM srdwr dy clwxy dI

^br imlxI
jdoN mhwrwjw swihb zyhlm pwr krky rohqws phuMcy qW 6 meI
nUM ipSwvr qoN ^br AweI ik srdwr nlUAw qW cVHweI kr gey hn[
ieh sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb fUMGy vihx iv`c vih gey[ Awpxy Syr jYsy
Adu`qI XoDy nUM Xwd kr ky rox l`g pey[ munSI sohn lwl ny mhwrwjy
v`loN nlvw dy rudn sMbMDI mUMhoN ieh Sbd inkly ilKy hn:
srkwry AwlI Aj SunIdn dI ^br dhSq Asr kmwl qwsuP
v qP`kr &rmUdw, qmwm Ahvwly srdwr mzkUr Az iebqdwey qw
ieMqhw vnmk hlwlI dr[ qkdImy i^dmwq ibAwn PrmUdw cSm pur
Awb SudMd[
120

(aumdwqu`q qvwrIK , d&qr soiep, ih`sw cuhrwm pMnw 397)

fwktr gMfw isMG Anuswr mhwrwjw v`loN iDAwn isMG dy gVvw

mwrn dI Gtnw gujrwq ivKy hoeI sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr hrI
isMG dy ivCoVy dw Asr mhwrwjw qy ieqnw hoieAw ik jlDwrw dy rUp
iv`c A`KW coN pwxI iqRp iqRp co irhw sI Aqy bhuq hI KwmoSI dI hwlq
iv`c cly gey sn[ kwPI smyN dI cu`p ip`CoN boly, A`j ^wlsw rwj dy
iklHy dw BwrI burj Fih igAw hY[ myry bhwdr suGV isAwxy srdwr
hrI isMG dw ivCoVw myry leI Asih hY[ dsdy hn ik Syir-ey-pMjwb
Awpxy jIvn AMdr kdy ieqny mwXUs nhIN sn hoey[ Awp hmySw cVHdI
klw iv`c ivcrn vwly inDVk sUrmy sn[ srdwr nlUAw dw ivCoVw
auhnW dy idl nUM fwFw P`tV kr igAw[
jmrOd iv`c ies vrqy Bwxy kwrn Asmwn iv`c vI b`dl Cw gey
sn[ b`dlW iv`coN pwxI dIAW bUMdW vI vrsIAW ArQwq pRikrqI ny vI
hMJU kyry[ ipqw dI ^br sux ky srdwr hrI isMG dw v`fw pu`qr srdwr
jvwhr isMG nlvw ipSwvr nUM rvwnw ho igAw[ ie`QoN srdwr jvwhr
isMG jmrOd phuMicAw pr jwx vyly q`k sB kuJ sMpUrn ho cu`ikAw sI
Bwv AKIr smyN prvwr dw koeI jIA (juAweI srdwr lihxw isMG qoN
vgYr) srdwr dw mu`K nhIN dyK sikAw [ srdwr jvwhr isMG vwpsI
smyN srdwr dy AMgITy dw kuJ Bwg gujrW vwly ivKy lY AwieAw Aqy
AwpxI mwqw srdwrnI dysW dy aupdyS qy srdwr dy ipAwry bwg iv`c
bwrWdrI dy swmHxy suMdr Xwdgwr bxw id`qI[ srdwr pRym isMG jI hoqI
mrdwn ilKdy hn ik ieh smwD mYN dyKI hY[ ieh bwrWdrI qoN 12
kdm dI iv`Q pr zmIn nwloN 10 pOVIAW au~cI bxI hoeI hY[ ijs pr
16 Pu`t au~cw gMubj hY[ gMubj dy Awly-duAwly pRkrmw hY[ ie`k smwD
AMgITy vwly AsQwn qy bxweI geI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI ie`Cw
Anuswr smwD lwgy gurduAwrw swihb vI bxwieAw igAw[ ie`k gRMQI
isMG p`ky qOr qy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dI syvw leI r`iKAw igAw[ sMn

121

1849 iv`c jdoN brqwnIAW srkwr dw kbzw jmrOd aup`r ho igAw

qW AMgryzI srkwr vI gRMQI isMG nUM qnKwh idMdI rhI sI[
srdwr hrI isMG ihMdA
U W dy idlW AMdr vI bhuq hrmn ipAwrw
sI[ ihMdUAW dI sur`iKAw leI aus ny bhuq kwnUMn bxvwey, gaUAW dwn
kIqIAW Aqy iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW, nUhW, DIAW Aqy BYxW nUM bcwaux
leI AwpxI jwn nUM vI bhuq vwr zoKm iv`c pwieAw[ sMn 1892 dy
sqMbr mhIny iv`c bwbU gjU m`l jI kpUr, jo ipSwvr iv`c mShUr
Tykydwr sI, ny srdwr hrI isMG dI smwD nUM muV qoN au~cw kr ky bhuq
suMdr bxwieAw[ ies smwD qy gurmuKI, AMgryzI Aqy aurdU iv`c
ilKvwieAw: Tomb the late Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa,
Cremated 30th April 1837 Commermorated by Babu Gajjan
Mal Kapur of Peshawar, September 1892, smwD srdwr hrI
isMG nlvw[
ihstorIAn AY~s AY~m j&r ny 1945 iv`c AwpxI ikqwb
'ipSwvr pwst AYNf prYzYNt' dy pMnw 121 qy iliKAw hY ik jmrOd dy
iklHy iv`c ie`k Cotw kmrw srdwr hrI isMG dI Xwd iv`c Ajy vI
piv`qr kmry dy qOr qy KwlHI r`iKAw hoieAw hY[ ies kmry iv`c hrI
isMG nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c ilAw ky mMjy aup`r pwieAw sI[
sMn 1844 iv`c ibRitS is`K rjmYNt ny hrI isMG dI smwD qy
ipAwr Aqy siqkwr vjoN ie`k plyt Dwq dI iP`t krvweI sI[ ies
qy AMikq hY (< syvw krweI, sYkMf (2) XwdivMdrw pitAwlw,
nvMbr 1944)[ vnIq nlUAw ny iehnW XwdgwrW dIAW PotoAW jo
1982 iv`c iK`cIAW Awpxy ikqwb dy pMnw 320 qy lweIAW hoeIAW
hn[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, srdwr hrI isMG dy clwxy dw du`K
prvwr nwl sWJw krn leI Awp gujrWvwly phuMcy[ srdwr swihb dI
ivDvw pqnI nUM gujrWvwlw ijlHw jwgIr vjoN dyx dw &Yslw vI kIqw[
122

hrI isMG dy AMgITy nUM iek`Tw kr ky siqkwr vjoN srdwr suMdr isMG
pihlW phoey phuMcy Aqy iPr gMgw iv`c pwieAw[ srdwr nlUey dy
AMgITy nUM jo gwgrW iv`c r`iKAw hoieAw sI, dy drSnW leI is`K, ihMdU
Aqy muslmwn v`fI igxqI iv`c rsqy dy dohIN pwsI KVHy sn[ rwm
idAwl ny ies nzwry nUM ie`k kib`q iv`c vrnx kIqw hY:
qMbU
Pu`l
Eh
jb

jw l`gy iv`c hjro dy, sux Sihr dy ^qrI sB DwieAw[

d`sI dy ieh srdwr dy jI, aunHW r`b dw vwsqw cwie pwieAw[
dyvqw sI srdwr cMgw, dyK Pu`lW qy bhuq hI du`K pwieAw[
gwjIAW hjroAwn mwrI, au~T hsno qurq Cpwl AwieAw[

dUjy pwsy jdoN kwbl dy gwjIAW nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMG
nlUAw mwirAw igAw hY qW Sihr iv`c BwrIAW KuSIAW mnweIAW
geIAW Aqy dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok Anuswr
AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn dy drbwr iv`c crcw SurU ho geI ik hrI
isMG nUM mwrn dw ishrw iks dy isr qy bMinHAw jwvy[ muhMmd ^wn
dIAW 14 bygmW iv`coN 13 vIN bygm ny ijs dw AmIr dy idl au~qy aus
dI cwihqw bIvI hox kr ky, pUrw pUrw kbzw sI[ ie`k ^udgrz mW hox
dy nwqy ies ij`q dw ishrw Awpxy pu`qr muhMmd Akbr Kwn dy isr
hI bMnHvwieAw hwlW ik srdwr hrI isMG dy hmly smyN jd A&gwnI
&OjW mYdwny jMg iv`coN n`sIAW qW muhMmd Akbr ^wn sB qoN pihlW
dOiVAw sI[ kyvl muhMmd A&zl ^wn Aqy S`msudIn Kwn hI AKIr
q`k lVdy rhy[ SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk muhMmd A&zl
Kwn, Awpxy ipqw dy ies XkqrPw PYsly qoN hmySw leI nwrwj rihx
l`g ipAw[ ieh g`l mohn lwl kSmIrI ny (Life of Amir Dost
Muhammed Khan) 1846 iv`c ilKI hY[ vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw
hY ik kYptn vyf ny ie`k p`qr AMdr DMnvwd vjoN muhMmd Akbr ^wn
nUM hrI isMG dI mOq bwry iliKAw sI[Bwv ies nUM kYptn vyf qoN
srdwr dI mOq dI ^br imlI[

123

1849 iv`c jdoN brqwnIAW srkwr dw kbzw jmrOd aup`r ho igAw

qW AMgryzI srkwr vI gRMQI isMG nUM qnKwh idMdI rhI sI[
srdwr hrI isMG ihMdA
U W dy idlW AMdr vI bhuq hrmn ipAwrw
sI[ ihMdUAW dI sur`iKAw leI aus ny bhuq kwnUMn bxvwey, gaUAW dwn
kIqIAW Aqy iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW, nUhW, DIAW Aqy BYxW nUM bcwaux
leI AwpxI jwn nUM vI bhuq vwr zoKm iv`c pwieAw[ sMn 1892 dy
sqMbr mhIny iv`c bwbU gjU m`l jI kpUr, jo ipSwvr iv`c mShUr
Tykydwr sI, ny srdwr hrI isMG dI smwD nUM muV qoN au~cw kr ky bhuq
suMdr bxwieAw[ ies smwD qy gurmuKI, AMgryzI Aqy aurdU iv`c
ilKvwieAw: Tomb the late Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa,
Cremated 30th April 1837 Commermorated by Babu Gajjan
Mal Kapur of Peshawar, September 1892, smwD srdwr hrI
isMG nlvw[
ihstorIAn AY~s AY~m j&r ny 1945 iv`c AwpxI ikqwb
'ipSwvr pwst AYNf prYzYNt' dy pMnw 121 qy iliKAw hY ik jmrOd dy
iklHy iv`c ie`k Cotw kmrw srdwr hrI isMG dI Xwd iv`c Ajy vI
piv`qr kmry dy qOr qy KwlHI r`iKAw hoieAw hY[ ies kmry iv`c hrI
isMG nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c ilAw ky mMjy aup`r pwieAw sI[
sMn 1844 iv`c ibRitS is`K rjmYNt ny hrI isMG dI smwD qy
ipAwr Aqy siqkwr vjoN ie`k plyt Dwq dI iP`t krvweI sI[ ies
qy AMikq hY (< syvw krweI, sYkMf (2) XwdivMdrw pitAwlw,
nvMbr 1944)[ vnIq nlUAw ny iehnW XwdgwrW dIAW PotoAW jo
1982 iv`c iK`cIAW Awpxy ikqwb dy pMnw 320 qy lweIAW hoeIAW
hn[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, srdwr hrI isMG dy clwxy dw du`K
prvwr nwl sWJw krn leI Awp gujrWvwly phuMcy[ srdwr swihb dI
ivDvw pqnI nUM gujrWvwlw ijlHw jwgIr vjoN dyx dw &Yslw vI kIqw[
122

hrI isMG dy AMgITy nUM iek`Tw kr ky siqkwr vjoN srdwr suMdr isMG
pihlW phoey phuMcy Aqy iPr gMgw iv`c pwieAw[ srdwr nlUey dy
AMgITy nUM jo gwgrW iv`c r`iKAw hoieAw sI, dy drSnW leI is`K, ihMdU
Aqy muslmwn v`fI igxqI iv`c rsqy dy dohIN pwsI KVHy sn[ rwm
idAwl ny ies nzwry nUM ie`k kib`q iv`c vrnx kIqw hY:
qMbU
Pu`l
Eh
jb

jw l`gy iv`c hjro dy, sux Sihr dy ^qrI sB DwieAw[

d`sI dy ieh srdwr dy jI, aunHW r`b dw vwsqw cwie pwieAw[
dyvqw sI srdwr cMgw, dyK Pu`lW qy bhuq hI du`K pwieAw[
gwjIAW hjroAwn mwrI, au~T hsno qurq Cpwl AwieAw[

dUjy pwsy jdoN kwbl dy gwjIAW nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMG
nlUAw mwirAw igAw hY qW Sihr iv`c BwrIAW KuSIAW mnweIAW
geIAW Aqy dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok Anuswr
AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn dy drbwr iv`c crcw SurU ho geI ik hrI
isMG nUM mwrn dw ishrw iks dy isr qy bMinHAw jwvy[ muhMmd ^wn
dIAW 14 bygmW iv`coN 13 vIN bygm ny ijs dw AmIr dy idl au~qy aus
dI cwihqw bIvI hox kr ky, pUrw pUrw kbzw sI[ ie`k ^udgrz mW hox
dy nwqy ies ij`q dw ishrw Awpxy pu`qr muhMmd Akbr Kwn dy isr
hI bMnHvwieAw hwlW ik srdwr hrI isMG dy hmly smyN jd A&gwnI
&OjW mYdwny jMg iv`coN n`sIAW qW muhMmd Akbr ^wn sB qoN pihlW
dOiVAw sI[ kyvl muhMmd A&zl ^wn Aqy S`msudIn Kwn hI AKIr
q`k lVdy rhy[ SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk muhMmd A&zl
Kwn, Awpxy ipqw dy ies XkqrPw PYsly qoN hmySw leI nwrwj rihx
l`g ipAw[ ieh g`l mohn lwl kSmIrI ny (Life of Amir Dost
Muhammed Khan) 1846 iv`c ilKI hY[ vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw
hY ik kYptn vyf ny ie`k p`qr AMdr DMnvwd vjoN muhMmd Akbr ^wn
nUM hrI isMG dI mOq bwry iliKAw sI[Bwv ies nUM kYptn vyf qoN
srdwr dI mOq dI ^br imlI[

123

hrI isMG dI bhwdrI, jvWmrdI, socxI Aqy kurbwnI nUM mu`K

rKidAW srdwr dI mOq qy SrDWzlI v`joN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM
horW qoN ielwvw iqMn p`qr AMgryz A&srW v`lNo Aqy ie`k APgwinsqwn
dy pihly rwjy v`loN AwieAw[ AMgryz A&sr ijnHW ny sog p`qr Byjy auh
sn, ibRitS gvrnr A&sr jnrl, lwrf AwklYNf, kmWfr -iencIP ibRitS AwrmI lY&tInYNt jnrl sr hYnrIPyn Aqy ibRitS eyjMt
klwf pwrtn vyf cOQw p`qr A&gwinsqwn dy pihly rwjy Swh sujwA
v`loN AwieAw[ hor qW hor muglW Aqy pTwxW ny vI ieh iliKAw hY ik
hrI isMG mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw kyvl ie`k bhwdr jrnYl hI nhIN
sI sgoN kwblIAq p`KoN vI v`fI muhwrq rKdw sI[

sUrmy nlvw aup`r golIAW iks ny clweIAW?

jykr koeI kihMdw hY ik mYN hrI isMG nUM golIAW mwrIAW ieh sB
dwAvy JUTy hn[ Agr A&gwnW nUM ies g`l dw shI pqw l`g jWdw qW
auh aus nUM v`fw mwx b^Sdy, aus dw bu`q lwauNdy Aqy aus nUM pUjdy[
mhwrwjy dw Awpxw p`qrkwr lwlw rwm idAwl ilKdw hY ik
muhMmd ^wn ^lIl ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM zKmI kIqw ijs kwrn aus
dI mOq hoeI[ auh ieh vI ilKdw hY ik j^mI hox ip`CoN srdwr ny aus
nUM mwr id`qw sI[ pr ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr ^lIl qW srdwr dI mOq
auprMq ijMdw sI[ A&gwnW qoN ibnW do AMgryzW Aqy ie`k AmrIkn ny
vI hrI isMG qy goLI clwaux leI Awpxy Awp nUM hIro khwieAw[ pr
qvwrIK ies g`l dI gvwhI Br rhI hY ik jMg smyN A&gwnW dI &Oj
iv`c koeI AMgryz jW AmrIkn nhIN sI[ keIAW ny ies ip`Cy rwjw
iDAwn isMG fogry dw h`Q iliKAw hY, keIAW ny jmWdwr KuShwl isMG
aup`r doS miVHAw hY Aqy keIAW ny rwjw gulwb isMG dw nW iliKAw
hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM jdoN iehnW g`lW dw pqw l`igAw qW
au~qr sI, "kwrbweIn iv`coN inklIAW golIAW hrI isMG dI sMjoA iv`c
124

D`s geIAW[ ieh mwrIAW iks ny r`b hI jwxdw hY[ srdwr ie`k
isAwxw qy dwnw purS sI, Aqy auhny bhwdrI Aqy hOsly drswauNidAW
AwpxI jwn Akwl purK dy hvwly kr id`qI hY[ auh pUrw nmk-hlwl
sI"[
AMgryz ilKwrI gRyA ilKdw hY ik,"Swn dy rwh bMdy nUM SmSwn
v`l iljWdy hn" pr ie`k s`cy sYink vWgMU nlvy dI mOq mYdwny-jMg
iv`c hoeI[ auh Awpxy ip`Cy bhwdrI, hunrmMdI dI ie`k prMprw C`f
igAw hY jo imtweI nhIN jw skdI[ auh is`K ieiqhws iv`c pTwxW
nUM A`gy A`gy lgwaux vwlw sB qoN v`D mShUr ivAkqI hoieAw hY[...swrI
srh`d aus dy nwm qoN kMbdI sI"[
ieiqhwsk q`Q hn ik srdwr nlUAw golIAW l`gx auprMq hoS
iv`c sI[ aus ny Awp jw ky golIAW clwaux vwilAW nUM qlvwr nwl
mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[ auu~QoN auh GoVy qy svwr ho jmrOd iklHy phuMcy[
P`tV hwlq iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy horW nwl vI g`lbwq kIqI[
jykr is`K &Oj 'coN iksy ny ieh kwrw kIqw huMdw qW d`s idMdy[ bMdy dw
mwirAw bMdw nhIN mrdw[ mOq dw sdVw qW r`b v`loN hI AwauNdw hY[
hoxI tldI nhIN Aqy ijs ny hiQAwr clwauxw hY auh vI hwzr ho
jWdw hY[ imQy smyN Anuswr hoxI AwpxI klw vrqw idMdI hY nhIN qW
pihlW vI ieh sUrmw AnykW bwr burI qrHW P`tV hoieAw sI[ vnIq
nlUAw ny AwpxI ikqwb dy pMnw 262 qy srdwr Arjn isMG v`loN d~sI
hrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy mOq qoN infr hox qy gwQw ilKI hY:
gwQw Anuswr ie`k A&rIdI pTwx jo jwm ipMf dw sI AwpxI
bygm dy nwl jmrOd dy iklHy kol dI svyr v^q lMG irhw sI[ kudrqI
srdwr nlUAw bwhr KVHy dwqx kr rhy sI[ pTwx ny srdwr nUM
AwiKAw,"isMGw! qYnUM pqw ieh pTwxW dI DrqI hY[ qUM hiQAwr ibnw
iklHy dy bwhr quirAw iPrdw hYN[ qYnUM koeI pTwx mwr skdw hY[ kI qUM
mrn qoN nhIN frdw"? nlUAw ny auq`r iv`c ikhw, is`KW nUM qW gurU
125

hrI isMG dI bhwdrI, jvWmrdI, socxI Aqy kurbwnI nUM mu`K

rKidAW srdwr dI mOq qy SrDWzlI v`joN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM
horW qoN ielwvw iqMn p`qr AMgryz A&srW v`lNo Aqy ie`k APgwinsqwn
dy pihly rwjy v`loN AwieAw[ AMgryz A&sr ijnHW ny sog p`qr Byjy auh
sn, ibRitS gvrnr A&sr jnrl, lwrf AwklYNf, kmWfr -iencIP ibRitS AwrmI lY&tInYNt jnrl sr hYnrIPyn Aqy ibRitS eyjMt
klwf pwrtn vyf cOQw p`qr A&gwinsqwn dy pihly rwjy Swh sujwA
v`loN AwieAw[ hor qW hor muglW Aqy pTwxW ny vI ieh iliKAw hY ik
hrI isMG mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw kyvl ie`k bhwdr jrnYl hI nhIN
sI sgoN kwblIAq p`KoN vI v`fI muhwrq rKdw sI[

sUrmy nlvw aup`r golIAW iks ny clweIAW?

jykr koeI kihMdw hY ik mYN hrI isMG nUM golIAW mwrIAW ieh sB
dwAvy JUTy hn[ Agr A&gwnW nUM ies g`l dw shI pqw l`g jWdw qW
auh aus nUM v`fw mwx b^Sdy, aus dw bu`q lwauNdy Aqy aus nUM pUjdy[
mhwrwjy dw Awpxw p`qrkwr lwlw rwm idAwl ilKdw hY ik
muhMmd ^wn ^lIl ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM zKmI kIqw ijs kwrn aus
dI mOq hoeI[ auh ieh vI ilKdw hY ik j^mI hox ip`CoN srdwr ny aus
nUM mwr id`qw sI[ pr ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr ^lIl qW srdwr dI mOq
auprMq ijMdw sI[ A&gwnW qoN ibnW do AMgryzW Aqy ie`k AmrIkn ny
vI hrI isMG qy goLI clwaux leI Awpxy Awp nUM hIro khwieAw[ pr
qvwrIK ies g`l dI gvwhI Br rhI hY ik jMg smyN A&gwnW dI &Oj
iv`c koeI AMgryz jW AmrIkn nhIN sI[ keIAW ny ies ip`Cy rwjw
iDAwn isMG fogry dw h`Q iliKAw hY, keIAW ny jmWdwr KuShwl isMG
aup`r doS miVHAw hY Aqy keIAW ny rwjw gulwb isMG dw nW iliKAw
hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM jdoN iehnW g`lW dw pqw l`igAw qW
au~qr sI, "kwrbweIn iv`coN inklIAW golIAW hrI isMG dI sMjoA iv`c
124

D`s geIAW[ ieh mwrIAW iks ny r`b hI jwxdw hY[ srdwr ie`k
isAwxw qy dwnw purS sI, Aqy auhny bhwdrI Aqy hOsly drswauNidAW
AwpxI jwn Akwl purK dy hvwly kr id`qI hY[ auh pUrw nmk-hlwl
sI"[
AMgryz ilKwrI gRyA ilKdw hY ik,"Swn dy rwh bMdy nUM SmSwn
v`l iljWdy hn" pr ie`k s`cy sYink vWgMU nlvy dI mOq mYdwny-jMg
iv`c hoeI[ auh Awpxy ip`Cy bhwdrI, hunrmMdI dI ie`k prMprw C`f
igAw hY jo imtweI nhIN jw skdI[ auh is`K ieiqhws iv`c pTwxW
nUM A`gy A`gy lgwaux vwlw sB qoN v`D mShUr ivAkqI hoieAw hY[...swrI
srh`d aus dy nwm qoN kMbdI sI"[
ieiqhwsk q`Q hn ik srdwr nlUAw golIAW l`gx auprMq hoS
iv`c sI[ aus ny Awp jw ky golIAW clwaux vwilAW nUM qlvwr nwl
mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[ auu~QoN auh GoVy qy svwr ho jmrOd iklHy phuMcy[
P`tV hwlq iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy horW nwl vI g`lbwq kIqI[
jykr is`K &Oj 'coN iksy ny ieh kwrw kIqw huMdw qW d`s idMdy[ bMdy dw
mwirAw bMdw nhIN mrdw[ mOq dw sdVw qW r`b v`loN hI AwauNdw hY[
hoxI tldI nhIN Aqy ijs ny hiQAwr clwauxw hY auh vI hwzr ho
jWdw hY[ imQy smyN Anuswr hoxI AwpxI klw vrqw idMdI hY nhIN qW
pihlW vI ieh sUrmw AnykW bwr burI qrHW P`tV hoieAw sI[ vnIq
nlUAw ny AwpxI ikqwb dy pMnw 262 qy srdwr Arjn isMG v`loN d~sI
hrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy mOq qoN infr hox qy gwQw ilKI hY:
gwQw Anuswr ie`k A&rIdI pTwx jo jwm ipMf dw sI AwpxI
bygm dy nwl jmrOd dy iklHy kol dI svyr v^q lMG irhw sI[ kudrqI
srdwr nlUAw bwhr KVHy dwqx kr rhy sI[ pTwx ny srdwr nUM
AwiKAw,"isMGw! qYnUM pqw ieh pTwxW dI DrqI hY[ qUM hiQAwr ibnw
iklHy dy bwhr quirAw iPrdw hYN[ qYnUM koeI pTwx mwr skdw hY[ kI qUM
mrn qoN nhIN frdw"? nlUAw ny auq`r iv`c ikhw, is`KW nUM qW gurU
125

goibMd isMG dI Et hY[ mwrnw r`Kxw gurU dw kMm hY[ jykr qyry 'c
ihMmq hY mYnUM mwr dy jW mukwblw kr ky dyK lY[ pTwx kihMdw,"isMGw
myrI bygm nwl hY[ ies nUM mYN Gr C`f AwvW[ jykr ihMmq hY Aw myry
nwl myry jwm ipMf c`l au~Qy jor Azmw lvIN[ ies jwm ipMf dy nW qy
hI jmrOd dw iklHw hoNd iv`c AwieAw sI[ dlyr Aqy byKO& srdwr
dwqx krdw hI A&rIdI nwl aus dy ipMf clw igAw[
ies pTwx ny ipMf vwsI ie`kTy kr ley Aqy mukwbly leI
AwKwVw bMnH ilAw[ pTwx ny qlvwr Fwl nlUey nUM dy id`qI Aqy Awp
vI c`k leI[ mukwblw SurU ho igAw[ nlUAw ny AwiKAw,"A&rIdI!
pihlW qUM vwr kr lY, pr qkVw ho ky krIN"[ pTwx ny vwr kIqw,
srdwr ny Fwl qy vwr rok ilAw[ srdwr ny ikhw,"A&rIdI! qkVw
ho hux myrI vwrI hY, " nlUey ny AYsw vwr kIqw ik qlvwr s`p vwgUM
SUkdI Fwl nUM pwr kr ky pTwx dy srIr qy jw v`jI[ lhU vih quirAw[
srdwr ny AwpxI auprlI p`g lwhI[ mrHm vgYrw mMgvw ky zKm qy
lw ky KUn rokx leI p`g lpyt id`qI[ is`K dw AYsw ihrdw dyK ky ipMf
vwsI hYrwn rih gey[ pTwx ny pyNfUAW nUM AwiKAw,"is`K nUM kuJ nw
AwiKau[ mYN Awp hI is`K nUM mukwbly leI aukswieAw sI"[ srdwr
hrI isMG nlvw qur ky iklHy AMdr phuMc gey[ kuJ idnW ip`CoN pTwxW
nUM pqw l`igAw ik auh is`K qW 'hrIAw' sI[ auh AwpxI mUrKqw qy
pCqwauNx l`gy ik hrIAy nUM mwrn dw bhuq vDIAw mOkw AsIN Ko id`qw
hY[(Tales from Sikh History 1918: 23-6)

jo ienswn s`c Aqy ienswP dI Kwqr Aqy dIn duKIAW, d`bykucly, grIb-gurby Aqy qIRmq dI ie`zq bcwayux ^wqr Shwdq idMdw
hY, auh ShId khwauNdw hY[ ShId hmySw Amr rihMdw hY[ sMswr qW
kI inrMkwr dy Gr iv`c vI aus dI hmySw soBw huMdI hY[ ijvyN ik gurU
swihb PrmwauNdy hn:
syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145)
gurmuKw ky muK aujly hir drgih soBw pwie] (1415)

bMdy dy ^qm hox auprMq SMikAW dy AwDwr qy GVIAW khwxIAW

ieiqhws bx jWdIAW hn[ gurbwxI dy s`cy bol hn:
nwnk jo Duir krqY iliKAw su myit n skY koie](1414)
ijsu qU rwKih iqsu kaun mwrY
sB quJ hI AMqir sgl sMswrY] (1415)

126

127

goibMd isMG dI Et hY[ mwrnw r`Kxw gurU dw kMm hY[ jykr qyry 'c
ihMmq hY mYnUM mwr dy jW mukwblw kr ky dyK lY[ pTwx kihMdw,"isMGw
myrI bygm nwl hY[ ies nUM mYN Gr C`f AwvW[ jykr ihMmq hY Aw myry
nwl myry jwm ipMf c`l au~Qy jor Azmw lvIN[ ies jwm ipMf dy nW qy
hI jmrOd dw iklHw hoNd iv`c AwieAw sI[ dlyr Aqy byKO& srdwr
dwqx krdw hI A&rIdI nwl aus dy ipMf clw igAw[
ies pTwx ny ipMf vwsI ie`kTy kr ley Aqy mukwbly leI
AwKwVw bMnH ilAw[ pTwx ny qlvwr Fwl nlUey nUM dy id`qI Aqy Awp
vI c`k leI[ mukwblw SurU ho igAw[ nlUAw ny AwiKAw,"A&rIdI!
pihlW qUM vwr kr lY, pr qkVw ho ky krIN"[ pTwx ny vwr kIqw,
srdwr ny Fwl qy vwr rok ilAw[ srdwr ny ikhw,"A&rIdI! qkVw
ho hux myrI vwrI hY, " nlUey ny AYsw vwr kIqw ik qlvwr s`p vwgUM
SUkdI Fwl nUM pwr kr ky pTwx dy srIr qy jw v`jI[ lhU vih quirAw[
srdwr ny AwpxI auprlI p`g lwhI[ mrHm vgYrw mMgvw ky zKm qy
lw ky KUn rokx leI p`g lpyt id`qI[ is`K dw AYsw ihrdw dyK ky ipMf
vwsI hYrwn rih gey[ pTwx ny pyNfUAW nUM AwiKAw,"is`K nUM kuJ nw
AwiKau[ mYN Awp hI is`K nUM mukwbly leI aukswieAw sI"[ srdwr
hrI isMG nlvw qur ky iklHy AMdr phuMc gey[ kuJ idnW ip`CoN pTwxW
nUM pqw l`igAw ik auh is`K qW 'hrIAw' sI[ auh AwpxI mUrKqw qy
pCqwauNx l`gy ik hrIAy nUM mwrn dw bhuq vDIAw mOkw AsIN Ko id`qw
hY[(Tales from Sikh History 1918: 23-6)

jo ienswn s`c Aqy ienswP dI Kwqr Aqy dIn duKIAW, d`bykucly, grIb-gurby Aqy qIRmq dI ie`zq bcwayux ^wqr Shwdq idMdw
hY, auh ShId khwauNdw hY[ ShId hmySw Amr rihMdw hY[ sMswr qW
kI inrMkwr dy Gr iv`c vI aus dI hmySw soBw huMdI hY[ ijvyN ik gurU
swihb PrmwauNdy hn:
syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145)
gurmuKw ky muK aujly hir drgih soBw pwie] (1415)

bMdy dy ^qm hox auprMq SMikAW dy AwDwr qy GVIAW khwxIAW

ieiqhws bx jWdIAW hn[ gurbwxI dy s`cy bol hn:
nwnk jo Duir krqY iliKAw su myit n skY koie](1414)
ijsu qU rwKih iqsu kaun mwrY
sB quJ hI AMqir sgl sMswrY] (1415)

126

127

7
SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw
inrmwx
blkwrI XoDw hrI isMG nlUAw kyvl &OjI jrnYl, hunrmMd
sYink Aqy suGV rwj-pRbMDk hI nhIN sI sgoN au~cI mwnsk bu`DI
vwlw, ivauNqkwr Aqy mnsUby-bwz S^SIAq dw mwlk sI[ iehnW
cmqkwrI guxW sdkw aus ny gulwmI dIAW jMzIrW nUM qoVn leI
ApxweI AgWh vDU Xu`D nIqI qoN ielwvw Biv`K iv`c prjw dI BlweI
leI bhuq hI dUr-AMdySI nIqI nUM mu`K r`K ky gOrvmeI kwrz kIqy[
iehnW kwrjW iv`c nvyN SihrW dI sQwpnw, ikilHAW dI auswrI, pwxI
dy pRbD
M , Dwrimk iemwrqW dw inrmwx, bwgbwnI Aqy sud
M r bgIicAW
dI iqAwrI mu`K ivSy sn[ Awpxy sMKyp (46 swl) jIvn AMdr
ijhVIAW XwdgwrW kwiem kIqIAW aunHW dw vyrvw Bwv rUp iv`c
vrnx kIqw jw irhw hY[

hzwry dw hirikSn gVH iklHw

srdwr nlUAw ny hzwry dy AYn ivckwr, jo ik qMg phwVIAW
nwl iGirAw hoieAw sI, ^wlsw &Oj leI ie`k v`fy Aqy mzbUq iklHy
dI auswrI krvweI[ ies iklHy dw nW A`TvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hirikSn
jI dy nwm qy hirikSn gVH r`iKAw sI[ ies jgHw qy XUsP jeIAW Aqy
isMGW ivckwr bVI iBAwnk jMg hoeI sI[ ies jMg iv`c srdwr
Amr isMG klwn (mjITIAw), idvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr Amr
isMG jwnW vwr gey sn[
hirikSn gVH iv`c pwxI dw pRbMD dOr dirAw qoN kIqw igAw[
ivzn dI 1842 dI irport Anuswr ieh iklHw cOrs hY, &OjI inXmW
Anuswr nymb`D hY Aqy im`tI dIAW kMDW nwl auswrI hoeI hoeI hY[ hoqI
128

mrdwn dI ilKq muqwbk ieh iklHw 1937 q`k qW hoNd iv`c sI[
aunHW dy dyKx Anuswr ieh hrI isMG dI au~c idmwgI qy ieMjInIArI
dy kmwl nUM drswauNdw hY[ hrI isMG dI mOq auprMq Aqy is`K rwj dy
^wqmy ip`CoN jdoN mugl phwVI kbIilAW ny mwrc 1846 iv`c ihMdU Aqy
is`KW qy hmly krny SurU kr id`qy qW aunHW ies iklHy iv`c dwKl ho ky
Awpxy Dn mwl nUM sur`iKAq kIqw[ vnIq nlvw ny ieh vI Kulwsw
kIqw hY ik hrI isMG dI ie`k BYx sI ijs dw nW sI ikSn dyvI-ikSno
(ikSn kOr)[ so hirikSn gVH iklHy dy nwm iv`c dohW BYx BrwvW dw
nwm vI Aw jWdw hY[
ies iklHy qoN ielwvw Amn kwnUMn dI bhwlI leI srdwr nlUAw
ny hzwry dy ielwky iv`c cwr iklHy hor bxvwey sn, ijvyN iklHw nvW
Sihr, iklHw DmDoV, iklHw drbMD Aqy iklHw SIn ikAwrI[ hoqI
mrdwn jI Anuswr 1937 dy Aws pws kyvl drbMD iklHw cMgI hwlq
iv`c sI, ijs iv`c nvwb drbMd rihMdw sI pr bwkI dy iklHy Fih cu`ky
sn[

hrIpur Sihr vswauxw

hirikSn iklHy qoN A`D mIl dI dUrI qy p~Cm v`l hrIpur Sihr
vswieAw[ ieh mwno hrI (God) dI purI hY qy srdwr nlvy dw nwm
vI ies iv`c smwieAw hoieAw hY[ nlUey dIAW hor XwdgwrW BwvyN smW
pw ky imt jwx pr hrIpur Sihr ies mhwn sUrmy dI Xwd dunIAW
Br AMdr hmySw rhygI[ Sihr dI sur`iKAw leI Awly-duAwly 4 gz
cOVI Aqy 16 gz au~cI dIvwr bxvweI Aqy cwr drvwjy rKvwey[
kMDW dy cwry koinAW qy sur`iKAw p`KoN burz vI bxvwey[ dirAw dOr
iv`coN pwxI dw vihx krvw ky rMgIlw nwm qlwA iv`c puAwieAw[ ies
qlwA iv`coN moGy kFvw ky hr roz dI vrqoN leI Sihr dy hr ih`sy
iv`c pwxI phuMcwieAw[
129

7
SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw
inrmwx
blkwrI XoDw hrI isMG nlUAw kyvl &OjI jrnYl, hunrmMd
sYink Aqy suGV rwj-pRbMDk hI nhIN sI sgoN au~cI mwnsk bu`DI
vwlw, ivauNqkwr Aqy mnsUby-bwz S^SIAq dw mwlk sI[ iehnW
cmqkwrI guxW sdkw aus ny gulwmI dIAW jMzIrW nUM qoVn leI
ApxweI AgWh vDU Xu`D nIqI qoN ielwvw Biv`K iv`c prjw dI BlweI
leI bhuq hI dUr-AMdySI nIqI nUM mu`K r`K ky gOrvmeI kwrz kIqy[
iehnW kwrjW iv`c nvyN SihrW dI sQwpnw, ikilHAW dI auswrI, pwxI
dy pRbD
M , Dwrimk iemwrqW dw inrmwx, bwgbwnI Aqy sud
M r bgIicAW
dI iqAwrI mu`K ivSy sn[ Awpxy sMKyp (46 swl) jIvn AMdr
ijhVIAW XwdgwrW kwiem kIqIAW aunHW dw vyrvw Bwv rUp iv`c
vrnx kIqw jw irhw hY[

hzwry dw hirikSn gVH iklHw

srdwr nlUAw ny hzwry dy AYn ivckwr, jo ik qMg phwVIAW
nwl iGirAw hoieAw sI, ^wlsw &Oj leI ie`k v`fy Aqy mzbUq iklHy
dI auswrI krvweI[ ies iklHy dw nW A`TvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hirikSn
jI dy nwm qy hirikSn gVH r`iKAw sI[ ies jgHw qy XUsP jeIAW Aqy
isMGW ivckwr bVI iBAwnk jMg hoeI sI[ ies jMg iv`c srdwr
Amr isMG klwn (mjITIAw), idvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr Amr
isMG jwnW vwr gey sn[
hirikSn gVH iv`c pwxI dw pRbMD dOr dirAw qoN kIqw igAw[
ivzn dI 1842 dI irport Anuswr ieh iklHw cOrs hY, &OjI inXmW
Anuswr nymb`D hY Aqy im`tI dIAW kMDW nwl auswrI hoeI hoeI hY[ hoqI
128

mrdwn dI ilKq muqwbk ieh iklHw 1937 q`k qW hoNd iv`c sI[
aunHW dy dyKx Anuswr ieh hrI isMG dI au~c idmwgI qy ieMjInIArI
dy kmwl nUM drswauNdw hY[ hrI isMG dI mOq auprMq Aqy is`K rwj dy
^wqmy ip`CoN jdoN mugl phwVI kbIilAW ny mwrc 1846 iv`c ihMdU Aqy
is`KW qy hmly krny SurU kr id`qy qW aunHW ies iklHy iv`c dwKl ho ky
Awpxy Dn mwl nUM sur`iKAq kIqw[ vnIq nlvw ny ieh vI Kulwsw
kIqw hY ik hrI isMG dI ie`k BYx sI ijs dw nW sI ikSn dyvI-ikSno
(ikSn kOr)[ so hirikSn gVH iklHy dy nwm iv`c dohW BYx BrwvW dw
nwm vI Aw jWdw hY[
ies iklHy qoN ielwvw Amn kwnUMn dI bhwlI leI srdwr nlUAw
ny hzwry dy ielwky iv`c cwr iklHy hor bxvwey sn, ijvyN iklHw nvW
Sihr, iklHw DmDoV, iklHw drbMD Aqy iklHw SIn ikAwrI[ hoqI
mrdwn jI Anuswr 1937 dy Aws pws kyvl drbMD iklHw cMgI hwlq
iv`c sI, ijs iv`c nvwb drbMd rihMdw sI pr bwkI dy iklHy Fih cu`ky
sn[

hrIpur Sihr vswauxw

hirikSn iklHy qoN A`D mIl dI dUrI qy p~Cm v`l hrIpur Sihr
vswieAw[ ieh mwno hrI (God) dI purI hY qy srdwr nlvy dw nwm
vI ies iv`c smwieAw hoieAw hY[ nlUey dIAW hor XwdgwrW BwvyN smW
pw ky imt jwx pr hrIpur Sihr ies mhwn sUrmy dI Xwd dunIAW
Br AMdr hmySw rhygI[ Sihr dI sur`iKAw leI Awly-duAwly 4 gz
cOVI Aqy 16 gz au~cI dIvwr bxvweI Aqy cwr drvwjy rKvwey[
kMDW dy cwry koinAW qy sur`iKAw p`KoN burz vI bxvwey[ dirAw dOr
iv`coN pwxI dw vihx krvw ky rMgIlw nwm qlwA iv`c puAwieAw[ ies
qlwA iv`coN moGy kFvw ky hr roz dI vrqoN leI Sihr dy hr ih`sy
iv`c pwxI phuMcwieAw[
129

sur`iKAw nUM mu`K r`K ky Aqy cMgIAW shUlqW dI auplBdI kwrn

bhuq swry vpwrI ie`Qy Aw vsy[ bYrn hugl ny 23 dsMbr 1845 nUM
jdoN ieh Sihr dyiKAw qW Sihr dI gihmw gihm dyK ilKdw hY ik
hzwry iv`c hrIpur ijhw Sihr mYN hor koeI nhIN dyiKAw[ ies Sihr
iv`c cwry pwsy suMdr hirAwlI sI, dUr-durwfy q`k vpwr cldw sI[
ie`QoN q`k ik iq`bq rwhIN hrIpur qoN cIn q`k vpwrk vsqW jWdIAW
sn[ A`j ie`kIvIN sdI iv`c vI pwiksqwn dy hzwrw ijlHy iv`c hrIpur
ie`k mShUr Sihr hY[ iklHw hirikSn gVH iv`c kwnUMn sMbMDI mMqrwly
dw d&qr hY[ hrIpur qoN ielwvw ie`k hor Sihr AMimRqpur vI hrI
isMG ny vswieAw sI[ SihrIAW dIAW Dwrimk loVW dI pUrqI leI
srdwr nlvw ny ie`k gurduAwrw ShId gMz ie`Qy jMg dOrwn ShId
isMGW dI Xwd iv`c bxvwieAw[ ies dI syvw leI BweI krm isMG
nwmI gRMQI rKvwieAw[ gRMQI isMG dy guzwry leI Aqy lMgr clwaux
leI gurU Gr leI zmIn vI lgvw id`qI[ ihMdU BrwvW leI gxyS igrI
nW dw mMdr iqAwr krvwieAw Aqy muslmwn BweIAW leI qylIAW dy
muh`ly vwlI msIq bxvweI Aqy ienHW nUM Dn vI id`qw[

hrI isMG kw bwg

hrIpur dI DrqI cMgI aupjwaU hox kr ky ie`Qy &ldwr bUty,
jVHI bUtIAW Aqy Kws iksm dIAW durl`B JwVIAW bhuq vDIAw &l
idMdIAW hn[ hirikSn gVH dy auqr
` -pUrb v`l iskMdr pur (AlYgzYNfr
ksby) dy nzdIk hrI isMG kw bwg bhuq mShUr sI ijs iv`c &ldwr
bUitAW, suMdr bgIcIAW, rMgdwr Pu`lW nwl BrpUr sbzIAW Awid vI
bhuq huMdIAW sn[ pr AMgryz hkUmq ny ies bwg dy kuJ ih`sy nUM
SmSwn Gwt iv`c bdl id`qw sI[ pRoPYsr pUrn isMG hrIpur Sihr
iv`c pYdw hoieAw sI[ aus ny ies nUM hirAwlI BirAw Sihr iliKAw
hY[ hrIpur iv`c AMb, KurmwnI, SihqUq Awid dI KuSbU bhuq hI
ipAwr Aqy mlwr BrI sI[ grmIAW iv`c grIbW leI drKqW dI TMFI
130

CW qy nihrW dw vg irhw pwxI mwno bihSq hY (Puran Singh,

1982).

ipSwvr dy iklHy
hrI isMG qkrIbn iqMn swl (1834 qoN 1837) ipSwvr dw
gvrnr irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn iK`qy iv`c cMgy rwj-pRbMD qy Amn
SWqI dI bhwlI leI ies ny bVy Ajb Aqy gzb dy kMm kIqy[ pMjwb
v`loN muglW qy pTwxW dy mUMh moVn leI cwr iklHy jhWgIrw, nuSihrw,
ipSwvr 'c sumyr hVH Aqy jmrOd ivKy &qihgVH is`K &Oj dI mzbUqI
leI bxvwey[ ies qoN ielwvw Atk dy iklHy nUM hor mzbUq krvwieAw[
sumyr gVH ikly dw pihlw nW bwlw-ihswr sI Aqy ieh bwbr
ny bxvwieAw sI[ bwbr ip`CoN A&gwnW ny ies nUM nSt kr id`qw sI
pr bwbr dy pu`qr hMmwXU ny ies nUM dubwrw bxvwieAw sI[ Akbr dy
rwj smyN A&gwnW ny ies nUM iPr Fwh id`qw sI[ pr muglW ny iPr
bxw ilAw[ nuSihry dI jMg smyN 1823 iv`c is`K &Oj ny ies nUM qbwh
kr id`qw sI[ mUr krwPt ny jd ieh jgHw dyKI qW ies nUM 'gMdgI dw
Fyr' hI iliKAw[ is`KW ny jdoN 1834 iv`c ipSwvr qy kbzw kIqw qW
ies jgHw qy srdwr nlUAw ny ies iklHy nUM bxvwieAw Aqy 'bwlwihswr' dw nW bdl ky 'sumyr gVH r`K id`qw[ sumyr gVH ies dw nW
ikauN r`iKAw? ies dw vI v`fw kwrn sI[
sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 1510 iv`c audwsI dOrwn mwaUNt kYlwS
prbq ijs nUM sumyr prbq vI kihMdy hn is`DW nwl goSt krn gey
sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG jdoN ieh nvW bixAw iklHw pihlI vwr
16 meI 1835 nUM dyKx Awey qW aunHW AwiKAw sumyr prbq qy qW gurU
nwnk dyv jI Awey sn ies leI ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVH hovygw[
iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw hrI isMG ny ipSwvr ivKy BweI jogw
isMG, BweI bIbw isMG Aqy gurU nwnk dyv jI dy pu`qrW sRI cMd Aqy sRI
131

sur`iKAw nUM mu`K r`K ky Aqy cMgIAW shUlqW dI auplBdI kwrn

bhuq swry vpwrI ie`Qy Aw vsy[ bYrn hugl ny 23 dsMbr 1845 nUM
jdoN ieh Sihr dyiKAw qW Sihr dI gihmw gihm dyK ilKdw hY ik
hzwry iv`c hrIpur ijhw Sihr mYN hor koeI nhIN dyiKAw[ ies Sihr
iv`c cwry pwsy suMdr hirAwlI sI, dUr-durwfy q`k vpwr cldw sI[
ie`QoN q`k ik iq`bq rwhIN hrIpur qoN cIn q`k vpwrk vsqW jWdIAW
sn[ A`j ie`kIvIN sdI iv`c vI pwiksqwn dy hzwrw ijlHy iv`c hrIpur
ie`k mShUr Sihr hY[ iklHw hirikSn gVH iv`c kwnUMn sMbMDI mMqrwly
dw d&qr hY[ hrIpur qoN ielwvw ie`k hor Sihr AMimRqpur vI hrI
isMG ny vswieAw sI[ SihrIAW dIAW Dwrimk loVW dI pUrqI leI
srdwr nlvw ny ie`k gurduAwrw ShId gMz ie`Qy jMg dOrwn ShId
isMGW dI Xwd iv`c bxvwieAw[ ies dI syvw leI BweI krm isMG
nwmI gRMQI rKvwieAw[ gRMQI isMG dy guzwry leI Aqy lMgr clwaux
leI gurU Gr leI zmIn vI lgvw id`qI[ ihMdU BrwvW leI gxyS igrI
nW dw mMdr iqAwr krvwieAw Aqy muslmwn BweIAW leI qylIAW dy
muh`ly vwlI msIq bxvweI Aqy ienHW nUM Dn vI id`qw[

hrI isMG kw bwg

hrIpur dI DrqI cMgI aupjwaU hox kr ky ie`Qy &ldwr bUty,
jVHI bUtIAW Aqy Kws iksm dIAW durl`B JwVIAW bhuq vDIAw &l
idMdIAW hn[ hirikSn gVH dy auqr
` -pUrb v`l iskMdr pur (AlYgzYNfr
ksby) dy nzdIk hrI isMG kw bwg bhuq mShUr sI ijs iv`c &ldwr
bUitAW, suMdr bgIcIAW, rMgdwr Pu`lW nwl BrpUr sbzIAW Awid vI
bhuq huMdIAW sn[ pr AMgryz hkUmq ny ies bwg dy kuJ ih`sy nUM
SmSwn Gwt iv`c bdl id`qw sI[ pRoPYsr pUrn isMG hrIpur Sihr
iv`c pYdw hoieAw sI[ aus ny ies nUM hirAwlI BirAw Sihr iliKAw
hY[ hrIpur iv`c AMb, KurmwnI, SihqUq Awid dI KuSbU bhuq hI
ipAwr Aqy mlwr BrI sI[ grmIAW iv`c grIbW leI drKqW dI TMFI
130

CW qy nihrW dw vg irhw pwxI mwno bihSq hY (Puran Singh,

1982).

ipSwvr dy iklHy
hrI isMG qkrIbn iqMn swl (1834 qoN 1837) ipSwvr dw
gvrnr irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn iK`qy iv`c cMgy rwj-pRbMD qy Amn
SWqI dI bhwlI leI ies ny bVy Ajb Aqy gzb dy kMm kIqy[ pMjwb
v`loN muglW qy pTwxW dy mUMh moVn leI cwr iklHy jhWgIrw, nuSihrw,
ipSwvr 'c sumyr hVH Aqy jmrOd ivKy &qihgVH is`K &Oj dI mzbUqI
leI bxvwey[ ies qoN ielwvw Atk dy iklHy nUM hor mzbUq krvwieAw[
sumyr gVH ikly dw pihlw nW bwlw-ihswr sI Aqy ieh bwbr
ny bxvwieAw sI[ bwbr ip`CoN A&gwnW ny ies nUM nSt kr id`qw sI
pr bwbr dy pu`qr hMmwXU ny ies nUM dubwrw bxvwieAw sI[ Akbr dy
rwj smyN A&gwnW ny ies nUM iPr Fwh id`qw sI[ pr muglW ny iPr
bxw ilAw[ nuSihry dI jMg smyN 1823 iv`c is`K &Oj ny ies nUM qbwh
kr id`qw sI[ mUr krwPt ny jd ieh jgHw dyKI qW ies nUM 'gMdgI dw
Fyr' hI iliKAw[ is`KW ny jdoN 1834 iv`c ipSwvr qy kbzw kIqw qW
ies jgHw qy srdwr nlUAw ny ies iklHy nUM bxvwieAw Aqy 'bwlwihswr' dw nW bdl ky 'sumyr gVH r`K id`qw[ sumyr gVH ies dw nW
ikauN r`iKAw? ies dw vI v`fw kwrn sI[
sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 1510 iv`c audwsI dOrwn mwaUNt kYlwS
prbq ijs nUM sumyr prbq vI kihMdy hn is`DW nwl goSt krn gey
sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG jdoN ieh nvW bixAw iklHw pihlI vwr
16 meI 1835 nUM dyKx Awey qW aunHW AwiKAw sumyr prbq qy qW gurU
nwnk dyv jI Awey sn ies leI ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVH hovygw[
iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw hrI isMG ny ipSwvr ivKy BweI jogw
isMG, BweI bIbw isMG Aqy gurU nwnk dyv jI dy pu`qrW sRI cMd Aqy sRI
131

lKmI dws dy nW qy gurduAwry vI bxvwey[ ipSwvr iv`c hI ie`k

purwqn iemwrq 'gVH K`qrI' sI[ ieh jogIAW Aqy ihMdUAW dw Dwrimk
kyNdr sI[ pr 1504 iv`c bwbr ny ihMdusqwn qy hmly smyN ies nUM
nSt kr id`qw sI[ gVH K`qrI nUM XogI'gorK m`T vI kihMdy sn[ ie`Qy
hI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny gorK nwQ (XogIAW dw gurU) nwl g`lbwq
kIqI sI ijs bwry sRI gurU gRMQ swihb iv`c vI drz hY[ gVH ^qrI dy
AsQwn qy srdwr nlUAw ny pihlW gurduAwrw bxwieAw Aqy nwl hI
iSv mMdr Aqy BYroN jI mMdr dI auswrI krvweI[

pMjw swihb dI syvw sMBwl

pMjw swihb dw piv`qr AsQwn hsn Abdwl Sihr iv`c
siQ`q hY[ hsn Abdwl hrIpur dy d`Kx-p`Cm Aqy rwvlipMfI dy
au~qr p`Cm v`l hY[ is`K ieiqhws Anuswr sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 24
hwV 1571 ibkrmI (1515 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl phuMcy[ gurU
swihb qW vlI kMDwrI &kIr nwl myl-imlwp leI Awey sn[ aunHW
BweI mrdwny nUM ies pws pwxI lYx ByijAw[ pr nwsqk qy hMkwrI
&kIr ny pwxI dyx dI bjwey gurU swihb nUM mwrn leI ie`k Bwrw p`Qr
iehnW v`l roVH id`qw[ s`cy pwqSwh ny Awpxy AiDAwqmk bl Awsry
ruVHy AwauNdy p`Qr nUM s`jy h`Q nwl rok ilAw[ auh pMjw ijs nwl p`Qr
ruikAw kudrqI inSwnI v`joN p`Qr iv`c D`s igAw[ aus goibMd rUp dwqy
ny hor dwq bKSI ik aupr jo pwxI jmHW sI auh cSmy dy rUp iv`c sdw
leI vgw id`qw[
bwby nwnk dy ies cmqkwrI pMjy dy inSwn qy sMgqW DMn nwnk!
DMn nwnk ! kihMdIAW nqmsqk huMdIAW hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG ny munSI sohx lwl dy roznmw Anuswr k`qk dy mhIny dI
23 qwrIK sMmq 1875 (1818 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl iv`c gurU
swihb jI dy pMjy (swihb) dy ipAwr Bry ihrdy nwl drSn dIdwry
krky pRsMnqw pRwpq kIqI qy inhwl hoey[ sMn 1823 iv`c imstr mUr
132

kurwPt ie`Qy AwieAw, pMjy dw inSwn p`Qr qy dyK ky gur is`KW qoN pu`C
ky iliKAw:
Beyond the tomb was a spot of a rill, trickling from a
block of a stone, supposed to have been sanctified by a miracle
wrought there by Nanak coming to the place fatigues and
thirsty, through he had a claim upon hospitality of this brother
ascetic, and involved the spirit of Baba Wali for a cup of water. The Mohammaden saint, indignant at the presumption of
an on believer, to his application by throwing a stone at him
of several tons weight. Nanak caught the missile in his hand,
and placed it on the ground, leaving the impression of his
fingres upon its hard substance, at the same time he commanded water to flow from it, and this constituted the rill
here observable, along which were a number of Sikh fanatics
who had come on piligrimage. (Travels in the Punjab, Ladakh,
Kashmir Page, 319-320 by Mooncraft)
Bwv mkbry qoN QoVIH dUrI qy phwVI dy iknwry au~pr ie`k p`Qr
dy Q`ilauN pwxI dw somw vih irhw sI, ijhVw nwnk dy cmqkwr kwrn
Pu`itAw sI, jdoN auh Q`ky hoey Aqy ipAwsy ie`Qy phuMcy sn[ auh qW
Awpxy Awp nUM Kudw prsq khwaux vwly Brw nUM imlx Awey sn Aqy
bwbw vlI pwsoN pwxI dy ie`k ipAwly dI mMg kIqI sI[ muslm sMq ny
ie`k gYr muslm dI mMg nUM sux ky gu`sy 'c Aw ky ie`k bhuq Bwrw p`Qr
aus au~pr su`itAw[ nwnk ny Awpxy h`Q nwl rok ky aus p`Qr nUM DrqI
qy QMmH id`qw[ ijhVy h`Q dy pMjy nwl p`Qr roikAw sI s^q p`Qr qy
aus dy inSwn pY gey sn[ aus smyN aus ny au~Qy pwxI vgw id`qw ijhVw
hux ie`Qy c`l irhw hY Aqy somy dy rUp iv`c idKweI idMdw hY[ ie`Qy
SrDwvwn is`K bYTy hoey sn jo drSnW leI Awey sn[
iesy qrHW hugl ny 1835 dy Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c pMjw swihb
dw izkr kIqw hY Aqy 1836 iv`c munSI Swhmq AlI ny jdoN ieh pMjy
133

lKmI dws dy nW qy gurduAwry vI bxvwey[ ipSwvr iv`c hI ie`k

purwqn iemwrq 'gVH K`qrI' sI[ ieh jogIAW Aqy ihMdUAW dw Dwrimk
kyNdr sI[ pr 1504 iv`c bwbr ny ihMdusqwn qy hmly smyN ies nUM
nSt kr id`qw sI[ gVH K`qrI nUM XogI'gorK m`T vI kihMdy sn[ ie`Qy
hI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny gorK nwQ (XogIAW dw gurU) nwl g`lbwq
kIqI sI ijs bwry sRI gurU gRMQ swihb iv`c vI drz hY[ gVH ^qrI dy
AsQwn qy srdwr nlUAw ny pihlW gurduAwrw bxwieAw Aqy nwl hI
iSv mMdr Aqy BYroN jI mMdr dI auswrI krvweI[

pMjw swihb dI syvw sMBwl

pMjw swihb dw piv`qr AsQwn hsn Abdwl Sihr iv`c
siQ`q hY[ hsn Abdwl hrIpur dy d`Kx-p`Cm Aqy rwvlipMfI dy
au~qr p`Cm v`l hY[ is`K ieiqhws Anuswr sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 24
hwV 1571 ibkrmI (1515 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl phuMcy[ gurU
swihb qW vlI kMDwrI &kIr nwl myl-imlwp leI Awey sn[ aunHW
BweI mrdwny nUM ies pws pwxI lYx ByijAw[ pr nwsqk qy hMkwrI
&kIr ny pwxI dyx dI bjwey gurU swihb nUM mwrn leI ie`k Bwrw p`Qr
iehnW v`l roVH id`qw[ s`cy pwqSwh ny Awpxy AiDAwqmk bl Awsry
ruVHy AwauNdy p`Qr nUM s`jy h`Q nwl rok ilAw[ auh pMjw ijs nwl p`Qr
ruikAw kudrqI inSwnI v`joN p`Qr iv`c D`s igAw[ aus goibMd rUp dwqy
ny hor dwq bKSI ik aupr jo pwxI jmHW sI auh cSmy dy rUp iv`c sdw
leI vgw id`qw[
bwby nwnk dy ies cmqkwrI pMjy dy inSwn qy sMgqW DMn nwnk!
DMn nwnk ! kihMdIAW nqmsqk huMdIAW hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG ny munSI sohx lwl dy roznmw Anuswr k`qk dy mhIny dI
23 qwrIK sMmq 1875 (1818 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl iv`c gurU
swihb jI dy pMjy (swihb) dy ipAwr Bry ihrdy nwl drSn dIdwry
krky pRsMnqw pRwpq kIqI qy inhwl hoey[ sMn 1823 iv`c imstr mUr
132

kurwPt ie`Qy AwieAw, pMjy dw inSwn p`Qr qy dyK ky gur is`KW qoN pu`C
ky iliKAw:
Beyond the tomb was a spot of a rill, trickling from a
block of a stone, supposed to have been sanctified by a miracle
wrought there by Nanak coming to the place fatigues and
thirsty, through he had a claim upon hospitality of this brother
ascetic, and involved the spirit of Baba Wali for a cup of water. The Mohammaden saint, indignant at the presumption of
an on believer, to his application by throwing a stone at him
of several tons weight. Nanak caught the missile in his hand,
and placed it on the ground, leaving the impression of his
fingres upon its hard substance, at the same time he commanded water to flow from it, and this constituted the rill
here observable, along which were a number of Sikh fanatics
who had come on piligrimage. (Travels in the Punjab, Ladakh,
Kashmir Page, 319-320 by Mooncraft)
Bwv mkbry qoN QoVIH dUrI qy phwVI dy iknwry au~pr ie`k p`Qr
dy Q`ilauN pwxI dw somw vih irhw sI, ijhVw nwnk dy cmqkwr kwrn
Pu`itAw sI, jdoN auh Q`ky hoey Aqy ipAwsy ie`Qy phuMcy sn[ auh qW
Awpxy Awp nUM Kudw prsq khwaux vwly Brw nUM imlx Awey sn Aqy
bwbw vlI pwsoN pwxI dy ie`k ipAwly dI mMg kIqI sI[ muslm sMq ny
ie`k gYr muslm dI mMg nUM sux ky gu`sy 'c Aw ky ie`k bhuq Bwrw p`Qr
aus au~pr su`itAw[ nwnk ny Awpxy h`Q nwl rok ky aus p`Qr nUM DrqI
qy QMmH id`qw[ ijhVy h`Q dy pMjy nwl p`Qr roikAw sI s^q p`Qr qy
aus dy inSwn pY gey sn[ aus smyN aus ny au~Qy pwxI vgw id`qw ijhVw
hux ie`Qy c`l irhw hY Aqy somy dy rUp iv`c idKweI idMdw hY[ ie`Qy
SrDwvwn is`K bYTy hoey sn jo drSnW leI Awey sn[
iesy qrHW hugl ny 1835 dy Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c pMjw swihb
dw izkr kIqw hY Aqy 1836 iv`c munSI Swhmq AlI ny jdoN ieh pMjy
133

dw inSwn p`Qr qy q`ikAw qW AwpxI pusqk 'The Sikhs and Afgans'

dy pMnw 158 qy ies bwry iliKAw hY[ Awnrybl AYliPnstn ny vI
ies piv`qr jgHw nUM dyK ky ies dI mihmw gwien kIqI hY[
sMn 1832 iv`c srdwr nlUAw ny Awpxy Awp nUM vfBwgw jwx
ky ies gurDwm dI syvw AwrMB krvweI[ ijs p`Qr qy siqgurW dw pMjy
dw inSwn hY aus aup`r ie`k suMdr gMubjnumw iemwrq bxvw ky sRI gurU
gRMQ swihb jI dw pRkwS krvwieAw[
sIql jl dy vg rhy somy dw pwxI qlwA (srovr) bxvw ky aus
iv`c pwieAw[ srovr dIAW pauVIAW leI sMg mrmr rwjpuqwny qoN
mMgvwieAw sI[ bYrn hugl ny Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c sMgmrmr dIAW
pauVIAW bwry vI iliKAw hY[ gurduAwrw swihb leI hrI isMG ny
bhuq Dn id`qw[ hoqI mrdwn jI Anuswr jdoN jnvrI 1833 iv`c
gurduAwrw swihb jI dI mukMmlqw auprMq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dy
AKMf pwT dw Bog pwieAw qW srdwr nlUAw ny AwpxI nyk kmweI
iv`coN bhuq suMdr klIn, ibsqry, lMgr leI brqn Aqy 3500 rupey
nkd Bytw kIqy[ BweI mhW isMG nUM ie`QoN dw pRbMDk QwipAw Aqy
bwhrlI syvw qy rKvwlI leI inhMg swDU isMG nUM muk~rr kIqw[ pMjw
swihb ivKy idn rwq lMgr cldw sI Aqy XwqrUAW dy rihx leI
Drmswlw vI iqAwr krvweI geI sI[ pr 1920 dy l`g pg
AMgryzW dI Sih qy ie`Qy mhMq kwbz ho igAw Aqy kurIqIAW krn
l`gw[ pr is`KW ny isMG sBw lihr jo gurDwmW dy suDwr leI clweI
ny kurbwnIAW dy ky 22 nvMbr 1921 nUM gurduAwry dw pRbMD SRomxI
gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ADIn krvw id`qw[ aunIvIN sdI dy A^Ir
ies gurduAwrw swihb dI iemwrq kmzor ho geI sI jo vIhvIN sdI
dy SurU iv`c nvIN bxweI geI[ A`j klH jo AwlISwn iemwrq hY ieh
1934 iv`c iqAwr kIqI geI sI[ sMn 1947 qoN ipCoN dyS dI AwzwdI
smyN ieh gurDwm hux pwiksqwn iv`c hY[ pr is`K sMgqW smyN smyN
qy pMjw swihb dy drSnW leI sMswr Br qoN AwauNdIAW hn[
134

iklHw jmrOd
hrI isMG ny ^Ybr dy ielwky dw srvyKx kIqw ijs nUM sYlwnI
jMg, kql jW mOq dw rwh kihMdy sn[ ies rsqy iv`c A&gwnW ny ie`k
gVHI bxweI sI ijs aup`r nlUey ny AkqUbr 1836 qy kbzw kr ilAw
sI[ ieh gVHI ipSwvr dy lihMdy pwsy 12 iklomItr Aqy ^Ybr pws
d`ry dy pUrbI mUMh qoN 6 iklomItr qy sI[ ieh gVHI k`cI hox kr ky ie`Qy
mzbUq iklHw jmrOd ijs dw nW iqAwrI auprMq '&iqhgVH' r`iKAw,
17 AkqUbr 1836 nUM Awp nINh r`K ky iqAwr krvwieAw sI[ ies
dI ih&wjq leI 800 ipAwdw &Oz , 200 GoV svwr Aqy 10 v`fIAW
Aqy 12 hlkIAW qopW r`KIAW geIAW[ srdwr mhW isMG nUM hzwry qoN
bulw ky ie`Qy dw srh`d-dwr QwipAw[
ies qoN ibnW burj hrI isMG (ipSwvr jmrOd dy ivckwr),
bwrw, imcnI (kwbl dirAw dy kMFy qy) Aqy Sbkdr (ijs nUM is`KW
dI FyrI vI AwiKAw jWdw sI)[ Awid iklHy bxvwey[ Sbkdr iklHw
iqMn rwhW (ibjOr, kwbl qoN hsq ngr Aqy muhmwd) qy nzr r`Kx
leI auswirAw sI[ iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw duSmx qy ingrwnI
r`Kx leI do do koh dI iv`Q qy au~cy au~cy mInwr vI bxvwey[

iklHw gujrWvwlw
gujrWvwlw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr nlUey dw jnm
AsQwn hY[ pihlW pihl ieh ie`k Cotw ijhw ipMf sI[ hrI isMG ny
ies ipMf duAwly im`tI dI au~cI kMD iqAwr krvweI[ ipMf dy au~qr
v`l iklHw vI bxvwieAw Aqy iklHy dy Awly-duAwly fUMGI Aqy cOVI KweI
putvweI[ ies iklHy dy AMdr bwrWdrI AMgryzI PYSn iv`c ausrvweI[
iklHy dy mu`K duAwr aup`r do v`fIAW bMdUkW iP`t krweIAW Aqy naubq
Kwny qy ngwry itkvwey[ ies naubq Kwny iv`c Syr vI r`Ky hoey sn[

135

dw inSwn p`Qr qy q`ikAw qW AwpxI pusqk 'The Sikhs and Afgans'

dy pMnw 158 qy ies bwry iliKAw hY[ Awnrybl AYliPnstn ny vI
ies piv`qr jgHw nUM dyK ky ies dI mihmw gwien kIqI hY[
sMn 1832 iv`c srdwr nlUAw ny Awpxy Awp nUM vfBwgw jwx
ky ies gurDwm dI syvw AwrMB krvweI[ ijs p`Qr qy siqgurW dw pMjy
dw inSwn hY aus aup`r ie`k suMdr gMubjnumw iemwrq bxvw ky sRI gurU
gRMQ swihb jI dw pRkwS krvwieAw[
sIql jl dy vg rhy somy dw pwxI qlwA (srovr) bxvw ky aus
iv`c pwieAw[ srovr dIAW pauVIAW leI sMg mrmr rwjpuqwny qoN
mMgvwieAw sI[ bYrn hugl ny Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c sMgmrmr dIAW
pauVIAW bwry vI iliKAw hY[ gurduAwrw swihb leI hrI isMG ny
bhuq Dn id`qw[ hoqI mrdwn jI Anuswr jdoN jnvrI 1833 iv`c
gurduAwrw swihb jI dI mukMmlqw auprMq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dy
AKMf pwT dw Bog pwieAw qW srdwr nlUAw ny AwpxI nyk kmweI
iv`coN bhuq suMdr klIn, ibsqry, lMgr leI brqn Aqy 3500 rupey
nkd Bytw kIqy[ BweI mhW isMG nUM ie`QoN dw pRbMDk QwipAw Aqy
bwhrlI syvw qy rKvwlI leI inhMg swDU isMG nUM muk~rr kIqw[ pMjw
swihb ivKy idn rwq lMgr cldw sI Aqy XwqrUAW dy rihx leI
Drmswlw vI iqAwr krvweI geI sI[ pr 1920 dy l`g pg
AMgryzW dI Sih qy ie`Qy mhMq kwbz ho igAw Aqy kurIqIAW krn
l`gw[ pr is`KW ny isMG sBw lihr jo gurDwmW dy suDwr leI clweI
ny kurbwnIAW dy ky 22 nvMbr 1921 nUM gurduAwry dw pRbMD SRomxI
gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ADIn krvw id`qw[ aunIvIN sdI dy A^Ir
ies gurduAwrw swihb dI iemwrq kmzor ho geI sI jo vIhvIN sdI
dy SurU iv`c nvIN bxweI geI[ A`j klH jo AwlISwn iemwrq hY ieh
1934 iv`c iqAwr kIqI geI sI[ sMn 1947 qoN ipCoN dyS dI AwzwdI
smyN ieh gurDwm hux pwiksqwn iv`c hY[ pr is`K sMgqW smyN smyN
qy pMjw swihb dy drSnW leI sMswr Br qoN AwauNdIAW hn[
134

iklHw jmrOd
hrI isMG ny ^Ybr dy ielwky dw srvyKx kIqw ijs nUM sYlwnI
jMg, kql jW mOq dw rwh kihMdy sn[ ies rsqy iv`c A&gwnW ny ie`k
gVHI bxweI sI ijs aup`r nlUey ny AkqUbr 1836 qy kbzw kr ilAw
sI[ ieh gVHI ipSwvr dy lihMdy pwsy 12 iklomItr Aqy ^Ybr pws
d`ry dy pUrbI mUMh qoN 6 iklomItr qy sI[ ieh gVHI k`cI hox kr ky ie`Qy
mzbUq iklHw jmrOd ijs dw nW iqAwrI auprMq '&iqhgVH' r`iKAw,
17 AkqUbr 1836 nUM Awp nINh r`K ky iqAwr krvwieAw sI[ ies
dI ih&wjq leI 800 ipAwdw &Oz , 200 GoV svwr Aqy 10 v`fIAW
Aqy 12 hlkIAW qopW r`KIAW geIAW[ srdwr mhW isMG nUM hzwry qoN
bulw ky ie`Qy dw srh`d-dwr QwipAw[
ies qoN ibnW burj hrI isMG (ipSwvr jmrOd dy ivckwr),
bwrw, imcnI (kwbl dirAw dy kMFy qy) Aqy Sbkdr (ijs nUM is`KW
dI FyrI vI AwiKAw jWdw sI)[ Awid iklHy bxvwey[ Sbkdr iklHw
iqMn rwhW (ibjOr, kwbl qoN hsq ngr Aqy muhmwd) qy nzr r`Kx
leI auswirAw sI[ iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw duSmx qy ingrwnI
r`Kx leI do do koh dI iv`Q qy au~cy au~cy mInwr vI bxvwey[

iklHw gujrWvwlw
gujrWvwlw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr nlUey dw jnm
AsQwn hY[ pihlW pihl ieh ie`k Cotw ijhw ipMf sI[ hrI isMG ny
ies ipMf duAwly im`tI dI au~cI kMD iqAwr krvweI[ ipMf dy au~qr
v`l iklHw vI bxvwieAw Aqy iklHy dy Awly-duAwly fUMGI Aqy cOVI KweI
putvweI[ ies iklHy dy AMdr bwrWdrI AMgryzI PYSn iv`c ausrvweI[
iklHy dy mu`K duAwr aup`r do v`fIAW bMdUkW iP`t krweIAW Aqy naubq
Kwny qy ngwry itkvwey[ ies naubq Kwny iv`c Syr vI r`Ky hoey sn[

135

gujrWvwlw ivKy srdwr ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy puriKAW

dI Xwd iv`c bhuq sud
M r smwDW bxvweIAW[ nlUAw ny AwpxI irhwieS
leI iqMn-mMzlw mkwn iqAwr krvwieAw[ mkwn dy nzdIk hI bwg
lvwieAw[ hugl AwpxIAW ilKqW iv`c ies bwg nUM bVw slwhuMdw
hY[ ies bwg iv`c vDIAw Gwh, Pu`lW qy &lW dy bUty Aqy dr^q
kSmIr qoN mMgvw ky lwey hoey sn[ bwg iv`c mnmohxy PuAwry Aqy
roSnI leI gYs vgYrw v`fI igxqI iv`c sn[ Gr dy nyVy hI ie`k mMdr
dI auswrI vI krvweI jo is`D krdI hY ik srdwr dy idl AMdr
ihMdUAW pRqI bhuq pRym sI[ pitAwlw BwSw ivBwg dy mwrc 1970 dy
jrnl iv`c imstr bwr dy pMjwb dOry bwry pypr hY ijs iv`c aus ny
iliKAw hY ik 1839 eIsvI iv`c jdoN mYN gujrWvwly igAw qW hrI
isMG dI rhwieS dyKI[ ieh iemwrq ie`k cbUqry qy bxweI hoeI sI
qWik grmI ru`q iv`c vI TMFI hvw Prn Prn AMdr pRvyS kry[ bwr
ilKdw hY ik KulHy Aqy au~cI C`q vwly kmirAW dI C`q qy bhuq hI
AdBu`q iksm dI mInwkwrI dyK ky myrw mn moihAw igAw[ sMn 1848
iv`c AMgryzW ny hrI isMG dy byty srdwr Arjn isMG qoN ieh hvylI
Koh ky ie`Qy brqwnvI ifptI kimSnr dI rhwieSgwh bxw id`qI[
imstr bwr ny 1844 iv`c ieh vI iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dI
mOq auprMq hvylI dI ie`k kMD qy ies dy prvwr ny 12 x 6 Pu`t dI
ie`k ic`qRkwrI kIqI hoeI sI[ ijs dI ip`T qy Du`p CW dy rMg sn[ ies
iv`c nlUey nUM jMg dy mYdwn iv`c jUJdy idKwieAw igAw sI[ ieh ic`qr
hrI isMG dI nYiqkqw, inrBYqw Aqy dlyrI nUM drswauNdw sI[ srdwr
nlUAw QoVHy ijhy is`KW nwl v`fI igxqI dy A&gwnW nwl mukwblw kr
irhw sI[

136

kSmIr dy iklHy Aqy Dwrimk AsQwn

kSmIr iv`c hrI isMG ny ie`k iklHw auVI ^yqr iv`c Aqy dUjw
GoVI gVH jyhlm dy kMFy qy iqAwr krvwieAw[ auVI iklHy dy lwgy
ikauNik jyhlm dirAw vgdw sI[ iklHy dy AMdr jwx leI ie`k
ltkdw pul (Suspension bridge) jo 600 mItr dy eyV gyV sI
r`isAW vwlw bxvwieAw[ jI. AY~m. fI. sU&I (1948-49) iv`c
ilKdw hY ik auVI iklHy iv`c A`j klH ijlHy dy qihsIldwr dI irhwieS
hY[
jyhlm dy s`jy kMFy aup`r hrI isMG ny ie`k bwg lgvwieAw sI[
pr ieh jgHw gulwb isMG ny AMgryzI srkwr qoN mu`l KRId leI sI[
auprMq ie`Qy A`D mIl dy rkby iv`c kuAwtr bxvwey[ ijnHW iv`c
XUrpIn mihmwn Aw ky rihMdy sn[ ieh bwg A`j klH sRI ngr Sihr
dy m`D iv`c siQ`q hY[ kSmIr ivKy sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI, mIrI pIrI
dy mwlk sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hir
rwey jI ny pYr pwey[ mtn dy AsQwn qy gurU nwnk dyv jI ny pMifq
bRhm dws nwl vwrqwlwp kIqI[ srdwr nlvw ny g`lbwq vwly
AsQwn lwgy Drmswlw iqAwr krvweI Aqy ies dw nW 'mtn swihb'
r`iKAw[ CyvyN pwqSwh ny 1620 iv`c bwrwmUlw ivKy Awpxy crn pwey[
ijs jgHw qy pwqSwh ny ivSrwm kIqw au~Qy vI hrI isMG ny Drmswlw
dI auswrI krvweI[ hugl ny kSmIr dy dOry smyN ie`k rwq ies
Drmswlw iv`c k`tI sI[ ijs jgHw qy gurU swihb bYTy sn aus dw nW
'CyvIN pwqSwhI prm imlwn' hY[ gurU swihb sRI ngr vI gey sn[ hrI
isMG ny k`QI drvwzy dy bwhr gurduAwrw swihb CtI pwqSwhI iqAwr
krvwieAw[ s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hir rwie jI sRI ngr 1660 iv`c
pDwry sn[ srdwr nlvw 7 AkqUbr 1831 nUM jdoN s`qvyN pwqSwh
dI Xwd iv`c auswry gurduAwrw dyv Awgn ivKy phuMcy qW aunHW 360
rupey dI dyg krvweI Aqy gurduAwrw swihb dy nW p`kI jwgIr
lgvweI[
137

gujrWvwlw ivKy srdwr ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy puriKAW

dI Xwd iv`c bhuq sud
M r smwDW bxvweIAW[ nlUAw ny AwpxI irhwieS
leI iqMn-mMzlw mkwn iqAwr krvwieAw[ mkwn dy nzdIk hI bwg
lvwieAw[ hugl AwpxIAW ilKqW iv`c ies bwg nUM bVw slwhuMdw
hY[ ies bwg iv`c vDIAw Gwh, Pu`lW qy &lW dy bUty Aqy dr^q
kSmIr qoN mMgvw ky lwey hoey sn[ bwg iv`c mnmohxy PuAwry Aqy
roSnI leI gYs vgYrw v`fI igxqI iv`c sn[ Gr dy nyVy hI ie`k mMdr
dI auswrI vI krvweI jo is`D krdI hY ik srdwr dy idl AMdr
ihMdUAW pRqI bhuq pRym sI[ pitAwlw BwSw ivBwg dy mwrc 1970 dy
jrnl iv`c imstr bwr dy pMjwb dOry bwry pypr hY ijs iv`c aus ny
iliKAw hY ik 1839 eIsvI iv`c jdoN mYN gujrWvwly igAw qW hrI
isMG dI rhwieS dyKI[ ieh iemwrq ie`k cbUqry qy bxweI hoeI sI
qWik grmI ru`q iv`c vI TMFI hvw Prn Prn AMdr pRvyS kry[ bwr
ilKdw hY ik KulHy Aqy au~cI C`q vwly kmirAW dI C`q qy bhuq hI
AdBu`q iksm dI mInwkwrI dyK ky myrw mn moihAw igAw[ sMn 1848
iv`c AMgryzW ny hrI isMG dy byty srdwr Arjn isMG qoN ieh hvylI
Koh ky ie`Qy brqwnvI ifptI kimSnr dI rhwieSgwh bxw id`qI[
imstr bwr ny 1844 iv`c ieh vI iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dI
mOq auprMq hvylI dI ie`k kMD qy ies dy prvwr ny 12 x 6 Pu`t dI
ie`k ic`qRkwrI kIqI hoeI sI[ ijs dI ip`T qy Du`p CW dy rMg sn[ ies
iv`c nlUey nUM jMg dy mYdwn iv`c jUJdy idKwieAw igAw sI[ ieh ic`qr
hrI isMG dI nYiqkqw, inrBYqw Aqy dlyrI nUM drswauNdw sI[ srdwr
nlUAw QoVHy ijhy is`KW nwl v`fI igxqI dy A&gwnW nwl mukwblw kr
irhw sI[

136

kSmIr dy iklHy Aqy Dwrimk AsQwn

kSmIr iv`c hrI isMG ny ie`k iklHw auVI ^yqr iv`c Aqy dUjw
GoVI gVH jyhlm dy kMFy qy iqAwr krvwieAw[ auVI iklHy dy lwgy
ikauNik jyhlm dirAw vgdw sI[ iklHy dy AMdr jwx leI ie`k
ltkdw pul (Suspension bridge) jo 600 mItr dy eyV gyV sI
r`isAW vwlw bxvwieAw[ jI. AY~m. fI. sU&I (1948-49) iv`c
ilKdw hY ik auVI iklHy iv`c A`j klH ijlHy dy qihsIldwr dI irhwieS
hY[
jyhlm dy s`jy kMFy aup`r hrI isMG ny ie`k bwg lgvwieAw sI[
pr ieh jgHw gulwb isMG ny AMgryzI srkwr qoN mu`l KRId leI sI[
auprMq ie`Qy A`D mIl dy rkby iv`c kuAwtr bxvwey[ ijnHW iv`c
XUrpIn mihmwn Aw ky rihMdy sn[ ieh bwg A`j klH sRI ngr Sihr
dy m`D iv`c siQ`q hY[ kSmIr ivKy sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI, mIrI pIrI
dy mwlk sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hir
rwey jI ny pYr pwey[ mtn dy AsQwn qy gurU nwnk dyv jI ny pMifq
bRhm dws nwl vwrqwlwp kIqI[ srdwr nlvw ny g`lbwq vwly
AsQwn lwgy Drmswlw iqAwr krvweI Aqy ies dw nW 'mtn swihb'
r`iKAw[ CyvyN pwqSwh ny 1620 iv`c bwrwmUlw ivKy Awpxy crn pwey[
ijs jgHw qy pwqSwh ny ivSrwm kIqw au~Qy vI hrI isMG ny Drmswlw
dI auswrI krvweI[ hugl ny kSmIr dy dOry smyN ie`k rwq ies
Drmswlw iv`c k`tI sI[ ijs jgHw qy gurU swihb bYTy sn aus dw nW
'CyvIN pwqSwhI prm imlwn' hY[ gurU swihb sRI ngr vI gey sn[ hrI
isMG ny k`QI drvwzy dy bwhr gurduAwrw swihb CtI pwqSwhI iqAwr
krvwieAw[ s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hir rwie jI sRI ngr 1660 iv`c
pDwry sn[ srdwr nlvw 7 AkqUbr 1831 nUM jdoN s`qvyN pwqSwh
dI Xwd iv`c auswry gurduAwrw dyv Awgn ivKy phuMcy qW aunHW 360
rupey dI dyg krvweI Aqy gurduAwrw swihb dy nW p`kI jwgIr
lgvweI[
137

sRI Akwl q^q dy guMbd nUM sunihrI krvwauxw

srdwr hrI isMG nlvw DrmI guris`K sI[ ^wlsw rwj AMdr
dyS kOm dI mn, Dn Aqy qn dyhI nwl syvw krn dy nwl nwl srdwr
ny gurDwmW dI vI mhwn syvw krweI[ dunIAW Br AMdr is`K kOm dI
mhwnqw hirmMdr swihb dy kwrn psrI hoeI hY[ ies mhwn jrnYl
ny hirmMdr swihb iv`c keI sjwvtI cIzW lwaux qoN ielwvw Akwl
q^q swihb dy auprly bMgly Aqy gMubd dI sunihrI syvw krvweI[
ies nUM KUbsUrq q`k ky hrI isMG ny &Yslw kIqw ik swrI iemwrq hI
sunihrI kIqI jwvy[ ies leI ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr Awpxy koloN
svw l`K rupieAw igAwnI gurmuK isMG nUM id`qw[ pr hrI isMG dI
Shwdq hox kr ky gurmuK isMG ny byeImwnI kIqI Aqy swrw Dn qy sonw
gbn kr ilAw[ ies hyrwPyrI dw pqw l`gx qy mhwrwjw dy hukm nwl
igAwnI nUM muslmwnW dy spurd kr id`qw[ aus dw Gr bwr zbq kr
ilAw Aqy gbn kIqw sonw vI brwmd kr ilAw[ auprMq muslmwnW
ny gurmuK isMG nUM bVy qsIhy dy ky burI mOqy mwirAw[
hrI isMG ny sunihrI pwlkI dI syvw krvweI ijs pwlkI iv`c
jwgdI joq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI nUM suBw Swm Akwl q^q qoN
hirmMdr swihb Aqy hirmMdr swihb qoN Akwl q^q AMdr siQ`q
koTw swihb q`k iljwieAw jWdw hY[ pr 1984 dy 'auprySn bilaU
stwr' smyN BwrqI &Oj ny hmly dOrwn sRI Akwl q^q swihb dw
sunihrI guMbd, iemwrq Aqy auh sunihrI pwlkI pUrI qrHW nSt kr
id`qIAW (vnIq nlUAw)[ BwrqI srkwr ny is`KW dy ihridAW dIAW
vlUMdVHIAW BwvnwvW qy mrHm p`tI lwaux leI BwvyN Akwl q^q dI
iblifMg iksy kMpnI nUM Dn dy ky iPr KVHI krvw id`qI[ pr is`K
sMgq ny ies nUM kbUl nhIN kIqw Aqy kwr syvw rwhIN aus nUM Fwh ky
dubwrw auswirAw[

138

Sy^ munIr-aud-dIn dy 1837 iv`c Awpxy pulItkl eyjMt nUM

^q nMbr 650 Anuswr AMimRqsr iv`c Akwl q^q dI d`Kx vwlI
bwhI qy bwg AkwlIAW ivckwr hrI isMG dw bMugw Aqy AMimRqsr
Sihr dy cOigrdy qoN bwhr btwlw sVk qy hrI isMG nwmI bwg sI bwry
vrnx kIqw hoieAw hY[ srdwr ikrpwl isMG ny 1994 iv`c AwpxI
CwpI pusqk 'Historical Studies of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's
Times' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dy clwxy auprMq hrI isMG buMgw
nlUAw pRvwr ny Awpxy pRoihq mdn dws nUM dy id`qw sI[ srdwr hrI
isMG jdoN vI &Oj smyq hirmMdr swihb dy drSnW nUM AwauNdw sI qW
aus dI &Oj bwg kol TihrdI sI[ &OjIAW dy nhwaux leI bwg iv`c
ie`k JIl sI[ hrI isMG dy sMswr qoN kUc krn auprMq ieh bwg aunHW
dy spu`qr srdwr jvwhr isMG ny bwbw swihb isMG jI bydI dI sMqwn
nUM sONp id`qw sI[

qrn qwrn Aqy mukqsr swihb dy srovrW Aqy

buMigAW dI syvw
qrnqwrn swihb , jo AMimRqsr dy p`Cm vl 20 ku iklomItr
dI iv`Q qy hY sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny 1580 iv`c vswieAw sI[ gurU
swihb ny KwVw Aqy plsUr ipMfW dI zmIn KRId ky ieh ngr hoNd iv`c
ilAWdw sI[ hrI isMG ny qrn qwrn gurduAwrw swihb dy srovr dI
pRkrmW duAwly buMgy bxvwey[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr hrI isMG
ny lMgr iv`c dwixAW dI zrUrq kwrn 25 iv`Gy zmIn vI gurduAwrw
swihb dy nW lgvweI[ pr srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok ny 32 iv`Gy
zmIn ijs iv`c KUh vI sI, AwpxI ilKq iv`c ilKI hY[
mukqsr dI jMg sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny iKdrwxy dI Fwb pws
muglW nwl 1705 iv`c lVI sI[ ies jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly isMGW
nUM 'mukqy' dw i^qwb bKiSAw Aqy ies DrqI nUM 'mukqsr' dw nwm gurU
139

sRI Akwl q^q dy guMbd nUM sunihrI krvwauxw

srdwr hrI isMG nlvw DrmI guris`K sI[ ^wlsw rwj AMdr
dyS kOm dI mn, Dn Aqy qn dyhI nwl syvw krn dy nwl nwl srdwr
ny gurDwmW dI vI mhwn syvw krweI[ dunIAW Br AMdr is`K kOm dI
mhwnqw hirmMdr swihb dy kwrn psrI hoeI hY[ ies mhwn jrnYl
ny hirmMdr swihb iv`c keI sjwvtI cIzW lwaux qoN ielwvw Akwl
q^q swihb dy auprly bMgly Aqy gMubd dI sunihrI syvw krvweI[
ies nUM KUbsUrq q`k ky hrI isMG ny &Yslw kIqw ik swrI iemwrq hI
sunihrI kIqI jwvy[ ies leI ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr Awpxy koloN
svw l`K rupieAw igAwnI gurmuK isMG nUM id`qw[ pr hrI isMG dI
Shwdq hox kr ky gurmuK isMG ny byeImwnI kIqI Aqy swrw Dn qy sonw
gbn kr ilAw[ ies hyrwPyrI dw pqw l`gx qy mhwrwjw dy hukm nwl
igAwnI nUM muslmwnW dy spurd kr id`qw[ aus dw Gr bwr zbq kr
ilAw Aqy gbn kIqw sonw vI brwmd kr ilAw[ auprMq muslmwnW
ny gurmuK isMG nUM bVy qsIhy dy ky burI mOqy mwirAw[
hrI isMG ny sunihrI pwlkI dI syvw krvweI ijs pwlkI iv`c
jwgdI joq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI nUM suBw Swm Akwl q^q qoN
hirmMdr swihb Aqy hirmMdr swihb qoN Akwl q^q AMdr siQ`q
koTw swihb q`k iljwieAw jWdw hY[ pr 1984 dy 'auprySn bilaU
stwr' smyN BwrqI &Oj ny hmly dOrwn sRI Akwl q^q swihb dw
sunihrI guMbd, iemwrq Aqy auh sunihrI pwlkI pUrI qrHW nSt kr
id`qIAW (vnIq nlUAw)[ BwrqI srkwr ny is`KW dy ihridAW dIAW
vlUMdVHIAW BwvnwvW qy mrHm p`tI lwaux leI BwvyN Akwl q^q dI
iblifMg iksy kMpnI nUM Dn dy ky iPr KVHI krvw id`qI[ pr is`K
sMgq ny ies nUM kbUl nhIN kIqw Aqy kwr syvw rwhIN aus nUM Fwh ky
dubwrw auswirAw[

138

Sy^ munIr-aud-dIn dy 1837 iv`c Awpxy pulItkl eyjMt nUM

^q nMbr 650 Anuswr AMimRqsr iv`c Akwl q^q dI d`Kx vwlI
bwhI qy bwg AkwlIAW ivckwr hrI isMG dw bMugw Aqy AMimRqsr
Sihr dy cOigrdy qoN bwhr btwlw sVk qy hrI isMG nwmI bwg sI bwry
vrnx kIqw hoieAw hY[ srdwr ikrpwl isMG ny 1994 iv`c AwpxI
CwpI pusqk 'Historical Studies of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's
Times' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dy clwxy auprMq hrI isMG buMgw
nlUAw pRvwr ny Awpxy pRoihq mdn dws nUM dy id`qw sI[ srdwr hrI
isMG jdoN vI &Oj smyq hirmMdr swihb dy drSnW nUM AwauNdw sI qW
aus dI &Oj bwg kol TihrdI sI[ &OjIAW dy nhwaux leI bwg iv`c
ie`k JIl sI[ hrI isMG dy sMswr qoN kUc krn auprMq ieh bwg aunHW
dy spu`qr srdwr jvwhr isMG ny bwbw swihb isMG jI bydI dI sMqwn
nUM sONp id`qw sI[

qrn qwrn Aqy mukqsr swihb dy srovrW Aqy

buMigAW dI syvw
qrnqwrn swihb , jo AMimRqsr dy p`Cm vl 20 ku iklomItr
dI iv`Q qy hY sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny 1580 iv`c vswieAw sI[ gurU
swihb ny KwVw Aqy plsUr ipMfW dI zmIn KRId ky ieh ngr hoNd iv`c
ilAWdw sI[ hrI isMG ny qrn qwrn gurduAwrw swihb dy srovr dI
pRkrmW duAwly buMgy bxvwey[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr hrI isMG
ny lMgr iv`c dwixAW dI zrUrq kwrn 25 iv`Gy zmIn vI gurduAwrw
swihb dy nW lgvweI[ pr srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok ny 32 iv`Gy
zmIn ijs iv`c KUh vI sI, AwpxI ilKq iv`c ilKI hY[
mukqsr dI jMg sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny iKdrwxy dI Fwb pws
muglW nwl 1705 iv`c lVI sI[ ies jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly isMGW
nUM 'mukqy' dw i^qwb bKiSAw Aqy ies DrqI nUM 'mukqsr' dw nwm gurU
139

swihb ny id`qw[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1806 iv`c mukqsr dI

DrqI qy kbzw kIqw[ Fwb nUM auhnW 100 vrg mItr dy srovr iv`c
qbdIl kr ky hrI isMG rwhIN srovr dI iqAwrI krvweI[ hrI isMG
ny srovr dIAW pOVIAW vI bxvweIAW[ mhwrwjy ny ie`Qy pMj gurduAwry
vI bxvwey[

8
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

hrI isMG v`loN Drm ArQ kIqy kuJ hor dwn

sMn 1808-09 iv`c pRoihq mdn dws pu`qr mojU rwm, pWfw
hirduAwr nUM ie`k KUh dI pYlI jo bdovwl ivKy sI qoN pRwpq Awmdn
dwn kIqI[ srdwr kwhn isMG bydI nUM 1813 iv`c eymnwbwd, ijlHw
vzIrwbwd iv`c ie`k KUh mocvwlw Aqy 35 GumW zmIn id`qI sI[ pMfq
blm dws nUM 1818 iv`c ijlHw gujrWvwlw iv`c auinAwl iv`c zmIn
nW lvweI[ bwbw surYn isMG bydI nUM 1828 iv`c ipMf rutwlI Kurd,
prgxw SyKUpurw, gujrWvwlw id`qw[ sMn 1830 iv`c imsr rwm shwey
nUM cwr iv`Gy Aqy 10 ib~svy zmIn ielwky srwey slyh, hzwry iv`c
id`qI[ muslmwn gulwm muhMmd dIn nUM 1833 iv`c AMimRqsr ivKy
mojw jIvn gory, qlvMfI ivKy zmIn id`qI[ iesy qrHW bwbw inrml
dws cylw rwmdws nUM 1834 iv`c ie`k KUh SIrINvwlw Aqy 30 GumW
zmIn prgxw isAwlkot iv`c id`qI sI (vnIq nlUAw, cYNpIAn Aw&
dI ^wlsw jI, pMnw 245 )[

140

pu`qr
gurid`q isMG
jvwhr isMG
pMjwb isMG
Arjn isMG

ibSn isMG (dwdw)

gurdws isMG (ipqw)

hrI isMG nlUAw

pu`qrIAW
cMd kOr
nMd kOr

srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l, srdwr cVHq isMG ijs ny imsl

Sukrc`kIAw sQwipq kIqI dw hm-rkwb sI[ iehnW dy purKy ngr
mjITw, ijlHw AMimRqsr dy vsnIk Aqy aup`l ^`qrI sn[ ibSn isMG
dw myl bwbw nOD isMG nwl bhuq sI[ nOD isMG dI SwdI BweI gulwb
isMG Syrig`l dI lVkI bIbI lwlI (lwl kOr) nwl 1726 iv`c hoeI
sI[ gulwb isMG dw sMbMD sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl bhuq sI[ ieh
ielwky mjITy dw ie`k nwmI ivAkqI sI Aqy gurU swihb nwl imlwp
kr ky is`KI dI pwx cVHI hoeI sI[ bwbw nOD isMG Sukrc`kIey ny nvwb
kpUr isMG dI nsIhq qy AMimRqpwn kIqw sI[ is`KI dy rMg kwrn
srdwr ibSn isMG ny muglW nwl keI Xu`D kIqy[ sMn 1762 nUM ku`prhIVw (ijlHw sMgrUr) ivKy ieh is`KW dy v`fy pihly G`lUGwry iv`c
bhwdrI nwl jUJdy golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[
141

swihb ny id`qw[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1806 iv`c mukqsr dI

DrqI qy kbzw kIqw[ Fwb nUM auhnW 100 vrg mItr dy srovr iv`c
qbdIl kr ky hrI isMG rwhIN srovr dI iqAwrI krvweI[ hrI isMG
ny srovr dIAW pOVIAW vI bxvweIAW[ mhwrwjy ny ie`Qy pMj gurduAwry
vI bxvwey[

8
srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

hrI isMG v`loN Drm ArQ kIqy kuJ hor dwn

sMn 1808-09 iv`c pRoihq mdn dws pu`qr mojU rwm, pWfw
hirduAwr nUM ie`k KUh dI pYlI jo bdovwl ivKy sI qoN pRwpq Awmdn
dwn kIqI[ srdwr kwhn isMG bydI nUM 1813 iv`c eymnwbwd, ijlHw
vzIrwbwd iv`c ie`k KUh mocvwlw Aqy 35 GumW zmIn id`qI sI[ pMfq
blm dws nUM 1818 iv`c ijlHw gujrWvwlw iv`c auinAwl iv`c zmIn
nW lvweI[ bwbw surYn isMG bydI nUM 1828 iv`c ipMf rutwlI Kurd,
prgxw SyKUpurw, gujrWvwlw id`qw[ sMn 1830 iv`c imsr rwm shwey
nUM cwr iv`Gy Aqy 10 ib~svy zmIn ielwky srwey slyh, hzwry iv`c
id`qI[ muslmwn gulwm muhMmd dIn nUM 1833 iv`c AMimRqsr ivKy
mojw jIvn gory, qlvMfI ivKy zmIn id`qI[ iesy qrHW bwbw inrml
dws cylw rwmdws nUM 1834 iv`c ie`k KUh SIrINvwlw Aqy 30 GumW
zmIn prgxw isAwlkot iv`c id`qI sI (vnIq nlUAw, cYNpIAn Aw&
dI ^wlsw jI, pMnw 245 )[

140

pu`qr
gurid`q isMG
jvwhr isMG
pMjwb isMG
Arjn isMG

ibSn isMG (dwdw)

gurdws isMG (ipqw)

hrI isMG nlUAw

pu`qrIAW
cMd kOr
nMd kOr

srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l, srdwr cVHq isMG ijs ny imsl

Sukrc`kIAw sQwipq kIqI dw hm-rkwb sI[ iehnW dy purKy ngr
mjITw, ijlHw AMimRqsr dy vsnIk Aqy aup`l ^`qrI sn[ ibSn isMG
dw myl bwbw nOD isMG nwl bhuq sI[ nOD isMG dI SwdI BweI gulwb
isMG Syrig`l dI lVkI bIbI lwlI (lwl kOr) nwl 1726 iv`c hoeI
sI[ gulwb isMG dw sMbMD sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl bhuq sI[ ieh
ielwky mjITy dw ie`k nwmI ivAkqI sI Aqy gurU swihb nwl imlwp
kr ky is`KI dI pwx cVHI hoeI sI[ bwbw nOD isMG Sukrc`kIey ny nvwb
kpUr isMG dI nsIhq qy AMimRqpwn kIqw sI[ is`KI dy rMg kwrn
srdwr ibSn isMG ny muglW nwl keI Xu`D kIqy[ sMn 1762 nUM ku`prhIVw (ijlHw sMgrUr) ivKy ieh is`KW dy v`fy pihly G`lUGwry iv`c
bhwdrI nwl jUJdy golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[
141

srdwr ibSn isMG dw pu`qr srdwr gurdws isMG hoieAw Aqy

srdwr cVHq isMG dy Gr srdwr mhW isMG (ipqw Syir-ey-pMjwb
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG) pYdw hoieAw[ dohW srdwrW (gurdws isMG
Aqy mhW isMG) ny Sukrc`kIAw imsl nUM AwpxI bhwdrI sdkw cwr
cMn lwey[ iehnW ny c`Ty srdwrW dy mncr Aqy rsUl ngr Awid
ielwky aunHW nUM krwry h`Q idKw ky ij`qy[ iehnW jMgW AMdr mhwn jOhr
idKwaux kr ky mhW isMG ny gurdws isMG nUM Swhdry dw ielwkw jwgIr
iv`c sMBwl id`qw[ kudrq dI bKiSS sdkw mhW isMG dy Gr 1780
iv`c rxjIq isMG jnimAw Aqy gurdws isMG dy 1791 iv`c hrI
isMG pYdw hoieAw[ auprMq 1792 iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy 1798
iv`c srdwr gurdws isMG c`l vsy[ iehnW dy clwxy smyN rxjIq isMG
11 swlW dw sI Aqy hrI isMG 7 swl dw sI[ rxjIq isMG nUM aus dI
mwqw rwj kOr Aqy hrI isMG nUM mwqw Drm kOr ny pwilAw[ hrI isMG
dI ie`ko ie`k BYx (ikSn dyvI) ikSn kOr sI[ auh ivswKw isMG nwl
ivAwhI hoeI sI pr AOlwdhIn hI c`l vsI[

hrI isMG nlUAw dI sMqwn

srdwr hrI isMG dy do ivAwh sn[ ie`k srdwrnI rwj kOr
(rwjo) Aqy dUjw srdwrnI dys kOr (dysW) nwl hoieAw[ srdwrnI
rwj kOr kuMqrIlw ipMf, jo rwvl ipMfI iv`c hY dI jMmpl sI (ey AY~s
sMDU 1935)[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok muqwbk rwj kOr dy do pu`qr
srdwr gurid`q isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG hoey jd ik dysW dI
ku`KoN srdwr pMjwb isMG Aqy srdwr Arjn isMG hoey[ dovyN DIAW
(cMd kOr qy nMd kOr) gwlbn srdwrnI dysW dy pytoN sn[ imstr
bYrn hugl ny hrI isMG dy pMjvyN pu`qr srdwr cqr isMG bwry vI
iliKAw hY pr ieh nhIN iliKAw ik ieh iks dy pytoN sI[

142

bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw isMG gVHJ`k pu`qr srdwr kwhn
isMG nUM ivAwhI hoeI sI[ gVHJ`k ipMf vVYc j`tW ny vswieAw sI[
srdwr lihxw isMG jmrOd ivKy srdwr hrI isMG dy AMqly svwsW
q`k kol sI[ ieh Aqy cMd kOr dovyN gujrWvwly nlUAw dI ivDvw pqnI
kol rhy[ sMn 1893 iv`c lihxw isMG dI mOq auprMq A`DI pYnSn
AMgryzI srkwr ny bIbI cMd kOr dy nW lgw id`qI sI[
hrI isMG dI Shwdq smyN bIbI nMd kOr Ajy AxivAwhI sI[
ies ipCoN nMd kOr dI SwdI bwbw gMfw isMG nwl kotlI vwly bwbw
&kIr cMd (isAwlkot) dy lVky nwl hoeI[ bwbw gMfw isMG sRI gurU
nwnk dyv jI dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN sn[ bwbw gMfw isMG dy cwcw jI
bwbw rwm isMG jI bydI bVy zorwvr is`K sn Aqy A&gwnW nwl lVdy
lVdy aunHW Shwdq pRwpq kIqI sI[ vnIq nlvw dI ilKq muqwbk
bIbI nMd kOr dI pMjvIN pIVHI coN bI. AY~s. bydI ny pwiksqwn iv`c
AwpxI bMs dw purwqn ipMf kotlI jdoN dyiKAw qW nMd kOr dy shury Gr
'c aus dw sMdl vu`f dw PrnIcr, ie`k mMjw ijs nUM sony dy pwvy Aqy
cWdI dIAW bwhIAW l`gIAW sn Aqy Kwxy pkwaux vwly BWfy vI dyKy[
ies ny auh jgHw vI Gr 'c dyKI ij`Qy auh bcpn iv`c luikAw krdw
sI[

srdwr gurid`q isMG nlUAw

hirduAwr dy pWfy dI ilKq drswauNdI hY ik gurid`q isMG
1808 iv`c jnimAW[ julweI 1831 iv`c gurid`q isMG Atk ky iklHy
iv`c swzo-smwn dw ieMcwrj sI[ srdwr gurid`q isMG AwpxI mwqw
rwj kOr nwl gujrWvwly hI rhy[ rwj kOr pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk
1867 iv`c cVHweI kr geI sI[ gurid`q isMG dy koeI AOlwd nhIN sI
hoeI[ aus ny &qih isMG nUM muqbMnw bxwieAw[ &qih isMG dy sMpUrn
isMG hoieAw pr auh CotI aumry 1874 iv`c hI cVHweI kr igAw[
143

srdwr ibSn isMG dw pu`qr srdwr gurdws isMG hoieAw Aqy

srdwr cVHq isMG dy Gr srdwr mhW isMG (ipqw Syir-ey-pMjwb
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG) pYdw hoieAw[ dohW srdwrW (gurdws isMG
Aqy mhW isMG) ny Sukrc`kIAw imsl nUM AwpxI bhwdrI sdkw cwr
cMn lwey[ iehnW ny c`Ty srdwrW dy mncr Aqy rsUl ngr Awid
ielwky aunHW nUM krwry h`Q idKw ky ij`qy[ iehnW jMgW AMdr mhwn jOhr
idKwaux kr ky mhW isMG ny gurdws isMG nUM Swhdry dw ielwkw jwgIr
iv`c sMBwl id`qw[ kudrq dI bKiSS sdkw mhW isMG dy Gr 1780
iv`c rxjIq isMG jnimAw Aqy gurdws isMG dy 1791 iv`c hrI
isMG pYdw hoieAw[ auprMq 1792 iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy 1798
iv`c srdwr gurdws isMG c`l vsy[ iehnW dy clwxy smyN rxjIq isMG
11 swlW dw sI Aqy hrI isMG 7 swl dw sI[ rxjIq isMG nUM aus dI
mwqw rwj kOr Aqy hrI isMG nUM mwqw Drm kOr ny pwilAw[ hrI isMG
dI ie`ko ie`k BYx (ikSn dyvI) ikSn kOr sI[ auh ivswKw isMG nwl
ivAwhI hoeI sI pr AOlwdhIn hI c`l vsI[

hrI isMG nlUAw dI sMqwn

srdwr hrI isMG dy do ivAwh sn[ ie`k srdwrnI rwj kOr
(rwjo) Aqy dUjw srdwrnI dys kOr (dysW) nwl hoieAw[ srdwrnI
rwj kOr kuMqrIlw ipMf, jo rwvl ipMfI iv`c hY dI jMmpl sI (ey AY~s
sMDU 1935)[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok muqwbk rwj kOr dy do pu`qr
srdwr gurid`q isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG hoey jd ik dysW dI
ku`KoN srdwr pMjwb isMG Aqy srdwr Arjn isMG hoey[ dovyN DIAW
(cMd kOr qy nMd kOr) gwlbn srdwrnI dysW dy pytoN sn[ imstr
bYrn hugl ny hrI isMG dy pMjvyN pu`qr srdwr cqr isMG bwry vI
iliKAw hY pr ieh nhIN iliKAw ik ieh iks dy pytoN sI[

142

bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw isMG gVHJ`k pu`qr srdwr kwhn
isMG nUM ivAwhI hoeI sI[ gVHJ`k ipMf vVYc j`tW ny vswieAw sI[
srdwr lihxw isMG jmrOd ivKy srdwr hrI isMG dy AMqly svwsW
q`k kol sI[ ieh Aqy cMd kOr dovyN gujrWvwly nlUAw dI ivDvw pqnI
kol rhy[ sMn 1893 iv`c lihxw isMG dI mOq auprMq A`DI pYnSn
AMgryzI srkwr ny bIbI cMd kOr dy nW lgw id`qI sI[
hrI isMG dI Shwdq smyN bIbI nMd kOr Ajy AxivAwhI sI[
ies ipCoN nMd kOr dI SwdI bwbw gMfw isMG nwl kotlI vwly bwbw
&kIr cMd (isAwlkot) dy lVky nwl hoeI[ bwbw gMfw isMG sRI gurU
nwnk dyv jI dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN sn[ bwbw gMfw isMG dy cwcw jI
bwbw rwm isMG jI bydI bVy zorwvr is`K sn Aqy A&gwnW nwl lVdy
lVdy aunHW Shwdq pRwpq kIqI sI[ vnIq nlvw dI ilKq muqwbk
bIbI nMd kOr dI pMjvIN pIVHI coN bI. AY~s. bydI ny pwiksqwn iv`c
AwpxI bMs dw purwqn ipMf kotlI jdoN dyiKAw qW nMd kOr dy shury Gr
'c aus dw sMdl vu`f dw PrnIcr, ie`k mMjw ijs nUM sony dy pwvy Aqy
cWdI dIAW bwhIAW l`gIAW sn Aqy Kwxy pkwaux vwly BWfy vI dyKy[
ies ny auh jgHw vI Gr 'c dyKI ij`Qy auh bcpn iv`c luikAw krdw
sI[

srdwr gurid`q isMG nlUAw

hirduAwr dy pWfy dI ilKq drswauNdI hY ik gurid`q isMG
1808 iv`c jnimAW[ julweI 1831 iv`c gurid`q isMG Atk ky iklHy
iv`c swzo-smwn dw ieMcwrj sI[ srdwr gurid`q isMG AwpxI mwqw
rwj kOr nwl gujrWvwly hI rhy[ rwj kOr pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk
1867 iv`c cVHweI kr geI sI[ gurid`q isMG dy koeI AOlwd nhIN sI
hoeI[ aus ny &qih isMG nUM muqbMnw bxwieAw[ &qih isMG dy sMpUrn
isMG hoieAw pr auh CotI aumry 1874 iv`c hI cVHweI kr igAw[
143

sMpUrn isMG dw pu`qr krqwr isMG sI jo 1794 iv`c pUrw ho igAw Aqy
A`gy bMs nhIN c`lI[ gurid`q isMG dI mOq 1882 iv`c hoeI sI[

sMn 1848 iv`c ieh kuJ isMGW nUM lY ky Jnwb pwr kr ky srdwr Syr
isMG AtwrI vwly nwl jw imilAw[ srdwr sujwn isMG bydI (swihb
isMG dw v`fw pu`qr ) vI Syr isMG dIAW &OjW iv`c jw Swml hoieAw[

srdwr jvwhr isMG nlUAw

igR&n Aqy mY~sI (1909) iv`c ilKdy hn ik jvwhr isMG

icilAWvwlI jMg iv`c ieqnI bhwdrI nwl liVAw, auh ilKx qoN
bwhrlI g`l hY[ ies ny brqwnvIN ieiqhwskwrW dy vI kMn KVHy kr
id`qy Aqy AYsw sMkt iv`c pw id`qw ik auh ilKx qW kI ilKx[ Bwv
auh AwpxI kOm dI bhwdrI is`KW dy mukwbly kI ilKx[ auh ilKdy
hn ik AMgryz jykr ieh jMg ij`qy qW smJo ij`q ky vI hwry hn
ikauNik iehnW dw bhuq izAwdw nukswn hoieAw[ igRPn Aqy mY~sI ny
hor iliKAw hY ik AMgryzW dI ij`q jykr hoeI qW auh auq`m qopKwnw,
is`KW dy gdwrW Aqy ihMdusqwnIAW dI m`dd kwrn hoeI[

jvwhr isMG mwqw rwj kOr dI ku`KoN 1809 iv`c jnimAW[ ieh
Awpxy ipqw hrI isMG vWg kw&I dlyr, qyj-qrwr Aqy sUrmw sI[
ieiqhwsk q`Q drswauNdy hn ik ie`k idn Swm nUM srdwr hrI isMG
Drmswlw iv`c bYTy rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI ik qurkW ny
isMGW qy hmlw kr id`qw[ iksy bMdy ny ies qurkW dI Aw rhI &Oj bwry
jvwhr isMG nUM ikhw,"qurk bVI BwrI igxqI iv`c Aw rhy hn jykr
izMdgI cwhuMnw hY qW dOV jw"[ jo au~qr jvwhr isMG ny id`qw Aqy ijs
qrHW qurkW nwl twkrw kIqw aus sMbMDI kvI sIqw rwm ilKdw hY:
mwry iklkwrI jvwhr isMG blkwrI, sUry dw Drm nhIN n`sxw mYdwn sy[
Kwie ky kRD
o KMfw sUiqAw imAwn iv`cNo , boly siqnwm Ds igAw AiBmwn sy[
Dr id`qI vwF ie`k vwFIAW sy j`t vwgUM , m`cI hwhw kwr DUV imlI Asmwn sy[
sIqw rwm mwr mwr s`Qr ivCw id`qy, swmHxy jo Awvy J`t au~f jwey bwx sy[

ie`k AMgryz lyfI (1853) iv`c ies lVweI sMbMDI ilKdI hY:
......on the occasion of our recent movable defeat at
Chillianwala, the prestige of our usually victorious army experienced a humilating failure.

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq ip`CoN qr`kI krdw krdw jvwhr

isMG is`K &Oz dw 1843 iv`c jnrl -ien-cI& sI[ BwvyN Swhmq
AlI ilKdw hY ik hrI isMG dy p`uqr aus vrgy dlyr nhIN sn[ pr
qvwrIK ies g`l dI hwmI BrdI hY ik jvwhr isMG Aqy Arjn isMG
ny AMgryzW dI jMg iv`c jo jOhr idKwey Aqy aunHW dy dMd K`ty kIqy auh
vrnxXog hn[

Bwv icilAWvwlw ivKy kuJ smW pihlW swfI hoeI hwr ny ie`k
jyqU Aqy qzrbykwr &Oj nUM jlwlq BrI PylHqw drsw id`qI hY[

icilAW vwlI jMg jo dyS dI AwzwdI leI AMgryzW nwl lVI

geI, aus dw nwiek srdwr jvwhr isMG sI[ ies jMg qoN pihlW hI
qyjw isMG ny gdwrI kIqI ijs kwrn jvwhr isMG PiVAw igAw Aqy
AMgryzW ny ies nUM lwhOr jylH iv`c kYd kr ilAw[ pr jvwhr isMG
pihrydwrW dI m`dd nwl jylH coN inkl ky gujrWvwlw iv`c clw igAw[

kinMGm ny vI 1849 iv`c iliKAw ik is`KW ny Awpxy blbUqy

qy rwj kIqw[ iehnW vrgw idRV hOslw, jMgI AiBAws Aqy GoVsvwrI mYN hor iksy kOm 'c nhIN dyKI[ is`K hwr nhIN sI skdy jykr
ihMdusqwnI iehnW dI m`dd krdy[ Bwrq dy ihMdusqwnI rwijAW dI
m`dd kwrn hI AMgryzW ny is`K rwj qy ij`q pRwpq kIqI[

144

145

mohx lwl (1846) iv`c ilKdw hY ik pMjwb dI jMg ny vI

brqwnvI hkUmq nUM drsw id`qw sI ik pMjwbI kyvl pdwrQk qOr qy
hI DnI nhIN sgoN s`iBAwcwr Aqy AiDAwqmk qOr qy vI DnI hn[
AMgryz qW dUijAW dI lu`tmwr kr ky DnI bxy hn[

sMpUrn isMG dw pu`qr krqwr isMG sI jo 1794 iv`c pUrw ho igAw Aqy
A`gy bMs nhIN c`lI[ gurid`q isMG dI mOq 1882 iv`c hoeI sI[

sMn 1848 iv`c ieh kuJ isMGW nUM lY ky Jnwb pwr kr ky srdwr Syr
isMG AtwrI vwly nwl jw imilAw[ srdwr sujwn isMG bydI (swihb
isMG dw v`fw pu`qr ) vI Syr isMG dIAW &OjW iv`c jw Swml hoieAw[

srdwr jvwhr isMG nlUAw

igR&n Aqy mY~sI (1909) iv`c ilKdy hn ik jvwhr isMG

icilAWvwlI jMg iv`c ieqnI bhwdrI nwl liVAw, auh ilKx qoN
bwhrlI g`l hY[ ies ny brqwnvIN ieiqhwskwrW dy vI kMn KVHy kr
id`qy Aqy AYsw sMkt iv`c pw id`qw ik auh ilKx qW kI ilKx[ Bwv
auh AwpxI kOm dI bhwdrI is`KW dy mukwbly kI ilKx[ auh ilKdy
hn ik AMgryz jykr ieh jMg ij`qy qW smJo ij`q ky vI hwry hn
ikauNik iehnW dw bhuq izAwdw nukswn hoieAw[ igRPn Aqy mY~sI ny
hor iliKAw hY ik AMgryzW dI ij`q jykr hoeI qW auh auq`m qopKwnw,
is`KW dy gdwrW Aqy ihMdusqwnIAW dI m`dd kwrn hoeI[

jvwhr isMG mwqw rwj kOr dI ku`KoN 1809 iv`c jnimAW[ ieh
Awpxy ipqw hrI isMG vWg kw&I dlyr, qyj-qrwr Aqy sUrmw sI[
ieiqhwsk q`Q drswauNdy hn ik ie`k idn Swm nUM srdwr hrI isMG
Drmswlw iv`c bYTy rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI ik qurkW ny
isMGW qy hmlw kr id`qw[ iksy bMdy ny ies qurkW dI Aw rhI &Oj bwry
jvwhr isMG nUM ikhw,"qurk bVI BwrI igxqI iv`c Aw rhy hn jykr
izMdgI cwhuMnw hY qW dOV jw"[ jo au~qr jvwhr isMG ny id`qw Aqy ijs
qrHW qurkW nwl twkrw kIqw aus sMbMDI kvI sIqw rwm ilKdw hY:
mwry iklkwrI jvwhr isMG blkwrI, sUry dw Drm nhIN n`sxw mYdwn sy[
Kwie ky kRD
o KMfw sUiqAw imAwn iv`cNo , boly siqnwm Ds igAw AiBmwn sy[
Dr id`qI vwF ie`k vwFIAW sy j`t vwgUM , m`cI hwhw kwr DUV imlI Asmwn sy[
sIqw rwm mwr mwr s`Qr ivCw id`qy, swmHxy jo Awvy J`t au~f jwey bwx sy[

ie`k AMgryz lyfI (1853) iv`c ies lVweI sMbMDI ilKdI hY:
......on the occasion of our recent movable defeat at
Chillianwala, the prestige of our usually victorious army experienced a humilating failure.

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq ip`CoN qr`kI krdw krdw jvwhr

isMG is`K &Oz dw 1843 iv`c jnrl -ien-cI& sI[ BwvyN Swhmq
AlI ilKdw hY ik hrI isMG dy p`uqr aus vrgy dlyr nhIN sn[ pr
qvwrIK ies g`l dI hwmI BrdI hY ik jvwhr isMG Aqy Arjn isMG
ny AMgryzW dI jMg iv`c jo jOhr idKwey Aqy aunHW dy dMd K`ty kIqy auh
vrnxXog hn[

Bwv icilAWvwlw ivKy kuJ smW pihlW swfI hoeI hwr ny ie`k
jyqU Aqy qzrbykwr &Oj nUM jlwlq BrI PylHqw drsw id`qI hY[

icilAW vwlI jMg jo dyS dI AwzwdI leI AMgryzW nwl lVI

geI, aus dw nwiek srdwr jvwhr isMG sI[ ies jMg qoN pihlW hI
qyjw isMG ny gdwrI kIqI ijs kwrn jvwhr isMG PiVAw igAw Aqy
AMgryzW ny ies nUM lwhOr jylH iv`c kYd kr ilAw[ pr jvwhr isMG
pihrydwrW dI m`dd nwl jylH coN inkl ky gujrWvwlw iv`c clw igAw[

kinMGm ny vI 1849 iv`c iliKAw ik is`KW ny Awpxy blbUqy

qy rwj kIqw[ iehnW vrgw idRV hOslw, jMgI AiBAws Aqy GoVsvwrI mYN hor iksy kOm 'c nhIN dyKI[ is`K hwr nhIN sI skdy jykr
ihMdusqwnI iehnW dI m`dd krdy[ Bwrq dy ihMdusqwnI rwijAW dI
m`dd kwrn hI AMgryzW ny is`K rwj qy ij`q pRwpq kIqI[

144

145

mohx lwl (1846) iv`c ilKdw hY ik pMjwb dI jMg ny vI

brqwnvI hkUmq nUM drsw id`qw sI ik pMjwbI kyvl pdwrQk qOr qy
hI DnI nhIN sgoN s`iBAwcwr Aqy AiDAwqmk qOr qy vI DnI hn[
AMgryz qW dUijAW dI lu`tmwr kr ky DnI bxy hn[

ikauNik ihMdusqwnIAW ny AMgryzW dI hmwieq kIqI sI Aqy

is`KW dw ivroD[ ies kwrn cwlbwz AMgryzW ny 1857 dy gdr smyN
is`KW nUM nwl rlw ilAw[ srdwr jvwhr isMG pMjwb dw pihlw
srdwr sI ijs nUM AMgryzW ny pihlI is`K rjmYNt iv`c rswldwr dI
pdvI id`qI[ brqwnvI hkUmq ny iqMn sO swl qoN c`l rhI mugl
hkUmq ^qm krn Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW ShwdqW dw bdlw lYx
leI jvwhr isMG nUM &Oj dy ky id`lI v`l qoirAw[ id`lI phuMc ky is`K
&Oj ny Gyrw pw ky mugl bwdSwh dy swihbzwidAW nUM pkV ilAw[
hMmwXU dy mkbry kol AMgryz A&sr hOfsn ny iehnW nUM AlP nMgw
kr id`qw[ ies ny ie`k is`K ispwhI nUM AwiKAw, is`Kw! swihbzwidAW
nUM golI mwr ky bdlw lY lY hux cMgw mOkw hY[ is`K ispwhI ny nWh kr
id`qI Aqy AwiKAw ies g`l dI swfw Drm iezwzq nhIN idMdw ik
iksy nuM pkV ky mwrIey[ imstr trOtr ny 1901 iv`c The life of
Hodson iv`c iliKAw hY ik hYfsn ny AMgryz ispwhI dy h`QoN
kwrbweIn Koh ky swry swihbzwidAW nUM mwr id`qw[
jvwhr isMG ny 18 lVweIAW lKnaU, bweIQUr, kwnHpur, klpI
Awid ivKy lVIAW[ ies bhwdrI bdly AMgryz hkUmq ny aus nUM sMn
1859 iv`c 12 hzwr rupey slwnw dI jwgIr lgw id`qI[ 'Awrfr
AwP birtS ieMfIAw' dy iKqwb nwl mYfl dy ky invwijAw[ aus nUM
1862 iv`c guzrwvwlw ivKy AwnryrI mijstRyt dw Ahudw id`qw[ ies
Ahudy qy 1877 q`k (Bwv AKIrly swhW q`k) srdwr jvwhr isMG
rhy[

srdwr Arjn isMG nlUAw

srdwr Arjn isMG mhwrwjy dy drbwr AMdr bwhroN Awaux
vwly mihmwnW dI suAwgqI kmytI dw mYNbr sI[ meI 1838 iv`c ieh
ihMdusqwn srkwr dy sk`qr imstr mYkMGtn dI suAwgqI kmytI iv`c
Swml sI[ ies auprMq ieh brqwnIAW srkwr dy gvrnr jnrl
146

AwklYNf nUM i&rozpur ivKy imlx vwlI cotI dy srdwrW dI kmytI iv`c
vI Swml sI[ sohx isMG sUrI Anuswr 1838 dy nvMbr mhIny iv`c
srdwr AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw sucyq isMG Aqy srdwr Arjn
isMG ny AwklYNf dw suAwgq AMimRqsr ivKy vI kIqw sI[ ^wlsw
drbwr dy ilKqI prmwxW iv`c drz hY ik Arjn isMG mOjIb Aqy
mOjIl svwrI dw mu`KI sI[ 26 ApRYl 1839 nUM ieh kMvr nO inhwl
nwl ipSwvr iv`c jnrl vYnqUrw dy v&d iv`c vI Swml hoey[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG 27 jUn 1839 nUM pRlok suDwr igAw[
ies auprMq srdwr KVk isMG rwj g`dI qy bYTy[ srdwr Arjn isMG
GoV svwr sYnw dy muKI Qwpy gey[ sqMbr 1839 iv`c ieh lwrf
AwklYNf nwl iSmly ivKy g`lbwq krn leI vkIl dy qOr qy Swml
hoey[ iehnW nwl srdwr lihxw isMG mjITIAw Aqy &kIr AzIzaud-dIn vI gey sn[ BwvyN &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nwloN Arjn isMG
aumr iv`c Ahudy Aqy qzrby krky bhuq Coty sn pr vwpsI smyN
AwklYNf v`loN Arjn isMG nUM &kIr nwloN bhumu`lI iK`lq ByNt kIqI
geI[ sMn 1840 iv`c Arjn isMG ny mMfI Aqy kmlgVH iv`c vI
vYnqUrw nwl g`lbwq kIqI[
mhwrwjw KVk isMG Aqy nO inhwl dy dyhWq ip`CoN srdwr
Arjn isMG mhwrwjw Syr isMG dy smyN vI cMgI pdvI qy irhw[ jdoN
ieh 1843 iv`c ipSwvr Aqy kwbl dI cVHweI ip`CoN lwhOr phuMcy qW
iehnW nUM 'rob Aw& Awnr' dy ky nvwijAw (sohx lwl sUrI)[ 1
AkqUbr 1843 nUM Arjn isMG nUM lwhOr dy rswly dw kmWfr QwipAw[
ies qoN pihlW iDAwn isMG Aqy sMDwvwlIAw dI imlI Bugq ny sqMbr
1843 nUM mhwrwjw Syr isMG nUM kql krvw id`qw sI[ iDAwn isMG
Awpxy pu`qr hIrw isMG nUM g`dI qy ibTwauxw cwhuMdw sI pr Arjn isMG
Aqy hor srdwrW ny ies dw ft ky ivroD kIqw[
srdwr Arjn isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG ny pMjwb dI
AwzwdI leI jMgW AMdr brqwnvI &Oj nwl qkVw AwFw lwieAw[ pr
147

ikauNik ihMdusqwnIAW ny AMgryzW dI hmwieq kIqI sI Aqy

is`KW dw ivroD[ ies kwrn cwlbwz AMgryzW ny 1857 dy gdr smyN
is`KW nUM nwl rlw ilAw[ srdwr jvwhr isMG pMjwb dw pihlw
srdwr sI ijs nUM AMgryzW ny pihlI is`K rjmYNt iv`c rswldwr dI
pdvI id`qI[ brqwnvI hkUmq ny iqMn sO swl qoN c`l rhI mugl
hkUmq ^qm krn Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW ShwdqW dw bdlw lYx
leI jvwhr isMG nUM &Oj dy ky id`lI v`l qoirAw[ id`lI phuMc ky is`K
&Oj ny Gyrw pw ky mugl bwdSwh dy swihbzwidAW nUM pkV ilAw[
hMmwXU dy mkbry kol AMgryz A&sr hOfsn ny iehnW nUM AlP nMgw
kr id`qw[ ies ny ie`k is`K ispwhI nUM AwiKAw, is`Kw! swihbzwidAW
nUM golI mwr ky bdlw lY lY hux cMgw mOkw hY[ is`K ispwhI ny nWh kr
id`qI Aqy AwiKAw ies g`l dI swfw Drm iezwzq nhIN idMdw ik
iksy nuM pkV ky mwrIey[ imstr trOtr ny 1901 iv`c The life of
Hodson iv`c iliKAw hY ik hYfsn ny AMgryz ispwhI dy h`QoN
kwrbweIn Koh ky swry swihbzwidAW nUM mwr id`qw[
jvwhr isMG ny 18 lVweIAW lKnaU, bweIQUr, kwnHpur, klpI
Awid ivKy lVIAW[ ies bhwdrI bdly AMgryz hkUmq ny aus nUM sMn
1859 iv`c 12 hzwr rupey slwnw dI jwgIr lgw id`qI[ 'Awrfr
AwP birtS ieMfIAw' dy iKqwb nwl mYfl dy ky invwijAw[ aus nUM
1862 iv`c guzrwvwlw ivKy AwnryrI mijstRyt dw Ahudw id`qw[ ies
Ahudy qy 1877 q`k (Bwv AKIrly swhW q`k) srdwr jvwhr isMG
rhy[

srdwr Arjn isMG nlUAw

srdwr Arjn isMG mhwrwjy dy drbwr AMdr bwhroN Awaux
vwly mihmwnW dI suAwgqI kmytI dw mYNbr sI[ meI 1838 iv`c ieh
ihMdusqwn srkwr dy sk`qr imstr mYkMGtn dI suAwgqI kmytI iv`c
Swml sI[ ies auprMq ieh brqwnIAW srkwr dy gvrnr jnrl
146

AwklYNf nUM i&rozpur ivKy imlx vwlI cotI dy srdwrW dI kmytI iv`c
vI Swml sI[ sohx isMG sUrI Anuswr 1838 dy nvMbr mhIny iv`c
srdwr AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw sucyq isMG Aqy srdwr Arjn
isMG ny AwklYNf dw suAwgq AMimRqsr ivKy vI kIqw sI[ ^wlsw
drbwr dy ilKqI prmwxW iv`c drz hY ik Arjn isMG mOjIb Aqy
mOjIl svwrI dw mu`KI sI[ 26 ApRYl 1839 nUM ieh kMvr nO inhwl
nwl ipSwvr iv`c jnrl vYnqUrw dy v&d iv`c vI Swml hoey[
mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG 27 jUn 1839 nUM pRlok suDwr igAw[
ies auprMq srdwr KVk isMG rwj g`dI qy bYTy[ srdwr Arjn isMG
GoV svwr sYnw dy muKI Qwpy gey[ sqMbr 1839 iv`c ieh lwrf
AwklYNf nwl iSmly ivKy g`lbwq krn leI vkIl dy qOr qy Swml
hoey[ iehnW nwl srdwr lihxw isMG mjITIAw Aqy &kIr AzIzaud-dIn vI gey sn[ BwvyN &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nwloN Arjn isMG
aumr iv`c Ahudy Aqy qzrby krky bhuq Coty sn pr vwpsI smyN
AwklYNf v`loN Arjn isMG nUM &kIr nwloN bhumu`lI iK`lq ByNt kIqI
geI[ sMn 1840 iv`c Arjn isMG ny mMfI Aqy kmlgVH iv`c vI
vYnqUrw nwl g`lbwq kIqI[
mhwrwjw KVk isMG Aqy nO inhwl dy dyhWq ip`CoN srdwr
Arjn isMG mhwrwjw Syr isMG dy smyN vI cMgI pdvI qy irhw[ jdoN
ieh 1843 iv`c ipSwvr Aqy kwbl dI cVHweI ip`CoN lwhOr phuMcy qW
iehnW nUM 'rob Aw& Awnr' dy ky nvwijAw (sohx lwl sUrI)[ 1
AkqUbr 1843 nUM Arjn isMG nUM lwhOr dy rswly dw kmWfr QwipAw[
ies qoN pihlW iDAwn isMG Aqy sMDwvwlIAw dI imlI Bugq ny sqMbr
1843 nUM mhwrwjw Syr isMG nUM kql krvw id`qw sI[ iDAwn isMG
Awpxy pu`qr hIrw isMG nUM g`dI qy ibTwauxw cwhuMdw sI pr Arjn isMG
Aqy hor srdwrW ny ies dw ft ky ivroD kIqw[
srdwr Arjn isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG ny pMjwb dI
AwzwdI leI jMgW AMdr brqwnvI &Oj nwl qkVw AwFw lwieAw[ pr
147

fogirAW ny r`j ky gdwrI kIqI[ AkqUbr 1848 iv`c Arjn isMG,

mIAW l`Kw isMG Aqy bKSI su`Kw isMG 23 hjwr &Oj lY ky jyhlm pwr
kr gey[ iPr ieh gujrwq v`l vDy[ fogirAW Aqy sMDwvwlIAW dI
gdwrI kwrn ieh Awpxy imSn 'c s&l nw hoey[ AMgryzW ny Arjn
isMG nUM PVnw cwihAw pr ieh gujrWvwly 100 ku ispwhIAW smyq
Awpxy Gr phuMc gey[ auprMq AMgryzW ny Arjn isMG nUM pkV ky
lwhOr ilAwauxw cwihAw[ PVn vwilAW ny Arjn isMG dI bhwdrI
Aqy r`iKAw leI ApxweI rxnIqI qy bybsI zwhr kIqI[
AMgryz ispwhIAW ny Gr dI dIvwr qoV ky jdoN Arjn isMG nUM
&Vnw cwihAw qW Arjn isMG dlyrI nwl llkwrdw hoieAw GroN GoVy
qy inkl igAw Aqy AMgryzW dy h`Q nhIN AwieAw[ ies ip`CoN ieh sUrw
cVHweI kr igAw[ ies ny AMqm svws ik`Qy ley? ies bwry Koj krn
dI zrUrq hY[
hrI isMG dy lVky srdwr pMjwb isMG bwry sohx lwl sUrI ny
iliKAw hY ik 1838 iv`c iehnW is`K rswly dI AgvweI kIqI[
auprMq Awpxy BrwvW nwl iksy vI jMg iv`c ies dy Swml hox bwry
ieiqhwskwrW ny nhIN iliKAw[

hrI isMG nlUAw dIAW XwdgwrW,

jMg-nwmy Aqy aunHW dy nW qy c`l rhIAW sMsQwvW
srdwr hrI isMG dw jnm gujrWvwlw ivKy kisAwrw bwzwr
iv`c hoieAw sI[ ie`Qy iehnW dy v`fy-vfyirAW dI hvylI hY ijs iv`c
bhuq hI suMdr, mInwkwrI vwly AwkrSk iKVkIAW Aqy drvwjy sn[
ieh iKVikAW drvwjy lwh ky lwhOr dy imaUzIAm iv`c A`j klH
prdrSnI dy qOr qy r`Ky hoey hn[ dyS dI vMf smyN Bwv 1947 iv`c
ieh hvylI luiDAwxy dy mShUr hkIm h&Iz gulwm rsUl nUM rhwieS
leI id`qI geI sI[
148

nlvy srdwr dI v`fI ikrpwn ijs aup`r suMdr mInwkwrI kIqI

hoeI hY, BwrqI is`K rjmYNt sYNtr, rwmgVH ivKy suSoiBq hY[ Ssqr
rwj SkqI dw icnH hn Aqy ieh Drm, dyS, kOm r`iKAw Aqy zulm
dI r`iKAw Aqy zwlm dI B`iKAw leI hn[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny
qW iehnW nUM pIr ikhw hY Aqy ieh vI ikhw ik iehnW dI pUjw kro[
aunHW dy bcn hn:
As ikRpwn KMfo KVg qupk qbr Ar qIr[
sYP sbUhI swihbI XhI hmwry pIr[

qlvwr jW ikrpwn n&rq dw icMnH nhIN, ieh mnu`KI r`iKAw dI

Fwl hY Aqy cVHdI klw dI imswl hY[ qyg jW ikrpwn dI mhwnqw bwry
gurU jI dy bol hn:
Kg KMf ibhMfM Kl dl KMfM Aiq rx mMfM brbMfM]
Buj dMf AKMfM qyj pRcMfM joiq AmMfM Bwn pRBUM]
suK sMqw krxM durmiq drxM iklibK hrxM As srxM]
jY jY jg kwrx isRSt aubwrx mm pRiqpwrx jY qygM]

Bwv ^Vg (qyg) duStW dy dlW dy toty krn vwlI hY Aqy Xu`D
BUmI iv`c mUrKW nUM nwS krn vwlI mhwn SkqI hY[ ieh mwno sUrj v`q
kRWqIkwrI ho ky hnHyr grdI nUM imtw ky pRkwS krn vwlI ArQwq
gulwmI dIAW zMjIrW qoV ky AwzwdI idvwaux vwlI hY[ ieh sMqW nUM su`K
dyx vwlI Aqy BYVI m`q vwilAW nUM hrn krn vwlI hY, iesy kr ky hI
AsIN ies dI Srn leI hY[ qyg jgq AMdr jY jY kwr krwaux vwlI,
isRStI nUM swjx qy bcwaux vwlI qy pwlx vwlI hY[ hy ^Vg! qyrI jY
hovy[ jY hovy[
ikrpwn ie`k ssqw, hr ie`k dI phuMc vwlw Aqy lwiesMs
rihq hiQAwr hY[ ijs dy v`fI sRI swihb pihnI huMdI hY CyqI kIiqAW
cor, fwkU Awid aus bMdy dy nyVy nhIN AwauNdw[ jd ik ivigAwnk FMg
nwl iqAwr kIqy hiQAwr bhuq mihMgy, AmIr dI phuMc vwly Aqy
149

fogirAW ny r`j ky gdwrI kIqI[ AkqUbr 1848 iv`c Arjn isMG,

mIAW l`Kw isMG Aqy bKSI su`Kw isMG 23 hjwr &Oj lY ky jyhlm pwr
kr gey[ iPr ieh gujrwq v`l vDy[ fogirAW Aqy sMDwvwlIAW dI
gdwrI kwrn ieh Awpxy imSn 'c s&l nw hoey[ AMgryzW ny Arjn
isMG nUM PVnw cwihAw pr ieh gujrWvwly 100 ku ispwhIAW smyq
Awpxy Gr phuMc gey[ auprMq AMgryzW ny Arjn isMG nUM pkV ky
lwhOr ilAwauxw cwihAw[ PVn vwilAW ny Arjn isMG dI bhwdrI
Aqy r`iKAw leI ApxweI rxnIqI qy bybsI zwhr kIqI[
AMgryz ispwhIAW ny Gr dI dIvwr qoV ky jdoN Arjn isMG nUM
&Vnw cwihAw qW Arjn isMG dlyrI nwl llkwrdw hoieAw GroN GoVy
qy inkl igAw Aqy AMgryzW dy h`Q nhIN AwieAw[ ies ip`CoN ieh sUrw
cVHweI kr igAw[ ies ny AMqm svws ik`Qy ley? ies bwry Koj krn
dI zrUrq hY[
hrI isMG dy lVky srdwr pMjwb isMG bwry sohx lwl sUrI ny
iliKAw hY ik 1838 iv`c iehnW is`K rswly dI AgvweI kIqI[
auprMq Awpxy BrwvW nwl iksy vI jMg iv`c ies dy Swml hox bwry
ieiqhwskwrW ny nhIN iliKAw[

hrI isMG nlUAw dIAW XwdgwrW,

jMg-nwmy Aqy aunHW dy nW qy c`l rhIAW sMsQwvW
srdwr hrI isMG dw jnm gujrWvwlw ivKy kisAwrw bwzwr
iv`c hoieAw sI[ ie`Qy iehnW dy v`fy-vfyirAW dI hvylI hY ijs iv`c
bhuq hI suMdr, mInwkwrI vwly AwkrSk iKVkIAW Aqy drvwjy sn[
ieh iKVikAW drvwjy lwh ky lwhOr dy imaUzIAm iv`c A`j klH
prdrSnI dy qOr qy r`Ky hoey hn[ dyS dI vMf smyN Bwv 1947 iv`c
ieh hvylI luiDAwxy dy mShUr hkIm h&Iz gulwm rsUl nUM rhwieS
leI id`qI geI sI[
148

nlvy srdwr dI v`fI ikrpwn ijs aup`r suMdr mInwkwrI kIqI

hoeI hY, BwrqI is`K rjmYNt sYNtr, rwmgVH ivKy suSoiBq hY[ Ssqr
rwj SkqI dw icnH hn Aqy ieh Drm, dyS, kOm r`iKAw Aqy zulm
dI r`iKAw Aqy zwlm dI B`iKAw leI hn[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny
qW iehnW nUM pIr ikhw hY Aqy ieh vI ikhw ik iehnW dI pUjw kro[
aunHW dy bcn hn:
As ikRpwn KMfo KVg qupk qbr Ar qIr[
sYP sbUhI swihbI XhI hmwry pIr[

qlvwr jW ikrpwn n&rq dw icMnH nhIN, ieh mnu`KI r`iKAw dI

Fwl hY Aqy cVHdI klw dI imswl hY[ qyg jW ikrpwn dI mhwnqw bwry
gurU jI dy bol hn:
Kg KMf ibhMfM Kl dl KMfM Aiq rx mMfM brbMfM]
Buj dMf AKMfM qyj pRcMfM joiq AmMfM Bwn pRBUM]
suK sMqw krxM durmiq drxM iklibK hrxM As srxM]
jY jY jg kwrx isRSt aubwrx mm pRiqpwrx jY qygM]

Bwv ^Vg (qyg) duStW dy dlW dy toty krn vwlI hY Aqy Xu`D
BUmI iv`c mUrKW nUM nwS krn vwlI mhwn SkqI hY[ ieh mwno sUrj v`q
kRWqIkwrI ho ky hnHyr grdI nUM imtw ky pRkwS krn vwlI ArQwq
gulwmI dIAW zMjIrW qoV ky AwzwdI idvwaux vwlI hY[ ieh sMqW nUM su`K
dyx vwlI Aqy BYVI m`q vwilAW nUM hrn krn vwlI hY, iesy kr ky hI
AsIN ies dI Srn leI hY[ qyg jgq AMdr jY jY kwr krwaux vwlI,
isRStI nUM swjx qy bcwaux vwlI qy pwlx vwlI hY[ hy ^Vg! qyrI jY
hovy[ jY hovy[
ikrpwn ie`k ssqw, hr ie`k dI phuMc vwlw Aqy lwiesMs
rihq hiQAwr hY[ ijs dy v`fI sRI swihb pihnI huMdI hY CyqI kIiqAW
cor, fwkU Awid aus bMdy dy nyVy nhIN AwauNdw[ jd ik ivigAwnk FMg
nwl iqAwr kIqy hiQAwr bhuq mihMgy, AmIr dI phuMc vwly Aqy
149

lwiesMs Sudw hiQAwr hn[ brUd mukx qy nkwrw ho jWdy hn[

hrI isMG nlvw ny ikrpwn sdkw hI zwlm A&gwnW dy mUMh BMn
ky aunHW nUM sdw leI ihMdusqwn AMdr hmlwvr bx ky Awaux qoN rok
id`qw[ smwj iv`c jmhUrIAq nUM surjIq kr ky suqMqrqw dw rwh
idKwieAw Aqy sdIAW qoN d`by-kucly lokW AMdr nvIN rUh Puk id`qI[
dUjy pMjwbIAW dI qrHW 1947 dI vMf smyN hrI isMG dI bMs vwilAW
nUM Bwrq Awauxw ipAw[ aunHW gujrWvwlw ivKy v`fIAW jwiedwdW
pwiksqwn 'c C`fIAW ikauNik aus smyN mwr-mrweI qy ktw-v`fI v`fw
ihMsw dw rUp Dwrn kr geI sI[ hrI isMG dIAW mhwn XwdW pwiksqwn
iv`c rih geIAW[ pr aunHW XwdW nUM qwzw r`Kx leI Aqy Bwrq dI &Oj
dy juAwnW iv`c aus mhwn XoDy dw auqSwh Brn leI BwrqI &Oj ny auVI
(kSmIr) cOkI dw nW 'nlvw' r`iKAw[ ie`QoN dy mu`K d&qr dI iblifMg
'nlvw blwk' dy nW qy hY[ (bI.AY~s. nlUAw, 2001) blvMq isMG
nlUAw AMgryzI rwj smyN JMg ijlHy dw ifptI kimSnr sI[ ies dw
pu`qr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw hoieAw[

hrI isMG dy nwm dI ikSqI

Mr. Wade lived in Punjab for 15 years. In a letter addressed to Mr. Maddock Secretary of the Government of India in 1841, drew attention to a ferry on the river Narbada
called Nalwah. The river Narbada flows along the Vindhya
range deep within Hindustan and long has been regarded as
the symbiolic boundary between North and South India.
Narbada led to Nanded where Guru Gobind Singh Ji resided
for 14 months before departure from the mortal world.

hjUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw ny vI ih`sw

ilAw sI[ nwl hI ieh AMikq kIqw hY ik Abcl ngr dy inhMgW ny,
ijhVy hrI isMG dI kmWf iv`cNo sn nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI vrqI
jwx vwlI PYrI (ikSqI) dw nW nlUAw r`K id`qw hovygw[
pRoPYsr suKidAwl isMG ny AwpxI pusqk '^wlsw pMQ dy pMj
q^q' iv`c vrnx kIqw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG dy Akwl clwxy
auprMq aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhr isMG ny aus dy swQI isMGW koL
srdwr hrI isMG dw kmrbMd (kmrksw), jo bhuq hI kImqI hIirAW
nwl jiVHAw hoieAw sI Aqy 50 hjwr rupey hzUr swihb Byjy sn[
auh jgHw ij`QoN ieh kw&lw lMiGAw sI bwry imstr vyf ny AwpxIAW
ilKqW iv`c iliKAw hY[
ieh sMBv hY ik hzUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI smyN hrI isMG
nlvw ny nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI ikSqI iqAwr krvwky id`qI
hovygI[ ijs kwrn aus ikSqI dw nwm nlvw v`jdw sI[ ies sMbMDI
hor Koj krn dI zrUrq hY[

hrI isMG gyt (iklHw goibMdgVH) Aqy hor iklHy

vnIq nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk iv`c iliKAw hY ik Ajy q`k koeI

ihstorIAn ieh is`D nhIN kr sikAw ik nMdyV ivKy Abcl ngr

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1805 iv`c AMimRqsr Sihr dy bwhr

bixAw iklHw sr kIqw Aqy ies dw nW goibMdgVH r`iKAw[ ies iklHy
iv`c mhwrwjy dw qopKwnw, d&qrI smwn Aqy Amlw sI[ qkrIbn
12 hzwr ispwhI Aqy hzwrW mx Anwj vI loV pYx smyN ies iv`c
mOjUd rihMdw sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr ies iklHy qoN lwhOr q`k ie`k
surMg vI sI[ ies iklHy dy do gyt hn Aqy mu`K gyt hrI isMG nlUAw
dy nW qy r`iKAw igAw sI Aqy A`j klH vI hY[ Bwrq Aqy pwiksqwn
dIAW 1965 Aqy 1971 dIAW jMgW smyN vI ieh iklHw imltrI dI
mu`K CwauxI (Base camp) sI[ ieh vI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l hY ik
is`KW dy ^wlsw rwj (Government of the pure) nUM 1947 iv`c

150

151

lwiesMs Sudw hiQAwr hn[ brUd mukx qy nkwrw ho jWdy hn[

hrI isMG nlvw ny ikrpwn sdkw hI zwlm A&gwnW dy mUMh BMn
ky aunHW nUM sdw leI ihMdusqwn AMdr hmlwvr bx ky Awaux qoN rok
id`qw[ smwj iv`c jmhUrIAq nUM surjIq kr ky suqMqrqw dw rwh
idKwieAw Aqy sdIAW qoN d`by-kucly lokW AMdr nvIN rUh Puk id`qI[
dUjy pMjwbIAW dI qrHW 1947 dI vMf smyN hrI isMG dI bMs vwilAW
nUM Bwrq Awauxw ipAw[ aunHW gujrWvwlw ivKy v`fIAW jwiedwdW
pwiksqwn 'c C`fIAW ikauNik aus smyN mwr-mrweI qy ktw-v`fI v`fw
ihMsw dw rUp Dwrn kr geI sI[ hrI isMG dIAW mhwn XwdW pwiksqwn
iv`c rih geIAW[ pr aunHW XwdW nUM qwzw r`Kx leI Aqy Bwrq dI &Oj
dy juAwnW iv`c aus mhwn XoDy dw auqSwh Brn leI BwrqI &Oj ny auVI
(kSmIr) cOkI dw nW 'nlvw' r`iKAw[ ie`QoN dy mu`K d&qr dI iblifMg
'nlvw blwk' dy nW qy hY[ (bI.AY~s. nlUAw, 2001) blvMq isMG
nlUAw AMgryzI rwj smyN JMg ijlHy dw ifptI kimSnr sI[ ies dw
pu`qr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw hoieAw[

hrI isMG dy nwm dI ikSqI

Mr. Wade lived in Punjab for 15 years. In a letter addressed to Mr. Maddock Secretary of the Government of India in 1841, drew attention to a ferry on the river Narbada
called Nalwah. The river Narbada flows along the Vindhya
range deep within Hindustan and long has been regarded as
the symbiolic boundary between North and South India.
Narbada led to Nanded where Guru Gobind Singh Ji resided
for 14 months before departure from the mortal world.

hjUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw ny vI ih`sw

ilAw sI[ nwl hI ieh AMikq kIqw hY ik Abcl ngr dy inhMgW ny,
ijhVy hrI isMG dI kmWf iv`cNo sn nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI vrqI
jwx vwlI PYrI (ikSqI) dw nW nlUAw r`K id`qw hovygw[
pRoPYsr suKidAwl isMG ny AwpxI pusqk '^wlsw pMQ dy pMj
q^q' iv`c vrnx kIqw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG dy Akwl clwxy
auprMq aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhr isMG ny aus dy swQI isMGW koL
srdwr hrI isMG dw kmrbMd (kmrksw), jo bhuq hI kImqI hIirAW
nwl jiVHAw hoieAw sI Aqy 50 hjwr rupey hzUr swihb Byjy sn[
auh jgHw ij`QoN ieh kw&lw lMiGAw sI bwry imstr vyf ny AwpxIAW
ilKqW iv`c iliKAw hY[
ieh sMBv hY ik hzUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI smyN hrI isMG
nlvw ny nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI ikSqI iqAwr krvwky id`qI
hovygI[ ijs kwrn aus ikSqI dw nwm nlvw v`jdw sI[ ies sMbMDI
hor Koj krn dI zrUrq hY[

hrI isMG gyt (iklHw goibMdgVH) Aqy hor iklHy

vnIq nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk iv`c iliKAw hY ik Ajy q`k koeI

ihstorIAn ieh is`D nhIN kr sikAw ik nMdyV ivKy Abcl ngr

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1805 iv`c AMimRqsr Sihr dy bwhr

bixAw iklHw sr kIqw Aqy ies dw nW goibMdgVH r`iKAw[ ies iklHy
iv`c mhwrwjy dw qopKwnw, d&qrI smwn Aqy Amlw sI[ qkrIbn
12 hzwr ispwhI Aqy hzwrW mx Anwj vI loV pYx smyN ies iv`c
mOjUd rihMdw sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr ies iklHy qoN lwhOr q`k ie`k
surMg vI sI[ ies iklHy dy do gyt hn Aqy mu`K gyt hrI isMG nlUAw
dy nW qy r`iKAw igAw sI Aqy A`j klH vI hY[ Bwrq Aqy pwiksqwn
dIAW 1965 Aqy 1971 dIAW jMgW smyN vI ieh iklHw imltrI dI
mu`K CwauxI (Base camp) sI[ ieh vI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l hY ik
is`KW dy ^wlsw rwj (Government of the pure) nUM 1947 iv`c

150

151

(dyS dI vMf smyN) pwiksqwn (Land of the pure) dw nwm id`qw

igAw[ iqMn hor iklHy (&iqhgVH, jmrOd, hrI isMG dw burj Aqy
sumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr, A&gwn) vI hrI isMG nwl sMbMDq hn[
hrIpur Sihr iv`c hirikSn gVH iklHw vI hrI isMG dy nwm qy hY[

hrI isMG dIAW smwDIAW Aqy hor XwdW

hrI isMG dy nW qy iqMn smwDIAW (ie`k gurjrW vwly , dUjI
ipSwvr Aqy qIjI iklHw &iqhgVH, jmrOd ivKy bxIAW hoeIAW hn[
iklHw jmrOd iv`c ie`k kmrw hY ij`Qy srdwr nUM P`tV hwlq iv`c
r`iKAw igAw hY[ pwiksqwn iv`c hrIpur Sihr, iSmly kol nlUAw
gwauN, nvIN id`lI dy krOl bwg Aqy phwV gMj iv`c, glIAW nlvw dy
nwm qy mOjUd hn[ rweykot - b`sIAW cOk qy hrI isMG GoVy qy svwr
vwlw Swndwr bu~q hY[ b`sIAW ipMf iv`c au~pl goq dy bhuq swry
prvwr rihMdy hn[
srdwr nlUAw dI Xwd nUM qwzw r`Kx leI smyN smyN qy is`K pMQ
v`loN sYmInwr, kwnPrMsW Awid AwXoijq huMdIAW rihMdIAW hn[ sMn
1965 iv`c luiDAwxw ivKy nlUAw kwnPrMs krweI geI[ ies iv`c
is`KW dy rwjnIiqk msly Aqy hor audyS ivcwry gey[ ies kwnPrMs
dI swrI kwrvweI AYnsweIklopIfIAw is`Kiezm 1992-98 jo pMjwbI
XUnIvristI pitAwlw ny CwipAw iv`c drz hY[ iesy qrHW 1991 iv`c
hrI isMG dI do sO swlw jnm SqwbdI sMbMDI luiDAwxw iv`c kOmI p`Dr
dw sYmInwr krvwieAw igAw[ ies iv`c ivdvwnW ny nlUAw dI mhwn
SKSIAq Aqy lwswnI kwrnwimAW aup`r cwnx pwieAw[ SRomxI
gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr ny 1991 dy swl dOrwn v`K v`K
QwvW qy hrI isMG dy jIvn Aqy aus v`loN mwrIAW bic`qr mwrW sMbMDI
krvwey pRogRwmW iv`c pVHy gey mh`qv pUrn prcy gurmiq pRkwS dy
1992 dy spYSl AyfISn iv`c Cwpy[ is`KW ny qW bhwdr jrnYl dIAW
152

XwdW mnwauxIAW jW r`KxIAW hI hn, pwiksqwn iv`c vI muslmwnW

dy GrW iv`c aus sUrmy dIAW XwdW suSoBq hn[
1992 iv`c srdwr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw, jo hrI isMG dI CyvIN
pIVIH iv`coN hn[ nvIN id`lI qoN lwhOr ivKy Awpxy kwlj dy sQwpnw
idn qy phuMcy[ AmrjIq isMG 1946 iv`c ieMfIAn ruAwiel nyvI iv`c
nOkrI krdy sn[ iehnW ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI kwPI Xogdwn pwieAw[
pwiksqwn iv`c AmrjIq isMG 45 swl ipCoN Awpxy hmjmwqIAW nUM
Aqy kuJ AiDAwpkW nUM vI imly[ iehnW dI m`dd nwl ijnHW dy Gr
AmrjIq Aqy aunWH dI pqnI Tihry hoey sI kMD qy l`gy hrI isMG nlUAw
dy icqR nUM dyK ky bVy Ascrz hoey[
At News Islamabad 2006 Internet dI ^br hY ik pwiksqwn
srkwr ny hrI isMG nlUAw dy Sihr gujrvwlW ivKy srdwr nlUAw dI
Xwd iv`c fwktrI dI pRmu`K cikqswlw KolHx dw AYlwn kIqw hY[
lYPtInYNt jnrl bI. AY~s. nlUAw ijhVy hrI isMG dI ku`l iv`coN
hI hn ny d`isAw ik 1947 nUM jdoN dyS dI vMf smyN Bwrq iv`c Awauxw
sI qW aus smyN AsIN gujrWvwlw dI hvylI iv`c nlUAw jI dI jMg iv`c
pihnx vwlI sMjoA (lohy dIAW qwrW dw kot) ijs dw Bwr qkrIbn
40 syr dy nyVy sI C`f ky Awey[
brqwnIAW srkwr ny vI hrI isMG nlUAw dI Xwd qwzw r`Kx
leI 1908 iv`c aunHW bMidAW nUM snmwx leI ijnHW mhwn Gwlxw
GwlIAW, leI Indian General Service Medal iqAwr kIqw ijs
aup`r ie`k pwsy jmrOd dw iklHw idKwieAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy
brqwnIAW dy rwjy dI Poto auk`rI hoeI sI[ ieh mYfl 1935 q`k jwrI
irhw[
AMgryz ilKwrIAW ny hrI isMG nlUAw dI ausqqI bhuq Fu`kvyN
gihry, Tos Aqy suMdr SbdW iv`c kIqI hY[ igRPn ny srdwr nUM 'mUrq

153

(dyS dI vMf smyN) pwiksqwn (Land of the pure) dw nwm id`qw

igAw[ iqMn hor iklHy (&iqhgVH, jmrOd, hrI isMG dw burj Aqy
sumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr, A&gwn) vI hrI isMG nwl sMbMDq hn[
hrIpur Sihr iv`c hirikSn gVH iklHw vI hrI isMG dy nwm qy hY[

hrI isMG dIAW smwDIAW Aqy hor XwdW

hrI isMG dy nW qy iqMn smwDIAW (ie`k gurjrW vwly , dUjI
ipSwvr Aqy qIjI iklHw &iqhgVH, jmrOd ivKy bxIAW hoeIAW hn[
iklHw jmrOd iv`c ie`k kmrw hY ij`Qy srdwr nUM P`tV hwlq iv`c
r`iKAw igAw hY[ pwiksqwn iv`c hrIpur Sihr, iSmly kol nlUAw
gwauN, nvIN id`lI dy krOl bwg Aqy phwV gMj iv`c, glIAW nlvw dy
nwm qy mOjUd hn[ rweykot - b`sIAW cOk qy hrI isMG GoVy qy svwr
vwlw Swndwr bu~q hY[ b`sIAW ipMf iv`c au~pl goq dy bhuq swry
prvwr rihMdy hn[
srdwr nlUAw dI Xwd nUM qwzw r`Kx leI smyN smyN qy is`K pMQ
v`loN sYmInwr, kwnPrMsW Awid AwXoijq huMdIAW rihMdIAW hn[ sMn
1965 iv`c luiDAwxw ivKy nlUAw kwnPrMs krweI geI[ ies iv`c
is`KW dy rwjnIiqk msly Aqy hor audyS ivcwry gey[ ies kwnPrMs
dI swrI kwrvweI AYnsweIklopIfIAw is`Kiezm 1992-98 jo pMjwbI
XUnIvristI pitAwlw ny CwipAw iv`c drz hY[ iesy qrHW 1991 iv`c
hrI isMG dI do sO swlw jnm SqwbdI sMbMDI luiDAwxw iv`c kOmI p`Dr
dw sYmInwr krvwieAw igAw[ ies iv`c ivdvwnW ny nlUAw dI mhwn
SKSIAq Aqy lwswnI kwrnwimAW aup`r cwnx pwieAw[ SRomxI
gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr ny 1991 dy swl dOrwn v`K v`K
QwvW qy hrI isMG dy jIvn Aqy aus v`loN mwrIAW bic`qr mwrW sMbMDI
krvwey pRogRwmW iv`c pVHy gey mh`qv pUrn prcy gurmiq pRkwS dy
1992 dy spYSl AyfISn iv`c Cwpy[ is`KW ny qW bhwdr jrnYl dIAW
152

XwdW mnwauxIAW jW r`KxIAW hI hn, pwiksqwn iv`c vI muslmwnW

dy GrW iv`c aus sUrmy dIAW XwdW suSoBq hn[
1992 iv`c srdwr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw, jo hrI isMG dI CyvIN
pIVIH iv`coN hn[ nvIN id`lI qoN lwhOr ivKy Awpxy kwlj dy sQwpnw
idn qy phuMcy[ AmrjIq isMG 1946 iv`c ieMfIAn ruAwiel nyvI iv`c
nOkrI krdy sn[ iehnW ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI kwPI Xogdwn pwieAw[
pwiksqwn iv`c AmrjIq isMG 45 swl ipCoN Awpxy hmjmwqIAW nUM
Aqy kuJ AiDAwpkW nUM vI imly[ iehnW dI m`dd nwl ijnHW dy Gr
AmrjIq Aqy aunWH dI pqnI Tihry hoey sI kMD qy l`gy hrI isMG nlUAw
dy icqR nUM dyK ky bVy Ascrz hoey[
At News Islamabad 2006 Internet dI ^br hY ik pwiksqwn
srkwr ny hrI isMG nlUAw dy Sihr gujrvwlW ivKy srdwr nlUAw dI
Xwd iv`c fwktrI dI pRmu`K cikqswlw KolHx dw AYlwn kIqw hY[
lYPtInYNt jnrl bI. AY~s. nlUAw ijhVy hrI isMG dI ku`l iv`coN
hI hn ny d`isAw ik 1947 nUM jdoN dyS dI vMf smyN Bwrq iv`c Awauxw
sI qW aus smyN AsIN gujrWvwlw dI hvylI iv`c nlUAw jI dI jMg iv`c
pihnx vwlI sMjoA (lohy dIAW qwrW dw kot) ijs dw Bwr qkrIbn
40 syr dy nyVy sI C`f ky Awey[
brqwnIAW srkwr ny vI hrI isMG nlUAw dI Xwd qwzw r`Kx
leI 1908 iv`c aunHW bMidAW nUM snmwx leI ijnHW mhwn Gwlxw
GwlIAW, leI Indian General Service Medal iqAwr kIqw ijs
aup`r ie`k pwsy jmrOd dw iklHw idKwieAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy
brqwnIAW dy rwjy dI Poto auk`rI hoeI sI[ ieh mYfl 1935 q`k jwrI
irhw[
AMgryz ilKwrIAW ny hrI isMG nlUAw dI ausqqI bhuq Fu`kvyN
gihry, Tos Aqy suMdr SbdW iv`c kIqI hY[ igRPn ny srdwr nUM 'mUrq

153

Aw& ^wlsw' iliKAw hY, kroey ny 'dI AweIfIAl is`K solzr' iliKAw
Bwv nmUny dw ispwh-slwr[ gujrWvwlw dy 1893-94 dy gztIAr
iv`c 'Ney of the Punjab' Bwv pMjwb dI nINh iliKAw jd ik igRPn
Aqy mY~sI ny 1909 iv`c cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw iliKAw hY[

1)

BwvyN srdwr nlUey sMbMDI CotIAW motIAW XwdW BwrqI pMjwb

AMdr kuJ zrUr hn[ kvI sMsQwvW v`loN nlvw dy nwm qy Avwrf vI
id`qy jWdy hn ijvyN kOmI Kyf idvs 14 AkqUbr 2011 nUM srdwr
jsivMdr isMG ig`l (AQlYitks koc) nUM srdwr hrI isMG nlvw
Avwrf nwl snmwinAw igAw[ pr ies idl dy dwny, XwrW dy Xwr
Aqy srdwrW dy srdwr sMbMDI pMjwb AMdr mhwn Xwd bnwaux dI v`fI
loV hY[

mIm-mOq nw jwxdw kyhI huMdI, qygw iK`c ky Xu`D dy iv`c vVdw[

hor &Oj qW bhuq srkwr dI hY, hrI isMG sUrw A`gy hoey lVdw[

jrnYl hrI isMG nlUey sMbMDI vwrW qy jMg-nwmy

vwr jW jMg nwmy AMdr kvI mhwn XoDy dI prm sUrbIrqw, prm
scweI Aqy prm dnweI nUM AwpxI kivqw iv`c rcdw hY[ ieh vwrW
jW jMg-nwmy bIr-rs nwl BrpUr huMdy hn, swihq AMdr iehnW dI
au~cI-su`cI Swn huMdI hY Aqy Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW leI jwgrqI dI
nuhwr bx jWdy hn[ ieh vwrW Awm bMdw jW bhuq ielm vwlw nhIN
rc skdw[ieh qW Dur drgwhI dwq ijs nUM pRwpq huMdI hY aus dy roSn
idmwg iv`coN Awp-muhwry kivqw auqrdI hY[ purwqn simAW dy kvI
nwiekW dI sUrbIrqw, s`c-JUT dw insqwrw qy AslIAq dw pRgtwvw
AwpxI kivqw iv`c krdy sn[ aunHW dy ihrdy lwlc qoN rihq, jIvn
swdw Aqy prmwqmw dy BYA iv`c c`lx vwly sn[ is`K rwj dy AMdr
jo kwrnwmy, jo virAwmqw, jo jIvn AwdrS Aqy Shwdq q`k dI
bulMdI hrI isMG ny idKweI aus dw snmwn Aqy guxgwn hoxw suBwivk
sI[ mu`K qOr qy pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm ny nlUey dy bIr kwrnwimAW
sMbMDI s`q rcnwvW dw vrnx kIqw hY[
154

ikRq kvI shweI isMG-shweI isMG ivdvwn kvIAW dy pRvwr

iv`c jnimAw[ ieh kysr isMG iC`br dw poqw sI[ ies ny hrI
isMG sMbMDI kmwldI Sihr&I ilKI hY ijs dy 30 bYNq hn[
nmUnw ieh hY:

&Oj jwie peI qMbU lu`txy nUM, hrI isMG srdwr sI mnHy krdw[
shweI isMG iPrMgI nUM mwr ky jI, qopKwny dy iv`c brUd Brdw[ (24)

2)

gurmuK isMG igAwnI- ieh ivdvqw dy mwrqMf igAwnI sMq

isMG dw pu`qr sI[ srdwr nlUey ny Akwl q^q dy klS dI
sunihrI syvw leI ies dI ifaUtI lgweI sI[ gurmuK isMG ny
'jMg nwmw hrI isMG kw' 30 bYNqW iv`c iliKAw :

jIm-jwxky bhuq hI sUr Bwrw, krI gOr qy pws ibTwieAw eI[

KuSI hoie srkwr ny lweI klgI, ijgHw FwL AxvwieAw eI[
isropwau dy ky ikhw jwE BwXw, hrI isMG ny &qih bulwXw eI[
'gurmuK isMG' ciVHAw hrI isMG rwjw, sBo qorkI &Oj frwXw eI] (4)

3)

rwm idAwl AwnMd- ieh nvW Sihr dw vsnIk sI[ ies ny 91

CMdW dw jMg-nwmw srdwr hrI isMG iliKAw:

mhW isMG srdwr qqbIr kIqI, Pu`l cwie qUPwn dy iv`c pWdw[
iv`c pwlkI dy srkwr bYTI, nwl GoiVAW dy Asvwr lWdw[
cMbw GoVw srdwr dw bhuq cMgw, rx iv`c qlvwrIAW jwie KWdw[
mhW isMG hiQAwr srkwr dy jI, cwey GoVy dy hMny dy nwl lWdw[ (74)

4)

AigAwq kvI-ieh jMgnwmw is`K rYPrYNs , lwiebRyrI AMimRqsr

dy KrVw nM: 5854 qy ipAw sI ijs nUM srdwr SmSyr isMG
ASok ny 1850 iv`c sMpwidq kIqw[ ies dy qkrIbn 100 CMd
hn Aqy BwSw ibRj hY:
155

Aw& ^wlsw' iliKAw hY, kroey ny 'dI AweIfIAl is`K solzr' iliKAw
Bwv nmUny dw ispwh-slwr[ gujrWvwlw dy 1893-94 dy gztIAr
iv`c 'Ney of the Punjab' Bwv pMjwb dI nINh iliKAw jd ik igRPn
Aqy mY~sI ny 1909 iv`c cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw iliKAw hY[

1)

BwvyN srdwr nlUey sMbMDI CotIAW motIAW XwdW BwrqI pMjwb

AMdr kuJ zrUr hn[ kvI sMsQwvW v`loN nlvw dy nwm qy Avwrf vI
id`qy jWdy hn ijvyN kOmI Kyf idvs 14 AkqUbr 2011 nUM srdwr
jsivMdr isMG ig`l (AQlYitks koc) nUM srdwr hrI isMG nlvw
Avwrf nwl snmwinAw igAw[ pr ies idl dy dwny, XwrW dy Xwr
Aqy srdwrW dy srdwr sMbMDI pMjwb AMdr mhwn Xwd bnwaux dI v`fI
loV hY[

mIm-mOq nw jwxdw kyhI huMdI, qygw iK`c ky Xu`D dy iv`c vVdw[

hor &Oj qW bhuq srkwr dI hY, hrI isMG sUrw A`gy hoey lVdw[

jrnYl hrI isMG nlUey sMbMDI vwrW qy jMg-nwmy

vwr jW jMg nwmy AMdr kvI mhwn XoDy dI prm sUrbIrqw, prm
scweI Aqy prm dnweI nUM AwpxI kivqw iv`c rcdw hY[ ieh vwrW
jW jMg-nwmy bIr-rs nwl BrpUr huMdy hn, swihq AMdr iehnW dI
au~cI-su`cI Swn huMdI hY Aqy Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW leI jwgrqI dI
nuhwr bx jWdy hn[ ieh vwrW Awm bMdw jW bhuq ielm vwlw nhIN
rc skdw[ieh qW Dur drgwhI dwq ijs nUM pRwpq huMdI hY aus dy roSn
idmwg iv`coN Awp-muhwry kivqw auqrdI hY[ purwqn simAW dy kvI
nwiekW dI sUrbIrqw, s`c-JUT dw insqwrw qy AslIAq dw pRgtwvw
AwpxI kivqw iv`c krdy sn[ aunHW dy ihrdy lwlc qoN rihq, jIvn
swdw Aqy prmwqmw dy BYA iv`c c`lx vwly sn[ is`K rwj dy AMdr
jo kwrnwmy, jo virAwmqw, jo jIvn AwdrS Aqy Shwdq q`k dI
bulMdI hrI isMG ny idKweI aus dw snmwn Aqy guxgwn hoxw suBwivk
sI[ mu`K qOr qy pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm ny nlUey dy bIr kwrnwimAW
sMbMDI s`q rcnwvW dw vrnx kIqw hY[
154

ikRq kvI shweI isMG-shweI isMG ivdvwn kvIAW dy pRvwr

iv`c jnimAw[ ieh kysr isMG iC`br dw poqw sI[ ies ny hrI
isMG sMbMDI kmwldI Sihr&I ilKI hY ijs dy 30 bYNq hn[
nmUnw ieh hY:

&Oj jwie peI qMbU lu`txy nUM, hrI isMG srdwr sI mnHy krdw[
shweI isMG iPrMgI nUM mwr ky jI, qopKwny dy iv`c brUd Brdw[ (24)

2)

gurmuK isMG igAwnI- ieh ivdvqw dy mwrqMf igAwnI sMq

isMG dw pu`qr sI[ srdwr nlUey ny Akwl q^q dy klS dI
sunihrI syvw leI ies dI ifaUtI lgweI sI[ gurmuK isMG ny
'jMg nwmw hrI isMG kw' 30 bYNqW iv`c iliKAw :

jIm-jwxky bhuq hI sUr Bwrw, krI gOr qy pws ibTwieAw eI[

KuSI hoie srkwr ny lweI klgI, ijgHw FwL AxvwieAw eI[
isropwau dy ky ikhw jwE BwXw, hrI isMG ny &qih bulwXw eI[
'gurmuK isMG' ciVHAw hrI isMG rwjw, sBo qorkI &Oj frwXw eI] (4)

3)

rwm idAwl AwnMd- ieh nvW Sihr dw vsnIk sI[ ies ny 91

CMdW dw jMg-nwmw srdwr hrI isMG iliKAw:

mhW isMG srdwr qqbIr kIqI, Pu`l cwie qUPwn dy iv`c pWdw[
iv`c pwlkI dy srkwr bYTI, nwl GoiVAW dy Asvwr lWdw[
cMbw GoVw srdwr dw bhuq cMgw, rx iv`c qlvwrIAW jwie KWdw[
mhW isMG hiQAwr srkwr dy jI, cwey GoVy dy hMny dy nwl lWdw[ (74)

4)

AigAwq kvI-ieh jMgnwmw is`K rYPrYNs , lwiebRyrI AMimRqsr

dy KrVw nM: 5854 qy ipAw sI ijs nUM srdwr SmSyr isMG
ASok ny 1850 iv`c sMpwidq kIqw[ ies dy qkrIbn 100 CMd
hn Aqy BwSw ibRj hY:
155

hrI isMG bIr ko, khXo nryS bYT ky,

ipSOr dyS jwie ky, hmwrw kwm kIjIey[
AwbwdwnI kIjY sB, dys ko vswie dIjY[
kIqY bwq soeI ijm, koaU n duKIjIAY[

5)

kwnH isMG bMgw ieh jMg nwmw srdwr hrI isMG pitAwly
vwilAW pws sI[ srdwr krm isMG ihstorIAn ny ies dI
nkl kIqI sI pr CpI nhIN[ ies dw AMqlw dohrw sI:
hrI isMG muK nwm kih, jo bWDy qlvwr[
qIn lok jIvq iPrY, koaU nw sky hY twr[

6)

imsr hrI cMd aurP kwdrXwr-pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm dI

Koj drsWauNdI hY ik ieh imsr bylI rwm dy ^wndwn iv`c
vIhvIN sdI iv`c hoieAw[ pRoPYsr sIqw rwm kohlI nUM lwhOr
ivKy imldw rihMdw sI[ ies ny kwdrXwr dI SIhrPI qoN pRBwvq
ho ky hrI isMG dy jMg-nwmy dw ibRqWq 6 SIhrPIAW iv`c
iliKAw pr nwm Awpxy qK`lS vwlw kwdrXwr vriqAw[ ies
dIAW SIhrPIAW 1924 iv`c mnohr pRYs srgoDw ny CwpIAW sn
Aqy 1964 iv`c pMjwbI XUnIvristI ny pRkwiSq kIqw sI[
nmUny leI bYNq hY:

nUn inkl cl GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[
golI l`gI hY kihr klyr vwlI, Gwiel hoXw hY A`j Asvwr qyrw[
myry bWikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[
kwdrXwr jy lY c`ly A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw Bu`l sI ipAwr Syrw[
(qIjI sIhrPI)

7)

kwdrXwr -ieh mwCI ky ijlHw gujrWvwly dw sMDU j`t sI[ ies

ny keI ik`sy ilKy hn[ ies dw iliKAw srdwr hrI isMG dI
bhwdrI dw ik`sw 'srdwr hrI isMG' 30 bYNqW iv`c idl tuMbx
vwlw hY, jYsy:
156

AlP-AwPrIN jMmxw kihx swry, hrI isMG dUly srdwr qweIN[

jmWdwr bylI rwjy swihb koloN, k`d au~cw bulMd, srkwr qweIN[
DnI qyg dw mrd nsIb vwlw, swXw aus dw ku`l sMswr qweIN[
kwdrXwr phwVW nUM soiDAw sU, kwbl kyieAW KOP kMDwr qweIN[

iehnW ilKwrIAW qoN ielwvw, jsvMq isMG vqnw ny 'jMg nwmw

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, mnohr isMG inrmwx ny 'vwr hrI isMG
nlUAw' hirMdr isMG rUp ny 'nlUey dI vwr', pRoPYsr mohx isMG ny, 'dyS
ipAwr' Awid ilKqW ies blkwrI XoDy sMbMDI ilKIAW[ kvI Amr
isMG ny hrI isMG nlUey dI jIvn gwQw 'cmkdw hIrw' gurmuKI iv`c
kivqw dy rUp iv`c ilKI[
ipCokV smyN AMdr AnykW ilKwrIAW ny srdwr hrI isMG dy
jIvn qy Jwq pweI hY[ pr A`j klH dy ilKwrIAW ny ies mhwn XoDy
nUM mwno ivswr hI id`qw hY[ ivigAwn dIAW nvIAW kwFW, Dn dy PYlwA
Aqy mOjUdw bhuqy ilKwrIAW dI soc vpwrk Aqy by-sbrI kwrn aunHW
sUrbIr bhwdrW dw ieiqhws ilKx dI bjwey ASlIlqw Bry lyK
ilKx, purwqn ieiqhws qy nukqwcInI krn Aqy ie`k dUjy dIAW l`qW
iKcx vwlIAW ilKqW ilKxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW hn[ A&sos dI g`l
ieh vI hY ik au~cI su`cI klw vwly, aud`mI Aqy nyk nIqI vwly
ilKwrIAW Aqy kvIAW nUM smyN dIAW srkwrW ny vI A`KoN-proKy kr
id`qw hY[ cMgw swihq ilKxw ij`Qy jIvn dI mhwn ikrq huMdI hY au~Qy
auh kOm dI buinAwd vjoN kMm krdw hY[ auswrU Aqy suqMqr soc
vwlIAW ilKqW mnu`KI idlW nUM hrw Brw kr idMdIAW hn[ iehnW
lyKxIAW ilKx leI bhuq smW lgdw hY, iltrycr Polxw Aqy pVHnw
pYNdw hY idmwgI qwkq lgdI hY Aqy Cpwaux leI Dn dI zrUrq pYNdI
hY[
BwvyN A`j dy dOr AMdr vPw, SrDw, Adb, Aqy mnu`KI ipAwr
Kqm hox kwrn AwpoDwpI , byivSvwSI Aqy suAwrQpuxw zorW qy hY,
157

hrI isMG bIr ko, khXo nryS bYT ky,

ipSOr dyS jwie ky, hmwrw kwm kIjIey[
AwbwdwnI kIjY sB, dys ko vswie dIjY[
kIqY bwq soeI ijm, koaU n duKIjIAY[

5)

kwnH isMG bMgw ieh jMg nwmw srdwr hrI isMG pitAwly
vwilAW pws sI[ srdwr krm isMG ihstorIAn ny ies dI
nkl kIqI sI pr CpI nhIN[ ies dw AMqlw dohrw sI:
hrI isMG muK nwm kih, jo bWDy qlvwr[
qIn lok jIvq iPrY, koaU nw sky hY twr[

6)

imsr hrI cMd aurP kwdrXwr-pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm dI

Koj drsWauNdI hY ik ieh imsr bylI rwm dy ^wndwn iv`c
vIhvIN sdI iv`c hoieAw[ pRoPYsr sIqw rwm kohlI nUM lwhOr
ivKy imldw rihMdw sI[ ies ny kwdrXwr dI SIhrPI qoN pRBwvq
ho ky hrI isMG dy jMg-nwmy dw ibRqWq 6 SIhrPIAW iv`c
iliKAw pr nwm Awpxy qK`lS vwlw kwdrXwr vriqAw[ ies
dIAW SIhrPIAW 1924 iv`c mnohr pRYs srgoDw ny CwpIAW sn
Aqy 1964 iv`c pMjwbI XUnIvristI ny pRkwiSq kIqw sI[
nmUny leI bYNq hY:

nUn inkl cl GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[
golI l`gI hY kihr klyr vwlI, Gwiel hoXw hY A`j Asvwr qyrw[
myry bWikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[
kwdrXwr jy lY c`ly A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw Bu`l sI ipAwr Syrw[
(qIjI sIhrPI)

7)

kwdrXwr -ieh mwCI ky ijlHw gujrWvwly dw sMDU j`t sI[ ies

ny keI ik`sy ilKy hn[ ies dw iliKAw srdwr hrI isMG dI
bhwdrI dw ik`sw 'srdwr hrI isMG' 30 bYNqW iv`c idl tuMbx
vwlw hY, jYsy:
156

AlP-AwPrIN jMmxw kihx swry, hrI isMG dUly srdwr qweIN[

jmWdwr bylI rwjy swihb koloN, k`d au~cw bulMd, srkwr qweIN[
DnI qyg dw mrd nsIb vwlw, swXw aus dw ku`l sMswr qweIN[
kwdrXwr phwVW nUM soiDAw sU, kwbl kyieAW KOP kMDwr qweIN[

iehnW ilKwrIAW qoN ielwvw, jsvMq isMG vqnw ny 'jMg nwmw

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, mnohr isMG inrmwx ny 'vwr hrI isMG
nlUAw' hirMdr isMG rUp ny 'nlUey dI vwr', pRoPYsr mohx isMG ny, 'dyS
ipAwr' Awid ilKqW ies blkwrI XoDy sMbMDI ilKIAW[ kvI Amr
isMG ny hrI isMG nlUey dI jIvn gwQw 'cmkdw hIrw' gurmuKI iv`c
kivqw dy rUp iv`c ilKI[
ipCokV smyN AMdr AnykW ilKwrIAW ny srdwr hrI isMG dy
jIvn qy Jwq pweI hY[ pr A`j klH dy ilKwrIAW ny ies mhwn XoDy
nUM mwno ivswr hI id`qw hY[ ivigAwn dIAW nvIAW kwFW, Dn dy PYlwA
Aqy mOjUdw bhuqy ilKwrIAW dI soc vpwrk Aqy by-sbrI kwrn aunHW
sUrbIr bhwdrW dw ieiqhws ilKx dI bjwey ASlIlqw Bry lyK
ilKx, purwqn ieiqhws qy nukqwcInI krn Aqy ie`k dUjy dIAW l`qW
iKcx vwlIAW ilKqW ilKxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW hn[ A&sos dI g`l
ieh vI hY ik au~cI su`cI klw vwly, aud`mI Aqy nyk nIqI vwly
ilKwrIAW Aqy kvIAW nUM smyN dIAW srkwrW ny vI A`KoN-proKy kr
id`qw hY[ cMgw swihq ilKxw ij`Qy jIvn dI mhwn ikrq huMdI hY au~Qy
auh kOm dI buinAwd vjoN kMm krdw hY[ auswrU Aqy suqMqr soc
vwlIAW ilKqW mnu`KI idlW nUM hrw Brw kr idMdIAW hn[ iehnW
lyKxIAW ilKx leI bhuq smW lgdw hY, iltrycr Polxw Aqy pVHnw
pYNdw hY idmwgI qwkq lgdI hY Aqy Cpwaux leI Dn dI zrUrq pYNdI
hY[
BwvyN A`j dy dOr AMdr vPw, SrDw, Adb, Aqy mnu`KI ipAwr
Kqm hox kwrn AwpoDwpI , byivSvwSI Aqy suAwrQpuxw zorW qy hY,
157

pr jIvn nUM ruSnOx leI, au~cw-su`cw bnwaux leI Aqy shI syD dyx
leI hrI isMG nlUAw vrgy mhwn XoiDAW dw ieiqhws A`j dy smyN
AMdr mwnisk bl qoN ielwvw, srIrk bl, scweI dw bl, sMqoK Aqy
aupkwrqw dw rsqw idKwaux leI AiqAMq shwiek ho skdw hY[
suihrdqw, isAwxp Aqy suhj iesy g`l iv`c hY ik Ajy vI
sMBwl jweIey[ ijs XoDy ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI Awpxy Awp nUM lyKy lw
id`qw aus nUM nw Bu`lIey[ ikauNik ies sUrmy ny sony dI icVI AKvwaux
vwly ihMdusqwn au~pr bwr bwr hmlw krky lu`tx vwilAW dy mUMh AYsy
BMny sn ik sdw leI aunHW nUM dyS AMdr vVno rok id`qw[ aus ny
A&gwnW qy AYsI ij`q pRwpq kIqI jo nw rUs, nw brqwnIAW nw
AmrIkw vrgy SkqISwlI dyS Ajy q`k kr sky hn[ ies mnu`KI
AwzwdI, mzlUmW qy gaU grIb dI r`iKAw, mwnvvwdI Aqy kilAwxkwrI
dyS dy jMzIry, kOm dy hIry Aqy sMGrS dy qdbIry dI mihmw ieM\ hI
gwauxI bxdI hY:
ijs Drq v`l koeI nhIN sI mUMh krdw,
hrI isMG dUlw Syr au~Qy jw bu`ikAw[
XoDw mOq dI nhIN sI prvwh krdw,
jykr ruikAw qW imSn pUrw kr ruikAw[
swrw jIvn lMGw id`qw sMGrS AMdr,
isMG hox nwqy kdy vYrI A`gy sI nw JuikAw[
Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw auh sMswr AMdr,
aus kMm dI jo rUsI, AMgryz nw koeI hor kr sikAw[

pusqk prmwx
pRym isMG hoqI (bwbw) (1937) jIvn ibRqWq srdwr hrI isMG
nlvw, lwhOr bu`k Swp, insbq rof, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI)
SmSyr isMG ASok (1990) vIr nwiek hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn
ibaUro pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI)
AOqwr isMG sMDU (1935) jnrl hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn kinMGm
ihstOrIkl suswietI, lwhOr[ (AMgryzI)
bYrn crlz hugl (1970) tRYvlz ien kSmIr AYNf pMjwb[
pblIkySn lYNgUeyz, fIpwrtmYNt pMjwb, pitAwlw[ (AMgryzI)
jOhr AY~s AY~s (1996) is`K vYrIAr hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn
nYSnl bu`k Swp, id`lI[ (AMgryzI)
sUrj isMG (1912) cmkdy lwl srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[ pblIkySn
: cqr isMG , jIvn isMG AMimRqsr (pMjwbI)
suKidAwl isMG (2002) Kwlsw pMQ dy pMj q^q[pblIkySn :
pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI)
rxjIq isM G (1973 ) jIvn-jnrl srdwr hrI isM G
nlUAw[pblIkySn : SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr[
(pMjwbI)
rwm ikSn (1927) srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[pblIkySn : lwhOrI
gyt, lwhOr[(aurdU)
vnIq nlUAw (2009) hrI isMG nlUAw cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw jI
1791-1837)[ pblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrI
rof dirAw gMj nvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

158

159

pr jIvn nUM ruSnOx leI, au~cw-su`cw bnwaux leI Aqy shI syD dyx
leI hrI isMG nlUAw vrgy mhwn XoiDAW dw ieiqhws A`j dy smyN
AMdr mwnisk bl qoN ielwvw, srIrk bl, scweI dw bl, sMqoK Aqy
aupkwrqw dw rsqw idKwaux leI AiqAMq shwiek ho skdw hY[
suihrdqw, isAwxp Aqy suhj iesy g`l iv`c hY ik Ajy vI
sMBwl jweIey[ ijs XoDy ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI Awpxy Awp nUM lyKy lw
id`qw aus nUM nw Bu`lIey[ ikauNik ies sUrmy ny sony dI icVI AKvwaux
vwly ihMdusqwn au~pr bwr bwr hmlw krky lu`tx vwilAW dy mUMh AYsy
BMny sn ik sdw leI aunHW nUM dyS AMdr vVno rok id`qw[ aus ny
A&gwnW qy AYsI ij`q pRwpq kIqI jo nw rUs, nw brqwnIAW nw
AmrIkw vrgy SkqISwlI dyS Ajy q`k kr sky hn[ ies mnu`KI
AwzwdI, mzlUmW qy gaU grIb dI r`iKAw, mwnvvwdI Aqy kilAwxkwrI
dyS dy jMzIry, kOm dy hIry Aqy sMGrS dy qdbIry dI mihmw ieM\ hI
gwauxI bxdI hY:
ijs Drq v`l koeI nhIN sI mUMh krdw,
hrI isMG dUlw Syr au~Qy jw bu`ikAw[
XoDw mOq dI nhIN sI prvwh krdw,
jykr ruikAw qW imSn pUrw kr ruikAw[
swrw jIvn lMGw id`qw sMGrS AMdr,
isMG hox nwqy kdy vYrI A`gy sI nw JuikAw[
Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw auh sMswr AMdr,
aus kMm dI jo rUsI, AMgryz nw koeI hor kr sikAw[

pusqk prmwx
pRym isMG hoqI (bwbw) (1937) jIvn ibRqWq srdwr hrI isMG
nlvw, lwhOr bu`k Swp, insbq rof, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI)
SmSyr isMG ASok (1990) vIr nwiek hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn
ibaUro pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI)
AOqwr isMG sMDU (1935) jnrl hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn kinMGm
ihstOrIkl suswietI, lwhOr[ (AMgryzI)
bYrn crlz hugl (1970) tRYvlz ien kSmIr AYNf pMjwb[
pblIkySn lYNgUeyz, fIpwrtmYNt pMjwb, pitAwlw[ (AMgryzI)
jOhr AY~s AY~s (1996) is`K vYrIAr hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn
nYSnl bu`k Swp, id`lI[ (AMgryzI)
sUrj isMG (1912) cmkdy lwl srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[ pblIkySn
: cqr isMG , jIvn isMG AMimRqsr (pMjwbI)
suKidAwl isMG (2002) Kwlsw pMQ dy pMj q^q[pblIkySn :
pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI)
rxjIq isM G (1973 ) jIvn-jnrl srdwr hrI isM G
nlUAw[pblIkySn : SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr[
(pMjwbI)
rwm ikSn (1927) srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[pblIkySn : lwhOrI
gyt, lwhOr[(aurdU)
vnIq nlUAw (2009) hrI isMG nlUAw cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw jI
1791-1837)[ pblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrI
rof dirAw gMj nvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

158

159

suirMdr isMG (2004) is`K kuAwienz - isMbl Aw& is`K sOvirntI

pblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrI rof dirAw gMj
nvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)
Amr isMG (1903) cmkdw hIrw-jIvn ibrqWq sRI mwn srdwr
hrI isMG jI nlUAw, kmWfr-ien-cI& ^wlsw &Oj , gvrnr
Aw& pySwvr vw ielwkw hzwrw pblIkySn : dI ^wlsw eyjMsI
lwhOrI, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI)
brnz AlYgzYNfr (1834) trYvlz ien tU boKwr tUgYdr iv`c ey
nYryitv Aw& ey vovyj Awn dI ieMfs : pblIkySn : AOksPorf
XUnIvristI pRY~s[ (AMgryzI) 1973
igAwnI qrlok isMG qUPwn (1949) AxKIlw jrnYl (srdwr hrI
isMG nlUAw) pblIkySn : BweI myhr isMG , suirMdr isMG,
AMimRqsr[ (pMjwbI)
gurmiq pRkwS (spYSl ieSU) meI 1992 [ pblIkySn Drm pRcwr
kmytI 38 (2) (pMjwbI)
ipAwrw isMG pdm (2007) jrnYl hrI isMG nlvy dy jMgnwmy[
gurmiq pRkwS meI 2007 pMnw 45-52[ (pMjwbI)

160

suirMdr isMG (2004) is`K kuAwienz - isMbl Aw& is`K sOvirntI

pblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrI rof dirAw gMj
nvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)
Amr isMG (1903) cmkdw hIrw-jIvn ibrqWq sRI mwn srdwr
hrI isMG jI nlUAw, kmWfr-ien-cI& ^wlsw &Oj , gvrnr
Aw& pySwvr vw ielwkw hzwrw pblIkySn : dI ^wlsw eyjMsI
lwhOrI, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI)
brnz AlYgzYNfr (1834) trYvlz ien tU boKwr tUgYdr iv`c ey
nYryitv Aw& ey vovyj Awn dI ieMfs : pblIkySn : AOksPorf
XUnIvristI pRY~s[ (AMgryzI) 1973
igAwnI qrlok isMG qUPwn (1949) AxKIlw jrnYl (srdwr hrI
isMG nlUAw) pblIkySn : BweI myhr isMG , suirMdr isMG,
AMimRqsr[ (pMjwbI)
gurmiq pRkwS (spYSl ieSU) meI 1992 [ pblIkySn Drm pRcwr
kmytI 38 (2) (pMjwbI)
ipAwrw isMG pdm (2007) jrnYl hrI isMG nlvy dy jMgnwmy[
gurmiq pRkwS meI 2007 pMnw 45-52[ (pMjwbI)

160