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ANSYS Confidential
Overview
RANS models in ANSYS-Fluent
Spalart-Allmaras model
k-e family of models
k-w family of models
Includes transition models (covered in L-3)
Includes SAS model (covered in L-4)
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RANS based
models
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Increase in
Computational Cost
Per Iteration
D~
~ ~ 1
~
cw1 f w
cb1S
cb 2
Dt
~ x j
x j
x
d
j
3
~
~
t f v1 , f v1 3
,
3
cv1
~
~
S S 2 2 fv2 ,
d
fv2 1
1 f v1
1/ 6
1 6
f w g 6 cw63 ,
g cw3
damping functions
g r cw 2 r 6 r ,
~
r ~ 2 2
S d
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2 ijij ;
1 U i U j
ij
2 x j x i
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Spalart-Allmaras Model
Spalart-Allmaras model developed for unstructured codes in
aerospace industry
Weak for:
massively separated flows
free shear flows
simple decaying turbulence
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Two-Equation Models
Two transport equations are solved, giving two independent scales
for calculating t
Virtually all use the transport equation for the turbulent kinetic energy, k
Several transport variables have been proposed, based on dimensional
arguments, and used for second equation
Kolmogorov, w : t k / w , l k 1/2 / w , k e / w
w is specific dissipation rate
defined in terms of large eddy scales that define supply rate of k
Chou, e :
t k2 / e , l k3/2 / e
Rotta, l :
t k1/2 l , e k3/2 / l
Boussinesq relation still used for Reynolds Stresses
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Dt x j
e transport equation
De
Dt x j
t
e
k
2
t S e ;
x j
production dissipation
k , e , Cie , Ce 2
e e
2
C1e t S C2e e
x j k
coefficients
S 2Sij Sij
t C
k2
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Closure Coefficients
Simple flows render simpler model equations
Coefficients can be isolated and compared with experiment
e.g.,
Uniform flow past grid
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Dk
Dt
x j
t k
t
k
2
2
e
t
i
k x j
Pr t x i
RT
Buoyancy
production
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Dilatation
Dissipation
flows involving strong streamline curvature, swirl, rotation, separating flows, low-Re flows
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e transport equation
C2*e C2e
De
Dt
xj
e e
2
*
e eff
C1e t S C2e e where
x j
k
April 23, 2014
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C 3
1
0
1 3
e
0 , a re coe ffi ci e n
ts
eff t
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u u 2 u2 u 2
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- k ij
e x j x i 3
Normal component:
2
k 2 U
u k 2C
3
e x
2
3.7
e x 3C
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C along bottom-wall
C contours for 2D backward-facing step
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e transport equation
De
Dt x j
t e
e2
C1 S e C2
e x j
k e
C1 max 0.43,
, S k / e , C2 1.0
turbulent viscosity t C
where
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k2
1
A0 As
U *k
1
A0 4.04, As 6 cos , cos 1 6W
3
S
S
~
ij jk S ki
*
U S ij S ij ij ij , W
,
S
S ij S ij
~
S
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Dk
U i
ij
* f * kw
Dt
x j
x j
t
k
Dw
w U i
ij
f w2
Dt
k
x j
x j
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x
j
t w
w
j
0* ReT Rk
, 0* i ,
where
3
1 ReT Rk
k
Rk 6 , ReT
, * 1.0
*
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Dk
U i
t k
ij
* f * kw
Dt
x j
x j
k x j
Dissipation rate of k
production of k
* i* 1 * F M t
*
i
4 15 ReT R
1 ReT R
, R 8
Diffusion of k
0
M t M t0
F M t 2
M t M t20 M t M t 0
2k
1
M t2 2 , M t 0 , a RT
a
4
k 0
1
1 k w
2
f * 1 680 k
, k 3
w xj xj
1 400 2 k 0
cross- diffusionparameter
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ij
fw 2
Dt
k
x j
x j
x
j
0 ReT Rw
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1
, , 0 , Rw 2.95 , w 2.0
*
1 ReT Rw
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9
S
i* *
1 70 w
i 1 F M t , f
, w ij * jk 3ki , * 1.5
1 80 w
w
i
Sij
1 U i U j
1 U U j
, ij i
2 x j x i
2 x j x i
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ed
4 uk u
3
xk xk
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1 680 k2
1 400 2
k
k 0
k 0
k w
w x x
jj
cross- diffusionparameter
Designed to improve the model performance for free shear flows without affecting boundary
layer flows
Vortex-stretching term
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1 70 w
,
1 80 w
ij jk S ki
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The k-w model has many good attributes and performs much
better than k-e models for boundary layer flows
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Inner layer
(sublayer, log-layer)
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k
e
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ij
*kw
Dt
x j
x j
k 1 x j
U i
t w
Dw
1 ij
1 w 2
Dt
t
x j
x j
w 1 x j
1 0.075 ,
* 0.09 ,
t
1 1 * 2
w 1 2.0
* w1 ,
0.41
a1 k
max a 1 w , F2
F2 tanh arg 22 ,
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k1 1.176 ,
2 k
500
arg 2 max
,
0.09w y y 2 w
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U i
t
Dk
ij
* kw
Dt
x j
x j
k2
U i
Dw
2 ij
2 w 2
Dt
t
x j
x j
2 w 2
2 0.0828,
* 0.09 ,
w2
x
j
1 k w
w x j x j
k 2 1.0 ,
2 2 * 2
x
j
w 2 1.168
* w 2 ,
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0.41
F1
1 F1
Dt
inner
Dk
Dt
outer
F1 1 1 F1 2
where , k , w ,
Modified
Wilcoxk-kmodel
Wilcox
original
wwmodel
Wall
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F1 tanh arg14
k
500
arg1 min max
*w y , y 2 w
4 w 2 k
,
CD y 2
kw
1 k w
CDkw max 2 w 2
, 10 20
w x j x j
F1 1
F1 0
Dk
U i
t k
ij
*k w
Dt
x j
x j
k x j
Dw
U i
ij
w2
Dt
t
x j
x j
2 1 F1 w 2
F1 1 1 F1 2 ,
1 k w
w x j x j
, k , w ,
Wall
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uv
a1 (Bradshaw,1967)
k
U
t a1 k
y
Pk
TKE can be much larger than dissipation ( Pk >> e ), which leads to predicted
turbulent stress larger than what is implied by the structural similarity constant
Turbulent stress can be limited by clipping the turbulent viscosity such that:
t a1 k
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k ak
a1 k
min , 1
max a1w , F2
w F2
2 k 500
F2 tanh arg 22 , arg 2 max
, 2
0
.
09
w
y
y w
Remarks
F2 is equal to 1 inside boundary layer and goes to zero far from the wall and free
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shear layers
The name SST (shear-stress transport) originates from this
Note that the vorticity magnitude is used (strain-rate magnitude could also be used)
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(Off by default)
Compressibility Effects option when idealgas option is selected
(Off by default)
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w values at wall adjacent cells are computed by blending the wall-limiting value ( y
0 ) and the value in the log-layer
The k-w models can be used with either a fine near-wall mesh or a coarse
near-wall mesh
e *w k , * 0.09
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The Standard k-w model is sensitive to inlet and far field values
The SST k-w model does not suffer from this
Sometimes more difficult to converge than any of the k-e models
The best RANS models for wall bounded aerodynamic flows, e.g.
airfoils, compressors, turbines, and flows with separation due to
adverse pressure gradient
Use SST to prevent boundary condition sensitivity
Often the best models for heat transfer predictions
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DRij
Dt
Pij ij e ij
xk
Generation
U j
U i
Pij ui uk
u j uk
x
k
k
(computed)
Pressure-Strain
Redistribution
ui
u j
ij p
x
xi
j
(modeled)
Dissipation
e ij 2
Turbulent
Diffusion
J ijk pui jk pu j ik ui u j uk
(ui u j )
xk
ui u j
xk xk
Pressure/velocity
fluctuations
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J ijk
(related to e)
Turbulent
transport
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Molecular
transport
(modeled)
Dissipation Modeling
Dissipation rate is predominantly associated with small scale
eddy motions
Large scale eddies affected by mean shear
Vortex stretching process breaks eddies down into continually smaller
scales
The directional bias imprinted on turbulence by mean flow is gradually lost
Small scale eddies assumed to be locally isotropic
2
e ij ij e
3
e is calculated with its own (or related) transport equation
Compressibility effects can be included
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Turbulent Diffusion
Most closure models combine the pressure diffusion with the
triple products and use a simple gradient diffusion hypothesis
xk
p'
u i u j u k kj u i ik u j
ui u j
xk
x
k
k
u i u j
C u u
s e k l xl
xk
C k 2 ui u j
e xk
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Pressure-Strain Modeling
Pressure-strain term of same order as production
Pressure-strain term acts to drive turbulence towards an
isotropic state by redistributing the Reynolds stresses
Decomposed into parts
ui u j
ij p
x x
i
j
ij ij ,1 ij ,2 ij , w
Slow Part
u j ui u j
1 2 p
ui
xi xi
xi x j xi
Rapid Part
ui U j
1 2 p
2
xi xi
x j xi
mean
gradient
U j
U i 2
U l
e
2
where
b
u
u
ij c1bij c 2 u i u l
u j ul
u
u
l m
ij
ij k i j
xl
xl 3
x m
3 ij
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Stress-w Model
Uses the w equation from the standard k-w model rather than
e from the k-e model
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Characteristics of RSM
Effects of curvature, swirl, and rotation are directly accounted
for in the transport equations for the Reynolds stresses
when anisotropy of turbulence significantly affects the mean flow,
consider RSM
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Heat Transfer
The Reynolds averaging process produces an additional term
in the energy equation: uiq (q is the fluctuating component
of static temperature)
Analogous to the Reynolds stresses, this is called the turbulent heat flux
It is possible to model a transport equation for the heat flux, but this is not
common practice
Instead, a turbulent thermal diffusivity is defined proportional to the
turbulent viscosity
The constant of proportionality is called the turbulent Prandtl number
Generally assumed that Pr t ~ 0.85-0.9
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