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14.MODELSFORNONIDEALREACTORS
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R14.1DerivationofEquationforTaylorAris
Dispersion

Inalaminarflowreactorweknowthattheaxialvelocityvariesin
theradialdirectionaccordingtotheHagenPoiseuilleequation:

whereUistheaveragevelocity.Forlaminarflowwesawthatthe

RTDfunctionE(t)wasgivenby

InarrivingatthisdistributionE(t)itwasassumedthattherewasno
transferofmoleculesintheradialdirectionbetweenstreamlines.
Consequently,withtheaidofEquation(1343),weknowthatthe

moleculesonthecenterstreamline(r=0)exitedthereactorata
timet= /2,andmoleculestravelingonthestreamlineatr=3R/4
exitedthereactorattime

Thequestionnowarises:Whatwouldhappenifsomeofthe
moleculestravelingonthestreamlineatr=3R/4jumped(i.e.,
diffused)tothestreamlineatr=0?Theansweristhattheywould
exitsoonerthaniftheyhadstayedonthestreamlineatr=3R/4.
Analogously,ifsomeofthemoleculesfromthefasterstreamlineatr
=0jumped(i.e.,diffused)tothestreamlineatr=3R/4,theywould
takealongertimetoexit(FigureR14.11).Inadditiontothe
moleculesdiffusingbetweenstreamlines,theycanalsomove
forwardorbackwardrelativetotheaveragefluidvelocityby

moleculardiffusion(Fick'slaw).Withbothaxialandradialdiffusion
occurring,thequestionarisesastowhatwillbethedistributionof

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(1343)

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residencetimeswhenmoleculesaretransportedbetweenandalong
streamlinesbydiffusion.Toanswerthisquestionwewillderivean
equationfortheaxialdispersioncoefficient,Da,thataccountsfor
theaxialandradialdiffusionmechanisms.InderivingDa,whichis
referredtoastheArisTaylordispersioncoefficient,weclosely
followthedevelopmentgivenbyBrennerandEdwards.1

FigureR14.11
Radialdiffusioninlaminarflow

Theconvectivediffusionequationforsolute(e.g.,tracer)transport

inboththeaxialandradialdirectionis

(R14.1
1)

Wearegoingtochangethevariableintheaxialdirectionzto
whichcorrespondstoanobservermovingwiththefluid

Avalueof =0correspondstoanobservermovingwiththefluid

onthecenterstreamline.Usingthechainrule,weobtain

Becausewewanttoknowtheconcentrationsandconversionsatthe
exittothereactor,wearereallyonlyinterestedintheaverageaxial
concentration ,whichisgivenby

(R14.1
2)

(R14.1
3)

(R14.1
4)

Consequently,wearegoingtosolveEquation(R14.13)forthe

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solutionconcentrationasafunctionofrandthensubstitutethe
solutionc(r,z,t)intoEquation(R14.14)tofind (z,t).

Tosolveequations(R14.11)to(R14.14)todeterminetheAris
Taylordispersioncoefficient,wemakethefollowingfour
assumptions:

WenowapplytheprecedingapproximationstoEquation(R14.14)to

arriveatthefollowingequation:

Because
isindependentofr,Equation(R14.15)canbe

rearrangedandintegratedwithrespecttor:

Symmetryconditionsdictatethatatr=0,
theconstantofintegration,K1,iszero.

Afterdividingbothsidesbyr,asecondintegrationyields

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(R14.1
5)

,andtherefore

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(R14.1
6)

TheconstantofintegrationK2isindependentofrandcanbe
evaluatedusingtheequationfortheaverageconcentration:

(R14.1
7)

ThefinalsteptoarriveatthecelebratedArisTaylordispersion
coefficient,D*,istomultiplyEquation(R14.13)bythedifferential
crosssectionalarea2 rdrandcarryouttheintegrationoverthe

tubularreactorradiusR:

Bychangingtheorderofdifferentiationandintegrationforthefirst

andlasttermsandrecallingEquation(R14.14)gives

(R14.1
8)

Becausethereisnotransportofsolutethroughthetubewall,

IntegratingthefirsttermontherighthandsideofEquation(R14.1

8)alongwiththeprecedingboundaryconditionabovegives

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(R14.1
9)

NextwedifferentiateEquation(R14.17)withrespectto and
substituteitintothesecondtermonthelefthandsideofEquation
(R14.18)toyield

(R14.1
10)

Carryingouttheintegrationbetween0and1(r=R)gives

(R14.1
10)

Changingourvariable

(R14.1
11)

whereD*istheArisTaylordispersioncoefficient:

backtozgives

Aris
Taylor

dispersion
coefficient

(R14.1
12)

Thatis,forlaminarflowinapipe

Figure14.5showsthedispersioncoefficientD*intermsoftheratio

asafunctionoftheproductoftheReynoldsand
Schmidtnumbers.

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Fogler&Gurmen
2008UniversityofMichigan

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