Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
I.
This article wants to discuss about this matters: Provide a general description
of the surplus and shortage of labor, determine what factors affect the likelihood of
overstaffing or under-staffing, analyze the costs for firms to deal with these
problems, study the association between surplus/shortage and firms' performance,
and analyze the effect of employment protection legislation (EPL) on the likelihood
of labor surplus/shortage. Also in this Journal article, this paper aims to shed light on
how optimal employment is in the Russian manufacturing sector and what the scale,
composition and factors of labor surplus and shortage are.
This paper is intended for the expert readers know the topic but wants to learn more or
be reminded about some fact, or is curious about this matter like economists, managers, and owners
of firms. Its written using technical language, but in order to understand this journal explained the
words that are not sufficiently understandable.
II.
The problem that is being addressed in this article is labor shortage and
surplus. According to the researchers of this article, the major solution is seen in
creating the institutional conditions that would stimulate a more efficient
reallocation of labor. They proposed this based on the evidences from Russia
Investment Climate Survey (ICS) which provides detailed insights into these issues.
III.
The main point that emerges from this study is that difficulties for firms in
maintaining the optimal employment mix are grounded in the institutional
environment, which does not allow for a quick reallocation of labor from pockets of
inefficiency to pockets with more efficient use. If this point is correct, then any
attempts to substitute a complex restructuring of market institutions with detailed
governmental intervention into vocational training will bring even more inefficiency
and a further deterioration of the competitiveness of Russian industry.
IV.
This article becomes an eye-opener and brought knowledge and contributions
for the firms on they addressed some difficulties in market particularly labor
shortage and surplus. They brought new insights on how to solve this issue.
Like the issue of shortage. It is strongly believe that the major reason for
widespread and loud claims of shortage in the modern Russian economy is not a
physical shortage of labor, but rather weak selection mechanisms. Thus the key
issue is not a shortage or excess of labor in the Russian market but an excess of
education in the topic's field but wants to learn about the topic itself like the business owners, and
even us ordinary people; students and family. It is written the way that everybody will understand.
The paper includes definition of terms for the people who are not familiar about this matter can
relate.
II.
The problem is being addressed in this article is how business will business improve their
profitability by applying economic theories? Based on the article, they give some cases that support
the problem like Leading multinational players like Samsung, LG, Sony and Panasonic cornered a
large part of Indian consumer durables market in the late 1990s. So to solve this, they apply
principles in Managerial Economics wherein they resorted to product differentiation. These
companies introduced technologically advanced models with specific product features and product
styling so that they maintain their market share.This was possible because of global manufacturing
facilities and investment in technologies.
III.
Managerial Economics is a discipline that combines economic theory with managerial practice.
Managerial Economics bridge the gap between the problems of logic that intrigue economic theorist and
problems of policy that plague practical managers. Managerial economics enriches the analytical skill,
helps in logical structuring of problems and provides adequate solutions to the economic problems.
IV.
Actually, theres no new contribution about this article because as far as I know, it have been discussed it
by our professors before it just supports the topic and make additional information that strengthens the
topic.
V.
Managerial Economics deals with the economic principles and concepts, which constitute Theory of
the Firm. The subject is a synthesis of economic theory and quantitative techniques to solve
managerial decision problems. It is micro-economic in character.
VI.
I can say that this article is not comprehensive than other articles. The ideas are not really
actually new, they just simply repackage old ideas and perhaps give them a new name. But they
give adequate examples about the topic. I think they have to elaborate it more for more
comprehensive research.
VII.
Actually the problem that arise in the journal was answered by the authors. They focused more
on explaining the topic rather than solving some issues.
VIII.
Does the role of Managerial Economics ends in managerial decision making to solve problems?
The purpose of this teaching note is to present a more effective teaching approach to TVM by clarifying the
definition of one of the TVM variables; by eliminating the needless confusion surrounding annuities due; and by
emphasizing the use of multiple-step problems. Its focus is more effective teaching through clarification and
simplification. This note addresses pedagogical issues only, and does not suggest that theoretical changes should be
made or that equations should be derived differently. The authors just give suggestions on how to reduce confusion
and enhance understanding for the students.
This journal is intended for business students, financial managers, and anyone who deals with money. The authors
written it in the sense that giving readers an easy path for them to easily understand. They use definition
The major concern of the authors is the widespread difficulty experienced by anyone who deals with money
in achieving real understanding of TVM concepts. Actually theres no theory had been used rather each of these
authors presents new procedures for teaching TVM concepts. To prove the solution, they provide examples that
support their suggested answer to the problem.
III.
In order to help students become more comfortable and competent in the use of TVM, the reasearchers call on
authors of finance textbooks to revise their presentation of the TVM material such that the variable "n" in the PV(a)
and FV(a) equations and factor tables be defined as the number of payments, not the number of periods. This will
allow for all annuities, whether immediate, ordinary or deferred, to be analyzed with the same, straightforward
process. Researchers also call for more challenging end-of-chapter problems that require multiple-step solutions, and
for the complete elimination of the purely semantic discussion of whether a series of payments occurs "at the
beginning" or "at the end" of each period.
IV.
These are the contributions:
Define "n" As The Number Of Payments, Not The Number Of Periods
-it is important because Of course if one adopts a point of reference one period before the first annuity
payment (for ordinary annuities), or one period after the last payment (for annuities due), the argument can
be made that the number of payments equals the number of periods. However, this artificial process of
identifying appropriate points of reference in order that the number of payments of an annuity equals the
number of periods, becomes confusing for students, especially when dealing with deferred annuities. On
the other hand adopting the definition of "n" as the number of payments allows us to dispense with this
artificial "point of reference" issue altogether, and to focus on the important elements of the stream of
payments itself, for example, the number of payments, their size, and when the first and last payments
occur on the timeline. When dealing with the present or future value of annuities, defining "n" as the
number of payments, allows for similar treatment of all annuities whether they be immediate, ordinary or
deferred annuities.
Forget "Beginning" Or "End" Of Period
-the author has the point that we have to completely dispense with the pointless and purely semantic
discussion of whether payments occur "at the beginning" or "at the end" of the period, and focus instead on
a correct and complete understanding of each of the four standard TVM equations. The additional TVM
equations and factor tables that apply to annuities due are not needed to solve TVM problems, no matter
how difficult. They only serve to complicate the subject for students and prolong the effort needed to really
understand it.
V.
VIII.
Why Is the Time Value of Money Important in Capital Budgeting Decisions?
What other suggestions may you recommend for more understanding about TVM?
In what other ways can we apply the TVM?
For me, it is well-discussed, well-presented, and comprehensive. They present data and facts that support their topic.
They carefully observe, critically analyse to come up with their solutions to the problem. It helps in the way that
industries may become more aware to become more competitive in the business world.
VII.
The issues arise from the journal are solved by the authors by giving recommendations to the stated problems.
VIII.
Is it necessary to completely rely on Five Porters model? Why?
What are your criticisms in using Five Porters model?
Is there an assurance that your business will be profitable in conducting Five porters analysis?
recirculation in low carbon innovation and address the risk of member states
introducing complementary policies that undermine the functions of the ETS.
3
III.
One of the most challenging issues in the design and implementation of marketbased approaches to
regulation is managing uncertainty. This uncertainty stems from new information
about both the benefits and costs of emissions reductions. Updating a program to
assimilate new scientific information about benefits may take years as science and
economic research move toward consensus. In introducing the price floor in the EU
ETS would provide a nondiscretionary, rule-based approach that can be anticipated
by market participants and thus would have a positive effect on investments in nonemitting technologies and increase the overall welfare of the program.
IV.
A price floor has been mischaracterized as a tax, an instrument that has historically
faced political opposition, and the commission states that an explicit carbon price
objective would alter the nature of the EU ETS being a quantity-based market
instrument. But in fact, it is widely viewed as a successful design feature that has
stabilized prices and enhanced environmental outcomes, and in one program it
prevented a collapse of the trading market as a result of serendipitous changes in
the power system outside the market
V.
This article does not build upon any foundation research.
VI.
I think it is a good article because it answered the problem that is stated in the
journal. It is also make us realized about the misconception about price floor. They
suggest new ideas on how to address the issue about the oversupply in EU ETS.
They explained it well and discuss it comprehensively.
VII.
They addressed the problem in the article. As you checked the article, it stated
several solutions to the problem.
VIII.
Do you believe that the price floor is the appropriate solution to the problem? Why?
If not, among the 7 solutions stated except the price floor, what will you choose?
How will you apply it?
The problem in this journal would be the meta-analysis indicates that the literature
suffers from publication selection bias. The researchers employ recently developed
meta-analysis methods to test for publication bias and estimate the corrected
elasticity beyond. They conduct analysis of data about elasticities and make
computations to prove their developed method.
III.
They conduct a quantitative survey of journal articles estimating the price elasticity
of gasoline demand. In contrast to previous meta-analyses on this topic, they take
into account publication selection bias using the mixed-effects multilevel metaregression. Publication bias in this area is strong; when they correct for the bias,
they obtain estimates of short- and long-run elasticities that are approximately half,
compared to the results of the previously published meta-analyses and also to the
simple mean of all estimates in our sample of literature. If the simple mean reflects
our professions impression about the magnitude of the price elasticity of gasoline
demand, the impression exaggerates the true elasticity twofold.
IV.
Concerning future research, authors interested in figures for individual countries
may collect more estimates from working papers, dissertations, and other
mimeographs, which should provide enough degrees of freedom to estimate the
price elasticity of gasoline demand for each country using the methodology
described in this paper. Next, since previous meta analyses suggest that study
design may affect results in a systematic way, researchers could define bestpractice methodology and estimate price elasticities conditional on such best
practice to filter out the effects of misspecifications. Finally, given the number of
studies conducted on this topic each year, in the meta-analysis framework it is also
possible to test whether the price elasticity of gasoline demand changed during the
last decade when the prices of petroleum products surged.
V.
This article does not build upon any foundation research.
VI.
In this article, I can say that it is very well-studied. They cite examples and data to
support their topic. It is complete, from the observation, analysis, and conclusions. It
includes all-around information about the topic.
VII.
The authors discuss everything they promise in the article.
VIII.
Can you control the price you pay for gasoline?
When can you say that the price of gasoline can be elastic?
How much assurance can you get in conducting meta-analysis?
approach typically used for extrapolation. We focus on providing practical advice for
policy analysts working within the traditional benefit-cost analysis framework, based
on currently available research. This journal is intended for the expert readers who
have known about this topic and even working individual but the way the article is
written, it is too difficult for an ordinary person to relate. Aside from that, they
present data that is too complicated for them.
II.
This study addressing lower income countries often instead assume that the
change is proportional to income, applying an elasticity of 1.0. However,
recent research suggests that higher elasticities may be appropriate. While
these higher values result in VSL estimates that appear more reasonable in
relationship to income, for very poor countries they may result in estimates
that are smaller than future earnings and consumption. In the research
literature, five approaches have been used to varying degrees to
estimate the income elasticity of the VSL: (1) cross-sectional analysis of
withinsample
variation from contingent valuation surveys; (2) meta-analysis of
(primarily) wage-risk studies; (3) longitudinal analysis of wage-risk estimates
within a particular population; (4) comparisons of VSL estimates across
countries
with differing income levels; and (5) quantile analysis of wage-risk data. By
this, and the presented data, they know how to address the issue.
III.
As noted earlier, this article is primarily concerned with the approach used to
estimate the VSL in lower income countries where the value of small
mortality
risk reductions has not been well studied. When assessing the benefits of
riskreducing
policies in these areas, analysts generally use the benefit transfer method
to extrapolate values from studies conducted in higher income countries.
IV.
These newer studies indicate that the income elasticity of
the VSL varies depending on the income level, providing an explanation for
the
divergent results of the studies discussed earlier. At higher incomes, the
lower
elasticities found in the contingent valuation studies and wage-risk metaanalyses
appear sensible. At lower incomes, the elasticities found in the longitudinal
studies and cross-country comparisons may be more reasonable.
V.
Actually they just used approaches in conducting the study like (1) crosssectional analysis of withinsample
variation from contingent valuation surveys; (2) meta-analysis of
(primarily) wage-risk studies; (3) longitudinal analysis of wage-risk estimates
in its domain. There were also adequate and appropriate examples and illustrations.
And they contribute new ideas.
VII.
As stated earlier, the concerns in the article were solved by the authors
because of their comprehensive study. This will help a lot to address some concerns
in the society especially in the economic world.
One issue that is not explored in detail above, but where more research
also may be desirable, involves determining how to best measure income
and
consumption when performing these types of extrapolations, given data
constraints. The VSL studies generally rely on earnings when estimating both
the
VSL and its elasticity, whereas policy analyses vary in the income measures
used
when determining changes in the VSL. Estimates of annual per capita GDP or
GNI, while plentiful, do not reflect income variation over the lifecycle, and are
likely to exceed personal earnings and consumption due to the effects of
taxes and
other factors.
VIII.
These findings have some policy implications for the policymakers and development
partners. This study is inconsistent with policy suggestions by international
agencies. Efforts to minimize inflation to a very low level (or zero) are likely to
adversely affect economic growth. However, attempts to achieve faster economic
growth may overheat the economy to the extent that the inflation rate becomes
unstable. The economy is on a knife-edge. The real challenge for the government of
Pakistan is to achieve a growth rate which is consistent with a stable inflation rate,
rather than beat inflation first to take it to a path of faster growth. Pakistan must
need inflation for growth, but too fast a growth rate may also accelerate the
inflation rate. Policymakers throughout the world during the last decade or so have
recognized that lowering inflation is conducive to improved growth performance. So,
the goal that the government of Pakistan has to achieve is of keeping inflation to
single digit, or close to single digit.
V.
How much possible that it can be happen also to other countries? In what
way?
Will this positive relationship between economic growth and inflation benefit
everyone? How?
Is there a chance for some other countries which have unstable inflation rate
that they will have same condition with Pakistan?
Is the Lottery Product an Inferior Good in Higher Income Countries?
Abstract Do the populations of low per-capita income countries participate with a
stronger desire to win and spend relatively more money on lottery products? Is such
a desire to buy lottery products constant, or does it decrease when the country
reaches a higher per-capita income class? To answer these questions, this paper
uses econometric models with significant explanatory variables. The results confirm
the hypothesis that the lower income-class countries spend more than the higher
income-class countries. However, the results do not confirm the hypothesis that
lottery products may be considered an inferior good in countries belonging to the
higher per-capita income class. The results also show that for all countries, there is
an inverted U relationship between per-capita sales and per-capita GDP and up to a
specific value, the per-capita lottery sales decrease as per-capita GDP increases,
becoming an inferior good as a result.
I.
The paper tests the hypothesis that lottery sales increase together with increases in
per-capita GDP up to a point, and then decrease.. The main purpose of the present
paper is to deepen the study of Garrett and answer the question whether lottery
products are an inferior good when it considers different income-class countries.
This article is intended for The knowledgeable reader has an education in the topic's
field but wants to learn about the topic itself. Like economics students. This journal have too
technical words that general readers with average reading ability will not fully understand. But this
paper discusses the topic as understandable as possible.
II.
The problem that this article wants to address would be whether lottery products are
an inferior good when they consider different income-class countries.
In this case, when they consider the income as a continuous variable, there is
an inverted U relationship between per-capita sales and per-capita GDP and up to a
specific per capita income people will spend a declining percentage of their income
on gambling as their income increase. As there are other determinants of the
expenditure on lottery products, the paper introduces in the regression analysis
other explanatory factors, such as education and the male-female ratio. To test the
hypotheses that are formulated, the paper uses data vc
The paper tests this hypothesis and finds an inverted U relationship between
per-capita sales and per-capita GDP. Unlike Garrett, this study has not found a
negative elasticity for the highest income-class countries. Hence, this paper cannot
conclude that lottery products may be considered an inferior good in countries
having the highest levels of per-capita GDP.
III.
According to the results, that in the first regression equation and for all countries,
the changes in a countrys income always produce a positive, but decreasing effect
on lottery sales. There may be a point at which lottery sales reach their maximum
and then start to decrease. The results show that countries in which the percentage
of males is higher than that of females reveal higher lottery sales.
IV.
This study has incorporated a number of factors that affect lottery ticket-buying
behaviour. Nevertheless, numerous issues remain beyond the scope of the present
study, yet still merit investigation. For example, this paper does not consider the
presence of substitute gambling products and does not control for the effects of
price changes in these differentiated goods, ceteris paribus, on the demand for
lottery products. If they introduce a new parameter to be estimated - the elasticity
of substitution between lottery products and other gambling products - the elasticity
of demand for lottery may be affected. However, since the market is characterised
by product differentiation they feel that this shortcoming does not affect
significantly the elasticity of demand for lottery products.
V.
This paper tests some theoretical hypotheses, namely, the hypothesis that percapita lottery sales vary among income classes and the hypothesis that the income
elasticity of demand for lottery products varies across income-class countries. The
underlying theoretical explanation is that lottery products may be considered an
inferior good in countries having the highest levels of per-capita GDP (an inferior
good being defined as one for which purchases decrease as income increases).
When income increases, the income elasticity of demand for this good becomes
negative and lottery sales decrease.
VI.
I think the authors made a good job in this article. The way they discussed the
introduction up to the conclusions were connected. They conclude based on the
evidences they have. They used appropriate examples and data to justify what they
want to prove. Like the data for 80 countries in 2004. Theyve discussed everything
they want to prove like whether lottery products are an inferior good when they
consider different income-class countries. And as a result, this paper cannot
conclude that lottery products may be considered an inferior good in countries
having the highest levels of per-capita GDP.
VII.
This study has fulfilled the stated objectives and the results confirm the hypothesis
that lottery sales vary across income classes.
VIII.
What other products are related to this topic? How it is related?
Is it possible that a normal good becomes an inferior good? In what way?
In your own opinion, what other factors affect lottery ticket-buying behaviour?