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Pictorial Projection

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Axonometric Projection
Gree
k

Axon

Metric

Axis To Measure

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Axonometric Projection

Definition:
A parallel projection technique used to create a
pictorial of an object by rotating the object on an
axis relative to the projection, or picture plane

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Four Principle Projection


Techniques
A&B&C
observer at
infinity

A & B are
orthographic

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Difference between multiview and


axonometric drawing
In multiview only two
dimensions are
visible in each view

In Axonometric the
object is rotated and
tilted to display all
three dimensions

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Classification of Axonometric
Projection
Classification by the angles between the lines comprising the
axonometric axes.

Pleasing to the eye


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Easy to draw
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Isometric Projection
1- Rotation 45 about a vertical axis 2- Tilt the object forward till the body
diagonal AB appears as a point in the
front view

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Isometric Projection
The tilting angle is 35 and 16'
Isometric Axes: The three axes meet at A, B form equal angles of 120
Isometric Line: Any line parallel to an isometric axis
Isometric Plane: Any plane parallel to the cub faces

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Isometric Scale
Isometric orientating

Foreshortening

Isometric scale = Cos (35, 16') = 0.81647

Approximately 80% of the true lengths

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

Isometric Scale

Isometric Drawing = Isometric projection 1.23

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Creating the Isometric Scale

Or approximation with a scale

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Size Comparison;
Isometric Drawing and True Isometric Projection

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Four Types of Isometric Drawings

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Hidden Lines
Only when it is absolutely necessary
Choose the most descriptive view

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Center Lines
For dimensioning or to show the symmetry

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Dimensioning based on ANSI


Y14.4 1989
1) Dimension lines, extension
lines, and line being
dimensioned shall lie in the
same plane
2) All dimensions and notes
should be unidirectional,
reading from bottom upward

3) All dimensions and notes


should be located outside of
the view whenever possible

For Production
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Dimensioning based on ANSI


Y14.4 1989
Aligned Dimensioning

For illustration

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Isometric Ellipses
To represent holes and cylinders in the
isometric views
1) Major and minor axes are always perpendicular
2) Major axes are measured 60 to the horizontal on
the front and the profile planes

Fall2005- ENGR 3200U

3) On the top plane, major axis


is horizontal and the minor
axis is vertical
4) Major axis is always
perpendicular to the axis of
the hole

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Isometric Ellipse Templates

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Angles in Isometric Views

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Irregular Curves in Isometric Views

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Irregular Curves in Isometric Views

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Irregular Curves in Isometric Views

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Isometric Assembly Drawing


1- Assembled
2- Exploded

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Isometric Assembly Drawing


Application in production & instruction manuals

balloons

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Oblique Projection

A pictorial drawing in wich the most descriptive or


natural view is treated as the front view and is
placed parallel to the plane of projection
Favored by
furniture
manufacturer &
cabinetmakers
Excessive
distortion

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Orthographic & Oblique Projections

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Oblique Projection Theory


A parallel projection in which the projections are not
perpendicular to the projection plane
The actual angle of projection is not fixed
However angle between 30
and 60 degrees are
preferred

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Classifications of Oblique Drawing


1- Cavalier
2- Cabinet
3- General

Anywhere from
full to half length

Front surfaces are drawn true size and receding


angle is usually between 45 and 60 degree
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Comparison of Cavalier & Cabinet


Oblique Drawings

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Oblique Orientation Rules

Place complex features parallel to the frontal plane


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Oblique Orientation Rules

Place the longest dimension of the object


parallel to the frontal plane
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Oblique Orientation Rules

The first rule override the second rule

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Oblique Projection Sketching

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Perspective Projection

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Perspective Projection Terminology

Perspective drawing and orthographic side view of a road


The line that sky meets the ground = Horizon Line = Eye Level
1- Objects positioned in the picture plane are shown true size
2- as objects move further behind the picture plane, they are
projected as smaller images
3- All parallel lines, not parallel to the picture plane, converge
at the vanishing point.
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Vanishing Point
An object positioned at an infinite distance from the picture plane
appears as a point, called the vanishing point

Changing the vanishing point changes the perspective view

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Ground Line
Position
Ground line
represents the
plane on which
the object rests

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Changing the
ground line
position changes
the perspective
view

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Classifications
of perspective
Parallel or one
Projection

point perspective

Angular or two
point perspective

Three point perspective; no


edge or plane is parallel to the
projection plane

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Perspective Drawing Variables


Selection
1- Distance of object from picture plane
2-Position of station point
3-Position of the ground line relative to horizon
Number of vanishing points

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Procedure of on-point perspective


sketch

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