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The z-Transform
Der-Feng Tseng
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
(through the courtesy of Prof. Peng-Hua Wang of National Taipei University)
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Outline
3.1 z-Transform
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3.1 z-Transform
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Definition
Definition (z-transform) The z-transform of x[n] is defined as
Z{x[n]} = X(z) ,
x[n]z n
n=
(x[n]r n )ejn .
n=
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ROC
Now we consider the region in which the z-transform is converge. It is
called region of convergence (ROC).
z-transform converges:
|X(z)| = |X(rej )|
|x[n]r n | < .
n=
|x[n]| < .
n=
It is possible that X(z) converges but X(ej ) does not. For example,
the z transform of the unit step function converges for |z| > 1.
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1
1az 1 ,
1
)
2z(z 12
,
1
(z 2 )(z + 31 )
1
|z| > .
2
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Summary of Properties
1
The Fourier transform of x[n] exists if and only if the ROC includes
the unit circle.
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Properties 1 & 2
Property 1. The ROC is a ring or disk centered at the origin.
The convergence of
X(z) ,
x[n]z n
n=
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Properties 3 & 4
Property 3. The ROC cannot contain any poles.
X(z) does not converge at poles.
Property 4. If x[n] is a finite-duration sequence, then the ROC is the
entire z-plane; except possible z = 0 or z = .
If r 6= 0, ,
j
|X(z)| = |X(re )|
M2
X
|x[n]r n | < .
n=M1
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Property 5
Property 5. If x[n] = 0 for n < N1 is a right-side sequence, then the
ROC extends outward from the outermost finite pole to z = .
P
n
Suppose x[n] = N
k=1 Ak dk , we need
n=N1
or
N
X
X
Ak dnk r n <
|x[n]r n | =
n=N1 k=1
|dnk r n | <
n=N1
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Property 6
Property 6. If x[n] = 0, N2 < n is a left-side sequence, then the ROC
extends inward from the innermost nonzero pole to z = 0.
P
n
Suppose x[n] = N
k=1 Ak dk , we need
N2
X
n=
or
N
N2 X
X
Ak dnk r n <
|x[n]r n | =
n= k=1
N2
X
|dnk r n | <
n=
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Example 3.7
If a system has the zero-pole plot shown as follows. There are three
possible ROCs.
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1
1
1 1 ,
2z
1
|z| > .
2
Solution:
X
1
|z| > X(z) =
2
n=0
n
n
1
1
n
z x[n] =
u[n]
2
2
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X(z) =
M
X
bk z k
k=0
N
X
ak z k
k=0
N
X
k=1
Ak
,
1 dk z 1
Ak = (1 dk z 1 )X(z)z=d
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M
N
X
Br z r +
r=0
N
X
k=1
Ak
1 dk z 1
M
N
X
r=0
Br z
N
X
k=1
k6=i
s
X
Ak
Cm
+
1
1 dk z
(1 di z 1 )m
m=1
[n r] z r
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Example 3.8
Find the sequence x[n] with the following z-transform
X(z) =
1
(1
Solution:
X(z) =
1 1
4 z )(1
1 1 ,
2z )
|z| >
1
2
A1
A2
1 1 +
1 4z
1 12 z 1
where A1 = 1, A2 = 2.
x[n] = (2 2n 4n )u[n].
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Example 3.9
Find the sequence x[n] with the following z-transform
X(z) =
(1 + z 1 )2
,
(1 12 z 1 )(1 z 1 )
Solution:
X(z) = B0 +
|z| > 1
A2
A1
+
1 21 z 1 1 z 1
where B0 = 2, A1 = 9, A2 = 8.
x[n] = 2[n] (9 2n + 8)u[n].
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X
(1)n+1 an z n
n=1
x[n] =
(1)n+1 z n
0,
, n1
n 0.
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Properties
Linearity.
Z{ax1 [n] + bx2 [n]} = aZ{x1 [n]} + bZ{x2 [n]} ROC = Rx1 Rx2
Time-Shifting.
Z{x[n n0 ]} = z n0 Z{x[n]}
ROC = Rx {z = or 0}
d
X(z)
dz
with ROC = Rx .
Der-Feng Tseng (NTUST)
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Properties
Complex Conjugation. If Z{x[n]} = X(z), then
Z{x [n]} = X (z )
with ROC = Rx .
Time Reversal. If Z{x[n]} = X(z), then
Z{x [n]} = X (1/z )
with ROC = 1/Rx .
Time Reversal. If x[n] is real, then
Z{x[n]} = X(1/z)
with ROC = 1/Rx .
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Properties
Convolution.
Z{x1 [n] x2 [n]} = Z{x1 [n]}Z{x2 [n]} ROC = Rx1 Rx2
Initial-Value Theorem. If x[n] is causal, then
lim X(z) = x[0]
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