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Function
NERVO
US
Impulse
Transmis
sion
Lining/
Secretion
EPITHE
LIAL
MUSCLE
Movemen
t
CONNE
CTIVE
Support,
Protectio
n
Cells
1) Polyhedral form cells
2) Basement membrane
3) Polarity
II. TYPES OF
Covering Epithelium
Classified according to:
a) Number of layers
1) Simple only 1 cell
butnuclei are
2) Stratified with 2 or
Cell
ECM
Morpho.
Elongate
Non
d
e
proceses
Aggregat
Sma
e,
ll
polyhedr
Amt
al Simple Squamous
.
epithelium
Elongate
Mod
d,
Amt
contractil
.
e
Various
Hig
Simple cuboidal
fixed
&
h
epithelium
wanderin
Amt
Simple
columnar
g cells
.
epithelium
Simple columnar
ciliated epithelium
Pseudo
stratified columnar
ciliated epithelium
Stratified squamous
epithelium
Nonkeratinized(wet/moist)
Keratinized(dry)
Stratified cuboidal
epithelium
Stratified columnar
epithelium
Transitional
epithelium/
Urothelium
Functions of Epithelium
1) Covering and protection, e.g. skin
2 Absorption, e.g. GI tract lining
3 Secretion, e.g. mammary glands, Goblet cells
4) Contractility (due to actin
fibers), myoepithelium
5) Receptor via
transmembrane proteins
6) Lubrication via secretion
of mucous membranes
7) Transport of materials to
and from the blood.
CELL SHAPE
flat and very thin
FUNCTION
Exchange gas diffusion,
secretion,
lubrication in pleuralcavity,
active transport,
EXAMPLES
Pleural and abdominal cavity
(mesothelium,*) peritoneum,
lining blood vessel walls (endothelium,*)
lining of ventricles and atria of heart
(endocardium*)
square/cuboidal
with round nucleus
at center
columnar/tall cells
with nuclei at basal
part
columnar/tall and
ciliated
nuclei at midzone
of the cell
at different levels
cells that reach the
surface are
columnar;
absorption,secretion, conduit,
barrier
absorption,secretion,
protection,lubrication**
Characteristics of
Epithelium & Epithelial
secretion,protection, transport of
particles trapped in mucus out of
air passages.
epidermis of skin
protection,secretion,conduit
largedome
shaped/umbrella
cells
protection,conduit
liningrenalcalyces,renalpelvis, ureter,
urinary bladder
EPITHELIAL CELLS
layer
Pseudostratified 1 layer
at different levels;
more cell layers
b) Cell type/shape
Squamous flat, thin (lateral view);
Cuboidal height and width roughly similar Columnar height is greater than width;
Transitional different shapes (always stratified
APICAL
Cilia
Micro
villi
Stereo
cilia
Flagell
um
STRUCTURE
Elongated, hair-like
protrusions
Axoneme
Dynein,
conversion of ATP
for movement
Short finger-like
projections
Striated Border
same height;
Brush Border
different heights
Longer than
microvilli
Anchored by fibrin
and erzin
Similar to cilia but
larger and usually
limited to single
flagellum per cell
FUNCTION
Motile cilia propel
substances
(Respiratory tract,
female reproductive
tract)
Increases surface
area 20x 30x for
absorption
Intestines)
Junction
Typebut
No motility
c) Apical/Free-surface Modification/Specialization
1) Ciliated2) Non-ciliated 3) Flagellated
4)Microvilli
Brush border uniform ofmicrovilli
Striated border unevenlength of microvilli
III. POLARITY OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
The Basement Membrane/Basal Domain
A sheet-like layer that underlies virtually all
epithelia,
acid-Schiff
(PAS) positive area underneath epithelial cells.
Classificatio
increases surfacen
Occluding
Zonula
areafor absorption
Junction
Occludens
(Epididymis)
Movement in whipAnchoring
Zonula
like motion to
Junction
Adherens
propel cell
Macula
Adherens
(Sperm cells)
Communicatin
g/
Gap Junction
Anchoring
Junction
Major Link
Proteins
Occludins, JAM
E-cadherincatenin complex
Cadherins
(desmogleins,
desmocolins)
Function
regulates paracellular transport
restrict flow of substances between cell
membranes
anchorage points for cytoskeletal
elements
(deepest junction)
Able to withstand the greatest friction
Fascia
Adherens
Nexus
Connexin
Hemidesmo
some
Integrins,
Collagen XVII
Focal
adhesion
Integrins
Glandular Epithelia
specialized cells to secrete substances in membrane-bound secretory granules (vesicles).
Examples of Glandular Epithelia
1) Sebaceous glands (lipid)
2) Pancreatic acini (enzymes)
3) Salivary glands (carbohydrate-protein complex)
Classifications of Glandular Epithelia
Based on Path of Release
1) ENDOCRINEDuctless
o Releases secretions directly intobloodstream can act on distant tissueshormones (e.g. thyroid)
2) EXOCRINE
o releases secretions on to an epithelial surface either directly or via a duct
Two major components:
Acinus (secretory portion)
Ducts (Conducting portion)
Intercalated duct joins together with acinus
Intralobar ducts drain to main excretory duct
Interlobular ducts between lobules
Lobule acini and intercalated ducts are located
Lobes contains lobules
3) PARACRINE
o cells whose secretions target the immediate extracellular environment, travels short distances then Endocrine
4) AUTOCRINE
o the target cell is on the secreting cellitself
Based on Number of Cells
UNICELLULAR (Single Cell)
Respiratory tract and small intestines MULTICELLULAR (More than one Cell)o
Based On Mechanism Of Product Released
1) MEROCRINE/ECCRINEMost common Exocytosis of proteins from vesicles