Sharbani Bhattacharya

Asstt Prof(IT)
IEC-CET
SOFT COMPUTING
Lecture1

Topics of Lecture
What is Soft Computing
Hard Computing & Soft Computing
Soft Computing comprises of Books & References

FAQs
1. What is Soft computing important?
2. How Soft Computing is related to other
sciences?
3. What are Applications of Soft Computing?

Soft Computing
Soft Computing refers to a collection of
computational techniques in computer science,
artificial intelligence, machine learning and some
other engineering disciplines which attempt to
study, model and analyze very complex
phenomena with approximation and probabilistic
reasoning.
Cognitive techniques used in engineering are
heuristic implementations, also called Soft
Computing.

Termed By
Prof. Lofti Zadeh of University of California
Berkley termed Soft Computing.
With objective1. Tolerance for precision
2. Uncertainty ,Partial Truth to achieve
robustness, low solution cost and better
rapport with reality

Disciplines of Soft Computing

Neural Network
Fuzzy Logic
Genetic Algorithm
Machine Learning
Probabilistic Reasoning
Expert System

Hard Computing versus Soft Computing

Hard Computing deals
with precise models
where accurate achieved
quickly.

Soft Computing deals

with approximation
models and gives
solution to complex
problems.

Example

Example

1. Symbolic Logic in AI
2. Traditional numerical
modeling search

1. Approximation
reasoning
2. Functional reasoning
and randomization

Neural Network
Neural Network are
those information
processing systems ,
which are constructed
and implemented to
model the brain.
Fig1 Biological
Neuron

ANN
1.Takes N inputs
2.Calculates the weight
each input has on final
decision
Neuron outputs a 1 if the
decision is true, 0 if it is
false
3.Groups of neurons make
up an artificial neural

Fig 2 Artificial Neuron

Objective Of Neural Network

To develop a computational device for
modeling the brain to perform various
computational tasks at a faster rate than
traditional system.

Fuzzy Logic
Prof Lofti Zadeh of UC, Berkeley coined the
term Fuzzy Logic.

FUZZY LOGIC SUGGESTS inaccuracy

and imprecision. Websters dictionary
defines the word fuzzy as not clear,
distinct, or precise; blurred.

Applications of Fuzzy Logic

Fuzzy controllers are the most important
applications of fuzzy theory.
They work rather different than conventional
controllers:
Expert knowledge is used instead of differential
equations to describe a system.
this knowledge can be expressed in a very natural
way using linguistic variables, which are described
by fuzzy sets.

Genetic Algorithm
Charles Darwin stated the theory of
natural evolution in the origin of species.
Over several generations, biological
organisms evolve based on the principle
of natural selection survival of the fittest
to reach certain remarkable tasks.

 Each and every gene has an unique

position on the genome called locus. In
fact, most living organisms store their
genome on several chromosomes,
But in the Genetic Algorithms (GAs), all
the genes are usually stored on the same
chromosomes.

Genetic Algorithm(GA)
Evolutionary computing was introduced in the
1960s by I. Rechenberg in the work Evolution
strategies. This idea was then developed by
other researches.
GeneticAlgorithms (GAs) was invented by John
Holland and developed this idea in his book
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems in
the year 1975. Holland proposed
GA as a heuristic method based on Survival of
the fittest. GA was discovered as a useful tool
for search and optimization problems.

Learning
Learning denotes changes in a system
that ... enable a system to do the same
task more efficiently the next time.
Herbert Simon
Learning is constructing or modifying
representations of what is being
experienced.
Ryszard Michalski
Learning is making useful changes in our
minds. Marvin Minsky

Machine Learning
The study of computer algorithms that
improve automatically through experience
Tom Mitchell, Machine Learning

Machine Learning Applications

Machine learning uses include:
Security (Pattern recognition, face recognition)
Business (Stocks, user behaviors)
Medical (Research)
Ease of Use

THANKYOU