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Braja M Das, Principal of Geotechnical

Engineering, fourth edition, PWS Publishing
Compan 1998,
Company,
1998 Boston
Muni Budu, Soil Mechanics and Foundations, 2nd
edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2007, USA
R.F. Craig, Soil Mechanics, (English & terjemahan
Prof.Dr.Ir Budi S Supandji)
Cernica, J.N., Soil Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons,
1995
Holtz, R.D., Kovacs, W.D., An introduction to
Geotechnical Engineering, Prentice Hall, N.J.,
1981

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h
i
L
h hA hB

v k i
v
k
i

= discharge velocity
= hydraulic conductivity
= hydraulic gradient

q v A
q
A

= flow rate
= cross sectional area

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Definisi dari flow net

Equipotensial line berpotongan

tegak lurus dengan flow line
Flow elemen berbentuk bujur
sangkar atau persegi panjang

1 Square

Dari Hk Darcy v=k i A maka

Potensial drop

dan

dimana

ab dan de adalah garis equipotensial

Flow line yg memotong nya tegak lurus
boundary dr impervious layer fg
adalah flow line line acd
Equipotensial line yg memotong acd
dan fg berupa bujur sangkar atau
persegi panjang

H= perbedaan head antara

upstream dan down stream
Nd = jumlah dr potensial drop

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2 Rectangular

atau

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The boundary conditions must be satisfied

Flow lines must intersect equipotential lines at right
angles
The area between flow lines and equipotential lines
must be curvilinear squares. A curvilinear square has
the property that an inscribed circle can be drawn to
touch each side of the square
The quantity of flow through each flow channel is
constant
The head loss between each consecutive
equipotential
i t ti l line
li iis constant
t t
A flow line cannot intersect another flow line
An equipotential line cannot intersect another flow
line

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draw the system in scale

AB and CD are
equipotentials because the
total head is constant

from point B, water must

flow down the upstream
face BE, round the tip E
and up the downstream
face EC.

FG and BEC are flow lines

because water from point F
must flow along the
impermeable surface FG

try to sketch the flow net

the intersection of flow lines

form curvilinear squares

Nf : number of flow
Nd : number
u be o
of equ
equipotential
pote t a d
drops
ops
h : head loss; H : total head loss
q : flow rate

H
h
Nd

q Aki
kH

Nf
Nd

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In anisotropic condition, kx ky
thus, the coefficient of permeability of the
transformed section (k) :

k = (kx ky)

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Basic Parabola
Parabola is a locus
of points that has
a same distance
from a fixed point
(focus), and a line
(directrix)

Horizontal discharge face

P

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Drawing parabola
1. GS = 0.3 HS
2. F as the focus of basic parabola
3. GF = GI
4. IE as directrix
5. 0E = 0F = 0.5 EF
6. FL = LM
By coordinates
y2=2Px

Sloping discharge face

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Downstream correction to basic parabola

a
a

basic parabola
D

basic parabola

filter

M
a

filter

30

60

90

120

150

180

a/a

0.36

0.32

0.26

0.18

0.10

H1

k1

H2

k2

kx

H 1 k1 H 2 k 2
H1 H 2

The two layers can be

considered as a single
homogeneous
anisotropic layer (H1+H2)
with coeff. of
permeability kx and kz

H
H
k y ( H 1 H 2 ) / 1 2
k2
k1

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Titik P berjarak Zp dibawah datum, berarti tinggi

elevasinya Zp.
Ti
Tinggi
i energii totall di titik
i ik P:
P
hp = {nd/Nd} x h ; h = { h/ Nd }
Tekanan air pori pada titik P dapat dihitung dari
teorema Bernoulli:
nd : nomor titik garis ekipotensial
Nd : jumlah bidang ekipotensial total

Up = x { hp (- Zp) }= x ( hp + Zp)

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