GAMMA RAY

LOG

STT MIGAS BALIKPAPAN

28 Oktober 2014

OUTLINE

Tujuan Dari Gamma Ray Log

Theorytical Background

Log Display

GR Log Interpretation and Calculation

Environmental Effect Correction

Exercise

Spectral GR Log

OBJECTIVE

Mengidentifikasi Lithologi Secara General

GR Log kita gunakan untuk menentukan lapisan
mana yang merupakan reservoir dan lapisan mana
yang merupakan shale
Mengidentifikasi Kuantitas dari Shaliness

Meskipun GR Log memberikan respon bahwa suatu

lapisan itu reservoir, tapi belum tentu reservoir
tersebut murni sand

Depth Matching

Membandingkan respon dari cased hole log

dengan open hole log

Correlation Between Wells

Mengkorelasikan well yang memiliki respon log

yang sama.

THEORYTICAL BACKGROUND
Electron (negative charge)
Proton (positive charge)
Neutron (no electric charge)
Nucleus (protons + neutrons)
Electron shells

Number of protons = Number of electrons

Mass of proton Mass of neutron
Mass of electron is negligible

NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY
Stable Atom
The number of protons, Z, and
the number of neutrons, N, are
balanced.
Unstable Atom
The numbers of protons and
neutrons are not balanced. The
atom naturally evolves to a
stable element.
Radioactivity (U,Th,K)
The spontaneous transformation
of some elements into other
elements, accompanied by the
emission of , , or radiation.

LOG DISPLAY
The gamma ray is displayed in the left-hand track of the paper log.
Log scale is 0 to 150 API units.
A scale of 0 to 200 can also be used if log values are very high.

LOG INTERPRETATION AND CALCULATION

High gamma ray values (about 100 API units) are mostly
encountered in shales.
Organic shales may have much higher gamma ray values.

Clean reservoirs (without shale) normally have low

gamma ray values (15 to 25 API units).
Evaporites (halite, anhydrite) have low GR.
Coal beds have low GR

The gamma ray log is used to identify clean layers.

RADIOACTIVE RESERVOIRS
"Clean" formations are sometimes very radioactive:
Clean sands may contain feldspars, micas or other
radioactive minerals.

Clean carbonates may contain uranium salts.

Radioactive salts get deposited near the wellbore
over perforated intervals.
In this cases, the gamma ray overestimates the clay
content of the formation.
The spectral gamma ray log can help, as well as other
shale indicators.

GAMMA RAY RESPONSE IN CLASTICS

0

GAPI

150

Shale
Coal

GR max

GR min

Clean Sand

Shaly Sand
Carbonate
Shal
eOrganic Shale

SHALINESS FROM GAMMA RAY

A normalized gamma ray, or gamma ray index, IGR, is
computed from the measured gamma ray and the
minimum (sand) and maximum (shale) values.
IGR = (GR GRmin) / (GRmax GRmin)
Empirical transforms are used to convert this index to
shale fraction, Vsh:
- Linear
- Larionov (Older Rocks)
- Clavier et al.
- Stieber
- Larionov (Tertiary Rocks)

SHALINESS VS. GAMMA RAY INDEX

1.0
0.9
0.8

Shale Fraction, Vsh

0.7
Linear Scaling
Larionov (Older Rocks)
Clavier et al.
Stieber
Larionov (Tertiary Rocks)

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Gamma Ray Index

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

CASED-HOLE CORRELATION TO OPENHOLE

One string of casing

Cased-hole Gamma Ray

Openhole Gamma Ray

CASED-HOLE CORRELATION TO OPENHOLE

Two strings of casing

Cased-hole Gamma Ray

Openhole Gamma Ray

WELL CORRELATION

LOG QUALITY CONTROL

Log is affected by:

Tool position (eccentered or centered),

Borehole size,

Mud weight,

Mud composition, in particular potassium,

Casing and cement.

Correction charts and software settings exist to correct

the GR log for these effects.
If the GR log is primarily used for correlation, corrections
are not always applied.

GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION

Reference Conditions:

Hole Diameter = 8 inches

Borehole Fluid = 10 lb/gal mud

Tool eccentered

Actual Conditions:

Hole Diameter > 8 inches

Borehole Fluid = 10 lb/gal mud
Tool eccentered

Some of the radioactive formation is missing: Gamma ray log is too

low.

Actual Conditions:

Hole Diameter = 8 inches

Borehole Fluid = heavy mud

Tool eccentered

Some gamma rays are absorbed by the mud: Gamma ray log is too
low.

Actual Conditions:

Hole Diameter = 8 inches

Borehole Fluid = 10 lb/gal mud

Tool centered

Some gamma rays are absorbed by the mud: Gamma ray log is too
low.

GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION

Halliburton Chart GR-1

GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION

Wmud = 10 lbm/gal
dhole = 8 inches
t = 7.04

Wmud 2.54(d hole ) 2.54(d sonde )

8.345
2
2

d -d

t Wmud hole sonde

2

(mud weight in lbm/gal, diameter in

inches)
(mud weight in g/cc, diameter in cm)
Schlumberger Chart GR-1

GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION

Compute gamma ray correction factor using
Schlumberger Chart GR-1 for the following conditions:
Mud Density = 1.40 g/cc
Borehole Diameter = 14.5 inches
Sonde Diameter = 3.375 inches
Sonde is eccentered
t = 1.40 (14.5 3.375) 2.54 / 2 = 19.8 g/cm2
Correction Factor = 1.35

GAMMA RAY BOREHOLE CORRECTION

t Wmud

d hole d sonde
2

Schlumberger Chart GR-1

CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION

Formation

Reference Conditions:

Hole Diameter = 8 inches

Borehole Fluid = 10 lbm/gal mud

Mud

Casing

Cement

CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION

(mud weight in lbm/gal, diameter in inches)

Schlumberger Chart GR-3

CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION

CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION

Borehole Diameter = 8.5 in
Casing OD = 7 in
Casing Weight = not given, assume 26 lb/ft
Casing ID = 6.276 in
Sonde Diameter = 3 3/8 in = 3.375 in
Mud Density = 1.79 g/cc lb/gal
Casing density = 7.96 g/cc
Cement density = 2.0 g/cc

CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION

Borehole Diameter = 8.5 in
Casing OD = 7 in
Casing Weight = not given, assume 26 lb/ft
Casing ID = 6.276 in
Sonde Diameter = 3 3/8 in = 3.375 in
Mud Density = 1.79 g/cc lb/gal
Casing density = 7.96 g/cc
Cement density = 2.0 g/cc
t = 18 correction factor = 1.7

CASED HOLE GAMMA RAY CORRECTION

Schlumberger Chart GR-3

Empirical Gamma Ray Normalization

In this case, we have both
openhole and cased-hole gamma
ray logs over the same interval.

Open-Hole GR

Cased-hole log
Open-hole log

Slope = 1.66

Cased-Hole GR

Why is GR Correction Important?

Correcting the gamma ray log for casing
effect is very important when splicing logs
recorded over separate drilling phases.

Is there a reservoir here?

Gamma Ray Splicing

Final log after

splicing and
patching.

LOGGING SPEED

SPECTRAL GR LOG
This

log records the individual concentration of

U, Th, K

Applications:

Clay identification
Complex lithology analysis
Organic matter identification
Better estimation of clay contents

GAMMA RAY ENERGY WINDOWS

Potassium
K+U+Th

Scale
X 10

Uranium

Thorium

0.5
W1

1
W2

1.5
W3

2
W4

Gamma ray energy (MeV)

2.5
W5