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CHAPTER 2
PRECIPITATION
Learning Objectives
Define precipitation, its form and types.
Illustrate techniques for estimating point
and areal precipitation.
CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
FORMATION OF PRECIPITATON
CLASSIFICATION OF PRECIPITATION
PRECIPITATION TYPES
.... Cont
CONTENT
MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION
NON RECORDING GAUGES
RECORDING GAUGES
(PLUVIOGRAPH)
Weighing gauge
Tipping bucket
Float type
.... Cont
CONTENT
MISSING DATA
What
is
Point Precipitation
MISSING DATA
POINT PRECIPITATION
Quadrant Method
GAUGE CONSISTENCY
.... Cont
GAUGE CONSISTENCY
How
DOUBLE MASS
CURVE is constructed
.... Cont
GAUGE CONSISTENCY
DOUBLE MASS CURVE
.... Cont
GAUGE CONSISTENCY
DOUBLE MASS CURVE
So, if that the case the early or later record needs to be adjusted.
.... Cont
GAUGE CONSISTENCY
DOUBLE MASS CURVE
Y3 Y2
Mo =
X3 X2
Ma =
Y2 Y1
X 2 X1
(Station X)
Mo
Pa = Adjusted precipitation
(Station X)
EXAMPLE 2.5
Measured annual precipitation gauge for five
stations (A, B, C, D and E) from 1926 until
1942 are given below. After 5 years, gauge
A was relocated at a new location due to
changes in land use that make it impractical
to maintain the gauge at the old location.
You are required to adjust the record for
the period from 1926 to 1930 using the
records at gauges B, C, D and E .
SOLUTION
Step !!
1.
2.
3.
Value at Y- axis
Value at X- axis
4.
Mo
Ma
4.
Mo =
679 148
= 0.19
2785 774
Y2 Y1
X 2 X1
Ma =
148 33
= 0.26
774 154
Ma =
4.
M
o
0.26
P1926 = 32.9
= 45.02 mm
0.19
0.26
P1928 = 33.5
= 45.90 mm
0
.
19
0.26
P1927 = 28.1
= 38.5 mm
0.19
0.26
P1929 = 29.6
= 40.55 mm
0
.
19
Isohyetal Method
1st APPROACH
Pi
P =
n
Which :P = Average precipitation depth (mm)
Pi = Precipitation depth at each station within the
basin (mm)
n = Total station within the basin
2nd APPROACH
2nd APPROACH
2nd APPROACH
A i Pi
P =
A
Which :P = Average precipitation depth (mm)
Pi = Precipitation depth at each station (mm)
Ai = Sub area at each station (Polygon area)
A = Total area
EXAMPLE 2.6
SOLUTION
Step !!
1.
A i Pi
P =
A
2.
69210
P=
= 121 .8 mm
568
3rd APPROACH
ISOHYETAL METHOD
3rd APPROACH
ISOHYETAL METHOD
3. CONNECT identical depth from EACH interpolation
ISOHYETS LINES.
3rd APPROACH
ISOHYETAL METHOD
4. COMPUTE the MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION
using the following formula :-.
A i Pi
P=
A
Which :P = Average precipitation depth (mm)
Pi = Average precipitation between 2 isohyets
lines (mm)
Ai = Sub area between 2 isohyets lines
A = Total area
EXAMPLE 2.7
Use the isohyetal method to determine
the average precipitation depth within the
basin for the storm .
SOLUTION
Step !!
1.
A i Pi
P =
A
2.
16830
P=
= 39.3 cm
428
TIME
TIMES UP
THANK YOU