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University Peleforo Gon Coulibaly Korhogo, Cote dIvoire
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 20 June 2014
Received in revised form 25 October 2014
Accepted 3 November 2014
Inuence of chitosan coating with or without the active antimicrobial lactoperoxidase system was
studied on postharvest mangoes. Mangoes were treated with three concentrations of chitosan (0.5; 1;
1.5%) containing or not lactoperoxidase with or without iodine as a second electron donor. Coatings
containing 1 and 1.5% chitosan incorporated with lactoperoxidase system efciently inhibited fungal
proliferation and delayed mango ripening. Iodine did not inuence antifungal activity. Ripening
parameters (rmness, respiration, weight loss and color) were not inuenced by the lactoperoxidase
system, but were more inuenced by chitosan concentration. Chitosan coating alone reduced weight loss,
and delayed the decline in rmness and respiration rate. It exhibited a benecial effect on the contents of
total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, total acidity (TA) and pH.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Chitosan
Lactoperoxidase system
Edible coatings
Mango
1. Introduction
Developing countries experience signicant postharvest losses
of fruit and vegetables, and among these agricultural products,
mango is a dominant tropical fruit variety (FAO, 2003). However,
mangoes face problems in storage due to various diseases caused
by fungi and bacteria. The control of these diseases has become
difcult because of strain resistance to fungicides and increasingly
rigorous regulations. These regulations on the use of fungicide
have reduced the ability to develop control strategies based on
chemicals (Johnson and Sangchote, 1994). An alternative to this
problem could be the use of natural compounds that have a broad
antimicrobial spectrum.
The lactoperoxidase system (LPOS) has been described as an
excellent system for ghting pathogenic microorganisms as it has
a broad antimicrobial spectrum. This enzyme system has shown a
bactericidal effect on Gram-negative bacteria and a bacteriostatic
effect on Gram-positive bacteria (Seacheol et al., 2005). In
addition, it has antifungal (Jacob et al., 2000) and antiviral activity
(Pakkanen and Aalto, 1997; Seifu et al., 2005). This system
generates intermediate antimicrobial products such as
instrument, Italy) for oxygen and GC 1000, Dani, Italy, for carbon
dioxide). The respiratory rate was expressed in mmol kg 1 h 1 in
normal conditions of temperature and pressure.
2.5. Evaluation of the quality of mangoes
Weight loss was determined by daily weighing mangoes with a
balance (Precisa, Switzerland). Weight loss was expressed as a
percentage of initial weight.
Firmness was determined using a TA XT2 texture analyzer
(Instron Co., USA), calibrated at 5 kg and equipped with a 2 mm
diameter probe. Initial grip separation was 30 mm with a stroke
speed of 1 mm/s.
The color of the fruit skin was measured using a Minolta
chromameter (Chroma meter CR 400, Japan). Three determinations were performed on different sides of each fruit and the
average represented the color value. The results were determined
in the color space L*, a* and b*.
Total soluble solids (TSS) concentration were measured with a
digital refractometer Atago PR-101 (Atago Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at
20 C and expressed as % of dry matter.
Thirty (30) grams of mango pulp were homogenized in 150 mL
of distilled water using a blender for 2 min and then ltered. The
pH was determined with a pH meter (Kyle, USA). Total acidity (TA)
was determined on 10 mL of homogenate pulp by automatic
titration with 0.1 N NaOH up to pH 8.1. The results were expressed
as g citric acid equivalent per 100 g fresh weight. Ascorbic acid
content was determined by colorimetry using 2,6-dichlorophenolindorhenol titration (AOAC, 1984).
2.6. Statistical analysis
11
[(Fig._1)TD$IG]
12
1.5%. The presence of the enzyme system (LPOS or LPOSI) did not
affect O2 consumption. These results conrmed these obtained by
Ciss et al. (2012), who demonstrated that the diffusion of O2 could
be reduced by a chitosan lm. The addition of the LPOS with or
without iodine did not alter the permeability of the lm. Other
work has also highlighted the reduction of O2 permeability in
coated fruit by chitosan lms; Thumula (2006) showed that
chitosan could reduce the oxygen consumption of tomatoes.
Concerning CO2 production, there was no signicant difference
observed between coated and uncoated mangoes after two days,
with production from coated mangoes increasing sharply to the
sixth day. The increase in CO2 production of coated fruit may be a
stress response due to the treatment (El Ghaouth et al., 1992). The
strong CO2 production caused by chitosan coatings has been
demonstrated by other authors (El Ghaouth et al., 1992; Thumula,
2006). No signicant difference in CO2 production was observed
between mangoes treated with two concentrations of chitosan
(1% and 1.5%) combined or not with LPOS or LPOSI.
These different behaviors of chitosan coating on O2 consumption and CO2 production of different mangoes showed that
chitosan coating was more selective to CO2 than to O2 permeability.
Edible coatings increase CO2 production and reduce O2 consumption in the coated fruit by lowering respiration rates and
deterioration indexes. This action contributes to extending
the preservation of fruit (Hagenmaier, 2005). High levels of CO2
in the fruit restrict succinic dehydrogenase activity and induce
accumulation of succinic acid, which leads nally to the inhibition
of the Krebs cycle (Deng et al., 2006). Also, the low level of oxygen
suppresses the activity of cytochrome oxidase and plays a role in
the inhibition of the activity of oxidases such as ascorbic acid
oxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and glycolic acid oxidase (zden and
Bayindirli, 2002). Obviously, edible coatings contribute to the
reduction of vital activities, enhancing quality maintenance of fruit
during storage. Thumula (2006) showed also that a coating made
of 1 or 2% chitosan could delay the ripening of tomatoes.
3.3. Weight loss of fruit during storage
Table 2 shows weight loss during storage of uncoated mangoes
compared to coated fruit. All samples underwent a gradual loss of
weight during storage. Loss of weight of uncoated fruit was
signicantly greater than that of coated fruit after 5 days. At the
end of storage, untreated mangoes showed 2.8% loss in weight,
whereas the weight losses of coated samples were around 1.5%.
These results highlight a protective action of coating against
moisture loss, which has also been reported by several authors
(Ali et al., 2011 Vsconez et al., 2009). The reduction in water loss
can be attributed to an additional barrier against diffusion through
the stomata (Paull et al., 1989). As can be observed in Table 2,
incorporation of LPOS with and without iodine into the
Table 1
Respiration rate (RR) of Kent mangoes.
2 days
RR (mmol kg
Uncoated
1% Chit
1% ChitLPOS
1.5% ChitLPOS
1% ChitLPOSI
1.5% ChitLPOSI
1.5% Chit
4 days
1
RR (mmol kg
6 days
1
RR (mmol kg
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
O2
CO2
0.19a 0.04
0.15ab 0.02
0.10b 0.03
0.09b 0.01
0.07b 0.00
0.08b 0.03
0.12ab 0.04
0.41a 0.06
0.48ab 0.05
0.52b 0.06
0.43a 0.06
0.53b 0.02
0.44a 0.05
0.45ab 0.09
0.18a 0.03
0.11ab 0.03
0.08 b 0.02
0.07b 0.01
0.08b 0.00
0.09b 0.03
0.09b 0.02
0.37a 0.03
0.49b 0.12
0.50b 0.06
0.51b 0.09
0.47b 0.06
0.42 b 0.09
0.49b 0.11
0.12a 0.02
0.07b 0.01
0.07b 0.01
0.05b 0.00
0.04b 0.00
0.08b 0.01
0.05b 0.01
0.44a 0.09
0.65b 0.21
0.64b 0.34
0.47ab 0.04
0.47ab 0.07
0.48ab 0.16
0.58ab 0.19
Means are averaged values of three trials. Each trial contained three replicates per treatment. Values within a column with the same letter are not signicantly different
(p > 0.05).
13
Table 2
Effect of coating on the weight loss of Kent mango.
Days
Coating
composition
Uncoated
1% Chit
1.5% Chit
1% ChitLPOS
1.5% ChitLPOS
1% ChitLPOSI
1.5% ChitLPOSI
0.65a 0.01
0.54a 0.08
0.65a 0.06
0.62a 0.06
0.61a 0.07
0.55a 0.01
0.60a 0.000
0.66a 0.06
0.57a 0.01
0.49a 0.04
0.58a 0.18
0.64a 0.10
0.51a 0.03
0.56a 0.11
0.77a 0.09
0.73a 0.01
0.79a 0.06
0.72a 0.06
0.77a 0.03
0.64a 0.07
0.63a 0.31
0.98a 0.07
0.77b 0.15
0.79b 0.09
0.81b 0.04
0.69b 0.06
0.72b 0.08
0.65b 0.35
1.20a 0.06
0.89b 0.08
0.85b 0.10
0.90b 0.05
0.80b 0.06
0.74b 0.02
0.79b 0.44
1.74a 0.02
1.30b 0.03
1.21b 0.07
1.36b 0.03
1.10b 0.10
1.24b 0.04
1.15b 0.56
2.54a 0.12
2.06ab 0.06
1.91b 0.08
1.78b 0.10
1.81b 0.04
1.59b 0.07
1.58b 0.51
Means are averaged values of three trials. Each trial contained three replicates per treatment. Values within a column with the same letter are not signicantly different
(p > 0.05).
[(Fig._3)TD$IG]
[(Fig._2)TD$IG]
14
Table 3
Chemical composition of Kent mangoes.
Reference
Uncoated
1% Chit
1% ChitLPOS
1% ChitLPOSI
1,5% Chit
1.5% ChitLPOS
1.5% ChitLPOSI
pH
T.S.S (%)
3.61b 0.11
4.88a 00
4.195b 0.12
4.18b 0.49
3.83b 0.20
4.07b 0.04
3.82b 0.02
4.06b 0.01
1.35a 0.03
0.29b 0.02
0.58c 0.03
0.69cd 0.05
0.76cd 0.13
0.8 d 0.01
0.80d 0.23
0.68cd 0.09
12.56a 0.07
14.875a 0.03
14.65a 0.07
13.425a 0.1
13a 1.13
13,65a 0.78
12.55a 0.35
12.8a 0.42
29.36a 0.35
5.84b 0.14
25.48c 5.2
23.04c 2.6
23.64c 2.09
23.54c 0.5
25.94c 3.45
24.80c 4.56
Means are averaged values of three trials. Each trial contained three replicates per treatment. Values within a column with the same letter are not signicantly different
(p > 0.05). Reference is value before storage.
4. Conclusion
This study demonstrated the effectiveness of chitosan coating
containing LPOS in postharvest conservation of mangoes. Chitosan
has antimicrobial activity which was been strengthened by the
LPOS. A chitosan concentration at 1% containing LPOS was
sufciently effective against microbial contamination and enabled
a delay in fruit ripening without altering quality. If chitosan coating
had an effect on the physico-chemical properties, the presence of
the LPOS did not affect those parameters. Use of chitosanLPOS
could thus be an effective approach in the preservation of tropical
fruit, an alternative in limiting synthetic pesticide use.
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