Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
first print
first edition, 2003
L.A. Reichard
S. Rozemond
J.H. Dijkhuis
C.J. Admiraal
G.J. te Vaarwerk
J.A. Verbeek
G. de Jong
N.J.J.M. Brokamp
H.J. Houwing
R. de Vroome
J.D. Kuis
F. ten Klooster
F. van Leeuwen
S.K.A. de Waal
J. van Braak
Cover design: In ontwerp, Assen, Netherlands, in collaboration with GREET, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Basic book design: Gerard Salomons BNO, Groningen, Netherlands
Layout: Grafikon, Bruges, Belgium
Translation: Overtaal BV, Utrecht, Netherlands
2002 EPN, Houten, Netherlands
ISBN 90 11 07708 3
All rights reserved. None of the contents of this publication may be copied, stored as a digital file, or published in any
way, shape or form, whether electronically, mechanically, by xerography, photography, or by any other means,
without the prior written consent of the publisher.
As far as copies of this publication are allowed to be made according to Article 16B of the 1912 Copyright Act in
conjunction with the Decree of 20 June 1974, Official Gazette 351, as amended by the Decree of 23 August 1985,
Official Gazette 471, and Article 17 of the 1912 Copyright Act, the legally stipulated reimbursements are to be paid to
the Stichting Reprorecht (P.O. Box 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, the Netherlands). The publishers must be contacted
for permission to publish part (or parts) of this publication in the form of anthologies, readers or other compilations
(Article 16, 1912 Copyright Act).
Preface
Dear Teacher,
Parts 1 havo/vwo part 1 and 1 havo/vwo part 2
From the outset, an important criterion for the writing of these two parts was to further integrate ICT.
The CD-ROM included with the workbooks therefore plays an important role. However, a definite
choice was made in favour of a two-pronged approach: working only from the books is not a problem,
the CD-ROMs merely provide a different route.
The integration of ICT focuses on the following criteria:
Pupils must be able to work independently with ICT. The CD-ROMs provide pupils with the
software needed for working at home.
Teachers can use the books in their own way, with or without the CD-ROMs.
The BRE model
The 1 havo/vwo parts have been structured according to the Basic-Revision-Extra material model,
where pupils take a diagnostic test after completing the basic material. What is new is that the
diagnostic test appears immediately after the summary, thereby accentuating the importance of
diagnostic testing. The last chapter contains a selection of combined exercises in chapter order. The
basic material is differentiated, recognisable by the open exercise icon. This material is primarily
destined for future vwo pupils.
Independent study
In principle, pupils can work through the material independently. Due to the new design, pupils will
quickly recognise what they need to concentrate on. Examples, for instance, are shown on a shaded
background, and exercises are marked according to type, such as orientation or final. These elements
carefully prepare pupils for independent study in the second phase. For more details concerning the
working and teaching methods, as well as the choice of subject matter, we refer to the manual
accompanying the 1 havo/vwo parts.
We would very much appreciate users comments.
Spring 2002
Index
Combined exercises
IMA
Chapter 5
Chapter 4
Skills
Chapter 3
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Preface
Contents
Chapter intro
Extra material
Summary
Revision
Diagnostic test
Computer paragraph
Summary
Paragraphs
Computer paragraph
Orientation exercises
48
Standard exercises
49
Differentiation exercises
A 50
Final exercises
Theory
Workbook references
Theory A
51
workbook
Defenitions
These contain the most important theory
aspects.
Occupation block
T H E O C C U PAT I O N
Example
History
Working method
Rule
To the pupil,
Contents
1
2
3
Space shapes
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Lines of vision
Shapes
Cubes and squares
Cuboids and rectangles
Cylinders and circles
Summary
Diagnostic test
Revision
Extra material
4
7
10
17
21
24
26
28
30
Numbers
32
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
Arithmetic
Decimal numbers
Fractions
The calculator
Arithmetic in everyday situations
Ratios
Summary
Diagnostic test
Revision
Extra material
34
38
42
48
52
56
60
62
64
68
Locating points
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Skills
70
72
75
78
86
91
94
96
98
101
104
Diagrams
108
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
110
113
117
122
124
127
135
136
138
142
146
150
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
Lines
Angles
Measuring angles
How to draw angles
Wire models and intersecting lines
Summary
Diagnostic test
Revision
Extra material
152
158
162
169
172
178
180
182
186
190
Combined exercises
198
Glossary
214
Index
218
Illustrations
221
4
5
chapter
01
Space
The watermelons shown in the photo come from Japan. These
sorts of melons are grown in glass pots. They are intended for
export. At the auction melons like these are sold for around
100.
What shape do you think the glass pot is in which they are
grown?
State one advantage of the melons having this shape.
Are there any disadvantages?
What shape is a normal watermelon?
Chapter 1
ICT
Theory A
figure 1.1 What Frits can see from the hot air balloon.
figure 1.2 You can use lines of vision to determine what you can and cannot see.
Lines of vision
A line of vision extends from your eye to the object you can
see. You can use lines of vision to indicate the limits of the
area you can see.
4
Chapter 1
house
C
sundial
figure 1.5
A
figure 1.6 Bart stands next to the oak tree and looks whether he can spot any of the children.
b Bart walks to the beech tree to see if anyone has hidden there.
On his way, he looks around in all directions. Which of the
children can he then see?
c Bart returns first to the oak tree and then goes to the chestnut
tree. On his way, he has a good look round again.
Who can he see now?
d Who has found the best hiding place?
6
1.2 Shapes
O
figure 1.7
Theory A
Space
Mathematical figures
The pointed roof of the
merry-go-round.
The ice-cream and its cone.
The petticoat that Annabel found,
And the cylinder of a bone.
The tip of a multicoloured pen.
The headlight on your bike.
The pointing beak of a little wren
The road along a dike.
The list completely meets the rule.
But you know theres nothing like
Geometry to make you look a fool.
Marjolein Kool
made?
b State a couple of other objects that consist
of two or more space figures.
Explain which space figures these are.
Chapter 1
figure 1.11 The Globe Arena at the Soderstadion in Stockholm. The Eurovision Song
Contest was held in this stadium in May 2000.
Space
a How many photos can fit into the photo cube shown?
b What shape are the photos?
c Is it possible to hold the cube in such a way that you can see
two photos? If so, how should you hold it?
d Is it possible to hold the cube in such a way that you can see
four photos?
e How should you hold the cube so that you can see just one
photo?
O 16
Theory A
You can also use other space figures to make a net. Below you can see
a pyramid and its net.
Net
The net of a space figure is like a cut-out without adhesive
edges.
10
Chapter 1
figure 1.16
figure 1.17
Space
11
19 If you fold up the net in figure 1.18 you can make a cube.
figure 1.18
figure 1.19
Theory B
side CD
vertex C
12
Chapter 1
Theory C
face EFGH
E
F
edge AB
vertex B
figure 1.22 Cube ABCD EFGH with vertices, faces and edges.
The edges are 4 cm long.
13
Listen Els!
14
Chapter 1
So what?
So 8 times 3
is 24 edges!
Oh yeah?
How then?
27 a Write down how many blocks are needed for each structure shown below.
How many blocks do you need to expand figure 1.24c to make that cube?
b Jef is going to use the individual blocks shown in figure 1.24d to make as large a cube
as possible. How many blocks will he then have left over?
29 a Write down how many blocks you need for each structure shown in figure 1.25.
15
A 30
figure 1.26
A 31
16
Chapter 1
figure 1.28
O 33
a In your
you will find a page showing the net of
a cuboid which you can cut out. Cut out the net and fold it to
make a cuboid.
b How many vertices does a cuboid have? And how many edges?
And how many faces?
c Write letters on the cuboid to mark the vertices. Write down each
letter three times as has been done in the photo with the letter F.
H
E
G
F
1,5 cm
C
2,5 cm
3 cm
figure 1.29
d Paste the net into your exercise book so that the letters remain
visible.
e Which face is the same size as the face ABCD?
f Which edges are just as long as edge EH ?
Space
17
E
F
and 3 cm.
a Draw the net of this cuboid on a separate
piece of graph paper. Start with the red
face.
b Cut out the net and make a cuboid.
3 cm
4,5 cm
6 cm
figure 1.31
Have a look to see which figures you can use to make cuboids.
figure 1.32
18
Chapter 1
Theory A
6
7
160
20
40
140
50
130
8
10 0
0
90
17
10 0
Rectangle
ZO
ET
ER
EE
70
110
60
120
30
150
20
160
5
10 0
17
150
30
140
40
130
50
120
60
110
70
0
10 0
8
al
on
g
dia
AB 4 cm and AD 3 cm.
b Which side is just as long as side AB?
c Draw the diagonals AC and BD.
Are they equally long?
rectangle ABCD.
a Copy the figure into your exercise book.
b Check using your protractor triangle that you
have drawn a right angle at vertex A.
c How many mm long is side AB?
And side AD?
d Complete the rectangle.
Add the missing letter.
figure 1.35
Space
19
A 41
figure 1.36
A 42
20
figure 1.37
O 44
O 45
O 46
figure 1.38
Theory A
diam
s
eter
iu
rad
centre
Space
21
6 cm.
figure 1.40
b Draw the diagonals of the square. Place an S
at the point at which the diagonals intersect.
Point S is the intersection of the diagonals.
c Draw a circle with its centre at S which passes through point
A. If you have drawn the circle accurately, the circle will also
pass through points B, C and D.
49 a Draw a rectangle ABCD whereby
AB 6 cm and BC 3 cm.
b Draw four circles, each with a radius of 3 cm.
Take A, B, C and D as the centres.
c The middle of side AD is M. Draw a circle
with its centre at M which passes through A
and D. What is this circles radius?
50 The photo shown in figure 1.41 is of a man who
4 cm
4 cm
figure 1.42
22
Chapter 1
figure 1.43
which has been drawn using four half circles. Copy this drawing.
53 Figure 1.44 shows a circle that has been drawn using six arcs.
4 cm
4 cm
figure 1.44
figure 1.45
Figure 1.46 shows a stack of tins of soup. The top view has also
been drawn.
view from above
figure 1.46
Space
23
1.6 Summary
Lines of vision
A line of vision extends from your eye to
the object you can see. You can use lines of
vision to indicate the limits of the area you
can see. In figure 1.47, Marja can see the
green-coloured area.
visio
n
p. 4
line
1.2
Space figures
p. 7
of v
p. 10
figure 1.47
H
E
G
F
D
A
C
B
figure 1.49
24
Chapter 1
parked lorry
Marja
figure 1.48
1.3
ision
line
of
1.1
1.4
Rectangle
p. 17
nal
go
dia
figure 1.51
ius
p. 21
rad
1.5
M
diameter
figure 1.52
Space
25
Diagnostic test
This diagnostic test can be replaced by
.
the diagnostic test on the
1.1
revision exercise 1
figure 1.54
figure 1.55
1.3
revision exercise 4
figure 1.56
26
Chapter 1
D
4
revision exercise 5
5
revision exercise 5
figure 1.57
F
revision exercise 7
1.5
revision exercise 8
figure 1.58
figure 1.59
H
E
G
F
4 cm
C
2 cm
2 cm
figure 1.60
Space
27
Revision
1.1
figure 1.61
1.2
1.3
a
b
c
d
a
figure 1.63
28
Chapter 1
R
5
G
F
figure 1.64
..........
middle layer
..........
upper layer
..........
total
..........
figure 1.65
1.5
A
a Draw the rectangle ABCD with
AB 5 cm and BC 3 cm.
b Draw the diagonal AC. Also draw the
figure 1.66
other diagonal.
c The intersection of the diagonals is M.
Draw a circle with its centre at M which
passes through point A.
d How many vertices of the rectangle are on the circle?
e Measure the diameter of the circle in mm.
F
3 cm
D
2 cm
C
2 cm
B
Space
29
Extra material
Super cube
figure 1.68
30
Chapter 1
E
Cut out the rectangles carefully.
Join the two rows of cubes together. Stick one
rectangle to the two As and the other rectangle to
the two Bs. Make sure that the arrows are pointing
towards each other. Refer to figure 1.69.
figure 1.70 A super cube can be used cleverly to store and display a lot of information.
Space
31
chapter
02
Numbers
There is a soft drinks machine in the school hall. If it is working, and if you
insert enough money, you can buy a can.
What coins do we use?
You are only allowed to insert coins of 5, 20 or 50 cents in the machine.
One can of cola costs 0.75.
Vera has 5 and 20-cent coins. She has twenty of each. Which coins can
Vera insert into the machine to get her can of cola?
Give three possible answers.
You want to buy a can of cola. Work out how many possible combinations
of coins you could insert into the machine.
32
Chapter 2
ICT
Learning: digital learning line on pages 38 and 39.
Learning: digital learning line on page 48 with the
applet Broken Calculator.
Exercises: exercises accompanying each
paragraph.
Testing: diagnostic test.
2.1 Arithmetic
O
figure 2.1
Theory A
34
product
3 8 = 24
factors
quotient
24 : 3 = 8
because 3 x 8 = 24
sum
8 +11 =19
terms
across
b the sum of 12 and 7
c the product of 12 and 10
e the result of 1,000 445
g the quotient of 600 and 10
down
a the product of 17 and 3
b the result of 187 82
d the quotient of 1,000 and 4
f the product of 8 and 7
figure 2.2
Numbers
35
Theory B
75 8
7 40 47
3 5 48 16
35 3
8 3 5
62 3
3 39
6 23
12 3 4
100 7 8 5
100 15 5
100
75
25
36
Chapter 2
28 10 9 2
18
92
2
24
That's because
you added up first.
Order of calculations
1 work out the bracketed calculation
2 multiplication and division from
left to right
3 addition and subtraction from left
to right
d 83 72
e 8 3 7 2
f 8 3 7 2
c 20 2 8 4
20 . . . 4 . . .
g 20 2 8 4
h 20 2 8 4
i 20 2 8 4
figure 2.3
figure 2.4
Numbers
37
O 12
figure 2.5
Theory A
figure 2.6
0,5
2,8
9,1
66
figure 2.7
38
Chapter 2
10
11
8 3 2 . 4 8 5
hundreds
tens
single numbers
tenths
hundredths
thousandths
following amounts.
c 71.937
a 514.18
b 514.18
d 0.0252
14 a Draw a number line containing the numbers 0 to 6.
1.01
0.94
1.008
1.098
0.0975
18 Rob says that there are one hundred numbers between 5.3 and 5.4.
39
A 20
Theory B
100
two zeros, therefore the decimal
point moves two places to the right.
: 10 000
four zeros, therefore the decimal
point moves four places to the left.
a 6.481 100
b 9,600 1,000
c 0.2 10,000
d 0.2 10,000
e 100,000 0.0052
f 7,310 100,000
Theory C
Chapter 2
When rounding
off to one
decimal place,
you must write
one decimal nu
mber, therefor
e
8,03 becomes
8,0
is it less than 5?
then the third one
doesn't change
answer
5.162
is it 5 or more?
then increase the
first one by 1
answer
5.2
Rounding off
When rounding off to two decimals, look at the third
decimal number.
Is the third decimal number 5 or more? Round up.
Is the third decimal number less than 5? Round down.
d the integer
d the integer
figure 2.8
thousands, . . .
If you round off 83,251 to thousands,
you get 83,000.
If you round 83,251 off to hundreds,
you get 83,300.
Round 8,257,139.9 off to
a millions
b thousands
c tens
d the integer
Numbers
41
2.3 Fractions
O 29
numerator
3
For 3 out of 8, you write
8
3
8 is a fraction.
denominator
2
8
14 .
42
Chapter 2
2
8
14 .
Similarly,
15
20
34
36
60
35
Reduction
You can divide the numerator and
denominator of a fraction by the same
number.
12
5
If you separate the integer from the fraction 12
5 , you
2
can then write it as 2 5 , but you dont have to do this.
24
10
Agreements
figure 2.11
15
25
18
36
20
100
35
90
75
100
15
27
28
35
56
40
60
12
32
32
or
2
5
32 a Why is
1
5
b Which is larger?
or
5
8
7
9
or
1
2
3
10
1
4
4
5
1 34
5 13
4 35
1
5
Numbers
43
O 34
figure 2.12
5
4
9
20
15 20
20
2
3
9
19
35 10
15 15 15
12
13
2 12 1 15 52 65 25
10 10 10
For
3
10
reduction
44
8
you dont have to make the new
15
denominator 10 15 150.
3
10
Chapter 2
table
5 times
1
le
b
a
t
10 times
15
30
10
new
45
0
2
tor 0
a
n
i
6
30 enom
d
75
40
0
5
1
2
14
1
2
13
3
4
13
d 1 12 14
e 2 13 1 14
f
3
10
2 3 = 13
3 + 2 5 = 55
15
g 4 1 23
3
h 5 10
1 14
A 36
3
7
58
5
b 1 58 12
1
36
7
8
1
72
8
64
A 37
O 38
figure 2.13
Numbers
45
Theory C
1
2
3
4
38 .
3
20
and
5
7
2
9
10
63 .
Therefore,
1
4
3
5
As you can see, when multiplying fractions you must multiply both
the numerators and the denominators.
Multiplying fractions
fraction fraction =
numerator numerator
denominator denominator
3 2 =6
7 7
You can do this
without an extra
calculation.
5
With 1 14 23 you get 1 14 23 54 23 10
12 6 .
5
8
3
7
1
4
5
6
2
9
d 1
1
3
e 3 29
7
5
7
5
f 1 1
1
4
2
5
1
5
15
3
5
15
1
4
10
a
41
1
5
45
3
4
80
9
10
part of 80
is
1
5
80 =
1
5
80
1
80
5
= 16
46
Chapter 2
2000
a 14 part of 60
b half of 34
c one quarter of
d one third of 67
9
10
3 1 1 1
4 =4 + 4 + 4
3
1
4 =3 x 4
3
1 1
4= - 4
3 1 1
4 =2 + 4
fractions.
Look, there they are on the right.
a Do the same sort of exercises, but in such a
way that the result is always 56 .
b Work out 6 sums where the result is
7
. At least one of them must be a
always 10
multiplication.
A 45
a l
U r tains
n
Mou
A 44
China
India
figure 2.14
Numbers
47
O 46
GIRO Account
Date
Page No.
Serial No.
1 of 1
Booked on
Name/Description
Code
No.
Giro/Bank Acc.
Ded.
Ded.
Add.
Ded.
figure 2.15
Theory A
figure 2.16
Chapter 2
Deductions/Additions
Amount
a 5.3 8.71
b 256 1.6
c 18.3 7.2 2.8
d 8,375 72,830
e 32.8 0.3 7.8
f 341 25 4
He enters [89][:][*][61][=].
a What answer will he see on the screen?
What does it mean?
b Correct Henks mistake. What is the answer?
51 a Calculate your age in minutes.
figure 2.17
Numbers
49
2
5
3 12
e 1 12 3 25
9
b 3 45 2 10
5
6
34
d 3
3
5
A 53
f 100 34
g
2
7
h 5 27
2
3
1
2
c 4 12 2 12
b 5 34 78
3
4
The recipe says that he needs of a litre of milk for the mixture.
3
of a litre of milk.
However, Arnaud makes a mistake and adds 10
How much more milk should he have added?
A 55
O 56
cl
ic
k!
50
Chapter 2
Theory C
Estimating is done
without a calculator.
paper.
a Without using your calculator, estimate which
of the answers are wrong.
b For each mistake, write down what went
wrong.
58 a Estimate the following answers:
286.6 31.5
286.6 31.5
11.56 1.89
11.56 1.89
50.72 5.1
50.72 5.1
b Use your calculator to check whether your
estimates were correct.
figure 2.18
a
b
c
d
Is
Is
Is
Is
24.91 3.8
51 8.2
999 106
61.2 28.7
60 Annelies sees a beautiful pullover for 79.50 and a scarf for 9.95.
She has three 20 Euro notes, four 5 Euro notes, five 1 Euro
coins, and 3 other coins in small change.
Can she afford to buy the pullover and the scarf?
61 a Think of a way to estimate the number of hours you will need
51
Theory A
The rules for rounding off cant always be applied, as you have just
seen in exercise 63. Below is another example where you have to be
careful with rounding off.
Be careful with rounding off
How many packets of salted liquorice can she buy if each packet
costs 75 cents?
65 23 people are waiting for the lift on the ground floor.
Chapter 2
69 Below you can see how four calculations have been rounded off.
figure 2.19
O 70
Numbers
53
Theory B
Large numbers
a thousand 1,000
3 zeros
a million 1,000,000
6 zeros
a billion 1,000,000,000
9 zeros
a thirty thousand
b 35 million
c 122 billion
A 72
figure 2.21
54
d half a million
e 0.9 billion
f 150 million
Chapter 2
A 73
A 74
A 75
55
2.6 Ratios
O 76
Classes B1A and B1B are having a class evening. Esther and
Sharla will provide the crisps. They have estimated that they will
need 3 packets of crisps for every 5 pupils, but they dont know
how many pupils will turn up.
They have therefore drawn up a table.
pupils
10
20
25
30
40
45
50
packets of crisps
a Copy the table and fill it in.
b The table stops at 50 pupils. Why do you think Esther and
Sharla went no further than 50?
c Ramon is supplying the peanuts. For every 5 pupils he has
estimated 2 packets of peanuts. Draw up a table for the
peanuts, similar to the one Esther made.
In the end, 45 pupils turned up.
d How many packets of crisps and peanuts were
needed?
e 32 bottles of soft drinks were bought. On the
right, you can see the price list. How many
Euros were spent altogether?
f Each pupil has to pay 3.50. Is this enough to figure 2.24
pay for everything?
Theory A
For 5 pupils you need 3 packets of crisps, and for 20 you need
12 packets. In both cases, each pupil will get the same amount.
figure 2.25
In both cases, the ratio of the number of pupils and packets of crisps is
the same.
56
Chapter 2
7
4
;7
pupils
20
35
70
10
packets of crisps
12
21
42
;7
number of kms
90
225
18
12
10
a 12 and 24
b 27 and 18
c 75 and 15
d 32 and 40
e 30 and 54
f 7 12 and 2 12
TABLE 3
14
28
42
10
18
36
56
TABLE 2
TABLE 4
30
54
221
17
51
10
50
90
247
19
57
57
800
400
200
600
raisins
a Fill in the rest of the ratio table.
b How many grams of raisins is Corinne going
to use?
A 82
Chapter 2
Theory B
quantity
price
SUPER
20
120
2.25
13.50
quantity
price
24
120
2.60
13.00
figure 2.27
Numbers
59
2.7 Summary
2.1
p. 34
4 3 stands for 3 3 3 3.
4 3 is the product of 4 and 3.
In the product of 4 3, 4 and 3 are the
factors.
Every division is related to a multiplication.
28 7 4 because 7 4 28.
28 7 is called the quotient of 28 and 7.
In the sum 8 11, 8 and 11 are the terms.
Sequence of calculations
p. 36
1
2
3
2.2
p. 38
ct
a produ t
n
4 x 3 is
a quotie
is
7
:
8
2
a sum
8 + 11 is
Decimal numbers
Numbers such as 0, 8 and 121 are integers.
Numbers with a decimal point, such as 3.7
and 4.21 are decimal numbers.
On a number line, you can see that 4.5 is
larger than 3.7.
When you divide by 1,000, you must move
the decimal point three places to the left.
Therefore, 3.4 1,000 0.0034
(19 11) : 4 + 5 =
8
:4+5=
2 +5=7
Rounding off
p. 40
2.3
Reducing fractions
p. 42
80
12
20
3
28
10
14
5
round up
round up
round down
denominator
8
11
numerator
Chapter 2
p. 46
numerator numerator
denominator denominator
Multiplying fractions
4
1 13 35 43 35 12
15 5
2.4
p. 48
2
3
60 23
1
3
18
of 18 is 13 18 13 18
1 3 6
60
1
120
3 40
The calculator
Complex calculations are done with a calculator.
12.3 2.5 5.7 4.1 Enter [12.3][-][(][2.5][+][5.7][)][=]
3
5 17
Enter [5][a][3][a][17][+][11][a][5][a][7][=]
11 57 16 106
119
Estimating
p. 52
p. 54
Large numbers
1 million 1,000,000
1 billion 1,000,000,000
1 billion 1,000 million
Chickens
In 1999, the number of chickens in the
Netherlands increased to 99 million. This is
an increase of 6 million compared to 1998.
In 1999, there were 4,400 chicken farms.
Ratios
Below, you can see a ratio table.
figure 2.28
;3
100
;5
;80
weight in kg
15
100
1.25
price in Euros
12
0.8
80
;3
;5
100
;80
In a ratio table, you can divide and multiply the top and
bottom lines by the same amounts.
A ratio must be reduced as much as possible.
Therefore, 15 12 should be reduced to 5 4.
Numbers
61
Diagnostic test
This diagnostic test can be replaced by the diagnostic
.
test on the
2.1
revision exercise 1
2
revision exercise 2
3
revision exercise 3
Put the following numbers in the correct order, beginning with the smallest.
revision exercise 4 8.003 8.013 7.989 7.99 8 7.0985 7.799 8.01
2.2
5
revision exercise 5
6
revision exercise 6
7
revision exercise 7
c 8.999 and 9
Calculate:
a 10,000 0.083
c 8.23 100
9
revision exercise 9
62
Calculate:
revision exercise 8 a 89 59
2.3
b 48,500 1,000
Calculate:
5
a 23 12
Chapter 2
2
5
3
10
b 1 15 57
c 4 15 2 13
5
12
c 2 23 3 13
5
6
5
18
42
D
10 Six hundred people can be seated in a hall. The entry price
revision exercise
10
2.4
11 Calculate:
a 820.46 498.1 2
11 b 534.2 6.53 5.3
revision exercise
c 4 38 1 34
d 6 12 35
e 4 13 2 14
f 48 3 15
In one hour, a filling machine can fill 1200 kg of apples into sacks.
How many sacks does the machine fill per hour?
13 Estimate the answers to the following calculations. Write down how you did it.
revision exercise
a 293.5 21.8
b 139.8 19.9
13
2.5
revision exercise
14
2.6
a
b
c
d
revision exercises
More apples
from fewer
apple orchards
In 1999, there were 750
hectares fewer apple orchards
than in 1998, when there
were 13,500 hectares.
Nevertheless, a lot of fruit
was harvested in 1999. The
apple harvest increased by
60 million kg, to 570 million.
16, 17
figure 2.29
figure 2.30
Numbers
63
Revision
2.1
a
b
c
d
e
Order of calculating
Example
2 25
2 25
50
50
15 5
15 5
3
Calculate:
a 85 3 7
b 25 18 3
c 60 3 2 18
64
Chapter 2
2 6
24
26
brackets first
multiplication or division before subtraction
division and multiplication in sequence
d 20 3 21 7 8 3
e 53 7 1 4 16
f 5 3 10 18 11 2
R
2.2
989 is smalle
r than 990
therefore
3.989 is smal
ler than 3.990
difference = 0.110
half = 0.055
0.245
0.190
0.300
+ 0.055
figure 2.31
Calculate:
a 10,000 0.0286
b 37,200 10,000
7
2.3
c 0.1 1,000
d 0.09 1,000
2
3
e 0.1 100,000
f 0.078 100
Rounding off 7.8496
to two decimal places
7.85
7.8
to the integer
8
3
11
12
, and
14 12
12
1 13 16 43 16 86 16 96 32
Calculate:
3
a 10
56
b
5
12
16
reduce
c
2
5
18
d 1 27 2 34
e 5 2 13
f
8
11
5
22
Numbers
65
4
5
1
4
3
5
1 13 35
4
3
4
12
15 5 .
c 5 1 13
d
3
8
2
7
28
f 2 67
4
9
1
3
. . .
4
4
1
...
b Of the 240 first-year pupils, 11/12 are taking part in
Sports Day.
How many first-year pupils are participating?
2.4
[4][a][3][a][5][+][1][a][1][a][3][=].
b
c
d
e
f
g
How much is 4 35 1 13 ?
Use your calculator.
1 23 1 34
1 23 1 19
12 12 2 12
4
1
5 14
14,621 1,789 12
14,621 1,789 8
3
40
kg.
A filling machine can fill 60 kg of shoe polish into
tubes per hour. How many tubes does the machine
fill per hour?
66
Chapter 2
Three quarters of
inhabitants against
Betuwe Railway Line
80,000 Betuwers have
voted.
figure 2.32
R
2.5
the rules. You must look carefully at the content of the story.
a Patricia wants to treat her class of 26 pupils to biscuits.
There are six to a box.
How many boxes does Patricia have to buy?
b Mrs Ruiter wants to make roller blinds. At the market, she
bought a piece of curtain material 13.20 metres long. For one
blind, she needs exactly 1.5 metres. How many roller blinds
can Mrs Ruiter make from the material she bought?
15 Read the newspaper article about pears.
contains 25 biscuits.
The following ratio table applies.
figure 2.34
2
No. of biscuits
10
15
20
25
No. of grams
50
75
100
250
2
67
Extra material
Hieroglyphic symbols
1
Roman numerals
2
We use the numerals 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 to write numbers with. These are Arabic
numerals. They came to Western Europe via Spain in the Middle Ages and have been in general
use since 1600. Before that time, Roman numerals were used. You can still see examples of that
today, for instance when Roman numerals are used to indicate years or the times on a clock.
Roman numerals are capital letters
I for 1
X for 10
C for 100
V for 5
L for 50
D for 500
M for 1,000
MMLXVII therefore stands for 2,067, and DCCLXXXIII stands for 783. The number 9 is not
VIIII, but IX, meaning 10 1. Therefore, 14 XIV, 400 CD, and 900 CM.
However, 49 XLIX and not IL.
a Write down the following numbers in Arabic
numerals.
XXXVII
XLVI
CXXIV
MDC
MCDXCII MCMLXXVI
b Write down the following numbers in Roman
numerals.
68
93
298
465
502
600
1,296
1,806
c Name one difference between the Roman way of
writing numbers using I, V, X, etc., and the way
we write numbers today, using the numerals 0 to 9.
d What year is inscribed on the gable in figure 2.36?
figure 2.36
e See if you can find any buildings with Roman
numerals where you live. Write them down using normal numbers.
68
Chapter 2
E
Divisors
3
chapter
03
Locating points
Every four years, a round-the-world yacht race sets sail from Southampton.
The participants have to cover 50,000 kms in nine months.
It is important for the yachtsmen to know exactly where they are.
Read what navigator Marcel van Triest experienced:
We knew that there must be an island close by, but because of bad
weather we couldnt see it. Suddenly the depth-gauge jumped from 112 m
to 10 m. At the same instant, a row of black rocks loomed 100 m ahead of
us. We were lucky, we just managed to sail around them.
What does a navigator do on board?
Why is there a compass on board?
What else does a navigator use to find out the boats position?
70
Chapter 3
ICT
In figure 3.1, you can see the Huygens School. This building has
three wings. On the left is the A-wing.
figure 3.1
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
72
Chapter 3
On the map below you can see a part of Reykjavik. Letters and
numbers are used to locate points on a map. For example, the
Loftleidir Hotel is located in square D4.
.
See also your
C
ata
N le
ndu
ata
isg
tin
Bjarkarg.
ns
v.
Ka
lko
f
ur
Sm
i
jus
t.
ss
tg
ur
arstg
Va
tn
Klapp
L
kja
rg
at
a
ingh
Gru
olts
nda
trti
rstg
ur
Be
rgs
tra
a
s
tr
ins
ti
gata
ta
Tja
r na
rga
u
Su
S
mu
nda
rga
ta
ta
ga
da
Od
tr
ti
r
G
rrg
ata
llag
sva
Lj
r
elu
elu
r
pim
kim
Es
Bir
ata
ta
ga
ur
g
ve
Su
u
rg
rg
ks
Eir
fna
ta
Sja
ga
ta
Nordic House
ur
tg
ss
rn
Ba
Hrin
gbra
ut
Vatn
sm
rarv
egu
r
45
13
40
yju
Fre
ta
r
gu
st
ka ta
ga
rs
ga
Lo
44
gata
lnis
rtu
st.
ma
Bja rast.
65 K
ata
g
urs
at
Stu
39
gur
35
36
ld
114
Ba
ta 146 42
ga
ga
Bra
ta
a
arg
rd
Nja
43 .
isv
Mm
ag
r
Sm
154
Hellu 38
s.
37
Lau
14 12 gave
113
34
Fj
11
ata
84
ata
lug
ata
jlf
.
ug
nn
N
ast.
Urd
41
yn
sg
128
133
Fj
Br
gur
24
Ba 25
nka
str.
ur
150
Sklh.st.
33
yjarg
Sle
Gu
b
ra
nd
sg
.
khl
Skoths
ve
Am
tm
st.
135
ata
29
Vo
30
na
32 rstr.
r
Laufsvegu
10
152
Hagatorg
31
lfs
ti
mv
alla
S
20 P b
ra
S
Sk
lvh
la ut
ls
21
ga
g.
ta
Lin 22
darg 28
ata
26
27
19
tig
us
r
elu
g 15
4
Aus
Hafnarstrti
tu
16
28 rstrti
elu
m
Try 6
gg
v
v
la
g.
im
ru
149
vall
a
Sk
Br
Vi
Fu
g.
Frkirk
juveg
ur
at
H
lav
alla
Ga
g.
ra
str
ti
ag
P
18
tr
Tngata
5
Bl
ta
ga
lla
lva
ta
ga
S
t
lla
au
va
br
s
ing
Hr
va
ll
Bre
kku
st.
ra
bo
rg
ar
st
g
ur
Br
ata
lfsg
Ho
ur
Ing
gata
Ves
turg
ata
R
narg
ata
B
rug
ld
ata
uga
ta
Ma
rarg
.
u
veg
nes
m
Fra
ar
g
gis
Inglfsgarur
Se
rar
g
ur
r
ga
xa
Fa
r
egu
ljav
als
M
134
st
au
an
Ara
ga
ar
Nja
Eg
ge
r ts
ga
ta
Skerplug.
Fo
ssa
g.
Flu
gva
llab
rau
t
H
rpu
g.
jrs
rg
orr
aga
Air Iceland
Domestic
Air Terminal
ta
Htel
Loftleiir
4
Ein
ars
14
ne
Bau
gat. B
a
ug
46
slandsflug
Domestic
Air Terminal
an
es
figure 3.2
Air Terminal
International
Flights
Locating points
73
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
figure 3.3
An office building has 15 floors. Figure 3.4 shows the floor plan
of the eighth floor. Seen from the stairs, office K lies two
squares to the east and four to the north. Office K is therefore
numbered 0824.
a What number would the office on the twelfth floor, directly
above L have?
b Mrs Zeldenrust works in office 0645. Diagonally below her
room a radio is playing. In which offices could the radio be?
Mr Bode has to take a letter from office 0224 to office 1014.
c Which offices does Mr Bode pass if he takes the shortest route
via the stairs?
d Which offices does Mr Bode pass if he takes the shortest route
via the lift?
north
lift
T
stairs
east
74
Chapter 3
30
25
20
Lisbon
15
10
Weather Report
5
0
Prague
Barcelona
Berlin
Helsinki
16
1
14
London
Oslo
6
7
Amsterdam
5
10
15
Moscow
20
Theory A
10
0
-10
-20
-4,8
-5
-4
1 21
-3
-2
-1
4,8
smaller
larger
figure 3.7
Locating points
75
76
Chapter 3
a 9 . . . 8
b 20 . . . 74
c 81 . . . 97
d 3 12 . . . 3 14
e 2 12 . . . 2 14
f 7.5 . . . 7.3
g 13 . . . 23
h 2.3 . . . 2.2
i 0 . . . 0.1
a Is he right?
b Write down why you think he is right or wrong.
The Meteorologist
THE OCCUPATION
77
3.3 Axes
Everything next to the blue line can be replaced by ICT.
Use the
in the workbook.
O 12
Noordermeer
swimming pool
Bergen
light-house
Town Hall
cave
3
2
Renes
Meer
Chapter 3
Visschersdorp
figure 3.9 You can indicate any point on the map with two numbers.
78
2
supermarket
harbour
Oosterhuizen
5
O 13
E
A
F
D
figure 3.10
Locating points
79
Theory A
You can use graph paper to indicate the location of a point. First, mark
the point from which you will start counting. That point is called
the origin, which is marked with a capital O.
In figure 3.11 below, you can see the point marked O. You can also
see a horizontal line and a vertical line, both with numbers along them.
This figure is called an axis. The horizontal line is called the x-axis,
and the vertical line is called the y-axis.
y-axis
x-axis
An axis
x-axis horizontal
y-axis vertical
The x-axis, the y-axis and the origin together form an axis
80
Chapter 3
Coordinates
S(1, 2) means: to get from O to S, you go 1 to the left and up 2.
first number
x-coordinate
second number
y-coordinate
A(3, 1)
Ren Descartes
HISTORY
81
axes.
b Plot the points P3, 3, Q3, 3, R3, 3, S3, 3,
T0, 5, U5, 0, V0, 5 and W5, 0.
c Draw the square PQRS.
d Draw the quadrangle TUVW. Is TUVW also a square?
16 a Draw an axis. Mark the numbers from 3 to 6 along both
b
c
d
e
f
axes.
Mark the point K2, 3.
Point L is located 4 squares to the right of K.
Mark point L.
L is located at point . . ., . . ..
Point M is located 2 squares above K.
M is located at point . . ., . . ..
Point N is located 4 squares below K.
N is located at point . . ., . . ..
P. . ., . . . is two squares to the left of K.
point to the second one, the second to the third, and so on.
Finally, join the last point to the first one.
3, 5, 8, 4, 3, 6, 2, 7, 0, 7, 2, 2, 1, 4,
5, 3, 7, 4, 6, 0, 6, 1, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3,
1, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4, 1,
3, 4 en 6, 2.
b You can make a nice drawing from this and then colour it in.
19 a Draw an axis. Mark the numbers
82
Chapter 3
A
1
2
2
3
4
4
6
figure 3.13
A1, 1
B. . ., . . .
C. . ., . . .
D. . ., . . .
E. . ., . . .
b Muril has copied figure 3.13, and she has added some more
of those increasingly larger triangles.
What are the coordinates of the highest point H of her eighth
triangle?
c Geert has copied figure 3.13 onto a very large piece of paper,
and has added lots of triangles on the right-hand side.
What are the coordinates of the highest point of his 10th and
18th triangles?
d Geert can see that the coordinates of the highest point of his
39th triangle are 77, 39.
What are the coordinates of the highest point of triangle 41?
Locating points
83
A 22
In figure 3.14, you can also see triangles that are progressively
larger, towards the left this time. You could even add some more
on the left-hand side.
y
1
4
7
3
5
2
1
1
1
84
Chapter 3
If you are sure that they are right, colour them with a marker.
26 a Draw an axis.
a Draw an axis.
b Colour all the grid points red whose x-coordinates lie between
1 and 4, and whose y- coordinates lie between 3 and 2.
A 28
5
4
3
2
1
2
2
O
1
figure 3.15
Locating points
85
Theory A
Below you can see a sort of scale with which you can
play a number game for two people.
It contains the integers from 10 to 20.
Each player has one pawn and starts at 0.
Take it in turns to throw a dice.
If, for instance, you throw a 5, you can
either move your own pawn 5 squares forward
or move your opponents pawn 5 squares back.
You will win the game if
either your own pawn passes 20
or your opponents pawn passes -10.
But be careful! At 13 there is a well. If a pawn lands
on it, the player has to go back to 4.
At 7, there is an ejector seat. If a pawn lands on it, it
shoots forward to 7.
Chapter 3
Subtracting
Nelli is on 5 and has to go back 3 places.
She arrives at 8.
The calculation is 5 3 8
move he makes with the pawn. The first part of some of his
calculations is written below. Complete his calculations.
a 6 1 ...
d 1 4 . . .
g 8 2 . . .
b 2 5 ...
e 1 4 . . .
h 8 2 . . .
c 2 5 ...
f 1 1 . . .
i 0 6 ...
34 On an axis, there is a point whose x-coordinate is 4.
87
Theory B
figure 3.17
figure 3.18
the result.
b Draw an arrow scale for the subtraction 3 4, and work
out the result.
37 Calculate the following. You may use arrows, but you can also
e
f
g
h
0 17
3 3
15 25
8 26
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
88
68
1 3
4 9
2 10
27 31
8 21
12 10
6 33
Chapter 3
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
76 29
57 62
13 23
59 83
213 76
131 67
456 456
765 0
39 You can also add or subtract three numbers. Do this in two steps.
Example
A 40
17 19 12
36 12 24
b 5 8 10
. . . 10 . . .
Calculate:
a 6 9 5
b 371
c 16 29 35
d 14 17 36
e
f
g
h
39 19 7
12 3 29
14 14 6
33 17 50
GIRO Account
Date
Page No.
Serial No.
of
Mrs
Total Additions in Euros
DEBIT
Booked on
Name/Description
Code
No.
Giro/Bank Acc.
Deductions/Additions
Amount
ADD
figure 3.19
Locating points
89
Heat-wave in Budapest
You have to move through six chambers in it. In figure 3.20 you
can see what happens to time in each chamber. Several routes are
possible. Using the red route 0 7 9 4 3 5 2, you
will go back 4 years in time.
a Calculate the time difference using the blue route.
which will put you 1 year
b Draw a route in your
ahead in time.
figure 3.20
90
Chapter 3
Frank has two bank accounts. The one has a balance of 64, the
other has a balance of 12. To find out his combined balance,
Frank adds up the two balances, 64 12 . . .
ACCOUNT
ABC BANK
MR. F. PIETERSEN
SALDOSTRAAT 12
1234 AB AMSTERDAM
ACCOUNT
ABC BANK
MR. F. PIETERSEN
SALDOSTRAAT 12
1234 AB AMSTERDAM
Personal Limit
Acc. Date
250
27 - 05 - 2002
Total Deductions
23 , 28
Amount Deducted (Debit)
23 , 28
Acc. Date
Personal Limit
250
23 - 05 - 2002
Total Deductions
55 , 01
Amount Deducted (Debit)
10 , 00
No. of Pages
Page No. Serial No.
1
001
21
Total Additions
Amount Added (Credit)
45 , 01
figure 3.21
Theory A
15 + 2 = 17
15 + 1 = 16
15 + 0 = 15
15 + 1 = 14
15 + 2 = 13
15 + 3 = 12
15 + 4 = 11
Examples
9 3 9 3 6
9 3 9 3 12
15 16 15 16 1
15 16 15 16 31
1 less
1 less
1 less
1 less
1 less
1 less
+ is the same as
examples.
Therefore also write down the step in-between.
a 5 1
e 6 20
b 10 5
f 0 8
c 9 1
g 13 21
d 5 6
h 19 19
Locating points
91
46 Calculate:
a 8 3
b 8 3
c 8 3
d 8 3
e 83
f 3 8
g 3 8
h 3 8
c 43 57
d 3 40
e 121 135
f 141 97
g 56 56
h 91 117
47 Calculate
a 14 23
b 20 42
A 48
Example
15 17 6
15 17 6
32
6 26
d 18 17 16
e 25 34 18
f 17 45 28
Frank has two bank accounts. The one has a balance of 64, and
the other a balance of 12.
a What is the difference between the two amounts?
b You can also calculate this by subtracting the two amounts
from each other. Then you get 64 12 . . .
Theory B
15 2 = 13
15 1 = 14
15 0 = 15
15 1 = 16
8 3 8 3 11
7 5 7 5 2
0 10 0 10 10
13 27 13 27 14
Chapter 3
15 2 = 17
15 3 = 18
15 4 = 19
How much is 15 4?
You can find that out by using the column of subtractions on the right.
Each time, 1 less is subtracted and, of course, the result keeps getting
more as well.
1 more
1 more
1 more
1 more
1 more
1 more
is the same as +
A 51
A 52
Calculate:
a 7 7
b 7 7
c 7 7
A 53
d 18 33
e 5 22
f 57 75
g 93 92
h 59 73
i 54 54
j 214 67
k 214 67
l 123 45
Below you can see a table with additions and one with
subtractions.
The red square contains the result of 1 3.
The yellow square contains the result of 3 7.
Copy the two tables and fill in the blanks.
4
1
3
4
4
1
3
Locating points
93
3.6 Summary
3.1
p. 72
Locating points
In schools, office buildings, hotels and hospitals, rooms or
offices are often numbered 210, 405, and so on. Room 405
means that the room is room 5 on the fourth floor.
p. 75
figure 3.22
4 0
4 6
means
means
4 is less than 0.
4 is larger than 6.
Axis
p. 78
C
4
figure 3.23
Chapter 3
B
1
1
2
94
A(3, 2)
x-coordinate
y-coordinate
p. 86
figure 3.24
figure 3.25
is
is +
Locating points
95
Diagnostic test
This diagnostic test can be replaced by the diagnostic
.
test on the
3.1
revision exercise
figure 3.26
a In the figure, you can see three post boxes marked x, y and z.
What are the numbers of those post boxes?
b The post boxes of the maths teachers are 12, 23, 26, 65,
86, 105, 107 and 109.
.
Colour those boxes red in your
The administration office has complained that the way
the post boxes are numbered is awkward.
c Why do you think administration finds this way of numbering awkward?
d Invent a way of numbering the post boxes that administration will find more convenient.
3.2
revision exercises
3.3
revision exercise
96
e 3 58 . . . 3.76
f 2 18 . . . 2.125
Chapter 3
D
This exercise is about points A5, 4, B4, 3 12 , C2, 2,
revision exercise D4, 0, E0, 4, F4, 5, G2 14 , 4 and H2, 2.
5 a Which point has the y-coordinate 2?
b Which of these points have the same x-coordinate?
c Which point is located on the y-axis?
d Which points are not grid points?
e If you go 2 to the left and down 3 from point A, you
will arrive at point Q. Give the coordinates of Q.
4
revision exercise
triangle
number
top righthand corner
5
D4
3
C
3
A5, 1
5 4 3 2 1 O
1
1
figure 3.27
a Draw an axis.
revision exercises b Colour all grid points blue whose x-coordinate is 2,
and whose y-coordinate lies between 3 and 4.
7, 8
7
Calculate:
revision exercises a 8 12
9, 10 b 5 7
c 13 5
d 22 11
3.4
e
f
g
h
721 0
17 13
23 14
24 11
3.5
revision exercises
12
4
11
revision exercise
13
Locating points
97
Revision
3.1
village
hall
school
square
mill
smithy
village green
SMEDERIJ
church
bakery
figure 3.28
3.2
a Copy the scale shown below in your exercise book, and then
circle the negative integers in red.
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
figure 3.29
b Add the following numbers to the scale and mark them on it.
3.4
4 14 2.7 0.5 4.6 3.2 0.3
3
3.3
98
-3 34 -3 12
-6
-5
figure 3.30
e
f
g
h
0 ... 1
3.5 . . . 3 12
3.7 . . . 3.9
23 . . . 0.66
Chapter 3
-4
-3
-2
R
5
y
E
C
D
figure 3.31
3.4
a Draw an axis.
b There are four grid points whose y-coordinate
is 1, and whose x-coordinates lie between
4 and 1. Colour these points red.
c Colour the five grid points green whose
x-coordinate is 2, and whose y-coordinates
lie between 3 and 3.
d One of the points has both colours.
Write down the coordinates of that point.
Between 4 and 1,
means 4 and 1
are excluded.
You may use a scale to help you with the following questions.
When adding, the arrow points to the right, and when
subtracting, the arrow points to the left.
Calculate:
a 5 10
c 3 5
e 4 12
g 7 12
b 5 4
d 7 12
f 7 12
h 12 11
Locating points
99
18 7 14
11 14 3
13 5 7
e 12 15 33
22 24 5
f 14 21 8
11 11 3
g 23 15 8
12 7 17
h 11 11 11
Example:
a
b
c
d
3.5
Therefore: 7 4 7 4 3.
Calculate the following; first write down the step in-between.
a 8 4
e 13 3
b 7 6
f 34 11
c 12 11
g 23 12
d 24 7
h 0 5
12 When subtracting a negative number, you must first add.
Therefore: 8 3 8 3 11.
Calculate the following; first write down the step in-between.
a 8 4
e 13 12
b 7 8
f 49 11
c 4 11
g 34 34
d 17 13
h 83 23
18 15 12
18 15 12
3
12 15
Calculate the following in the same way.
a 16 11 12
d 45 23 15
b 56 23 14
e 23 45 78
c 34 23 11
f 56 34 23
13 Example:
100
4
1
12
Chapter 3
+ is
is +
Extra material
Various grids
4
3
2
Figure 3.34 below shows three different grids. They are also
pictured in your
.
Plot the following points in each of the three grids and join the
first point to the second one, the second to the third, and so on.
5, 1, 8, 4, 9, 3, 9, 6, 6, 6, 7, 5, 4, 2 and 5, 1.
10
10
8
7
4
3
2
1
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
elongated grid
figure 3.33
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
O
1
4
3
2
2
3
4
5
1
curved grid
6
slanted grid
7
8
9
10
figure 3.34 You can find enlarged versions of these three grids in your workbook.
Locating points
101
10
9
8
In the grid shown in figure 3.36, the squares are not of equal
size. You are going to make a drawing on this grid in your
.
y
3
2
1
2
3
4
Chapter 3
4
3
2
1
1
3 2
1 O
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
E
Quadrants
II
I
1
quadrant
position
I
II
III
IV
upper right
upper left
lower left
lower right
III
IV
figure 3.37
What do the terms quadrant, quarter-hour and quarter turn have in common?
For this exercise, use the following points: A10, 2, B5, 74,
C0, 6, D20, 50, E8, 0, F30, 0, G0, 57,
H4 15 , 5 17 , K 12 , 13 , L7 12 , 4, M1900, 1 and O0, 0.
a Which of these points are located on the x-axis, and which are on the y-axis?
b Write down in which quadrants the other points are located.
103
Skills
Solving problems
1
Problem
Place the numbers 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 in the open circles. Do it
in such a way that the sum of the numbers on each side is 18.
Theory A
104
Chapter 3
figure 3.38
Work systematically.
Fast solutions lead
to dead ends.
Problem
Place the numbers
1 to 6 in the open
circles in such a way
that the sum of the
numbers on each
side is 12.
figure 3.39
5
figure 3.40
1
o1
1
ad
1
o1
pt
du
pt
du
ad
up
to
pt
du
ad
10
ad
d
o1
o8
ad
d
up
pt
du
ad
figure 3.41
Locating points
105
Problems
2
figure 3.42
figure 3.43
44
38
62
figure 3.44
figure 3.45
106
Chapter 3
+
figure 3.46
figure 3.47
A B C D
4
D C B A
figure 3.48
figure 3.49
Locating points
107
chapter
04
Diagrams
The photograph shows a herring catch in the North Sea.
Each year, biologists estimate how many herrings there are in the North Sea.
These estimates are used to determine how many tons of herring each country is
allowed to catch.
108
Chapter 4
2000
1500
1000
800
500
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
0
1966
year
ICT
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
= 50 SEA LIONS
figure 4.1
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
80
Medellin
gdalena
RICA
PANAMA
Carac
Orino
Bogota
Buenaventura
Cali
GalpagosIslands (Ec.)
Guayaquil
110
Chapter 4
COLOMBIA
Rio Ne
Quito
ECUADOR
J apur
Iquitos
TRINIDAD EN TOBAGO
Theory A
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
figure 4.2
sitting
140
120
standing
100
after exercise
80
60
40
20
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
figure 4.3
a What was the difference between her standing and sitting heart
rates in 2000?
b Each year, there was a significant difference between her heart
rate after exercise and when she was sitting.
In which year was the difference the greatest?
c Has Patricias condition improved or deteriorated during these
years? Explain why you think so.
Diagrams
111
In 2002, Volvo dealership Janssen sold the models S40, S60 and S80.
JANSSEN LTD. CAR SALES
quantity
12
10
S40
8
S60
6
4
S80
2
0
4
quarter
figure 4.4
figure 4.5
a How many more passengers flew from/to Rotterdam than from/to Eindhoven?
b How many times more passengers did Maastricht handle than Groningen?
c In 1999, Schiphol handled more than 36 million passengers.
How many cms tall would the bar have to be to show the
number of passengers who flew from/to Schiphol?
112
Chapter 4
From the diagram below, you can see that the temperature at
10 a.m. was 2 C.
TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON A COLD DAY IN NOVEMBER
C
10
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
time
figure 4.6
Diagrams
113
400-METRE RACE
m
400
350
300
250
200
Marsja
150
Sandra
100
50
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
secs
figure 4.7
A
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
year
figure 4.8
a Which of the graphs refers to the left-hand axis? How can you tell?
b How many black & white TVs were there in 1990, and how
many CTVs?
c Were there more CTVs or more black & white TVs in 1980?
d In which year do you think the number of black & white and
colour TVs was equal?
114
Chapter 4
first half
figure 4.9
Theory A
General graphs
A general graph is about the course of a graph.
Usually, there are no numbers along the axes.
Graphs can rise, run horizontally, or fall. These three situations can
occur in one graph, as in figure 4.10.
temperature
f al
lin
g
g
in
constant
time
figure 4.10
115
e
b
d
c
f
a
g
time
figure 4.11
A 12
time
figure 4.12
time
figure 4.13
116
Chapter 4
300
400
420
450
500
500
620
650
700
750
You can draw a graph using the numbers from the table.
A start has been made in figure 4.14 below.
PUPPY JASPER
weight in grams
400
300
200
100
3
time in days
figure 4.14
FLOWING CURVE
Diagrams
117
Theory A
You can draw a graph from a table. This is how you do it.
I always add
a heading at
the top.
1 Draw the horizontal axis using the numbers from the tables
top row. Always mark the steps the same distance apart.
2 Draw the vertical axis. Note the highest number and
distribute the others evenly along the axis.
3 Name the axes.
4 Plot the points from the table.
5 Draw the graph by joining the points.
Seawater temperature
month
degrees C
January
14
February
14
March
15
April
16
May
17
June
19
July
22
August
22
September
22
October
21
November
16
December
15
day
weight
10
3000
2960
2930
2910
2900
2920
2940
2980
3030
3080
3130
Chapter 4
LOTTE'S WEIGHT
grams
3 100
3 000
2 900
4
day
O 16
60
40
20
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
figure 4.16
a
b
c
c
O 17
How often was the price increased in the course of these years?
What did an almond cookie cost on 12 April 2001?
Was there a year in which an almond cookie cost 45 eurocents?
This graph is not a flowing curve. It consists of a number of
horizontal lines. Why is that?
200
150
100
50
5
6
no. of bags
figure 4.17
119
Theory B
HORIZONTAL LINES
FLOATING POINTS
weight
price of crisps
age
year
quantity
figure 4.18
price in Euros
Dirt cheap!
Double CDs
25 per box.
price in Euros
price in Euros
100
100
100
75
75
75
50
50
50
25
25
25
Graph A
figure 4.19
120
Chapter 4
Graph B
Graph C
ROLLS OF CANDY
speed
price
weight
time
no. of rolls
time
PHOTOGRAPH PRINTS
price
price
price
weight
d
time
e
no. of photos
f
figure 4.20
A 20
figure 4.21
A 21
Diagrams
121
30
90
no. of rotations
Theory A
time in minutes
10
20
30
60
distance in metres
800
1600
2400
4800
2
3
122
Chapter 4
time in minutes
ANGELA'S WALK
metres
4 000
Relationship table
3 000
2 000
1 000
10
20
30
40
50
minutes
figure 4.23
BJRN'S WALK
metres
600
400
200
10
minutes
figure 4.24
kms
15
10
10
15
20
25
minutes
figure 4.25
A 25
15
distance in metres
100
60
360
3600
Complete the table and work out her speed in kms per hour.
b Calculate her speed in km per hour if she runs 400 metres in
50 seconds.
Diagrams
123
height
height
time
time
time
II
III
figure 4.26
low tide
0 4 9 16.30
5 10 17.30
6 11 18.30
21.30
22.30
23.30
1 June
2 June
3 June
figure 4.27
Theory A
height
50
5
40
30
20
10
5
0
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
time in minutes
Periodic graph
A graph that constantly repeats itself is a periodic graph.
124
Chapter 4
A
5
B
4
D
O
9
10
time in hours
figure 4.29
height
5
figure 4.30
3
4
time in hours
6
8
time in hours
figure 4.31
Diagrams
125
31 Paula has been to the fairground. The graph below shows the height
Paula reached when she took a ride on the giant Ferris wheel.
PAULA'S HEIGHT ON THE FERRIS WHEEL
height in metres
20
16
12
8
4
7
8
time in minutes
figure 4.32
Chapter 4
4.6 Diagrams
5
Grijpskerk
Zwaagwesteinde
11
7
3
4
Veenwouden
7
10
Mantgum
12
or
n
dh
w
ar
de
eu
Le
Hurdegaryp
3 Leeuwarden
Camminghaburen
13
Grou-Jirnsum
11
12
Heerenveen of IJsstadion*
du
Hoogeveen
K
W rom
or m
og me en
Z rve ieBl aan er Ass
oe d
en
m ijk
de
w
lft
ijk
Gramsbergen
Hardenberg
Enkhuizen
Nieuw Amsterdam
8
Kampen
13
12
Dalfsen Ommen
11
Zwolle
n
Wezep
Bu
ite
en
k tru
Lelystad Centrum
al
7
4
28
Hoorn of -Kersenboogerd
Purmerend of
-Overwhere
Emmen Bargeres
Dalen
Coevorden
20
Meppel
19
11
pp
St
e
4
Steenwijk
14
11
Emmen
14
Schagen
12
Nieuweschans
5 Winschoten
Wolvega
Heerhugowaard
7
Alkmaar of -Noord
5
Heiloo
7
Castricum
4
Uitgeest
5
Heemskerk 3
Beilen
11
13
14
Assen
Anna Paulowna
BovenkarspelGrootebroek
of -Flora
Hoogkarspel
4 4
Obdam
10
16
12
22
Workum
5 Hindeloopen
4
Koudum-Molkwerum
Stavoren
Groningen
6
Haren
Akkrum
Sneek of -Noord
3
IJlst
13
7
4
8
Bedum
4
Sauwerd
Groningen Noord
4
12
Zu
i
H
ar
lin
Fr ge
an n
ek
e
D
ro r
nr
i
D jp
ei
nu
m
Harlingen Haven
Winsum
Buitenpost
5
3
Baflo
Lo
Usquert
Warffum
U
ith
u
U ize
ith n
u
R ize
oo rm
er
su
de e
m
sc ed
Ap
ho en
pi
ol
ng
e
d
D
am
el
fz
ijl
of
-W
es
t
The map below shows that the distance by train from Meppel to
Assen is 20 14 16 50 kms.
Kr
op
M sw
ar o
t ld
H ens e
of oo ho
Sa ge ek
pp zan
Zu em d-S
ee a
id
b
r pp
Sc roe Oo em
st e
he k
er
em
da
O 32
12
11 4
2
2
Heino
14
Marinberg
Geerdijk
Vroomshoop
Daarlerveen
5 Vriezenveen
The map in figure 4.34 is not a normal map. For example, it only
contains railway lines and the places that have a station.
A schematic map like this is called a diagram.
A diagram is about places and the links between them.
A diagram does not have to be drawn to scale.
Diagrams
127
Islands. She is staying in Playa Blanca and wants to visit the six
other towns on the diagram. The numbers noted along the links
represent the distances.
Mirador del Rio
Atlantic Ocean
25
Costa Blanca
Costa Blanca
Fire Mountains
El Golfo
A
NZ
LA
40
20
30
Fire Mountains
6
Arrecife
15
El Golfo
Arrecife
22
15
25
Playa Blanca
Playa Blanca
figure 4.35
figure 4.36
an
Bl
a
ay
128
Chapter 4
ai
ns
nt
ou
ca
an
re
ta
figure 4.37
ua
Ag
de
l
15
38 30
48 33
Ar
re
c
ife
Ja
55
eo
40 25
ira
do
rd
os
C
26 20
el
R
io
Bl
Fi
21
El
15
ol
fo
Pl
ca
Ommen
Zwolle
10 km
Almelo
Hengelo
Deventer
Apeldoorn
Tw
t
en
e-
ka
na
al
Enschede
Zutphen
IJ
ss
el
Winterswijk
D
Doetinchem
Arnhem
I T
D U
Hengelo
53
Deventer
Deventer
45
16
Zutphen
45
29
Winterswijk
63
Arnhem
Tariff distance
in kms
from to
Price in Euros
one-way journey
Zutphen
Arnhem
Hengelo
Winterswijk
1.40
9 12
1.90
13 16
2.50
17 20
2.90
21 24
3.40
25 28
3.90
29 32
4.40
33 36
4.90
37 40
5.30
41 48
6.10
49 56
7.00
57 64
8.00
65 72
8.90
73 80
9.90
81 88
10.80
89 96
11.80
97104
12.70
105112
13.70
113120
14.40
121136
15.60
Diagrams
129
Bas
Arie
or villages.
Each point in figure 4.42 represents one of the boys from
first-year class B1E. The link from Arie to Frits means that they
are friends. Where there is no link, the boys are not friends.
Frits
a Is Bas friends with Frits? Is Bas friends with Ed?
Ed
Dick
b Is Frits a friend of Dicks?
c Who has the most friends, and who has the fewest?
figure 4.42 Diagram of friends.
d How many points and links are marked on the diagram?
e Three friends go swimming one afternoon. Which three
friends could they be?
f Can you find four friends who would want to play together?
If so, who are they?
If not, which extra link would need to be added to the diagram
to make it possible?
Cliff
Theory B
Diagrams
C
D
figure 4.43
12
13
12
13
4
5
4
5
3
3
3
D
130
Chapter 4
Bas
Arie
Cliff
Frits
Ed
Dick
39 In the table, you can see which sports five girls from class 1E
participate in.
gymnastics
Louise
Marieke
Linda
Bertina
Sylvia
football
tennis
badminton
hockey
horse riding
a Draw a diagram for these girls, showing which girls play the
same sports.
b Which do you think is clearer, the table or the diagram?
Diagrams
131
figure 4.46 Three of the four diagram are not really different.
Theory C
Figure 4.47 shows part of the map of Zutphen. The arrow from A
to B along the Molengracht indicates that this is a one-way street.
On Nieuwstad, you can only go from D to C.
D
250
E
200
200
100
250
50
distances in metres
to
distance
B
from
250
132
300
350
1B
1C
1E
1D
Diagrams
133
A 44
to
distance
from
70
70
50
30
10
30
40
20
40
30
70
80
50
60
20
30
40
20
20
20
figure 4.53
HISTORY
KNEIPHOFF
D
A
B
a
figure 4.54 The four parts of the city with their seven
bridges.
The mathematician Euler demonstrated that such a trip was, indeed, impossible.
He used the diagram shown in figure 4.54b, in which the links represent the seven
bridges. If you want to know more about this conundrum, surf the Internet using the
key word Knigsberg.
134
Chapter 4
4.7
Diagrams
135
4.8 Summary
4.1
p. 110
ng
p. 113
constant
risi
4.2
temperature
fa
llin
ng
isi
time
figure 4.55
Drawing graphs
You can draw a graph to represent a table.
Draw the horizontal axis using the data from the top row
of the table.
Draw the vertical axis using the data from the bottom row
of the table.
Name the subject of each axis.
Plot the points from the table.
Draw the graph by joining all the points.
kg
30
Euros
15
Euros
30
25
20
20
10
15
10
10
5
0
figure 4.56
136
Chapter 4
9
age
2000
2001
2002
year
5 6
quantity
4.4
p. 122
4.5
Periodic graphs
Graphs that repeat themselves are called periodic graphs.
The time during which one cycle occurs is called a period.
p. 124
4.6
p. 127
Diagrams
Diagrams and tables
Posbank
ee
St
k
an
rg
be
en
Velp
Rheden
De Steeg
Zi
jp
6,5 2,5
Po
sb
2,5
he
de
Ve
lp
Zijpenberg
Diagrams
A diagram consists of points and links.
Use fat dots to draw the points on the diagram.
The points can represent all sorts of things, such as cities,
classes, or people.
A diagram does not have to be drawn to scale.
p. 132
Directional diagrams
A directional diagram contains one or more
arrows.
In figure 4.59, the arrow between D and A
means that you can go from D to A, but not
from A to D.
You can go in both directions between B
and D.
The distance from C to D is 3 km, and the
distance from D to C is 8 km. To go from
D to C, you have to go via A.
B
3
7
Diagrams
137
Diagnostic test
This diagnostic test can be replaced by the diagnostic
.
test on the
4.1
revision exercise
4.2
Thurs
Fri
revision exercise
speed
speed
speed
time
speed
time
II
time
III
figure 4.61
Chapter 4
time
IV
Sat
D
3
revision exercise
PRICES PER KG
Euros
5
4
strawberries
3
2
grapes
1
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
figure 4.62
4.3
HEART RATE
revision exercise
TOMS TRAINING
time in minutes
heart rate
70
145
120
100
155
130
105
100
160
Diagrams
139
revision exercise
100
80
60
CAPELLEN POST
postal tariffs.
Letters
0 40 grams
40 cents
40 80 grams
70 cents
80120 grams
120 cents
c Draw a graph representing the
CAPELLEN POST postal tariff.
d Wilma has two letters, one of 30 grams,
the other of 68 grams. She wants to go
to only one post office to send them.
Which post office will she choose?
4.4
revision exercise
4.5
40
20
20
40
60
80
100
120
weight in grams
figure 4.63
EXCHANGE TABLE
EUROS ICELANDIC CROWNS
euros
10
25
60
5,850
crowns
11,250
revision exercise
high
tide
low
tide
0
figure 4.64
140
Chapter 4
12
15
hours
D
4.6
revision exercise
St. Hubertus 3
Hunting Lodge
4
Otterlo
2.5
Museum
Krller-Mller
GE VELUWE
DE HO
Rijzenburg
Entrance
rlo
lo
tte
oe
nd
er
Hoenderlo
3.5
ijz
en
bu
Kr
rg
le
rM
ub
er
tu
figure 4.66
revision exercise
to
distance
A
B
from
C
D
E
141
Revision
4.1
4.2
HOLIDAY DESTINATIONS
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
figure 4.69
weight
weight
time
time
time
II
III
figure 4.70
TEMPERATURE CURVES
degrees C
10
Brussels
5
O
5
10
figure 4.71
142
Chapter 4
Amsterdam
12
16
20
time
24
R
4.3
time in weeks
height in cms
13
18
20
21
a Draw a graph to represent this table. Place the time along the
horizontal, and the height along the vertical axis.
b In which week did the plant grow the fastest? How can you
tell that from your graph?
5
1.70
1.60
1.50
d
time
figure 4.72
Diagrams
143
4.4
1.10
5.50
15
30
23.65
graph A
2
graph B
graph C
3
graph D
figure 4.73
4.6
D
8
E
5
4
A
F
2
C
C
Chapter 4
R
a Copy the diagram in your exercise book and add the distances
A
of the links in km.
B
b The distance from D to F is 5 kms. You can see this
number in the blue square of the distance table.
C
Copy the distance table and write the distance from C to E
D
in the green square.
c Work out the distance from A to D as follows. Look for the
E
shortest route from A to D, which is via F, since 2 5
5
is less than 8.
Therefore, write 7 in the red square.
figure 4.76 Distance table.
d Which is the shortest route to get from A to E?
Write the distance in the yellow square.
e Fill in the rest of the table.
f What is the shortest distance of a bicycle trip that begins at A,
passes all the other points, and ends at C?
9
100
80
40
40
from
60
A
B
60
260
C
D
120
70
E
F
145
Extra material
Solar time
1
Many people believe that the sun stands exactly in the south at 12 midday. This is not correct.
Since the Second World War, the Netherlands has applied Central European Time C.E.T..
The graph shows at which times the sun is in the south above Utrecht according to C.E.T.
As you can see, the time varies considerably during the course of a year.
AT WHICH TIMES IS THE SUN IN THE SOUTH ABOVE UTRECHT?
time (winter time)
13h 00m
time (D.S.T.)
14h 00m
50m
50m
40m
40m
30m
30m
12h 20m
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
13h 20m
figure 4.79 Daylight saving time is from the last Sunday in March until the last Sunday in October.
146
Chapter 4
E
Snow depths
2
depth of snow in cm
air temperature
60
-10
50
-15
40
-20
30
-25
20
-30
10
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
figure 4.80
Diagrams
147
Cable cars
3
Cable cars are often found in the Alps. They transport you from a
station in the valley to a much higher mountain station, and back
again. Most of them have two cabins, I and II. The cabins are
suspended from strong steel cables. The two cabins leave the
valley and mountain stations respectively at the same time.
The graph below applies to car I.
CABLE CARS IN THE ALPS
height
mountain
station
valley
station
10
11
time in hours
figure 4.81
148
Chapter 4
E
The diagram game
4
Then add another point to the curve or loop you have just drawn.
3 In turn, your opponent has to draw a curve or a loop, and also add
an extra point.
149
chapter
05
Lines and angles
You must be very careful when cycling close
to a truck, because the driver is not able to
see certain parts of the road. This is because
of the blind spot in his viewing range.
Annually, thirty to fifty traffic fatalities occur
because the driver was unable to see a
cyclist due to the blind spot.
Why does a reversing truck give a warning
sound signal?
Do you think there is also a blind spot on
the left of the truck?
Is the blind spot larger or smaller with a
convex mirror than a flat one? Explain.
The government is currently imposing strict
regulations on truck drivers viewing range,
by for instance making an additional mirror or
a camera and monitor compulsory.
The computer program Van groot gewicht (This carries weight)
will help you to find out how to adapt your behaviour as a cyclist,
to ensure your safety in traffic.
150
Chapter 5
directly
visible
blind
spot
visible in
the mirror
ICT
5.1 Lines
O
k
l
figure 5.2
Theory A
7
6
20
160
3
2
1
30
150
0
2
50
130
figure 5.3
0
16 20
Chapter 5
0
17 0
1
152
2
15
30 0
130
50
120
60
110
70
100
80
ER
ME
ER
ET
ZO
3
140
40
6
12 0
0
5
7
40
140
2
3
10
170
90
80 0
10
70 10
1
100
80
90
170
10
0
16
20
0
15
30
60 0
12
70 0
11
110
70
3
2
1
170
10
0
16
20
0
15
30
14
40 0
13
50 0
120
60
90
100
80
110
70
120
60
13
50 0
14
40 0
0
15
30
100
80
70 0
11
MEER
ZOETER
80
100
2
1
0
1
2
2
1
3
4
5
0
16
20
170
10
90
MEER
ZOETER
80
100
60 0
12
10
170
20
160
30
150
40
14
0
50
13
0
10
170
20
160
30
150
40
14
0
50
13
0
14
40 0
13
50 0
120
60
110
70
MEER
ZOETER
80
100
70 0
11
60 0
12
10
170
20
160
30
150
40
14
0
50
13
0
Draw the
symbol in the right-hand corner.
Write the letter m next to the line.
R
l
figure 5.4
figure 5.5
153
figure 5.6
b
d
a
c
e
f
g
h
figure 5.7
O
154
Chapter 5
a
b
c
d
Theory B
The lines l and m on the right do not intersect, even if you extend
them at both ends. Lines like this are called parallel lines.
Parallel lines
figure 5.8
160
20
150
30
0
14 0
4
0
13 0
5
3
12
60 0
ZOETERM
11
70 0
100
80
90
EER
80
100
70
110
60
120
10
170
2
16 0
0
170
10
3
15 0
0
50 0
13
40 0
14
A
k
m
P
figure 5.9
Lines and angles
155
A 11
A 12
a
b
c
d
figure 5.10
figure 5.11
no. of intersections
e Can you see a regular pattern in your table?
f Martijn has drawn seven lines with as many intersections as
possible.
Can you tell how many intersections there are without
drawing all the lines?
g Hanneke has drawn a lot of lines on a piece of paper, with as
many intersections as possible. Altogether, she has counted
45 intersections.
How many lines did Hanneke draw?
156
Chapter 5
Margriets method
M
M
N
N
157
5.2 Angles
O 15
figure 5.12
O 16
158
Chapter 5
the high quay walls, she can see a number of mooring bollards. On the left
you can see the situation at 10.00 a.m. On the right, it is one minute later.
figure 5.14
The lines of vision you drew in exercise 17a form an angle. The viewing angle
is wider at 10.01 a.m. than at 10.00 a.m. The angle enclosed by lines of vision is
just one example of an angle. In fact, there are angles all around you.
figure 5.15
When the ladder rises, the angle widens. When the ladder is vertical,
it is standing at right angles.
Lines and angles
159
figure 5.16
figure 5.17
160
Chapter 5
Theory B
sid
side
vertex
sid
side
vertex
figure 5.18 These two angles are the same size.
right angle
acute angle
wide angle
D
flat angle
figure 5.19
a
b
c
d
and BC 3 cm.
b How many right angles can you spot?
c Draw the diagonal AC.
How many acute angles can you see?
d Draw the diagonal BD. The intersection of
the diagonals is S. How many wide angles
are there at S?
e How many acute angles are there in your
drawing?
A 23
figure 5.20
161
Figure 5.21 shows four acute angles. Place them in the correct
sequence, from the most to the least acute angle.
figure 5.21
Theory A
Chapter 5
figure 5.24
27
163
29 a How many degrees does the small hand of a clock travel in an hour?
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
3
15 0
0
3
13
50 0
12
60 0
ZOETERMEER
110
70
100
80
90
80
100
70
110
60 0
12
4
14 0
0
0
14 0
4
figure 5.25
5
10
170
20
160
0
15 0
3
Chapter 5
160
20
164
170
10
O 30
50 0
13
Theory B
Below, you can see how you can use your protractor triangle to
measure angles.
How to measure angles
90
80
100
70
110
60
120
50
130
30 0
15
0
13 0
5
2
3
150
30
1
17 0
0
140
40
40 0
14
ZOET
ERME
ER
2
16 0
0
0
12 0
6
2
11
70 0
10
80 0
7
6
4
3
160
20
1
0
1
2
170
10
5
6
7
60
120
50
130
0
13 0
5
150
30
7
6
4
3
2
3
80
100
70
110
60
120
50
130
30 0
15
7
6
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
40 0
14
ZOET
ERME
ER
160
20
170
10
160
20
1
0
1
4
90
11
70 0
10
80 0
150
30
140
40
3
2
170
10
30 0
15
40 0
14
0
12 0
6
70
110
0
13 0
5
80
100
ZOET
ERME
ER
1
17 0
0
1
17 0
0
140
40
90
2
16 0
0
2
16 0
0
3
4
0
12 0
6
4
11
70 0
10
80 0
6
7
symbol
The
is not the capital
letter L.
Example
30
150
40
140
50
130
20
160
10 0
17
140
40
51
7
10 0
16
20 0
150
30
Result
130
50
120
60
110
70
ZO
ET
ER
1000
8
ME
ER
90
60
120
7
11 0
0
8
10 0
0
Method
1 Place the 0 of your protractor triangle on B, and the long side
along one of the sides of B.
2 Run your finger along the protractors scale marked 10, 20, 30, . . .
3 Continue until you arrive at the other side, then read its position
from the scale.
B 137
figure 5.26
165
your
.
a Estimate how wide each of the angles is.
b Measure the size of the angles with your protractor triangle.
Extend the sides if necessary.
c Check your estimates. If you came to within 10 or less, your
answer was right.
A
C
D
figure 5.27
Q
R
S
figure 5.28
The surveyor
166
Chapter 5
THE OCCUPATION
figure 5.29
of Artemis in your
figure 5.30
figure 5.31
Lines and angles
167
A 37
A 38
Instead of
triangle ABC,
we usually write
ABC.
HISTORY
Sun
Earth
The ancient kingdom of Babylon was at the height of its development between 1900 and
1650 B.C. The Babylonians pressed symbols into clay tablets and then dried the tablets in
the sun. This is how the cuneiform script originated. Thousands of these clay tablets with
cuneiform inscriptions have been discovered. The numbers 60 and 360 in particular appear
to have interested the Babylonians. The number 360 represented the number of days in a
year. Their year was divided into 12 months of 30 days. The Earth circles the Sun once a
year, so they divided this revolution into 360, i.e. 1 per day.
168
Chapter 5
Theory A
figure 5.32
110
70
100
80
90
80
100
70
110
60 0
12
ZOETERMEER
50 0
13
4
14 0
0
3
15 0
0
0
15 0
3
0
14 0
4
12
60 0
160
20
170
10
1
2
10
170
20
160
13
50 0
12
60 0
110
70
100
80
90
80
100
70
110
60 0
12
ZOETERMEER
50 0
13
4
14 0
0
13
50 0
0
15 0
3
3
15 0
0
160
20
170
10
1
3
1
2
10
170
20
160
0
14 0
4
169
figure 5.33
Chapter 5
Theory B
How to draw nABC with AB = 3 cm, A = 108 and B = 30.
100
80
90
80
100
70
110
60 0
12
50 0
13
ZOETERMEER
4
14 0
0
0
15 0
3
3
15 0
0
160
20
170
10
1
2
10
170
Draw B of 30.
The sides intersect at point C.
Mark the intersection of the sides as C.
dont erase anything!
20
160
0
14 0
4
110
70
Draw A of 108.
12
60 0
13
50 0
M2, 3.
b Draw KLM with K 44 and M 32
in such a way, that point L is located below the x-axis.
c Measure L.
A 48
the wall.
The ladder is at an angle of 75 to the ground.
a Make a scale drawing, whereby 1 cm is equal to 1 metre.
b Measure the length of the ladder in your drawing.
How long is the ladder in reality?
Lines and angles
171
figure 5.35 This is what the frame of the family tent looks
like.
Theory A
base
a
figure 5.36 The base and top of a prism are always the same shape.
the base.
a In figure 5.36a, the base is a pentagon.
How many faces does the prism have?
How many vertices and how many edges does it have?
b The base of a different prism is an octagon.
How many faces does this prism have?
How many vertices and edges does it have?
c A prism has eight faces.
Is the base of the prism in the shape of a square, a hexagon,
an octagon or a decagon?
d A prism has twenty vertices.
How many faces does it have?
172
Chapter 5
figure 5.37
Theory B
173
Josse
Maarten
Lisette
4 of 8 cm
8 of 4 cm
6 of 8 cm
6 of 4 cm
9 of 8 cm
18 of 6 cm
Theory C
D
A
B
intersecting lines
Chapter 5
G
F
figure 5.40
174
C
B
parallel lines
C
B
crossing lines
figure 5.41
D
C
B
figure 5.42
E
figure 5.43
I
A 60
J
H
G
E
D
F
C
A
B
figure 5.44
Lines and angles
175
Theory D
F
H
G
E
Parallel faces
Parallel faces do not intersect.
D
A
C
figure 5.45
figure 5.46
figure 5.47
A 63
E
D
I
C
H
A
figure 5.48
176
Chapter 5
K
J
A 64
top
base
figure 5.49
A 65
How many pairs of parallel faces can you find in this climbing
frame?
177
5.6 Summary
5.1
p. 152
Perpendiculars
In figure 5.51, line p is perpendicular to line q. Line p
is the perpendicular through point A of line q.
p
7
6
160
20
170
10
150
30
140
40
4
7
0
13 0
5
1
60 20
10
0
17
100
80
20
160
30
150
80
100
TERMEE
90
ZOE
4
3
2
70
110
40
140
60
120
2
1
40 0
14
70
11
0
2
1
5 1 70
0
5
6
8
10 0
0
50
130
3
10
170
2
3
2
16 0
0
50
130
60
120
15 30
0
11
70 0
16
0
20
150
30
140
40
130
50
120
60
110
70
0
10
80
90
90
Parallel lines
Angles
The figure on the right shows angle A.
Every angle consists of a vertex and two sides.
sid
acute
side
wide
flat
13
50 0
110
70
12
0
60
100
80
90
90
80
100
70
110
60
0
12
50 0
13
0
15
30
2
160
20
1
170
10
5
10
170
Chapter 5
20
160
178
30
15
0
40
p. 162
5.3
0
14
40
figure 5.54 A right angle, an acute angle, a wide angle and a flat angle.
5.4
p. 169
13
50 0
110
70
12
0
60
100
80
90
90
80
100
70
110
60
0
12
3
2
50 0
13
0
15
30
30
15
0
4
14 0
0
0
14 0
4
73
160
20
20
160
170
10
1
1
10
170
3
73
p. 171
as follows:
1 Draw line AB 4 cm.
2 Draw A 120.
3 Draw B 20.
4 Mark the intersection as C.
5.5
p. 172
figure 5.57
20
4 cm
H
G
D
C
p. 176
Parallel faces
figure 5.58
179
Diagnostic test
This diagnostic test can be replaced by the diagnostic
.
test on the
5.1
revision exercise
revision exercise
5.2
revision exercises
figure 5.60
5.3
revision exercises
180
Chapter 5
T
P
Q
figure 5.61
D
5.4
revision exercise 8
figure 5.63
181
Revision
5.1
7
6
20
160
150
30
140
40
0
13 0
5
2
3
30
150
40
140
100
80
60
120
80
100
70
110
70
11
0
60
120
3
2
50
130
1
5 1 70
0
40 0
14
2
3
16
0
20
150
30
140
40
130
50
120
60
110
70
0
10
80
90
90
2
16 0
0
8
10 0
0
90
ZOE
TERMEE
50
130
11
70 0
2
1
15 30
0
10
0
17
160
20
170
10
4
3
1
60 20
10
170
6
7
figure 5.64
figure 5.65
5.2
figure 5.66
182
Chapter 5
70
110
0
14
40
150
30
160
20
3
50
0
13
40 0
14
2
1
1
60
120
3
170
10
80
100
10
170
90
90
20
16
0
100
80
3
15 0
0
11
0
70
12
60 0
5.3
0
13 0
5
R
figure 5.67
figure 5.68
figure 5.69
183
100
80
90
90
80
100
70
110
60
0
12
50 0
13
30
15
0
0
15
30
0
14 0
4
110
70
4
14 0
0
10
170
170
10
160
20
20
160
3
12
0
60
13
50 0
5.4
figure 5.70
5.5
11 In figure 5.72 on the next page, you can see a drawing of the
roof of a house with a dormer window, which has ten red lines
marked on it.
For questions a, b, and c, you can choose the following answers:
they intersect, they are parallel or they cross each other.
184
Chapter 5
figure 5.72 Two lines intersect, cross each other, or are parallel.
TABCD.
To make the model more stable, wires AC, BD
and ST have been added.
a Which wires intersect AB?
b Which wires are parallel to AB?
c Which wires cross AB?
d How many wires intersect ST?
185
Extra material
Arabic numerals
1
figure 5.74
Tall letters
2
186
Chapter 5
E
Course
0
33
340
350 360/0 10
NNE
31
NNW
NW
30
WNW
W
80
WSW
SE
SW
13
SSE
14
15
0
23
24
ESE
250
90 100
110
12
SSW
22
70
ENE
60
NE
30
40
32
20
50
figure 5.77
Kevin walks from A to B. Below, you can see how you can
measure his course.
Plotting a course from A to B
2
A
B
187
Ameland
Eelde
Texel
Hoogeveen
Emmeloord
Teuge
Schiphol
Twente
Hilversum
Rotterdam
Zeeland
Seppe
Eindhoven
Z-Limburg
25 50 75 100 km
A5
50
100 150km
BIRMINGHAM
FISHGUARD
A17
NORWICH
M4
M40
A11
A ferry sails from Harwich to Hoek van
CARDIFF
A45
HARWICH
OXFORD
M11
AMSTE
Holland. The crossing is indicated in figure 5.79
A12
M5
M4
LONDON
M2
A30
with an arrow.
SOUTHAMPTON M3
A36
HOEK VAN HOLLAND
M20
A35
DOVER
M23
OOSTENDE
ROTTER
PLYMOUTH
From the direction of the arrow, you can see that
PORTSMOUTH
NEWHAVEN
ANTWERP
BRUGES
CALAIS
the course is approximately 110. By measuring
BRUXELLE
E3
LILLE
the length of the arrow, you can work out the
CHERBOURG
A2
DIEPPE
CHARL
LE HAVRE
distance of the crossing.
AMIENS
E411
REST
ROUEN
N13
N12
The arrow is 1.7 cms long, therefore the crossing
figure 5.79 This map only shows the ferries of Stena
is 1.7 100 170 kms.
How many kms is the distance Sealink.
a
from Newhaven to Dieppe, and how many
degrees is the course?
b How many degrees is the course from Dieppe
to Newhaven?
c What is the connection between the courses
in questions a and b?
188
Chapter 5
E
9
360
Zwanenburg
Amsterdam
19 R
rgbaan
Badhoevedorp
19 L
09
270
01 L
aan
agb
Hoofddorp
Ka
06
Amstelveen
27
rbaan
Buitenveldertbaan
Aalsmee
Zwanenbu
90
24
01 R
Aalsmeer
180
figure 5.82
189
chapter
IMA
Mathematics and art
The photograph shows an unusual work of art by George W. Hart.
This American mathematician and artist makes beautiful space
shapes using common materials such as paper, toothpicks,
pipe-cleaners and lollypop sticks. If you would like to know
more about his work, surf to
http://www.georgehart.com/.
Which shape can you recognise in the mobile pictured in the
facing photograph?
What is it made of?
How do you think George W. Hart constructed this space
shape?
190
IMA
ICT
192
IMA
HISTORY
figure IMA.3 It is not easy to predict what the result will be if you slit a Mbius strip
lengthways 13 from the edge.
b Slit a Mbius strip lengthways 14 from the edge all the way
around. Describe the result.
c Carefully describe what happens when you slit a Mbius strip
lengthways 15 from the edge.
5
figure IMA.4
figure IMA.5
193
Patterned surfaces
figure IMA.6
figure IMA.7
figure IMA.8
IMA
figure IMA.9 Four steps to turn a boring square into a pleasing motif.
a Copy the motif on a loose sheet of paper and cut it out six
times.
a Make a patterned surface with this motif, and colour it in
attractive colours.
c Design your own motif, beginning with the triangle in figure
IMA.11. Use it to make a patterned surface.
195
The figure below shows a working diagram for designing patterned surfaces.
.
Create an attractive patterned surface in your
Working diagram
figure IMA.13
A
196
figure IMA.14
figure IMA.15
figure IMA.16
IMA
figure IMA.12
A
Inpossible shapes
figure IMA.19
the area where you live. You could, for instance, visit a museum,
interview an artist, or go for a walk where there are buildings
with unusual architecture.
Give a short description of what you have found. Take some
digital photographs and include them in your report.
197
Combined Exercises
1 Space shapes
1
figure C.1
Combined Exercises
199
F
D
C
3 cm
6 cm
figure C.6
6
7
8
13
figure C.7
200
Combined Exercises
2 cm
2 Numbers
11 Look at the advertisement on the right.
figure C.9
Just look at the way he has done his fraction exercises. In his
haste, he forgot to write down the plus, minus, multiplication and
division symbols. Copy the sums and fill in the correct symbols.
a 5 . . . 12 5 12
1
2
... 2 1
1
2
. . . 14 14
b 5 . . . 12 4 12
1
2
. . . 2 2 12
2
3
. . . 2 13
c 5 . . . 12 2 12
1
2
. . . 2 14
1
i 10 . . . 10
1
3
8
25
3
4
1
10
e 1 34 1 13
h 8 27 3 13
f 800 2 13
i 2 13 24
c 1 34 56
3
4
480
g 6 13 1 12
following questions:
a How many cm of spaghetti are there in one
packet? How many km does that add up to?
b How many packets of spaghetti do the Dutch
eat in one year?
c How many meters of spaghetti does a Dutch
person eat in one year?
How many packets does that add up to?
Netherlands spaghetti-land?
The Dutch love to eat spaghetti.
The 16 million inhabitants of the Netherlands
annually consume more than 3 million
kilometres of spaghetti, and they do this
centimetre by centimetre, for each string of
spaghetti is 24.5 centimetres long. Each
packet contains 625 strings of spaghetti.
Combined Exercises
201
part
poultry
...
1
3
part
animals
72
...part
...part
ducks
...
1
12
part
horses
...
...part
goats
8
...part
cows
...
quadrupeds
...
1
4
part
...part
hens
...
...part
cockerels
1
1
3
Flemish Giants
...
chickens
...
part
rabbits
...
...part
figure C.10
part
bucks
...
...part
does
...
1
2
miniature rabbits
...
16 Mr Van der Heyden departs on a long car journey with a full tank of petrol.
After he has driven about three-quarters of the way, the petrol tank still appears
to be one-third full. Will Mr Van der Heyden still have to stop for petrol?
17 Calculate the following without using your calculator.
a 17 8 3 8
b 18 93 48 4 17 12
c 150 8 3 8 10
d 93 8 7 7 3 11 7
e 80 40 2 7 6 3
f
1
2
13 14 15
Combined Exercises
1 ton = 1000 kg
number of
subscribers
second
quarter
third
quarter
KPN
O2
Rest (Ben,
Dutchtone
and Telfort)
...
...
...
...
...
...
total
...
5.3 million
deal. Begonias, which are normally sold at four for 13, are now
going at seven for 25.
a Draw up a relationship table for both prices, making sure that
you end up with the same number of begonias in both tables.
b Are you impressed with Aries special deal? Why not?
23 Round off the number 135.595996 to:
a integers
b one decimal place
203
3 Locating points
E41
W40th ST
E40
W39th ST
E39
W38th ST
E38
W33rd ST
W26th ST
W25th ST
W24th ST
Y
WA
AD
W28th ST
O
BR
W29th ST
W27th ST
EMPIRE STATE
BUILDING
204
a 3 . . . 4
e 5 78 . . . 5.7
b 4 . . . 5
f 3 23 . . . 3.66
c 4.2 . . . 4.3
g 0.125 . . . 18
d 5.4 . . . 5.5
h 1.2 . . . 0
Combined Exercises
E36
E35
E 34th STREET
E33rd ST
E32nd ST
E31th ST
E30th ST
E29th ST
E28th ST
E27th ST
E26th ST
E25th ST
E24th ST
E 23rd ST
W22nd ST
E37
MADISON
SQUARE
PARK
W 23rd ST
figure C.11
PARK AVENUE
BRYANT
PARK
FIFTH AVENUE
AY
ADW
PUBLIC LIBRARY
W36th ST
W31th ST
W30th ST
GRAND
CENTRAL
STATION
W43rd ST
W37th ST
W32nd ST
E45
W44th ST
W 34th ST
John
BRO
AVENUE
TIMES
SQR
AVENUE OF AMERICAS
W 42nd ST
SIXTH AVENUE
W45th ST
SEVENTH
MADISON AVENUE
D
4
B
2
A
1
10
12
14
16
18
20
figure C.12
left-hand point
..., ...
..., ...
..., ...
..., ...
..., ...
Combined Exercises
205
12
13
10
0
5
23
21
a 5 4 11
d 75 75 0
b 45 45 12
e 32 32 65
c 21 34 21
f 0 23 34
33 Calculate.
a 14 45 23
c 38 37 14
b 35 35 45
d 37 49 23
206
Combined Exercises
4 Diagrams
35 a What does the bar chart below tell you about France?
EUROPEAN ICE-CREAM CONSUMPTION
In liters per head of population
Sweden
12,2
Denmark
8,2
Great Britain
7,3
Ireland
7,3
Switzerland
5,9
The Netherlands
5,7
Belgium
5,7
Italy
5,7
Germany
5,6
France
4,9
Austria
4,2
Greece
3,3
Portugal
3,3
Spain
2,8
0
10
12
14
figure C.13
Combined Exercises
207
10
'94
'95
'96
'97
'98
'99
'00
'01
'02
year
figure C.14
parking garage.
a Carlo parked his car for an hour and a quarter.
What was his parking fee?
b Marlous parked her car at 16.50 hrs. and
collected it again at 19.30 hrs.
How much did she have to pay?
c The garage manager has made a graph of
parking fees, so that he can quickly answer
customers queries.
Draw his graph, with the horizontal axis
extending to a parking period of 5 hours.
d Using the graph, pinpoint how much 3 hours
and 20 minutes parking would cost.
208
Combined Exercises
figure C.15
41
40
39
38
37
36
days of illness
price in
12
14
16
18
20
50
50
20
50 45
passing through the centre of town. This is why they have built
two roundabouts and introduced one-way traffic on many of the
streets. Look at the map on the right.
Copy the distance table below and fill in the blanks.
45 50
20
20
C
20
45
100
45
100
40
TO
DISTANCE
45
45
20
20
B
50 45
FROM
C
D
45 50
20
50
50
Combined Exercises
209
42 There are two types of Dutch people, those who move house from time to time,
and those who never move. Amongst the type that move, one can distinguish
between those who move within the same municipality or province, and those
who move to another part of the country. This exercise concerns the last category.
For the sake of simplicity, we have divided the Netherlands into South, West,
North and East. Figure C.19 is an extract from the 1990 STATISTICAL YEAR-BOOK.
NORTH
2044
1381
4567
720
EAST
WEST
224
96
SOUTH
The arrow from West to South with the number 96 next to it,
means that 96 more people moved from the West to the South in
1988, than in the opposite direction.
a If a total of 3,560 people moved from the West to the South in
1988, how many moved from the South to the West?
b The graph in figure C.20 represents figure C.19.
Copy the graph and complete it.
c Which part of the Netherlands received the largest influx of
people due to moving house? Which part was depleted the
most?
210
Combined Exercises
720
W
4567
b
c
d
e
f
on a scale of 1 : 50.
, measure the angle
a In your
formed by the ladder and the horizontal line.
b Measure how long the ladder is in reality.
c The ladder can be extended to a length of
15 metres, and forms an angle of 55 with
the horizontal line. Make a drawing of this
situation on a scale of 1 : 150.
figure C.22
Combined Exercises
211
a 11 o clock
b 7 o clock
c quarter to eight
212
Combined Exercises
figure C.25
a With one of the pieces of wire, she is going to construct a wire model of
a cube, whose edges are to be as long as possible.
How long will each of the edges be?
b Using another piece of wire, Hanneke constructs a wire model of a
pyramid. The base is square, and all the edges are equally long, as well
as being as long as possible.
How long are the edges of this wire model?
c Hanneke is also going to construct a wire model of a prism, whose base
is to be an equilateral triangle. All its edges are to be equally long, and as
long as possible.
How long will the edges be?
d Hanneke constructs a cuboid from the last piece of wire. She makes two
of the faces square. The other sides are rectangles, whose longest sides
are twice the length of the shortest ones. Hanneke again uses up the
entire length of wire for this model.
How long are the edges of this cuboid? There are two possibilities.
51 a Draw cuboid ABCD EFGH, with AB 6 cm, BC 4 cm,
and AE 5 cm.
b Write down whether the following pairs of lines are
intersecting, parallel or crossing.
AB and DH
EG and FH
FH and AC
AB and EF
BF and DH
BE and FH
Combined Exercises
213
Glossary
1 Space
Engels/English
Nederlands/Dutch
centre
middelpunt
circle
cirkel
cylinder
cilinder
diagonal
diagonaal
diameter
diameter
diameter ook!
middellijn
edges
ribben
faces
grensvlakken
flat shape
vlakke figuur
graph paper
roosterpapier
intersection
snijpunt
lines of vision
kijklijnen
net
uitslag
radius
straal
rectangle
rechthoek
right angle
rechte hoek
space figures
ruimtefiguren
square
vierkant
top view
bovenaanzicht
2 Numbers
214
Engels/English
Nederlands/Dutch
decimal number
decimaal getal
decimal place
denominator
noemer
Glossary
fraction
breuk
gelijknamige breuken
integer
geheel getal
number line
getallenlijn
numeral
cijfer
numerator
teller
product
product
quotient
quotint
ratio
verhouding
ratio table
verhoudingstabel
round off
afronden
round up
round down
sum
som
term
term
3 Locating points
Engels/English
Nederlands/Dutch
axis
assenstelsel
coordinates
cordinaten
grid point
roosterpunt
segment
lijnstuk
negative numbers
negatieve getallen
origin
oorsprong
positive numbers
positieve getallen
problem
probleem
x-coordinate
x-cordinaat
Glossary
215
x-axis
x-as
y-axis
y-as
y-coordinate
y-cordinaat
4 Diagrams
Engels/English
Nederlands/Dutch
bar chart
staafdiagram
diagram
graaf
directional diagram
gerichte graaf
flowing curve
vloeiende kromme
general graph
globale grafiek
link
verbinding
period
periode
periodic graph
periodieke grafiek
pictogram
beelddiagram
tear line
scheurlijn
216
Engels/English
Nederlands/Dutch
acute angle
scherpe hoek
angle
hoek
base
grondvlak
crossing lines
kruisende lijnen
koers
degrees
graden
flat angle
gestrekte hoek
intersecting lines
snijdende lijnen
Glossary
parallel lines
evenwijdige lijnen
parallel faces
evenwijdige vlakken
perpendicular
loodlijn
protractor
gradenboog
right angle
rechte hoek
sides
benen
top
bovenvlak
vertex
hoekpunt
perpendicular
loodrecht
wide angle
stompe hoek
wire model
draadmodel
Nederlands/Dutch
motif
motief
patterned surface
vlakvulling
Glossary
217
Index
A
acute angle
angle
anamorphosis
applet
draught-board
turning
graphs
broken calculator
tile patterns
nets
Arabic numerals
arrow scale
axes
161
161
102
11
175
113
48
196
11
186
88
80
Descartes, Ren
diagonal
diagram
directional
diameter
directional diagram
divisor
draught-board applet
Dutch Railways NS route
planner
81
19
127
132
21
132
69
11
135
edge
13
Escher, Maurits Cornelius 194
F
base
172
broken calculator applet 110
C
circle
computer program
coordinates
angles
This carries weight
cone
constant
coordinates
coordinates program
course
crossing lines
cube
cuboid
cylinder
21
78
164
150
7
115
81
78
187
174
7
7
7, 21
factor
fall
flat angle
flat shape
fraction
34
115
161
12
42
general graph
graph
course of - from a table
periodic graph paper
graphs applet
grid
elongated curved slanted grid point
115
127
115
118
124
13
113
101
101
101
101
81
decimal number
decimals
decimal place
degrees
degrees program
denominator
218
Index
38
38
38
162, 168
164
42
hieroglyphs
68
impossible figure
integer
197
34
intersection
intersecting lines
22
174
lines
intersecting parallel crossing lines of vision
link
174
174
174
4
130
meteorologist
77
Mbius, August Ferdinand 192
- strip
192
motif
194
N
negative numbers
net
- of a cube
- of a pyramid
- of a cuboid
nets applet
75
10
10
10
17
11
origin
80
parallel
parallel lines
parallel faces
patterned surface
period
periodic graph
perpendicular
pictogram
positive numbers
prime number
prism
problem solving
154
155, 174
176
194
124
124
153
110
75
69
7
104
product
protractor
protractor triangle
pyramid
34
164
19
7
quadrant
quotient
103
34
radius
ratios
ratio table
rectangle
reduce
right angle
Roman numerals
rounding off
21
56
57
19
43
19, 161
68
41, 52
same denominators
44
scale
38
segment of line
82
separate the integers from
the fraction
43
side
161
space shapes
7
sphere
7
square
12
sum
34
super cube
30
surveyor
166
T
tear line
This carries weight
program
tile patterns applet
top
top view
turning applet
118
150
196
172
4
175
Index
219
vertex
vertical
161
153
x-axis
x-coordinate
161
y-axis
y-coordinate
wide angle
220
80
81
Index
80
81
Illustrations
Fotoresearch: Bureau voor beeldresearch ELF / Elvire Berens, Geldermalsen
Illustrations acquired by: Haasart, Wim de Haas, Rhenen
Technical drawings: Buro van Dulmen, Veldhoven
Illustrations
ABC Press/J.M. Loubat, Amsterdam: p. 75
AKG, Berlin: p. 196
The Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, Pinner GB: p. 72
ANP-Foto, Rijswijk ZH: p. 113
Bibliotheek Technische Universiteit Eindhoven: fig 4.57
Corel Cooperation, Salinas VS: p. 210
Hilbert Bolland, Breda: pp. 45, 83, 97, 139, fig 5.14, 5.15
Marco van Bergen, Baarn: p. 174, fig 1.68, 1.69, 2.9, 2.22, 3.26, 4.20, 5.33, IMA.2, IMA.3, IMA.4,
IMA.5
Fotodienst Vliegbasis Leeuwarden: p. 81
Fotostock, Amsterdam: pp. 77, 159, fig 1.12
Haasart, Wim de Haas, Rhenen: pp. 25, 53, 117, 143, 166, fig 21
Hollandse Hoogte, Amsterdam: fig 5.1
H. Jobse, Culemborg: fig 2.37
Dirk Kreijkamp, Den Bosch: fig 1.39
Gerrit de Jong, Middelburg: p. 55, fig 1.12, 1.37, 1.53, 1.67, 2.8, 2.16, 2.17, 2.21, 2.33, 5.29, 5.50
Marcel Jrriens, Boxtel: p. 161, fig 1.3, 1.54, 1.61, 2.32, 3.1, 4.71, 5.14, 5.20, 5.35, 5.72
Klutworks, Dik Klut, Den Haag: To the pupil, fig 2.1, Whizz-kids: fig 3.6, 3.40, pp. 14, 21, 38, 40, 42, 44,
47, 49, 52, 54, 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 80, 84, 86, 89, 92, 103, 107, 108, 120, 121, 122, 159, 166,
169, 170, 172, 175, 206
Kyodo, Tokio: p. 75
Ligthart Fotografie, Amsterdam: pp. 37, 155, 173
Marjolein Luiken, Amsterdam: fig 4.25, 4.85
Bas de Meijer, Zevenaar: p. 70
Joop Mommers, Barendrecht: pp. 39, 42, 68, 82, 168, 184, fig 1.2, 1.5, 1.27, 1.48, 1.62, 2.6, 2.9, 2.16,
2.27, 3.16, 3.20, 4.24, 4.36, 4.55, 5.12, 5.15li-bo, 5.15re-on, 5.16, 5.17, 5.24, 5.74, 5.75, 5.81, C.18, C.26
P.P. de Nooyer/Foto Natura, Wormerveer: p. 94
Octopus Publishing Group Ltd., London: fig C.24
Picture Box, Wormerveer: pp. 116, 174
Ton Poortvliet, Dordrecht: fig 1.9, C.2
Jan Rijsterborgh, Haarlem: p. 171, fig 5.31
Pim Rusch Fotografie, Leiden: p. 170, fig 1.9, 1.28, 1.29, 5.38
Roeland van Santbrink, Bussum: p. 163
Vandystadt/Omnipress. Foto: J.M. Loubat, Den Haag: p. 94
Ben Verhagen, Schijndel: pp. 22, 40, 62, 80, 81, 91, 95, 96, 126, 164, 167, 211, fig 1.10, 1.23, 2.3, 2.28,
5.62, 5.71, 6.2, 6.3
Zanzara, Marcel Braat, Odiliapeel: fig 2.4, 3.21
Mbius Strip II by M.C. Escher. c2002 Cordon Art, Baarn, Holland. All rights reserved: p. 196
Regular patterned surface E96 by M.C. Escher. c 2002 Cordon Art, Baarn, Holland. All rights reserved:
p. 198
Regular patterned surface E22 by M.C. Escher. c 2002 Cordon Art, Baarn, Holland. All rights reserved:
p. 198
Belvedere by M.C. Escher. c 2002 Cordon Art, Baarn, Holland. All rights reserved: p. 201
Illustrations
221
214678