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UEL

SCHOOL OF COMPUTING, INFORMATION


TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING
CE2206
Hydraulics

Dr R.Jayaratne

Laboratory Report on sluice gate and


hydraulic jump

Contents Page
Aim........................................................................................................3
Research methodology.............................................................................4
Apparatus............................................................................................4
Figure 1.1.......................................................................................4
Procedures..........................................................................................5
Table 1.1.........................................................................................6
Table 1.2.........................................................................................7
Table 1.3.........................................................................................7
Table 1.4.........................................................................................8
Table 1.5.........................................................................................8
Table 1.6.........................................................................................9
Critical depth..................................................................................9
Comparison and discussion....................................................................11
Possible Machine/materials errors.........................................................11
Graph 1.2.....................................................................................12
Fig 1.2..........................................................................................13
Comments on health and safety...............................................................14
Conclusions..........................................................................................15
References...........................................................................................16

Aim
The aim of the experiment proposed is to study and calculate the hydraulic jump
and his specific energy curve in a sluice gate and then try to compare the
results obtained with the Theoretical values.

Research methodology
Apparatus
1 Open channel flow tanks The tanks are used to allow the flow to fluid
between them by the force of gravity and pressure.
2 Sluice gate- is a mechanism used to control amount of flow going from
on tank to another.
3 Depth Gauge with Vernier Scale- is a measuring apparatus that is used
to measure the high of the liquid at different parts of the hydraulic jump
experience.
4 Discharge Meter- is used to measure and display the discharge flow
value of the experience.
5 Water Pump: is a pump used to control the speed of the flow.
6 Ruler: a measuring scale that is used to measure the distance of the xaxis of the hydraulic jump experience.

Figur
e 1: Drawing of all apparatus and apparatus location represented by
numbers1 to 6.

Procedures

First the water pump was turned on. Water started to flow from one tank to
another tank through the open channel.

After a couple of minutes of wait the channel was complete with water and
start establishing the hydraulic jump .

The Depth gauge attached to the channel was released into the tank A to
measure the high of the water in the tank. The lower tip of the point gauge
was put on the surface of the water and a reading was taken as an upstream
section (Section A in the shown Fig.1.2) both in y-axis and x-axis, the xaxis was measured by the use of a ruler.

The next reading was taken by the same method when the water was in
downstream section (Section B in the shown Fig.1.2) both in y-axis and xaxis.

The next reading was taken in the starting point of hydraulic jump (section
C in the shown Fig.1.2) and the measures were taken by horizontally and
vertically.

The last point of reading was taken in the transition point of the hydraulic
jump, where it changes from the jump to normal flow (Section D in the
shown diagram Fig.1.2) and measures were taken in the x-axis and y-axis.

While the measures were taken in each section the Flow rate was noted, to
afterwards calculate an average of it.

Fi
g 1.2: Drawing of analyzed section of the experiment.

Analysis

Symbols
Q=Channel Discharged flow
b=Chanel Width
y=Channel Depth
V= Velocity
Ec=Specific energy
Fr=Froude number
Dc=Critical depth
Sector

Distanc

Water

e along Depth y/cm


Channel
x-/cm
1

38.0

22.0

57.0

0.9

113.0

135.6

6.55

Table 1.1: Lab results in a tabular form

Calculation for new Q


Average Q=110 l/min
Q=

110 (0.001 cubic meters)


=0.00183 m/ second
(60 seconds)

Average Q =110 l/min =0.00183 m/s


Average Channel Width b=104 mm=0.104 m

Locatio

Description

Water

Distance

Depth-y (m)

along
Channel-x
(m)

Upstream of sluice gate

0.220

0.380

Downstream of sluice

0.009

0.570

gate
3

Start of hydraulic jump

0.01

1.130

End of hydraulic jump

0.0655

1.356

Table 1.2: Table with water depth and distance converted from
centimeters
Locatio

Description

to
Area=width Depth=b y

meters.
Area (
m2 )

Upstream of sluice gate

0.104 0.22=0.0228

0.0228

Downstream of sluice

0.104 0.009=0.0009

0.0009

gate

Start of hydraulic jump

End of hydraulic jump

0.104 0.01=0.001

0.0010

0.104 0.0655=0.0068

0.0068

Table 1.3: Table with calculated Area

Locatio

Description

Q
Area

Velocity

V=

0.00183
0.0228

0.0802

V=

0.00183
0.0009

2.0333

V=

0.00183
0.001

1.83

V=

n
1

Upstream of sluice gate

Downstream of sluice
gate

Start of hydraulic jump

End of hydraulic jump

V=

(m/s)

0.00183
0.0068

0.2691

Table 1.4: Table with the calculated Velocity


Locatio

Description

Upstream of sluice
gate

Ec = y +

V
2g

Ec = 0.22+

Specific

0.0802
2 9.8

energy

0.2203

Downstream

of

Ec = 0.009+

sluice gate
3

Start of hydraulic

Ec = 0.01+

jump
4

End of hydraulic

2.0333
2 9.8

1.83
2 9.8

Ec = 0.0655+

jump

0.2199

0.1808

0.2691
2 9.8

0.0691

Table 1.5: Table with calculated specific energy and Froudes number.

Locatio

Description

Fr=

n
1

Upstream

of

sluice

V
( g . y )

Downstream of sluice

0.0546

2.0333
(9.8 0.009)

6.846

1.83
(9.8 0.01)

5.845

0.2691
(9.8 0.0655)

0.3359

Fr=

gate
3

Start of hydraulic jump

End of hydraulic jump

Fr=

Fr=

Table 1.6: Table with calculated froude number


Critical depth

Q
bg

( )

Dc =

Dc =

2
3

0.00183
0.104 9.8

2
3

Dc

number

0.0802
(9.8 0.22)

Fr=

gate
2

Froude

=0.0316 m

Critical specific energy


Ec =

( 32 ) Dc

Ec =

( 32 ) 0.0316

Ec =0.0474

Depth ratio Calculation for Hydraulic Jump

y4
y3
Figure 1.5: Diagram of hydraulic jump with respect to y3 and y4
Calculated value of the hydraulic jump
y 4 1+ 1+8 Fr23
=
y3
2
y 4 1+ 1+8 5.8452
=
=7.781
y3
2
Observed value of the hydraulic jump
y 4 0.0655
=
=6.55
y3
0.01

Relative Error:

Relative Error:
Error= 18%

Actualtheoretical
100
Theoretical
7.7816.55
100=18
6.55

Length of the Jump:


Length of the jump consists in a subtraction of the length end of the jump with
the length of the start (results taken by table 1.2).
Actual value of the jump=L4-L3
1.356-1.130=0.226 m
Theoretical Length of the jump is calculate by the high of the end of the jump
subtracted by the high of the start of the jump times 5.5.
Theoretical value of the jump=5.5 x (y4-y3)
5.5 x (0.0655-0.01)=0.305
Relative Error:

0.2260.305
100=25
0.305

Comparison and discussion


The experiment results indicates clearly hydraulic jump occur when there is flow
that suddenly change from supercritical to subcritical flow.
Its established that the decreasing of the area of the water increases the
velocity of the water and the Froude number and by the large change of area by
the sluice gate changes the velocity and with the change of velocity the
hydraulic jump is formed.
This can be discuss by observing the tables 1.3,1.4 and 1.6, its clearly observed
the change of area in location 1 to 2 and then from location 3 to 4, that cause
the change in the velocity and also cause the change in the Froude number.
The table 1.5 making a relation of points locations with the table 1.2 its clearly
observed that the theres energy loss along the channel and a large drop in the
hydraulic jump. For the type of jump occurred in the experiment it was assumed
to be the steady jump shown in the figures 1.2 and 1.3

The Results that were expected to have are slightly different by the results
obtained and by comparing with other results made, Errors of 10% to 20% are
respectfully, but in case of errors of more than 20% are very different in
magnitude is cause for alarm.
The calculated comparison of the hydraulic jump is 18% error from the actual
value to the theoretical value that means it was 18% close to the supposed
value. This error is assumed to be by the bad accuracy of the apparatus that
can contribute to a large relative error.

Possible Machine/materials errors:


Water temperature and density- Is an error mentioned because it exists, but
has little effect upon the jump behavior and therefore is ignored in the analysis.
Machine channel width with different measures-The width measured in the
channel had different values so I was made an average of the width, one of the
assumed causes of the errors results.
Water pump and the flow meter with errors- Its not very likely to one of the
main reasons for the error but could happen.
Accumulative dust or material in the channel-The constant change of the
water of the equipment, brings always water waist and it gets attached to
channel changing the measures of the channel.

water depth
0.25

0.2

0.15
Specific energy2
0.1

0.05

0
0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

Graph 1.1: Graph shown above consists in water depth in the y-axis and
Specific energy in the x-axis, with Dc (Critical depth) and Ec (Critical Specific
energy) shown in red color.
Specific energy
0.25
0.2
0.15

Length along the channel

0.1
0.05
0
0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

Graph 1.2: Graph shown above consists in specific energy in the y-axis and
length along the channel in the x-axis,and is also shown the number of the

location points and the water movement, its notice that the energy is loss along
the channel with a big drop of energy when the hydraulic jump is formed.

Open Channel Flow Tank

Sub Critical
Critical
depth

Sub Critical

Super
Critical
depth

Super

Fig 1.2- The


image shown above represents the open channel with the critical depth line,
above the line the water flow is sub-critical and below the line the water flow is
supercritical.

Fig 1.3- Image of a hydraulic jump with


the Froude number between 4,5 to 9, jump consider a steady jump, information
taken from B.S.Massey (1989) Mechanics of Fluids,

6th

edition.

Fig 1.4- Drawing of the Lab hydraulic


jump, Froude number 5.8, is assumed as steady jump by the use of previous
studies, the jump above (Fig 1.3) was the jump more similar to the jump
obtained in the experiment.

Comments on health and safety

The health and safety problems in the lab experiment are very small to occur,
the experiment doesnt contain sharp elements or flammables components, and
the safety problems that may occur is to slip on the floor due to the using of
tanks of water, or an electrical shock for the reason of the use of electrical
devices. For the protection of this safety problems is advised that check if the
machine is not pouring water and use the proper type of shoes.

Conclusions
To conclude is clear that apparatus errors were influents in the final results and
just demonstrates that for this particular report the need for the devices to be
very accurate is crucial, is also concluded that to a hydraulic jump to be
performed a change in the water area has to be performed, it was also
determined that the hydraulic jump create a large energy loss.

References

B.S.Massey, (1989) Mechanics of Fluids,

6th

edition, (Pages:

393,394,395,396,397,398,399,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407,408)
Video loaded by Djkjjudi available on http://youtu.be/5etwhZ0d2GU [23 Jun
2012]
Video loaded by GEJOKER available on <http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GVMkktBeqms&feature=related> [21 Jun 2012]
Les Hamill, Understanding of hydraulics 2011, third Edition, (Pages:
263,264,267,268,269,270)
Sarah Catmur,(2012) Module handbook CE2206 Hydraulics,(Section 5
hydraulic jump)

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