Internal Combustion Engines General Course

Layout
SUBJECT: ME-448 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
CREDIT HOURS: 3-0
CONTACT HOURS:
3 Hours per Week
TEXT BOOK:
Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermo sciences, Colin R.
Ferguson, Allan T. Kirkpatrick, 2nd Edition, Wiley
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Edward F. Obert, Internal Combustion Engines and Air Pollution,
Harper & Row NewYark.
Internal Combustion Engines by V.Ganesan
Internal Combustion Engine by Willard W. Pulkrabek

Classification of I. C. Engines
Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle
1. Otto cycle engine
2. Diesel cycle engine
3. Dual combustion cycle engine

INTAKE [Suction]: During the intake stroke, the piston moves

down ward, drawing a fresh charge of vaporized fuel-air
mixture, This operation is represented by the line AB on the
P-V diagram.
Pressure [P]
TDC

BDC
A

B
Volume [V]

2. Compression Stroke: During compression stroke, the piston moves

from BDC to TDC, thus compressing air petrol mixture. Due to
compression, the pressure and temperature are increased and is
shown by the line BC on the P- V diagram. Just before the end of this
stroke the spark - plug initiates a spark which ignites the mixture and
combustion takes place at constant volume as shown by the line CD
Pressure [P]

TDC
C

BDC
A

B
Volume [V]

3. Working Stroke: The expansion of gases due to the heat

of combustion exerts a pressure on the piston. Under this
impulse, the piston moves from TDC to BDC and thus the
work is obtained in this stroke as shown by the line DE

Pressure [P]

TDC
C
E
BDC
A

B
Volume [V]

4. Exhaust Stroke: At the end of the power stroke, the exhaust

valve is opened & greater part of the burnt gases escapes
because of their own expansion. The drop in pressure at constant
volume is represented by the line EB. During this stroke the
piston moves from BDC to TDC and pushes the remaining gases
to the atmosphere. This stroke is represented the line BA on the
P-V diagram.
Pressure [P]

TDC
C
E
BDC
A

B
Volume [V]

P V diagram for
SI Engine / Otto cycle engine

TDC
C
Pressure
E
A

BDC

B
Volume
Theoretical Otto cycle

Working of 4-S Diesel/CI Engine

The basic construction of a four stroke diesel engine is
same as that of four stroke petrol engine.

Except that instead of a spark plug, a FUEL INJECTOR is

mounted in its space.

Fuel injector injects the fuel in to the cylinder as a fine

spray at very high pressure

1. INTAKE [Suction]:
During the intake stroke, the piston moves down ward,
drawing a fresh charge [AIR]. This operation is
represented by the line AB on the P-V diagram.

Pressure [P]
TDC

BDC

B
Volume [V]
9

2. Compression Stroke: During compression stroke, the

piston moves from BDC to TDC, thus compressing air.
Due to compression, the pressure and temperature are
increased and is shown by the line BC on the P- V
diagram. Just before the end of this stroke, a metered
quantity of Diesel is injected intoD the hot compressed
C
air in the form of fine sprays
by means of fuel injector.
[P] at constant pressure shown by
The fuel startsPressure
burning
the line CD.TDC

BDC

B
Volume [V]

3. Working Stroke: The expansion of gases due to the

heat of combustion exerts a pressure on the piston.
Under this impulse, the piston moves from TDC to BDC
and thus the work is obtained in this stroke as shown by
the line DE
C

Pressure [P]
TDC
E

BDC

B
Volume [V]

4. Exhaust Stroke: At the end of the power stroke, the

exhaust valve is opened & greater part of the burnt
gases escapes because of their own expansion. The
drop in pressure at constant volume is represented by
the line EB. During this stroke the piston moves from
BDC to TDC and pushes the remaining
gases to the
D
atmosphere. This stroke isC represented the line BA on
Pressure [P]
the P-V diagram.
TDC
E

BDC

B
Volume [V]

P V diagram for
C.I. Engine / Diesel Cycle Engine
D

TDC
Pressure
E

BDC

B
Volume
Theoretical Diesel cycle

OTTO CYCLE

Thermal Efficiency of Otto Cycle

There is heat supplied and heat rejected and both

processes are occurring at constant volume.

Thermal Efficiency of Otto Cycle

Thermal Efficiency of Otto Cycle

Now V1/V2 = V4/V3 =

Where r = compression ratio

This will lead to

Thermal Efficiency of Otto Cycle

REMEMBER

Thermal Efficiency of Otto Cycle

The thermal efficiency of an Otto Cycle is a function
The compression ratio
The ratio of specific heats
is assumed to be constant for any working fluid so
the thermal efficiency is increased by increasing the
compression ratio.
The efficiency is independent of heat supplied and
pressure ratio.
Thus the natural choice of working fluids should be?

Thermal Efficiency of Otto Cycle

QUIZ NO 1
1. For the same compression ratio, will Diesel Cycle be more efficient than
Otto Cycle. Explain.

(2.5)

2. Draw the TS diagram for Otto Cycle.

(2)

3. Draw the PV diagram for a Dual Cycle.

(2)

4. Why do we take Cp and Cv constant for an ideal working fluid. (2.5)

QUIZ NO 1
1. What is the constant volume assumption in an Otto Cycle?
2. Differentiate between Otto and Diesel Cycle on the basis
of compression ratio and volumetric efficiency.

3. Which engine (4S or 2S) would you prefer if the fuel is

gasoline, and why?

Work Output - Otto Cycle

The net work output of the Otto Cycle can be given by

Work Output - Otto Cycle

The net work output of the Otto Cycle can be given by

The work output is directly proportional to the pressure ratio rp

Mean Effective Pressure - Otto Cycle

The above equation shows that if compression ratio and the

ratio of specific heats is kept constant, the mean effective
pressure increase with the increase in pressure ratio.
For an Otto Cycle, a higher compression ration means a higher
MEP and thermal efficiency.

DIESEL CYCLE

THERMAL EFFICIENCY DIESEL CYCLE

Write all the temperatures in the form of T1

THERMAL EFFICIENCY DIESEL CYCLE

For process 1-2, a simple isentropic relationship can be used

From 2-3, we have a constant pressure process

THERMAL EFFICIENCY DIESEL CYCLE

For process 3-4, a simple isentropic relationship can be used

THERMAL EFFICIENCY DIESEL CYCLE

Now recollect.
The formula of thermal efficiency for the Otto Cycle.

THERMAL EFFICIENCY DIESEL CYCLE

Let call the factor in last slide as factor A.

We can tell that factor A will always have a value greater than
unity.
Hence for a given compression ratio, Otto cycle will always will
be more efficient than Diesel cycle. (True/False ????)
rc depends on output and is maximum at maximum output (?)

Thus diesel engine efficiency depends on output (what about

Otto cycle?).

Work Output - Diesel Cycle

The final form comes out to be:

W=
Please derive (Homework)

Mean Effective Pressure Diesel Cycle

The mean effective pressure of diesel engine can be
given as:

DUAL CYCLE/MIXED CYCLE/LIMITED PRESSURE

CYCLE

Thermal Efficiency Dual Cycle

Please derive (Homework)

Hint: Write all temperatures as a multiple of T1

Now put rp = 1
Then rc = 1
The efficiency of dual cycle lies between the Otto cycle and
Diesel cycle for the same value of compression ratio

Output Work and MEP Dual Cycle

W=

Pm

Comparisons
1. At same compression ratio and heat addition will Otto
Engine allow the gas to expand more as compared to
diesel engine?
2. Lets say, I maintain the same compression ratio and heat
rejection (QR), which engine will have the highest
efficiency Otto or Diesel?

=1

3. At same peak pressure, temperature and heat rejection,

which engine will have the highest efficiency Otto or
Diesel?

Example Problem
A gas engine working on an Otto Cycle has a cylinder of diameter 200
mm and stroke of 250 mm. The clearance volume is 1570cc. Find the
air standard efficiency. Assume Cp = 1.004 KJ/Kg.k and Cv = 0.717
KJ/Kg.K for air.

Example Problem:
In an SI engine working on the ideal Otto Cycle, the
compression ratio is 5.5. The pressure and temperature at the
beginning of the compression are 1 bar and 27C respectively.
The peak pressure is 30 bar. Determine the pressure and
temperature at the salient points, the air standard efficiency
and the mean effective pressure. Assume ratio of specific
heats to be 1.4 for air.