LTE Basics

Introduction to 3GPP UMTS/LTE
389.168 Advanced Wireless Communications 1
stefan.schwarz@nt.tuwien.ac.at
Contents
1 Historical Development
2 Description of the LTE Downlink PHY
3 Enhancements of Legacy LTE LTE-Advanced
4 Summary
Slide 2 / 48
Contents
Contents
4 Summary
Slide 3 / 48
Historical Development
History of UMTS/LTE
Creation of the 3GPP
2G (ETSI)
3G
GSM
1G (analog)
A, B, C Netz
4G
UMTS
GPRS
LTE
LTE advanced
HSPA
EDGE
1991 1997 1998
5G
HSPA+
1999 2004
2007 2009 2010
First generation (1G) cellular networks: analog telephony

Second generation (2G) era: digital networks
Global system for mobile communications (GSM): circuit-switched, time
division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division duplex (FDD)
General packet radio service (GPRS): packet-switched data traffic
Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE): max. 472 kbit/s through
higher order modulation (8 PSK instead of GMSK)
200 kHz bandwidth
Standardized by the European telecommunications standard institute (ETSI)
Slide 4 / 48
History of UMTS/LTE (2)

2G (ETSI)
3G
GSM
1G (analog)
A, B, C Netz
4G
UMTS
GPRS
LTE
LTE advanced
HSPA
EDGE
1991 1997 1998
5G
HSPA+
1999 2004
2007 2009 2010
Worldwide standardization: third generation partnership project (3GPP)

Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS): release 99
Wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)
First release: 384 kbit/s
5 MHz bandwidth
High speed packet access (HSPA) and HSPA+ (release 5 and 7)
Up to 4 4 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
Up to 20 MHz (carrier aggregation)
Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
330 Mbit/s (release 11)
Slide 5 / 48
History of UMTS/LTE (3)

2G (ETSI)
3G
GSM
1G (analog)
A, B, C Netz
4G
UMTS
GPRS
LTE
LTE advanced
HSPA
EDGE
1991 1997 1998
5G
HSPA+
1999 2004
2007 2009 2010
UMTS long term evolution (LTE) release 8 (3.75G)

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
Up to 4 4 MIMO
Up to 20 MHz
First release: 300 Mbit/s
LTE advanced release 10 (4G)
Up to 8 8 MIMO
Up to 100 MHz > 1 Gbit/s
Slide 6 / 48
Technology Utilization
10
9
Billion subcribers
8
7
Worldwide subcriptions (Source: Ericsson, June 2013)
LTE
WCDMA/HSPA
GSM/EDGE
CDMA
others
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
2015
2016
2017
2018
GSM still dominates the market

HSPA will become dominant around 2017
LTE still has to gain momentum
Slide 7 / 48
Contents
4 Summary
Slide 8 / 48
Description of the LTE Downlink PHY
LTE PHY Overview

Modulation and multiple-access
Downlink: orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation
Sharing of subcarriers between users
Advantages: flexibility, efficiency, complexity
Disadvantages: overhead, peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
Uplink: single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SCFDMA)
Discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-precoded OFDM
Sharing of consecutive subcarriers between users
Advantage: lower PAPR
Disadvantage: reduced efficiency (multi-user diversity)
7.5 kHz and 15 kHz subcarrier spacing (impact of Doppler spread)
Two cyclic prefix (CP) length (normal/extended 4.7 s/16.7 s @ 15 kHz)
Time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) support
Slide 9 / 48
LTE PHY Overview

Slide 9 / 48
LTE PHY Overview

Slide 9 / 48
LTE PHY Overview (2)

Channel coding and modulation-alphabets
Mother channel code: rate 1/3 Turbo code
Puncturing and repetition to obtain code rates between 0.08 and 0.93
Strong interleaving for robustness against error bursts
24 bit cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for error detection
Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) with soft-combining
Quadratur amplitude modulation (QAM) symbol alphabets
4/16/64 QAM (256 is considered)
Bit-interleaved coded-modulation (BICM) architecture
channel
coding
data bits
Slide 10 / 48
bit
interleaving
coded bits
modulation
mapping
interleaved bits
modulated symbols
LTE PHY Overview (3)

spatial multiplexing
diversity
error probability
beamforming
receive power
MIMO key data

Supported MIMO schemes
Transmit diversity
Beamforming
Spatial multiplexing
Antenna configurations
Up to eight base station antennas (LTE-A Rel. 10, before up to four)
Downlink: up to eight (four) spatial streams (layers)
Uplink: up to four (one) spatial streams
See [Dahlman et al., 2011, Rupp, 2012] for details on the PHY
Slide 11 / 48
OFDM Processing
(I)DFT... (inverse) discrete Fourier transform
CP... cyclic prefix
h[n,k]
OFDM-TX
x[n,k]
x[1,k]
OFDM-RX
IDFT + CP
x[N,k]
-CP + DFT
h[1,k]
subcarriers n
subcarriers n
h[N,k]
y[n,k]
y[1,k]
y[N,k]
subcarriers n
Transmit symbol on OFDM subcarrier n at OFDM symbol k : x[n, k ] C

Channel gain on subcarrier n at symbol k: h[n, k] C
Noisy input-output relationship
y[n, k] = h[n, k]x[n, k] + z[n, k]
(1)
Receiver noise z[n, k] C
Slide 12 / 48
OFDM Processing (2)
Implicit assumptions:
Perfect timing and frequency synchronization
synchronization signals: 0.2 % 3 % overhead in LTE
Sufficient CP length
normal/extended CP: 7 % 25 % overhead in LTE
Negligible temporal channel variation during OFDM symbols ( 72 s)
If one of these is violated:

Inter-carrier interference
Inter-symbol interference
(Can be considered in the noise)
For details, please visit 389.133 Wireless OFDM Systems
Slide 13 / 48
MIMO-OFDM
OFDM-TX
OFDM-RX
H[n,k]
IDFT + CP
-CP + DFT
x[n,k]
y[n,k]
IDFT + CP
-CP + DFT
Nt
Nr
Transmit symbol vector on subcarrier n at symbol k

h
iT
x[n, k] = x (1) [n, k], . . . , x (Nt ) [n, k]
(2)
Channel matrix: H[n, k] CNr Nt
h(1,1) [n, k]
h(2,1) [n, k]
H[n, k] =
..
.
h(Nr ,1) [n, k]
h(1,2) [n, k]
h(2,2) [n, k]
..
.
h(Nr ,2) [n, k]
...
...
...
h(1,Nt ) [n, k ]
h(2,Nt ) [n, k ]
..
.
h(Nr ,Nt ) [n, k ]
(3)
Noisy input-output relationship

y[n, k] = H[n, k]x[n, k] + z[n, k] CNr 1
Slide 14 / 48
(4)
LTE Frame Structure (FDD)

1 frame: 10 ms
1 subframe: 1ms
1
10
14 OFDM symbols
1
slot 1
slot 2
The subframe duration (1 ms) is the basic transmission time interval (TTI)
Each subframe is processed individually
e.g., the user-data within each subframe is jointly channel coded
The frame is used to organize the allocation of subframes to traffic channels
Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)
Physical broadcast channel (PBCH)
Physical multicast channel (PMCH)
...
Slide 15 / 48
LTE Time-Frequency Grid
12 subcarriers
180 kHz (15 kHz subcarrier spacing)
......
subframe: 1ms
14 OFDM symbols
freq
......
slot (0.5ms)
......
e
tim
one resource block
one resource
element
Resource element (RE): one subcarrier during one OFDM symbol

Resource block (RB): 7 OFDM symbols in time, 12 subcarriers in frequency
Slot: 7 OFDM symbols over the full bandwidth
Subframe: two slots in time over the full bandwidth
Slide 16 / 48
resource block
fre
qu
en
c
Resource Allocation
space
spatial streams
or layers
time
UE 1
UE 2
UE 3
Based on (multiples of) RBs

Handled by the scheduler
Exploit multi-user diversity: double-logarithmic rate-growth with the number
of users for independent fading [Viswanath, 2006]
Fulfill quality of service (QoS) requirements (max. delay, min. rate)
Potentially varying over space, time and frequency
Slide 17 / 48
LTE Downlink Transmit Signal Processing Chain

Adaptive modulation and coding
channel
coding
interleaving
scrambling
user data bits
resource element
mapping
precoded signal
modulation
mapping
coded bits
up to 2 codewords
Transmit signal
composition
MIMO processing
layer
mapping
(+pilot insertion)
modulated symbols
precoding
spatial streams
up to 8 layers
precoded signal
Nt dimensional
other users signals

multi-user
multiplexing
+ pilot insertion
wireless
channel
IDFT/CP
+ RF
user transmit signal
transmit signal
Nt dimensional
AMC: 15 combinations of code rates and modulation alphabets are supported

(0.15 bit/symbol 5.55 bit/symbol)
Scrambling: inter-cell interference whitening
Pilot insertion for channel sounding and channel estimation
Channel state information (CSI) calculation for AMC and MIMO
Channel equalization and data detection
Slide 18 / 48
LTE Downlink Receive Signal Processing Chain
wireless
channel
user signal
and pilot
extraction
RF +
DFT/CP
receive signal
Nr dimensional
equalization
channel
estimation
+ feedback
calculation
data detection
+ symbol
demapping
descrambling
deinterleaving
decoding
HARQ combining
CRC check
ACK/NACK
spatial streams
up to 8 layers
estimated user
data bits
coded bits
up to 2 codewords
Channel estimation: estimate the channel matrices using pilot signals

Equalization: invert the distortions of the channel (per subcarrier)
Data detection: soft/hard symbol detection (log-likelihood ratios)
HARQ combining in case of retransmission
Slide 19 / 48
LTE Downlink Performance

100
SISO_1.4MHz_AWGN_TU
SISO_AWGN
8
Shannon capacity
Spectral efficiency [bit/s/Hz]
Block error ratio
10-1
10-2
BICM 64 capacity
5
BICM 16 capacity
4
3
BICM 4 capacity
LTE efficiency
2
1
MCS1
10-3
-10
-5
MCS15
0
5
10
SNR [dB]
15
20
25
-6 -4 -2
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
SNR [dB]
Transmission over single-input single-output (SISO) additive white Gaussian

noise (AWGN) channel
Performance of LTEs 15 modulation and coding schemes (MCSs)
No imperfections considered (channel estimation, synchronization)
Shannon capacity: log2 (1 + SNR)
BICM capacity [Caire et al., 1996]
Slide 20 / 48
LTE Downlink Reference Signals

antenna port 0
antenna port 1
antenna port 2
antenna port 3
four antennas
two antennas
time
frequency
frequency
frequency
one antenna
time
time
Two types of reference signals:

Non-precoded reference signals (cell-specific, sounding)
Precoded reference signals (UE-specific, demodulation)
Employed for channel sounding and estimation
Pilot-symbols are known to users
Pilots are non-overlapping in time/frequency
Channel distortions can be estimated
Slide 21 / 48
LTE Downlink Channel Estimation [Simko, 2013]
channel
0.5
pilot 2
0
10
pilot 3
data symbol
10
pilot 1
5
subcarrier index
0
5
OFDM symbol index
Least squares channel estimation plus linear interpolation (triangulation)

LS [np , kp ] = y[np , kp ]
h
r [np , kp ]
(5)
r [np , kp ] reference symbol at pilot position [np , kp ]

Linear minimum squared error channel estimation

2

LMMSE = ALMMSE h
LS
LMMSE
min E h h
, subject to h
2
(6)
Requires second-order channel and noise statistics

Slide 22 / 48
LTE Downlink Channel Estimation [Simko, 2013]
channel
0.5
pilot 2
0
10
pilot 3
data symbol
10
pilot 1
5
subcarrier index
0
5
OFDM symbol index
Least squares channel estimation plus linear interpolation (triangulation)

LS [np , kp ] = y[np , kp ]
h
r [np , kp ]
(5)
r [np , kp ] reference symbol at pilot position [np , kp ]

Linear minimum squared error channel estimation

2

LMMSE = ALMMSE h
LS
LMMSE
min E h h
, subject to h
2
(6)
Requires second-order channel and noise statistics

Slide 22 / 48
Performance of Channel Estimation employing LTEs Reference

Signals [Simko, 2013]
Doppler frequency
Doppler frequency
100
100
1200 Hz
10-1
10-1
1000 Hz
600 Hz
10-2
MSE
MSE
800 Hz
1200 Hz
10-2
1000 Hz
400 Hz
800 Hz
600 Hz
200 Hz
10-3
0 Hz
10-3
400 Hz
200 Hz
10-4
10
15
SNR [dB]
20
25
Least squares channel estimator
30
10-4
10
15
SNR [dB]
20
25
0 Hz
30
Linear minimum mean-squared error channel estimator
Channel estimation for a noisy SISO channel

Performance degradation with increasing channel Doppler frequency fd due to
growing channel variation in time
Corresponding speed v at center frequency fc
v=
Slide 23 / 48
c
fd ,
fc
e.g. fc = 2 GHz, fd = 500 Hz v = 270 km/h
(7)
LTEs HARQ Protocol

original code block
} equal retransmissions
combined bits
punctured bits
reconstructed code block (chase combining)
original code block
different
versions
combined bits
reconstructed code block (incremental redundancy)
Fast PHY/MAC retransmission using ACK/NACK feedback

Higher layers not involved (transparent, reduced delay/latency)
Two possible types:
Chase combining (repetition gain)
Incremental redundancy (coding gain and repetition gain)
LTE employs incremental redundancy with soft combining
Slide 24 / 48
LTEs HARQ Protocol Performance [Colom-Ikuno, 2013]

10 0
10% BLER
.. . .
5.7 dB
BLER
10 1
HARQ
gain
2.5 dB
10 2
10 3
10
m=0
m=1
m=2
m=3
5
1.4 dB
0
5
SNR [dB]
10
15
Improvement of block error ratio (BLER) with retransmissions due to bit

repetitions and code rate reduction
Up to three retransmissions are supported in LTE
Slide 25 / 48
Simplified System Model

F1
precoding
s1
Fu
precoding
Hu
Gu
equalization
su
s^u
yu
FU
precoding
sU
Assume perfect operation of OFDM and consider a specific RE [n, k]

Omit channel coding and modulation mapping
Neglect channel estimation errors, synchronization errors, etc.
u = Gu Hu Fu su + Gu Hu
s
U
X
Fj sj + Gu zu ,
(8)
j=1,j6=u
Gu CLu Nr , Hu CNr Nt , Fu CNt Lu
(9)
The noise zu also contains interference from other base stations
Slide 26 / 48
LTEs Transmission Modes

PDP
IDFT
CDD
+ CP
+ CP
frequency response
Single antenna transmission (Nt = 1), single user U = 1, single stream Lu = 1
su = gH
u hu su + zu ,
gu , hu CNr 1
(10)
Transmit diversity (Nt > 1), U = 1, Lu = 1

Alamouti space-time (-frequency) coding [Alamouti, 1998]
Open-loop spatial multiplexing (Nt > 1), U = 1, Lu 1
Cyclic delay diversity (CDD) precoding
transforms spatial diversity to frequency diversity
Slide 27 / 48
LTEs Transmission Modes (2)

UE1
UE2
Antenna gain
6
4
2
0
0
45
90
135
Steering Angle []
180
Closed-loop spatial multiplexing (Nt > 1), U = 1, Lu 1

Adaptive precoding utilizing CSI feedback
Adaptive transmission rank (layers) beamforming vs. multiplexing
Multi-user MIMO (Nt > 1), U = 2, Lu = 1
Based on predefined precoders (codebook)
Powerful receivers required to cancel residual inter-user interference
Details to come...
Slide 28 / 48
Performance Comparison of LTEs Single-User Transmission Modes
average user throughput [Mbit/s]
10
8
4x2 CLSM
2x2 OLSM
1x1 SISO
2x2 TxD
0
-10
10
SNR [dB]
20
30
40
Transmission over independent Rayleigh fading channels

Saturation at high signal to noise ratio (SNR) due to limitation to 64 QAM
(6 bit/symbol)
Different saturation values because of growing reference symbol overhead with
increasing number of transmit antennas
Slide 29 / 48
Contents
4 Summary
Slide 30 / 48
Enhancements of Legacy LTE LTE-Advanced
Reasons for Further Enhancements
Global traffic [Exabytes/month]
15
12
Global traffic voice and data (Source: Ericsson, June 2013)
Data: mobile PCs, tablets, mobile routers

Data: smartphones
Voice
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Year
2015
2016
2017
2018
Estimated growth of mobile traffic (1 Exabyte = 1018 bytes); source: Ericsson traffic exploration tool, June 2013
Mobile data traffic in 2012 was twelve times the size of the Internet in 2000
Average smart phone usage grew 81 percent in 2012
Smart phones represented only 18 percent of total global handsets in use in
2012, but represented 92 percent of total global handset traffic
[Cisco Systems Inc., 2013, Ericsson, 2013]
Slide 31 / 48
LTE-A Enhancements: Enhanced MIMO

Higher-order single-user MIMO
Improved peak spectral efficiency: up to eight spatial streams
Gains in cell edge spectral efficiency: high signal to interference and noise ratio
(SINR) through beamforming
Support of uplink single-user MIMO (up to four streams)
Reduced reference signal overhead (UE-specific vs. cell-specific)
Improved multi-user MIMO

Non-codebook based precoding
Up to eight users in parallel
Improved CSI feedback using nested codebooks
e.g., given a valid rank 2 precoder F = [f1 , f2 ] CNt 2
f1 , f2 CNt 1 are valid rank 1 precoders
Slide 32 / 48
LTE-A Enhancements: Carrier Aggregation
frequency band 1 (800 MHz)
1.4 MHz 1.4 MHz
scenario A
frequency band 2 (2 GHz)
1.4 MHz
scenario B
5 MHz
scenario C
Enables up to 100 MHz bandwidth

Better utilization of fragmented spectrum
Contiguous/non-contiguous aggregation
Inter-/Intra-band aggregation
Slide 33 / 48
LTE-A Enhancements: Carrier Aggregation Scenarios
F1
F1
F2
F2
F1
F2
Base station
Remote radio unit
Low-latency high-bandwidth connection
Cover the same area peak capacity enhancement

Potentially different coverage area depending on carrier frequency
Cover each others cell-edge cell edge improvement
Hot-spot coverage using remote radio heads (RRHs)
Slide 34 / 48
LTE-A Enhancements: Relaying
coverage improvement
Base station
Relay node
User
cell-edge improvement
Provide coverage in dead zones and improve cell-edge performance

In-band versus out-band relays
Layer 1 relays: amplify and forward
Layer 2 relays: decode and forward
Layer 3 relays: appear to users as ordinary cells
Slide 35 / 48
LTE-A Enhancements: Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/Reception

Coordinated scheduling:
Time/frequency sharing
Dynamic point selection
Inter-cell interference coordination
ICIC (Rel. 8), eICIC (Rel. 10), FeICIC (Rel. 11)
Advantage: low overhead (control info)
Coordinated beamforming:
Spatial interference mitigation
Signal to leakage and noise ratio (SLNR)
[Sadek et al., 2007]
Advantage: good trade-off (CSI only)
Coordinated
scheduling
Joint transmission:
Exploitation of interference
Distributed antenna system
Advantage: potentially highest
performance
Disadvantage: overhead (CSI and data)
Slide 36 / 48
Base station
User
X2 interface or low-latency high-bandwidth dedicated connection

Coordinated
scheduling
Coordinated
beamforming
Joint transmission:
performance
Slide 36 / 48
Base station
User

Joint
transmission
Coordinated
scheduling
Coordinated
beamforming
Joint transmission:
performance
Slide 36 / 48
Base station
User
LTE-A Enhancements: CoMP Scenarios
Base station
Remote radio unit
Access point
User
Slide 37 / 48
Scenario 1: Intra-site CoMP
Base station
Remote radio unit
Access point
User
Slide 37 / 48

Scenario 2: Inter-site CoMP
Base station
Remote radio unit
Access point
User
Slide 37 / 48

Scenario 3: HetNet CoMP 1 (different cell-IDs, small cells)
Base station
Remote radio unit
Access point
User
Slide 37 / 48

Scenario 3: HetNet CoMP 1 (different cell-IDs, small cells)
Scenario 4: HetNet CoMP 2 (same cell-IDs, RRHs and relays)
Base station
Remote radio unit
Access point
User
Slide 37 / 48
Potential Future Technologies
Significant bandwidth expansions cannot be expected in the near future

Possible long-term solution Millimeter Waves
[Rappaport et al., 2013] (30 300 GHz 1 10 mm)
Increasing the network density
Heterogeneous networks [Andrews, 2013]
Potential PHY improvements with massive MIMO [Marzetta, 2010]
Hundreds to thousands of antennas per base station
Space division multiple access (SDMA)
Inter-cell interference mitigation/exploitation
More details in Prof. Rupps part
Slide 38 / 48
Potential Future Technologies: Full-Duplex Wireless

RX
TX
Control
Feedback
Attenuation
& Delay
RSSI
RF Reference
Balun
Balun Cancellation
RF
Baseband
Baseband
RF
DAC
ADC
Digital Interference Cancellation
-
Digital Interference
Reference
Channel
Estimate
Decoder
TX Signal Path
Encoder
RX Signal Path
[Jain et al., 2011]
Analog self-interference cancellation to avoid radio frequency (RF) amplifier and

analog to digital converter (ADC) overload
Digital cancellation of residual interference
Gain: factor 2
May help solving the CSI problematic
Slide 39 / 48
Potential Future Technologies: Filter Bank Multicarrier Modulation

10
0
-10
OFDM
FBMC
FBMC
IDFT
digital
filters
Power [dBW]
+ CP
OFDM
OFDM
FBMC
-20
IDFT
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
10
15
Frequency [MHz]
Source: ICT-PHYDYAS, FP7 project
Avoid cyclic prefix overhead of OFDM

Reduce the side-lobes of OFDM to shrink the required guard bands
improve spectral efficiency
Digital filter design based on Nyquist criterion to avoid inter-carrier interference
Higher complexity: inter-symbol interference, equalization
Slide 40 / 48
Contents
4 Summary
Slide 41 / 48
Summary
Summary
?
Evolution TDMA WCDMA OFDMA FBMC

UMTS/LTE physical layer:
OFDMA modulation and multiple access
Channel coding based on rate 1/3 Turbo code
AMC utilizing BICM architecture
Fast HARQ retransmissions
MIMO beamforming/diversity/multiplexing
LTE-A enhancements:
Multi-user MIMO
Carrier aggregation
Relaying, CoMP
Potential enabling technologies for 5G cellular:
Millimeter wave
Network densification
Massive MIMO
Slide 42 / 48
Summary
Introduction to 3GPP UMTS/LTE

389.168 Advanced Wireless Communications 1
stefan.schwarz@nt.tuwien.ac.at
Abbreviations I
3GPP third generation partnership project
ADC analog to digital converter
AMC adaptive modulation and coding
AWGN additive white Gaussian noise
BICM bit-interleaved coded-modulation
BLER block error ratio
CDD cyclic delay diversity
CoMP coordinated multipoint transmission/reception
CP cyclic prefix
CRC cyclic redundancy check
CSI channel state information
DFT discrete Fourier transform
EDGE enhanced data rates for GSM evolution
ETSI European telecommunications standard institute
FBMC filter bank multicarrier modulation
FDD frequency division duplex
GPRS general packet radio service
GSM global system for mobile communications
Slide 44 / 48
Abbreviations
Abbreviations II
HARQ hybrid automatic repeat request
HSPA high speed packet access
LTE long term evolution
MAC medium access control
MCS modulation and coding scheme
MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access
PAPR peak-to-average power ratio
PHY physical layer
QAM quadratur amplitude modulation
QoS quality of service
RB resource block
RE resource element
RF radio frequency
RRH remote radio head
SCFDMA single-carrier frequency division multiple access
SDMA space division multiple access
SINR signal to interference and noise ratio
Slide 45 / 48
Abbreviations
Abbreviations III
SISO single-input single-output

SNR signal to noise ratio
TDD time division duplex
TDMA time division multiple access
TTI transmission time interval
UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system
WCDMA wideband code division multiple access
Slide 46 / 48
Abbreviations
References I
Alamouti, S. (1998).
A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications.
IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 16, issue 8.
Andrews, J. (2013).
Seven ways that HetNets are a cellular paradigm shift.
IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(3):136144.
Caire, G., Taricco, G., and Biglieri, E. (1996).
Capacity of bit-interleaved channels.
Electron. Lett., 32, issue 12:10601061.
Cisco Systems Inc. (2013).
Cisco visual networking index: forecast update, 2012-2017.
white paper.
Colom-Ikuno, J. (2013).
System Level Modeling and Optimization of the LTE Downlink.
PhD thesis, Vienna University of Technology.
J. (2011).
Dahlman, E., Parkvall, S., and Skold,
4G LTE/LTE-Advanced for Mobile Broadband.
Elsevier Academic Press.
Ericsson (2013).
Ericsson mobility report.
white paper.
Slide 47 / 48
References
References II
Jain, M., Choi, J. I., Kim, T., Bharadia, D., Seth, S., Srinivasan, K., Levis, P., Katti, S., and Sinha, P. (2011).
Practical, real-time, full duplex wireless.
In Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, MobiCom
11, pages 301312, New York, USA. ACM.
Marzetta, T. (2010).
Noncooperative cellular wireless with unlimited numbers of base station antennas.
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 9(11):35903600.
Rappaport, T., Sun, S., Mayzus, R., Zhao, H., Azar, Y., Wang, K., Wong, G., Schulz, J., Samimi, M., and
Gutierrez, F. (2013).
Millimeter wave mobile communications for 5G cellular: It will work!
IEEE Access, 1:335349.
Rupp, M. (2012).
Robust design of adaptive equalizers.
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Introduction to 3GPP UMTS/LTE

389.168 Advanced Wireless Communications 1

2 Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

3 Enhancements of Legacy LTE LTE-Advanced

2 Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

3 Enhancements of Legacy LTE LTE-Advanced

1991 1997 1998

2007 2009 2010

First generation (1G) cellular networks: analog telephony

History of UMTS/LTE (2)

1991 1997 1998

2007 2009 2010

Worldwide standardization: third generation partnership project (3GPP)

History of UMTS/LTE (3)

1991 1997 1998

2007 2009 2010

UMTS long term evolution (LTE) release 8 (3.75G)

Worldwide subcriptions (Source: Ericsson, June 2013)

GSM still dominates the market

2 Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

3 Enhancements of Legacy LTE LTE-Advanced

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE PHY Overview

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE PHY Overview

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE PHY Overview

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE PHY Overview (2)

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE PHY Overview (3)

MIMO key data

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

Transmit symbol on OFDM subcarrier n at OFDM symbol k : x[n, k ] C

Receiver noise z[n, k] C

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

OFDM Processing (2)

If one of these is violated:

For details, please visit 389.133 Wireless OFDM Systems

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

Transmit symbol vector on subcarrier n at symbol k

Channel matrix: H[n, k] CNr Nt

Noisy input-output relationship

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE Frame Structure (FDD)

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE Time-Frequency Grid

one resource block

Resource element (RE): one subcarrier during one OFDM symbol

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

Based on (multiples of) RBs

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE Downlink Transmit Signal Processing Chain

other users signals

user transmit signal

AMC: 15 combinations of code rates and modulation alphabets are supported

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE Downlink Receive Signal Processing Chain

Channel estimation: estimate the channel matrices using pilot signals

Description of the LTE Downlink PHY

LTE Downlink Performance

Spectral efficiency [bit/s/Hz]

Block error ratio

Transmission over single-input single-output (SISO) additive white Gaussian