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Characteristics of Acrylic
Rubber Composites with Mica
and Carbon Black
RENATA M. B. FERNANDES,
AND REGINA C. R. NUNES*
LEILA L. Y. VISCONTE
INTRODUCTION
are classified as high-temperature, oilresistant, specialty rubbers [1]. They both have a saturated
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65
66
R. M. B. FERNANDES
ET AL.
backbone, which is responsible for the heat and oxidation resistances, and
ester side groups, which contribute to the marked polarity [2]. Due to
their good properties, acrylic elastomers have been widely used in
automobile field and related fields such as sealing, belt, vibration
insulator, gaskets, and hose materials [3,4]. Most of the work and
patents are concerned with mechanical properties of acrylic rubber
blends with other polymers [58]. Fillers are usually used in rubbers to
improve their mechanical properties and to reduce costs; carbon black
and silica are the most common fillers used in rubber compounds [3,9,10].
The term mica stands for a series of silicate minerals and various
micas are structurally similar, although the chemical composition may
vary widely. The most common types are muscovite, phlogopite, and
biotite [11,12]. In this work, the mica studied was muscovite.
The structure and size of the filler influences its dispersion in the
elastomeric matrix and the fillerrubber interaction in the compositions
can be investigated by physico-mechanical behavior. The swelling index,
for instance, is reduced by crosslinks in the filled vulcanizates, as a
result of several mechanisms such as adhesion of the matrix on the filler
surface, chemical bonding of polymer to the filler surface, and formation
of crosslinks near the filler [13]. In this work, the mechanical properties,
cure characteristics, and swelling behavior of acrylic rubber compounded with mica or carbon black were studied.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
Acrylic rubber (Hycril 1540), containing 5% by weight of available
cure sites, Mooney viscosity ML(14) at 1008C 32.10, was supplied by
stria e Comercio S.A., Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mica
Petroflex Indu
muscovita with density of 2.64 g/cm3 and average particle size of
stria e Comercio Ltda,
54.77 mm was supplied by Brasilminas Indu
o Paulo, Brazil, and carbon black furnex type N762 with average
Sa
particle size of 61100 nm and density of 143 g/cm3 was supplied by
o Paulo, Brazil. The other additives,
Columbian Chemicals do Brasil, Sa
used as received, were Struktol WB222 (processing agent; Schill &
Scilacher), Naugard 445 (antioxidant; Uniroyal Chemicals), stearic acid
(retardation agent), sodium stearate (accelerator), and Chemac PAR K
50 (cure agent). The amount of mica and carbon black used were varied
from 10 to 50 phr (parts per hundred resin). In order to compare
the influence of mica or carbon black added, one pure gum type
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67
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68
R. M. B. FERNANDES
ET AL.
ML (dN.m)
MH (dN.m)
M (MH ML)
ts1 (min)
t90 (min)
ACM/Mica
100/0
100/10
100/20
100/30
100/40
100/50
1.92
1.81
2.26
2.37
2.49
2.49
14.92
15.48
16.27
18.42
18.76
21.13
13.00
13.67
14.01
16.05
16.27
18.64
1.20
1.20
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.20
24.60
23.40
22.20
23.40
22.80
24.60
ACM/Carbon black
100/10
100/20
100/30
100/40
100/50
2.37
2.60
3.16
3.62
4.07
17.29
16.44
22.15
26.78
29.83
14.92
16.84
18.99
23.16
25.76
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
0.60
22.20
19.80
21.00
23.40
25.20
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69
Strain at
break (%)
Stress at
break (MPa)
Rupture
energy (J/m)
ACM/Mica
100/0
100/10
100/20
100/30
100/40
100/50
180
150
180
190
200
180
0.65
0.57
0.85
1.18
1.34
1.73
12.67
11.03
17.47
26.83
28.63
34.95
ACM/Carbon black
100/10
100/20
100/30
100/40
100/50
150
150
160
150
125
0.86
1.45
3.06
3.00
5.66
15.15
30.89
54.91
54.42
83.35
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70
R. M. B. FERNANDES
ET AL.
12.5
Carbon black
Mica
10.0
7.5
5.0
2.5
0.0
100/0
100/10
100/20
100/30
100/40
100/50
Modulus at
100% (MPa)
Hardness
(Shore A)
ACM/Mica
100/0
100/10
100/20
100/30
100/40
100/50
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.8
0.7
1.1
(0.5)
(0.09)
(0.02)
(0.07)
(0.05)
(0.10)
19
22
26
28
32
36
(1.0)
(1.0)
(0.5)
(1.0)
(1.0)
(0.5)
ACM/Carbon black
100/10
100/20
100/30
100/40
100/50
0.5
0.8
0.9
2.4
4.0
(0.04)
(0.12)
(0.13)
(0.54)
(0.29)
25
29
36
45
54
(0.5)
(0.5)
(0.5)
(0.5)
(0.5)
with 40 phr of mica and 20 phr of carbon black show comparable results.
The increase in these property values can be related to the molecular
stiffness increase of composites, and can be compared with the
maximum torque (MH) obtained by ODR. Carbon black as a filler has
the best performance with ACM, which is as an indication of good
rubberfiller interaction solely because of its own characterisitics.
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71
Mica
0.30
Carbon black
0.28
0.25
0.23
0.20
Vr
0.18
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.00
100/0
100/10
100/20
100/30
100/40
100/50
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72
R. M. B. FERNANDES
ET AL.
Figure 3 shows Kraus plots for acrylic rubber filled composites where
it can be seen that for the carbon black filled vulcanizates, Vro/Vrf values
are lower than 1, which indicates some polymerfiller interaction.
Acrylic rubber composites filled with mica muscovite show a different
behavior, since Vro/Vrf values are close to 1, thus suggesting a weak
polymerfiller interaction.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite its mineral character and the large particle size used in this
work, mica may still be classified as a semi-reinforcing filler for acrylic
rubber composites. Compared with carbon black, an effective reinforcing
filler for ACM, the interaction between ACM and mica, investigated by
swelling methods, was found to be weak. However, the presence of either
carbon black or mica does not affect cure characteristics but increases
the stiffness of the composites.
As for mechanical properties, corroborating M cure parameter,
compounds with 20 phr and 30 phr of carbon black have showed
behavior that were found to be similar to the compounds with,
2.0
Mica
Carbon black
Vro/Vrf
1.5
f (1 f)
1.0
0.5
0.0
FIGURE 3. Relationship between filler concentration and equilibrium volume swelling in
acetone of ACM/filler network plotted in the form of Kraus equation.
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73
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
o
The authors would like to thank CNPq and FUJB (Fundaca
ria Jose Bonifa
cio) for the financial support, Petroflex
Universita
stria e Comercio S.A for supplying the acrylic rubber and the
Indu
stria e Comercio Ltda. for
other additives, and Brasilminas Indu
supplying mica.
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