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Matemtica Aplicada
Unidad VI
TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE
1.
CONCEPTOS BSICOS
Definicin:
Sea f(t) una funcin de t definida para t > 0. La Transformada de Laplace de
f(t) se define como:
L { f(t) } = F(s) =
-st
f(t)dt
Notacin:
Cuando se indique con minsculas una funcin de t, como f(t), g(t), y(t), la
transformada de Laplace de dicha funcin se denotara por la correspondiente
letra mayscula, es decir, F(s), G(s), Y(s).
Algunas Propiedades de la Transformada de Laplace:
1.
2.
3.
4.
df(t)
f(t)
= s F(s) - tlim
0
dt
119
= s F(s) - f(0)
Matemtica Aplicada
TECSUP - PFR
dn f(t)
dt n
5.
= s F(s) - s
n -1
f(0) - s
n-2
(1)
(0) - ....... - f
(n -1)
(0)
t 0
L{f(t)} = F(s) =
L{f(t)} = F(s) =
Si:
f(t) = 1
- st
0
1 dt
[e - st ]0
- st
f(t)dt
1
s
recordar :
[e - st e - st ]0
L{f(t)} = F(s) =
120
1
s
e
1
s
ax
1
a
ax
[e - s e - s0 ] = 1 [0 1]
s
TECSUP - PFR
Matemtica Aplicada
L {f(t)} = F(s)
k
At
txe
sen at
cos at
sen (at+)
cos (at+)
10
-a t
11
-a t
s>0
s
A
s>0
s2
s>0
n! = 1x2x3x
n!
n+1
at
s>a
s-a
1
at
a
s
13
cos h at
14
df/dt
15
f (t ) d t
16
f(t t1)
17
f1(t) + f2(t)
18
t1/2
19
s>0
s + a2
s sen + a cos
s>0
s 2 + a2
s cos + a sen
s>0
s 2 + a2
s>0
(s + a) 2 + w 2
(s + a)
cos wt
sen h at
s>0
s 2 + a2
sen wt
12
s>a
(s - a) 2
s>0
(s + a) 2 + w 2
a
s > |a|
s a2
s
s > |a|
s a2
s>0
s F(s) f(0 + )
F(s)
s
(0 + )
s
-t1s
s>0
F (s)
F1 (s) + F2 (s)
1
2s
-1/2
121
s>0
s>0
Matemtica Aplicada
TECSUP - PFR
f (t ) = 2 t
2!
s 2 +1 s
L { f (t ) } = 2
L { f (t ) } =
} = L {2 t } L {e
( 1)
1
4 + 4s s 3
s 3 (s + 1)
} = 2 L {t } L {e
2 1
s 3 s + 1
= 2
s > 0
Transformada de Laplace:
L { f (t ) } = L {6 sen 3t 5 senh (2t )} = 6 L {sen 3t } 5 L {senh (2t )}
3 2
5
s 2 + 32 s 2 2 2
L {f (t )} = 6
L {f (t )} =
8s 2 162
(s 2 + 9)(s 2 4 )
3 2
5
s2 + 9 s2 4
= 6
s > 2
f (t ) = (t
+ 1)
4!
2!
4 +1 2 2 +1 +
s
L {f (t )} =
s 4 + 4 s 2 + 24
12
2
5 2 3 +
s
s
s > 0
s5
f (t ) = (sen 3t cos 3t )
Transformada de Laplace:
L { f (t ) } = L {(sen 3t cos 3t )
122
TECSUP - PFR
Matemtica Aplicada
1 - cos 6t
1 + cos 6t
L {sen 6t } + L
2
2
L { f (t ) } = L
L {f (t )} =
= L {1} L {sen 6t } =
+ 62
s 2 6s + 36
s (s 2 + 36)
4t
1
2
cos 5t +
+8
4t
cos 5t +
3
4
(1)
+ 8}
4t
L { f (t ) } = 3 L {e
4t
}+L{
}+
1
2
1
2
cos 5t } + L {
L {cos 5t } +
3
4
} +L {8}
(2)
L {t } + L { 8 }
L { f (t ) } = F (s ) = 3
1 s 3 3!
+
+ +
+ 4 2 s 2 + 52 4 s 4
por lo tanto:
F (s ) =
2
s+4
2 s
s
2
+5
9
2s
3 cos 2t + 5 e
3 cos 2t + 5 e
123
(1)
Matemtica Aplicada
TECSUP - PFR
L { f (t ) } = L { 4 t } L {3 cos 2t } + L {5 e
2
L { f (t ) } = 4 L {t } 3 L {cos 2t } + 5 L {e
(2)
2!
s
1
3
+5
3
2
2
s
s + 2
s + 1
L { f (t ) } = F (s ) = 4
2.
F (s ) =
3s
+4
s +1
124
P (s )
Q (s )
TECSUP - PFR
Matemtica Aplicada
Ejemplo 1: Hallar
1
4 L
4 L
3s
+ 16
+ 4
s
1
1
1
+ 5L 2
3L 2
2
s + 4
s + 16
s
1
1
1
3L 2 2 + 5L 2 2
2
s + 2
s + 4
f (t ) = 4 e
2t
3 cos 4t +
Ejemplo 2: Hallar
5
2
sen 2t
3s + 7
2
s 2s 3
1
P (s )
Q (s )
P (s) = 3s + 7
Q (s) = s 2 - 2s 3, el grado de Q (s) > P (s).
2s 3
3s + 7
(s 3)(s + 1)
A
s 3
B
s +1
(1)
(2)
Reemplazando en (1):
(s 3)(s + 1)
125
A
s 3
B
s +1
s 3
s +1
(3)
Matemtica Aplicada
TECSUP - PFR
(s
f(t) = 4e
3s + 7
3)(s + 1)
3t
=L
Ejemplo 3: Hallar
s ( s + 5)
A
s
= 4 L
1 1
L
s + 1
1 1
L
s + 1
B
s +5
s (s + 5)
1
L 1
A ( s + 5) + s B
s ( s + 5)
s A + s B + 5 A
s ( s + 5)
s (A + B ) + 5 A
s ( s + 5)
A + B = 0
1
1
1 = s (A + B ) + 5 A s 0 + 1 = s (A + B ) + 5 A
A = B =
5
5
5 A = 1
1
s (s + 5)
1 5
A
B
1
1 1 5
+
L 1
+
=L
+
+ 5
s s +5
s
(
s
5
)
s
s
1 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 1
+L
= L L
s
s + 5 5
s 5
s + 5
L 1
f (t ) =
3.
1
1
1
(1) e 5t = (1 e 5t )
5
5
5
la
Transformada
de
Laplace
las
Ecuaciones
dy
dt
+ y = F (t )
o sea
y " +y ' + y = F (t )
(1)
y (0) = A
y '(0) = B
(2)
126
TECSUP - PFR
Matemtica Aplicada
o sea
f ' (t ) + 8 t = 0
f (0) = 1
para :
s F(s ) 1 + 8
1
8
F(s ) =
s
s3
1
8
L1 {F(s )} = L1
s
s3
f (t ) = 1 4 t 2
Ejemplo 2: Resolver
f ' (t ) + 2 f (t ) = 0
para :
f (0) = 1
f (t ) = e 2t
127
s +2
1
L1 {F(s )} = L1
s + 2
Matemtica Aplicada
TECSUP - PFR
con
y (0) = 1,
y'(0) = -2
1
s2
s 2 Y (s) s + 2 + Y (s) =
1
s2
Y (s) s 2 + 1 (s 2) =
Y (s) s 2 + 1 =
Y (s) =
1
s
s2
1
2
s +1
+ (s 2)
s
2
s +1
s2
Y (s) =
2
2
s +1
1
s2
+ (s 2)
s2 + 1
Y (s) =
1
s
s
2
s +1
3
2
s +1
L { Y (s)} = L
1
2
s
s
2
s +1
+ 1
1
s
y (t ) = t + cost 3 sent
Anexo (a)
L { y'' }
L{ y } = Y(s)
L{ z } = Z(s)
L{ y' } = s Y(s)
y(0)
L{ y' } = Z(s)
L{ z' } = s Z(s)
z(0)
Y' = z L{ y' } = L{ z }
L{ z' } = s Z(s)
z(0)
L{ y' }
s Y(s) y(0)
L{ y'' }
L{ y''' }
L{ yIV }
128
TECSUP - PFR
4.
Matemtica Aplicada
TRANSFORMADA DE LAPLACE
Circuitos Elctricos y Transformada de Laplace
PROBLEMA 1:
R = 20 ohmios
L = 0,1 henrio
R
I
E = 80 voltios
d i
dt
V resistenia = i R
d i
+ 20 i
dt
80
s I{s }
10
+ 20 I{s }
I(s ) =
800
s (s + 200)
800
s (s + 200)
i (t ) = L 1
129
Matemtica Aplicada
TECSUP - PFR
200 A = 800
s 0 + 800 = s ( A + B ) + 200 A
A = 4
B = 4
A
1 4
=L
s + 200
s s + 200
i (t ) = 4 (1 e 200t )
PROBLEMA 2:
R = 10 ohmios
C = 50 faradios
E = 100 voltios
V capacito =
q
C
q
50 10 6
dq
q
+
d t 50 10 6
dq
dt
= 10 [s L {q } q (0)] +
1
50 10 6
L {q }
130
TECSUP - PFR
Matemtica Aplicada
100
= 10 [s L {q } 2 500 10 6 ] +
100
+ 2,5 10 2 = (10 s +
1
50 10 6
L {q }
10 +6
) L {q }
50
10 + 0,25 10 2 s
s (s + 2 000)
s (s + 2 000)
q (t ) = L 1
1
1
B =
200
400
0
,
25
10
s
10
1
1
1
+
1
400
1
1 200
=
L 1
L 1
q (t ) = L
=L
+
s (s + 2 000)
s + 2 000 200
s
s + 2 000
s 400
q (t ) =
q (t ) =
1
1 2 000 t
1 e
200
2
Clculo de la corriente:
i (t ) =
dq
1
1 2 000 t
1
1
2 000 t
=
1 e
i (t ) =
0 ( 2 000) e
dt
200
2
200
2
i (t ) = 5 e 2 000 t
131
Matemtica Aplicada
TECSUP - PFR
PROBLEMA 3:
L = 1 henrio
R
C = 1 x 10-2 faradios
E = 10 voltios
L
d i
V resistenia = i R
dt
Paso 3. Sustituyendo: 10 = 1
d i
dt
Vcapacito =
Paso 6. 10 = 1
d
dt
dq
d q
+ 20
d
t
dt
d 2q
dt
+ 20
dq
dt
+ 20 i + 100 q
Paso 5. 10 = 1
dq
dt
+ 100 q
+ 100 q
= s
L {q } + 20 s L {q } + 100 L {q }
132
10
= (s
+ 20 s + 100) L {q }
10
s (s
+ 20 s + 100)
TECSUP - PFR
Matemtica Aplicada
10
10
= L 1
s (s 2 + 20 s + 100)
s (s + 10) 2
q (t ) = L 1
s (s + 10)
A
s
B
(s + 10)
C
(s + 10) 2
10 = A (s + 10 ) + B s (s + 10) + C s
10 = A s
10 = s
+ 20 A s + 100 A + B s
+ 10 B s + C s
( A + B ) + s (20 A + 10 B + C ) + 100 A
A = 0,1 ; B = - 0,1
C=-1
1
= L 1 0,1 + 0,1 +
s (s + 10) 2
s
(
10
)
+
s
(s + 10) 2
q (t ) = L 1
10
q (t ) = 0,1 0,1 e 10 t t e 10 t
Clculo de la corriente:
i (t ) =
dq
= 0 + 0,1 (10) e 10 t + 10 t e 10 t
dt
i (t ) = 10 t e 10 t
133
e 10 t
Matemtica Aplicada
TECSUP - PFR
134