ES2B1

Energy Conservation & Power Systems

Laboratory Report - Electronic Motors
Student Number - 1321854

Table of Contents
Abstract Summary .......................................................................................................................................2
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................2
Theory..............................................................................................................................................................2
Calculations ....................................................................................................................................................4
Method .............................................................................................................................................................4
Results..............................................................................................................................................................5
AC Induction Motor .................................................................................................................................................5
DC Motor .....................................................................................................................................................................6
Diagrams and Equipment ..........................................................................................................................7
AC Power ....................................................................................................................................................................7
DC Power ....................................................................................................................................................................8
Observations of the Starting Characteristics of the Motors...........................................................8
Discussion.......................................................................................................................................................9
Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 10
Appendices and References................................................................................................................... 11

Abstract Summary
This study investigates how induction and DC motors vary, their efficiency and
their operation. Results show DC motors are more efficient at a higher output
power than induction motors. The motor speed has more of an effect on the
torque in an induction motor than a DC motor, DC motors show an inverse linear
relationship, with motor speed and torque where as an Induction motor exhibits
less of these qualities. Both motors use the same current to start the motor then
return back to their starting current.

Introduction
The purpose of the laboratory is to measure the efficiency of both the alternating
current and direct current motors. From this we can then compare the efficiency
of the motor with the output power. The laboratory was also to gain an
understanding of measuring electrical and mechanical quantities and operating
AC and DC motors.
Energy Analyser - Electrical input
power, Voltage, Current, Power factor

Ammeter & Voltmeter (Voltage x Current =

Electrical Input Power)

Induction Motor - 380V,

50Hz, 1A, Star connected

DC Motor

Dynamometer - Torque, Mechanical

output power, Mechanical speed

Dynamometer - Torque, Mechanical

output power, Mechanical Speed

Theory
Any conductor that carries a current has a magnetic field around it. The direction of this field
can be described as the right hand grip rule this also applies for coils such as transformers.

F = B I L
Fig 1 (Magnetics Effects of a Current Carrying Conductor - Straight Wire , 2010)

Where F is the force exerted, B is the magnetic flux density (T), I is the current and L is the
length of the wire. As the magnetic field and length of wire stays constant the current exerted
from the energy analyser directly affects the force and therefore the output torque.
Electromagnetic induction is introduced when a magnet is moved through a coil, this induces
an EMF causing a current to flow through the conductor within the magnetic field, and this in
turn generates a magnetic flux that opposes the change of the original flux. This process mimics
that of a transformer. (Mias, Electromagnetism and Machienes)
A motor converts electrical energy to mechanical energy and generators convert mechanical
energy to electrical energy. Both machines are similar comprising of 2 electromagnets. An
electromagnet is formed of a coil with a current carrying conductor that produces magnetic
field and magnetic flux.

Induction Motors

(Wikipedia)Fig 2 (above) shows how a three phase stator creates a magnetic field that rotates in
time with the AC oscillations. The stator is a stationary electromagnet that produces a
magnetic field produces a constant magnitude at synchronous speed but the rotation causes the
position of the of the output power to be 120apart that can be seen by the graph in the lower
half of the image.(Storey)
Armature windings are spaces 120 apart on the stator. The speed is directly related to the EMF
frequency in the stator coils and the number of poles on the stator.

DC motors
DC motor requires direct current to a rotating electromagnet (a rotor), there is no rotating
magnetic field like the induction motor as the current is single phase.

Fig 3

Fig 4

Fig demonstrates that the armature and field windings use two separate
supplies, meaning it is a separately excited DC motor. We only measure the
armature voltage, current and power as the field windings are constant. at 220V
and 0.33Amps, producing a power at 73W. The armature and field windings power
values must be added together to give the total electrical input power this will
affect the efficiency. This is demonstrated in the calculations section.
The internal generated EMF in the DC machine is Eb = V I Ra
where V is the supply voltage and Ra is the armature resistance.


Mechanical power developed,
Pm = Power input to armature power loss in armature
= VI I2 Ra
= I ( V IRa)
= Eb I

Calculations
The efficiency can be calculated from the following equations. Graphs for induction and DC
motors can be plotted Efficiency against mechanical output power
Electrical power input =Armature Power + Field Power
Electrical Power input = Value recorded + (220 x 0.33) = Value recorded + 73
Efficiency = Mechanical Power Output/ Electrical Power Input x 100%

Power equation:

P=VI

The power equation can be used to calculate the armature input power for the DC machine.
The voltage is set at 270V and the current is measured using an ammeter.

Equipment used to vary the torque only displayed up to 2 significant figures. All digital readers
display to two or three decimal places, there may be a possible calibration error, but the main
source of error was that recording measurements wasn't instantaneous, so as they fluctuate
and they were recorded it creates some error.

Method

Starting with the induction motor the three phase control is switched on (switches B and D),
the dynamometer is set to manual and knob F (variable output control) increased until the
voltage shown on the energy analyser reaches 380V. To start the motor knob F was increased
on the dynamometer to increase the torque to 0.2Nm. The input variables of the electric
current (voltage, current, power and power factor) and the output variables of the motor
(power, motor speed, torque) were recorded. This experiment was continued with the torque
increasing by 0.2Nm until the output power reaches 300W. Above this recordings were carried

out quickly in steps of 0.4Nm, this was continued until the motor overloaded. Switches B, C and
D were turned off after 5 minutes to allow the motor to cool.
For the DC motor only switch B, C and D were switched on and knob F set to zero. Knob F was
slowly increased to 30V where the voltage, motor speed and current were measured. Thiese
recordings were continued up in steps of 30V up to the rated voltage of 270V.
The manu knob on the dynamometer was turned to increase the torque to 0.1Nm. The input
current was measured using an ammeter and the armature voltage was set at 270V and field
set at 240V. From this we could calculate the electrical input power from the power formula;
P=IV. The output torque, output power and motor speed were also recorded. These recorded
were repeated at intervals of 0.1Nm until the motor reaches its output power of 180W. The test
was increased quickly in intervals 0f 0.2Nm until the motor reached 2A.

Results
AC Induction Motor

Voltage
(V)
383
381
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
380
379
379
379

Input
Electrical
Input
Power
Current
(A)
(W)
0.6
80
0.605
100
0.615
139
0.642
181
0.668
217
0.698
249
0.731
283
0.772
326
0.82
327
0.888
422
0.946
466
0.99
500
1.15
610
1.33
727
1.56
870
1.87
1008

Power
Factor
0.2
0.2
0.34
0.43
0.48
0.54
0.59
0.64
0.69
0.72
0.75
0.77
0.81
0.83
0.85
0.86

Output
Torque
(Nm)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
2.2
2.6
3
3.4
3.8

Output
Output
Mechanical
Power
Motor Speed
(W)
(RPM)
1.5
1480
20.6
1478
54.5
1473
89.6
1467
119.4
1460
145.2
1454
170
1449
199.7
1442
235.7
1431
266.7
1424
295.1
1414
316.1
1407
370.2
1382
420.6
1352
461.5
1310
476.4
1223

Efficiency
(%)
0.19
20.6
39.2
49.5
55
58.3
60.1
61.3
72.1
63.2
63.3
63.2
60.7
57.9
53
47.3


DC Motor
Input
Voltage
(V)
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270
270

Current
(A)
0.3
0.3
0.41
0.49
0.54
0.61
0.66
0.76
0.8
0.85
0.95
1.1
1.26
1.4
1.53
1.71
1.80
1.94
2.14

Input Electrical
Power (W)
154
154
183.7
205.3
218.8
237.7
251.2
278.2
289
302.5
329.5
370
413.2
451
486.1
534.7
543.5
596.8
650.8

Output
Torque
(Nm)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.3
2.5

Output
Output
Power
Mechanical
(W)
Speed (RPM)
24.3
1729
25.5
1725
53
1703
74.9
1687
86.8
1677
103
1665
116
1654
141.4
1639
147.1
1633
161.8
1623
181.8
1606
212
1583
245
1562
268
1543
291
1524
319
1496
319
1492
353
1467
377.3
1438

Input
Voltage (V)
30
60
90
120
10
180
210
240
270

Input
Current
(A)
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.2

Input
Power (W)
77.2
82.6
88.3
93.4
101.8
107.2
112.9
118.6
127

Output
Torque
(Nm)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Output
Power (W)
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.4
2.8
3
3
3.2
3.2

Mechanical
Speed
(RPM)
200
373
578
771
957
1154
1364
1544
1752

Efficiency
(%)
15.8
16.6
28.9
36.5
39.8
43.3
46.2
50.8
50.9
49.1
55.2
57.3
59.3
59.4
59.9
59.7
58.7
59.1
58.0

Output Torque (Nm)

Ef^iciency %

0.8

AC Torque Vs Motor Speed

AC Ef^iciency Vs Power
Output

0.6
0.4
0.2

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

0
0

200
400
Output Power (W)

Graph 1

Motor Speed (iRPM)

Graph 2

DC Torque Vs Motor Speed

DC Ef^iciency Vs Power
Output
Output Torque (Nm)

0.6

600

Ef^iciency (%)

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1420 1470 1520 1570 1620 1670 1720

100
200
300
Output Power (W)

Graph 3

400

Motor Speed (RPM)

Graph 4

Diagrams and Equipment

AC Power

Fig 5 Electric motor

Fig 6 Oscilloscope with two channels

CH1- Voltage which is proportional to motor speed
CH2 Current

Fig 7 Dynamometer measuring

output power, motor speed
and the torque of the motor.

Fig 8 Three phase analyser measuring
input voltage, input current, input
power and phase angle.
(Note three wires because of AC current)

DC Power
Same as above but the current is only single phase so only one wire connected
into the three phase analyser.

Fig 9 Input voltage set at 270V and Fig 10 Output voltage measured on built
current measured using ammeter. in DC voltmeter.
Grey probe used for taking readings
on the oscilloscope

Observations of the Starting Characteristics of the Motors

When a stationary motor is switched on it take a large current from the supply. As the motor
begins to accelerate the current declines, the motor then reaches a steady state speed
determined by the load connected to it.

Current Probe

Voltage Probe

Voltage and current probes can be used to determine the peak current and the time to increase
to full speed. In the graphs below channel 1 shows the output voltage and channel 2 shows the
output current.

Graph 5 AC, CH1 showing voltage, CH2
showing current

Following from point 4 (Mias, ES2B1: Electric

Motors, 2014) the oscilloscope print above
shows the AC current spike to 2 Amps when
turned on and then continue alternating back
down to an average. There is a brief delay for
the voltage to increase up to a constant. As the
voltage is proportional to the motor speed
CH1 can also represent the output revolutions
per minute. It can also be noted the frequency
at 50Hz so this is also correct.



DC current also spikes but as it is only single
phase there is no oscillations to be seen for
the current. The current peak is needed to
start the motor rotation and is the same at 2
Amps . The current returns to zero at the
same time the voltage reaches its maximum,
here the voltage increases more slowly than
AC.

Graph 6 DC with CH1 showing voltage
and CH2 showing current

Discussion

As seen by graphs 2 and 4 torque has an inverse relationship with motor speed. A model is
shown below (graph 7) for DC machines below this indicates the stall torque (s) where torque
is at a maximum but the shaft is not rotating and n where there is no load speed so the
maximum motor speed but with no torque.
motor = s - s/n

Graph 7 (Page)

motor = (s - )n/s

Induction Motors have a very low cost due to their simple design. Their speed can be varied by
the number of fixed winding sets and also by the frequency of the AC line voltage. They also
have a high power factor so more real power to be used. Induction motors are much more
reliable than DC motors as there are no brushes to replace. However induction motors do
struggle at low speeds due to their thermal considerations
The DC motor provides excellent speed control as the power supply directly controls the field
of the motor, which allows for precise voltage control that is necessary with speed and torque
control applications e.g. shunt motor. DC motors also have an easy to understand design with
only a single phase due to the direct current. However they require high maintenance to
maintain the brushes and the mechanical interface used for the current to reach the rotating
field. Dust also decreases its performance so is unsuitable in a dust environment. (Ali, 2013)

Conclusions
AC current has a much rounder curve indicating that it has a greater range of efficiency it can
work at with different powers. These range from between 120 400W where it can work at
60% efficiency. The DC motor efficiency increases with output speed up to a maximum of 60%
efficiency. This could be an exponential relationship but more recordings would have to be
carried out. Both motors experience their peaks at similar mechanical output power, with the
DC peak efficiency at 290W and induction peak efficiency at 236W. From looking at the graph
you can see the peak for induction motors could be an anomaly reading, the graph is a smooth
curve apart from this peak that would more likely be around 63% efficiency.
Both torque vs peed graphs (graph 2 and 4) are inversely proportional with the induction
motor being the least proportional having a speed curve. The torque of the induction motor
increases from zero to 4Nm, this has a greater range than the DC motor only to 2.5Nm. The
induction motor has a steeper curve, as the motor speed is slower. At 0Nm the highest motor
speed is 1500 revolutions per minute whereas the DC motor highest speed is 1730 rotations
per minute.
So as both motors have similar efficiencies the induction motor is likely to be a better machine
as it performs at 60% efficiency between a larger range of power, 120-400W.

Bibliography

Ali, Z. A. (2013, 12 20). Dv and AC Motor Model. Uet Peshawar.

Magnetics Effects of a Current Carrying Conductor - Straight Wire . (2010). Retrieved 12 02,
2014, from Physics 503: http://physics503.one-school.net/2008/06/magnetics-effects-of-
current-carrying.html
Mias, D. C. (n.d.). Electromagnetism and Machienes. Retrieved 11 02, 2014, from School of
Engineering, Warwick:
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/eso/modules/year2/es2b1/resources/es2b1_lectur
e_8_dc_machines.pdf
Mias, D. C. (2014). ES2B1: Electric Motors. University of Warwick, School of Engineering .
Page, M. (n.d.). DC Motor Characteristics .
Simple AC induction Motor . (n.d.). Retrieved 12 02, 2014, from Hyperphysics :
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/indmot.html#c3

Storey, N. Electronics: A systems approach (Vol. 5). Pearson Prentice Hall.

Wikipedia. (n.d.). Principles of Operation in Induction Motors .

Appendices and References

Graph 1 Excel graph of AC efficiency VS power Output

Graph 2 Excel graph of AC Torque VS Motor Speed
Graph 3 - Excel graph of DC efficiency VS power Output
Graph 4 Excel graph of SC Torque VS Motor Speed
Graph 5 Oscilloscope print of AC, CH1 showing voltage, and CH2 showing current
Graph 6 Oscilloscope print of DC, CH1 showing voltage and CH2 showing current
Graph 7 - Inverse linear relationship between Motor speed and Torque(Page)
Fig 1 - (Magnetics Effects of a Current Carrying Conductor - Straight Wire , 2010)
Fig 2 (Wikipedia)
Fig 3 and 4 Briefing sheet images demonstrating field and armature parts-
Fig 5 AC Electric Motor
Fig 6 - Oscilloscope with two channels (CH1- Voltage, CH2 Current)
Fig 7 Dynamometer measuring output power, mechanical speed, torque
Fig 8 Three Phase analyser measuring Input current, power, voltage, power factor
Fig 9 Ammeter and Probe for taking readings on the oscilloscope
Fig 10 DC Voltmeter