NORTH

Pole

MAGNETIC
FIELD
MAGNET

SOUTH
Pole

Paper

Needle

Thumb Nail

Copper
Cable

MAGNETIC CIRCUIT,
ELECTROMAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

The end of lesson, students

should be ;

Understand magnetism
Understand the composite series magnetic
circuit
Understand the electrical and magnetic
quantities
Understand hysteresis
Understand electromagnetism
Determine the magnetic field direction.
Understand electromagnetic induction

iNTRoDUctION
MAGNET is

the material that have two poles NORTH

and SOUTH
NORTH
Pole

SOUTH
Pole

iNTRoDUctION
MAGNET can be define as

Needle

Material that can attract piece of

iron or metal
N

Thumb Nail

iNTRoDUctION
MATERIAL that ATTRACTED by the
MAGNET is known as

Needle

MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES

Thumb Nail

iNTRoDUctION

The ABILITY to ATTRACT the

MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES is known
Needle
as

MAGNETISM

Thumb Nail

iNTRoDUctION
MAGNETIC FIELD is

the force around the MAGNET which

can attract any MAGNETIC MATERIAL
around it.

FLUX MAGNET

is the line
around the MAGNET bar which form
MAGNETIC FIELD.

TYpEs of MAGNET
There are 2 types of
PURE

MAGNET

MAGNET
MANUFACTURE MAGNET

PURE MAGNET
Known as MAGNET

STONE

The stone ORIGINALY have the

NATURAL MAGNETIC
Basically the stone is found in the form
of IRON ORE

MANUFACTURE
MAGNET
There are 2 types of

MANUFACTURE MAGNET
PERMANENT

MAGNET
TEMPORARY MAGNET

PERMANENT MAGNET
The ABILITY of the MAGNET to
kept its MAGNETISM
The basic shape of PERMANENT
MAGNET
U shape

horseshoe

ROD
Cylinder
BAR

PERMANENT MAGNET

U shape

Horseshoe

Rod

Cylinder
Bar

PERMANENT MAGNET
Permanent

magnet can be obtained

by:
naturally or magnetic induction
( metal rub against natural
magnet)
placing a magnet into the coil and
then supplied with a high
electrical current.

PERMANENT MAGNET
Permanent magnet used in small devices
such as:

speakers

meter

compass

TEMPORARY MAGNET
BECOME MAGNET only when
there is CURRENT SUPPLY to the
metal
It has magnetic properties when subjected
to magnetic force and it will be lost when
power is removed.

TEMPORARY MAGNET

Example :

relay
electric bells

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC
FORCE LINES (FLUX).
Magnetic

flux lines have direction

and pole.
The direction of movement outside of
the magnetic field lines is from north
to south.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC
FORCE LINES (FLUX).
The strongest magnetic field are at the
magnetic poles .
DIFFERENT POLES ATTRACT each other
N

SAME MAGNETIC POLES will REPEL each

other
N

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC
FORCE LINES (FLUX).
FLUX form a complete loop and never
intersect with each other.
FLUX will try to form a loop as small as
possible.

MAGNETIC QUANTITY
CHARACTERISTICS

Magnetic Flux

Magnetic flux is the amount of

magnetic field produced by a

magnetic source.
The symbol for magnetic flux is .
The unit for magnetic flux is the
weber, Wb.

MAGNETIC QUANTITY
CHARACTERISTICS

Magnet Flux density

The symbol for magnetic flux

density is B.
The unit is tesla, T
the unit for area A is m2 where
1 T = 1 Wb/m.

MAGNETIC QUANTITY
CHARACTERISTICS

Magnet Flux density

Magnetic flux density is the

amount of flux passing

through a defined area
that is perpendicular to
the direction of flux

MAGNETIC QUANTITY
CHARACTERISTICS
Magnetic flux density

magnetic flux
area

B
A

Tesla

MAGNETIC QUANTITY
CHARACTERISTICS
Example 3

Flux,

Area, A

A magnetic pole face has

rectangular section having
dimensions 200mm by 100mm. If
the total flux emerging from the
pole is 150Wb, calculate the flux
density.
B?

B
A

MAGNETIC QUANTITY
CHARACTERISTICS
Solution 3
Magnetic flux, = 150 Wb = 150 x 10-6 Wb
Cross sectional area, A
= 200mm x 100mm
= 20 000 x 10-6 m2
Flux density,

150 10
B
6
A 20000 10
= 7.5 mT

MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF)

The force which creates the magnetic flux in a

magnetic circuit is called magnetomotive force
(mmf)
- The mmf is produced when a current passes
through a coil of wire. The mmf is the product of
the number of turns(N) and current (I) through
the coil.

Formula , Fm = N x I
Unit = Ampere Turns (A.T)

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,H

(MAGNETISING FORCE)

Defined as magnetomotive force, Fm per

metre length of measurement being
ampere-turn per metre.
number of turns
magnetomotive force

Current

Fm
NI
H

l
l
average length of magnetic circuit

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,H

(MAGNETISING FORCE)
Example 1

Current, I

A current of 500mA is passed

through a 600 turn coil wound of a
toroid of mean diameter 10cm.
Turn, N Calculate the magnetic field
strength.

Fm NI Diameter, d
H

l
l
H?

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,H

(MAGNETISING FORCE)
Solution 1
I =
N=
l =

0.5A
600
x 10 x 10-2m

NI
ampereturn / metre
l
600 0.5
H
0.3142
H 954.81AT / m
H

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,H

(MAGNETISING FORCE)
Example 2
An iron ring has a cross-sectional
area of 400 mm2. The coil resistance
is 474 and the supply voltage is
240 V and a mean diameter of 25
cm. it is wound with 500 turns.
Calculate the magnetic field
strength, H

MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH,H

(MAGNETISING FORCE)
Solution 2
I = V/ R = 240 / 474 = 0.506 A
l = D = (25 x10-2) = 0.7854 m
H=
H=

NI
l
500 0.506
0.7854

H= 322.13 AT/m

PERMEABILITY
For

air, or any other nonmagnetic medium, the ratio of

magnetic flux density to
magnetic field strength is
constant ,
This constant is called the
permeability of free space and
is equal to 4 x 10-7 H/m.
B

H
0

PERMEABILITY

For any other non-magnetic medium, the

ratio

For all media other than free space

r
B
0 r
H

PERMEABILITY
r is the relative permeability and is
defined as
flux density in material
r
flux density in vacuum

r varies with the type of magnetic

material.

PERMEABILITY
r for a vacuum is 1 is called the absolute
permeability.
The approximate range of values of
relative permeability r for some
common magnetic materials are :
Cast iron
r = 100 250
Mild steel
r = 200 800
Cast steel
r = 300 900

PERMEABILITY

Flux density,
B

Example 4

A flux density of 1.2 T is

produced in a piece of cast
steel by a magnetizing force
of 1250 A/m. Find the
relative permeability of the
steel under these conditions.
B 0 r H

r?

PERMEABILITY
Solution 4

B 0 r H
B
1.2
r

7
0 H (4 10 )(1250)
764

RELUCTANCE
Reluctance,S is the magnetic resistance of a
magnetic circuit to presence of magnetic flux.

Reluctance,
The unit for reluctance is 1/H or H-1 or A-T/Wb
Fm
Hl

BA
(B / H ) A
0 r A

RELUCTANCE
S?

Example 5

Determine the reluctance of a piece of

metal of length 150mm and cross
sectional area is 1800mm2when the
relative permeability is 4 000. Find also
the absolute permeability of the metal.
Length, l

RELUCTANCE
Solution 5
Reluctance,

0 r A

150 10 3
=
(4 10 7 )(4000)(1800 10 6 )
= 16 579 H-1

Absolute permeability,
=

0 r

(4 10 )(4000)
7

= 5.027 x 10-3 H/m

ELECTROMAGNET

Is a magnetic iron
core produced when
the current flowing
through the coil.
Thus, the magnetic
field can be produced
when there is a
current flow through a
conductor.

The direction of the magnetic field

can be determined using the
method:
1. Right Hand Grip Rules
2. Maxwell's screw Law.
3. Compass
Three rules may be used to indicate the
direction of the current and the flux
produced by current carrying
conductor.

Right Hand Grip Rule

is

a physics
principle applied
to electric current
passing through a
solenoid,
resulting in a
magnetic field.

Right Hand Grip Rule

When

you wrap your right hand

around the solenoid

your thumb points

in the direction of
the magnetic
north pole
your fingers in
the direction of
the conventional
current

Right Hand Grip Rule

It

can also be applied to

electricity passing through a
straight wire
the thumb points in the
direction of the
conventional current
(from +ve to -ve)

the fingers point in the

direction of the magnetic
lines of flux.

MAXWELLS SCREW LAW

Another way to determine the direction of

the flux and current in a conductor is to
use Maxwell's screw rule.

MAXWELLS SCREW
LAW

a right-handed screw
is turned so that it
moves forward in the
same direction as the
current, its direction
of rotation will give
the direction of the
magnetic field.

Electromagnetic Effect
Direction of Current
going INside
Solenoid

Direction of Magnetic
Flux around Solenoid

Direction of Magnetic
Flux around Solenoid

Right Hand Grip

Rule

Direction of Current
going OUTside
Solenoid

Electromagnetic Effect
Direction of Current
going OUTside
Solenoid

Direction of Current
going INside
Solenoid
Maxwell Screw Law

Same Direction

Direction of Magnetic
Flux around Solenoid

Different Direction

Direction of Magnetic
Flux around Solenoid

Electromagnetic Effect
Factors that influence the strength of
the magnetic field of a solenoid
The number of turns
The value of current flow
Types of conductors to produce coil
The thickness of the conductor

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Definition : When a conductor is

moved across a magnetic field so
as to cut through the flux, an
electromagnetic force (emf) is
produced in the conductor.
This effect is known as
electromagnetic induction.
The effect of electromagnetic
induction will cause induced
current.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

2 laws of electromagnetic induction:

i. Faradays law
ii.Lenzz Law

Faradays law
It is a relative movement of the magnetic
flux and the conductor then causes an
emf and thus the current to be induced in
the conductor.
Induced emf on the conductor could be
produced by 2 methods
flux cuts conductor or
conductor cuts flux.

Faradays law
Faradays First Law : Flux cuts conductor
When the magnet is moved towards the coil,
a deflection is noted on the galvanometer
showing that a current has been produced in
the coil.

Faradays law
Faradays Second Law :Conductor cuts flux
When the conductor is moved through a
magnetic field . An emf is induced in the
conductor and thus a source of emf is created
between the ends of the conductor.

Faradays law
This induced electromagnetic field is given
by E = Blv volts
B =flux density, T
l =length of the conductor in the magnetic
field, m
v =conductor velocity, m/s
If the conductor moves at the angle to
the magnetic field, then
E = Blv sin volts

Faradays law
Example
A conductor 300mm long moves at a
uniform speed of 4m/s at right-angles to
a uniform magnetic field of flux density
1.25T.
Determine the current flowing in the
conductor when :
a. its ends are open-circuited
b. its ends are connected to a load of 20
resistance.

Faradays law
Solution
a. If the ends of the conductor are open
circuited no current will flow .

Faradays law
Solution
b. E.m.f. can only produce a current if there is a
closed circuit. When a conductor moves in a
magnetic field it will have an e.m.f. induced.
Induced e.m.f. , E = Blv
=(1.25)(0.3)(4)
= 1.5 v
From Ohms law

E
I
R
1.5
I
20
I 75mA

Lenzz law

The direction of an induced emf is always

such that it tends to set up a current
opposing the motion or the change of flux
responsible for inducing that emf

Formula
MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE (MMF), Fm = N x I
MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH
MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY
PERMEABILITY

Fm NI
H

l
l

B
A

B
0 r
H

0 r A

Fm
Hl

RELUCTANCE S

BA
(B / H ) A
0 r A

Composite magnetic circuit

A series magnetic circuit that has parts of
different dimensions and material is called
composite magnetic circuit.
Each part will have its own reluctance. Total
reluctance is equal to the sum of reluctances
of individual parts.

Total reluctance

Comparison between magnetic

and electric circuit

Similarities & dissimilarities between

magnetic circuit and electric circuit

Similarities & dissimilarities between

magnetic circuit and electric circuit

Hysterisis and hysterisis loss

Figure 7.6