Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Dr. Ed Tavss
CHAPTER
TITLE
REQUESTS
High Priority
16
17
19
14
20
59
71
49
29
41
Low Priority
18
15
22
13
Thermochemistry
Chemical Equilibrium
Coordination Chemistry
Physical Properties of Solutions
18
25
22
13
CHAPTERS 16 & 17
pH
14
H2O + H2O
Basic
[H+]
1x10-14
-14
+
H3O + OH Kw = 1x10
+
-
Kw = [H ][OH ] = 1 x 10-14
pH + pOH = 14
Kw = Ka x Kcb = Kca x Kb = 1 x 10-14*
*a & b = acid and base; ca & cb = conjugate acid and conjugate base
pKa + pKb = 14
Acidic
1x10o
pH = -log[H ]
pOH
[OH-] = 10-pOH
-
pOH = -log[OH ]
[H+]
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14
pH + pOH = 14
pH
pH + pOH = 14
pH = -log[H+]
[H+] = 10-pH
pOH = -log[OH-]
[OH-] = 10-pOH
[H+] = 10-pH
[OH-]
Ka
~106
~108
~109
Acid
HCl + H2O
HBr + H2O
HI + H2O
H2SO4 + H2O
HNO3 + H2O
HClO4 + H2O
HClO3 + H2O
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
*Strong, but not common, acid. Generally not considered as a strong acid.
**These conjugate bases are known as nominal bases, i.e., a base by definition, but effectively not a base.
***Although HSO4- is effectively not a base, it is effective as an acid. HSO4- + H2O
2 +
H3O + SO4
All other acids are weak acids, e.g., HA (acetic acid), H2SO3, RNH3+, BF3
Arrhenius acid: Anything that provides a proton, e.g., HA, H2SO3, RNH3+
BL Acid: Anything tending to give up a proton, e.g., HA, H2SO3, RNH3+
(Lewis Acid: Anything tending to react with an electron pair, e.g., BF3)
STRONG BASES
(Most Group 1A and 2A hydroxides [not HOH])
e.g.
Very weak acid
(i.e., not an acid;
Base
spectator ion)
LiOH
OH
+ Li+
NaOH
OH+ Na+
Mg(OH)2
2OH- + Mg2+
Ba(OH)2
2OH- + Ba2+
All other bases are weak bases, e.g., RNH2, CO32-
Let Z = atom which the H is attached to, which is O for oxyacids, or F, Cl,
S, etc. for binary acids.
Strength of acid is determined completely by [homolytic] strength of H-Z
bond. (If the bond is weak, the acid is strong; if the bond is strong, the
acid is weak.*)
*Bond strength correlates inversely with bond polarity. That is, the weaker the bond, the more polar the bond is. Some argue that it is the H-Z bond weakening,
not the increased bond polarity, that results in increased acid strength; others argue that it is the increased bond polarity, not the bond weakening, that results in
increased acid strength.
ET: First discuss equations, then reverse equations invert K, then Ka x Kb = 10-14
Write the equil. equations and identify Ks for the following reactions:
Weak acid + water (e.g., acetic acid + H O):
HA + H2O
H3O+ + A-
Assume Ka = ~1 x 10-5
HA + OH-
reverse + Ka)
Weak acid + strong base (e.g., acetic acid + sodium hydroxide): HA + OH- H2O + A4
reverse + Ka)
RNH3+ + OHRNH2 + H2O
Assume Kb = ~1 x 10-5
RNH2 + H3O+
Conjugate acid + water (e.g., sodium acetate + H O): RNH3+ + H2O
Kca = Kw/Kb = (1 x 10-14)/(1 x 10-5) = (1 x 10-9)
2
Conjugate acid + OH- (e.g., ammonium chloride + OH ): RNH3+ + OH- RNH2 + H2O
K = 1/Kb = 1/(1 x 10-5) = 1 x 105
-
reverse + Kb)
reverse + Kb)
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
HA + OH
14
H2O + A
Strong
base
Strong base
12
Weak base
Red
10
HIn + In-
pH
Phenolphthalein
Indicator
9 for SB & WA
Colorless
5 for WB & SA
1:1
HA:A-
Half-way Point
or
Half-equivalency Point
4
Weak acid
Completion
or
End Point
or
HA
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
pH = pKa + log([X]/[X])
pH = pKa
5 = pKa
Ka = 10-pH = 1 x 10-5
Weak
acid
2
Strong acid
0
0
10
20
30
40
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log([B]/[A])
At half-way point pH = pKa
-pH
[H+162-2012
] = KFinal
10review
) from 2010 final exam
Chem
a (=exam
Ka
~106
~108
~109
Acid
HCl + H2O
HBr + H2O
HI + H2O
H2SO4 + H2O
HNO3 + H2O
HClO4 + H2O
(HClO3 + H2O
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
H 3O +
*Strong, but not common, acid. Generally not considered as a strong acid.
**These conjugate bases are known as nominal bases, i.e., a base by definition, but effectively not a base.
***Although HSO4- is effectively not a base, it is effective as an acid. HSO4- + H2O
2 +
H3O + SO4
All other acids are weak acids, e.g., HA (acetic acid), H2SO3, RNH3+, BF3
Arrhenius acid: Anything that provides a proton, e.g., HA, H2SO3, RNH3+
BL Acid: Anything tending to give up a proton, e.g., HA, H2SO3, RNH3+
(Lewis Acid: Anything tending to react with an electron pair, e.g., BF3)
STRONG BASES
(Most Group 1A and 2A hydroxides [not HOH])
e.g.
Very weak acid
(i.e., not an acid;
Base
spectator ion)
LiOH
OH
+ Li+
NaOH
OH+ Na+
Mg(OH)2
2OH- + Mg2+
Ba(OH)2
2OH- + Ba2+
All other bases are weak bases, e.g., RNH2, CO32-
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
NH4I
BaCl2
KNO3
NaF
Z only
Xand Y
Y and Z
W only
W and X
NH4I NH4+ + II- is such a weak base that it doesnt act basic.
I- + H2O NR
But NH4+ is a weak acid.
NH3 + H3O+
NH4+ + H2O
Therefore, solution is acidic.
BaCl2 Ba2+ + 2ClGroup I and II cations are not acidic.
Ba2+ + H2O NR
The conjugate bases of strong acids are not basic.
Cl- + H2O NR
Therefore, this salt is neutral in water.
KNO3 K+ + NO3Group I and II cations are not acidic.
K+ + H2O NR
The conjugate bases of strong acids are not basic.
NO3- + H2O NR
Therefore, this salt is neutral in water.
NaF Na+ + FGroup I and II cations are not acidic.
Na+ + H2O NR
F- is a weak conjugate base.
HF + OHF- + H2O
Together, NaF provides a basic solution.
10
44. Methylamine, CH3NH2 is a weak base with Kb = 3.6x10-4 at 25oC. What is the
equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 25oC?
CH3NH3+(aq)
CH3NH2(aq) + H+(aq)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.8x1011
3.6x1010
1.7x108
3.6x103
2.8x103
CH3NH3+(aq)
CH3NH2(aq) + H+(aq)
CH3NH3+(aq) + H2O
CH3NH2(aq) + H3O+(aq)
The right side of the equation is Kca.
K = 1/Kca
Kw = Kb x Kca
Kca = Kw/Kb
K = 1/(Kw/Kb) = Kb/Kw = (3.6 x 10-4)/(1 x 10-14) = 3.6 x 1010
11
45. How many moles of solid NH4Cl must be dissolved in 1.00L of a 0.950M
NH3(aq) solution in order to prepare a buffer with a pH of 9.60. Kb(NH3) = 1.8x10-5
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.3 mol
1.6 mol
0.75 mol
0.43 mol
0.34 mol
ET Note: The solution consists of NH3, NH4Cl and H2O. Think HH equation.
pH 9.60
pOH = 4.40
-log[OH-] = 4.40
[OH-] = 4.0 x 10-5
NH3(aq)
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
H2O
0.950
NH4+(aq)
OH-(aq)
0
4.0 x 10-5
NH3(aq)
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
H2O
0.950
-X
0.950-X
NH3(aq)
NH4+(aq)
Y
+X
Y+X
+
H2O
Initial
0.950
-4.0 x 10-5
Change
0.950-(4.0 x 10-5)
Equilibrium
Henderson-Hasselbach:
pH = -log Kca + log([A-]/[HA])
pH = -log (Kw/Kb) + log([A-]/[HA])
9.60 = -log((1x10-14)/(1.8 x 10-5)) + log(0.950/Y)
X = 0.4295
NH4+(aq)
OH-(aq)
0
+X
4.0 x 10-5
Y
+4.0 x 10-5
Y + (4.0 x 10-5)
OH-(aq)
0
+4.0 x 10-5
4.0 x 10-5
12
37. Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is a polyprotic acid. If 0.30 mol H3PO4 and 0.60
mol KOH are reacted in aqueous solution, which one of the following ions will
have the highest concentration at equilibrium?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
H3O+
OHH2PO4PO43HPO42-
ET note: (1) Strong bases bring the reaction to completion. (2)The Kas become much, much smaller in going from K1 to K2 to K3. K3 is essentially zero.
H2PO40.30
-0.30
0
OH0.30
-0.30
0
H2PO40
+0.30
0.30
H2O
0
HPO420
+0.30
0.30
H2O
0
3rd reaction:
+
H2O
H3O+
+
PO43HPO42Initial
0.30
0
0
Change
-X
+X
+X
Equilibrium
0.30-X
+X
+X
([H3O+][PO43-])/[HPO42-] = K3
([X][X])/[0.30-X] = K3
In the third reaction, K3 is so small due to the formation of a triply charged substance (i.e., unstable), that
essentially nothing happens. Hence, X is very, very small
A. No. H3O+ only forms in the third step, but since K3 is so small virtually no H3O+ will form.
B. No. The OH- gets completely used up in the first and second steps.
C. No. The H2PO4- that is formed in the first step is completely used up in the second step.
D. No. The PO43- forms only in the third step, but since third step Kas of polyprotic acids are soooo
small, there is virtually no PO43- formed.
E. Yes. The HPO42- that is formed in the second step is virtually untouched in the third step because 3rd
Kas are very, very small.
13
14
All five are oxyacids, so the strength depends on the relative weakness of the
bonds, which is caused by differences in electronegativity.
Electronegativity ranking: F > O > Cl > Br > I
HIO is the weakest acid.
HBrO is a little stronger than HIO because Br is stronger in electronegativity
than I.
HClO is a little stronger than HBrO because Cl is stronger in
electronegativity than Br.
HClO2 is a little stronger than HClO because it contains two electronegative
oxygens.
HClO3 is a little stronger than HClO2 because it contains three
electronegative oxygens.
15
18. A buffer is formed by adding 1.0 mol of CH3COOH and 1.0 mol CH3COOin a 1.0 L container. The pH of the buffer is 4.74. Which of the following
would make the smallest change in the pH?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ET: Addition of any acid or base will change the pH, some more than others. But, based on the HH equation, addition of H2O dilutes the [A-] and [HA]
equally, so the log term will still drop out.
16
HA + OH
14
H2O + A
Strong
base
Strong base
12
Weak base
Red
10
HIn + In-
pH
Phenolphthalein
Indicator
9 for SB & WA
Colorless
5 for WB & SA
1:1
HA:A-
Half-way Point
or
Half-equivalency Point
4
Weak acid
Completion
or
End Point
or
HA
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
pH = pKa + log([X]/[X])
pH = pKa
5 = pKa
Ka = 10-pH = 1 x 10-5
2
Strong acid
0
0
10
20
30
40
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log([B]/[A])
At half-way point pH = pKa
-pH
[H+162-2012
] = KFinal
10review
) from 2010 final exam
Chem
a (=exam
17
CHAPTERS 16 & 17
CHEM 162-2010 Final exam
Chapters 16 & 17B - Applic. of Acid & Base Equilibria (Buffers & Titrations)
Titrations and Indicators
1. Aniline, one of the first synthetic dyes, has a Kb of 7.4 x 10-10. A student is
planning to titrate a solution containing aniline to determine its concentration.
In picking an indicator, what should the student consider (aside from the color
of the dye)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ET note: Problem can be done quantitatively or qualitatively. Quantitatively involves bringing the reaction to completion and then back again. Qualitatively
involves realizing that 10-10 is a very,very weak base, and estimating that the equivalence point would be at ~ pH 3 on the titration diagram.
Weak bases are generally titrated with strong acids. When a strong acid titrates
a strong base the stoichiometric point is approximately 7. When a strong acid
titrates a weak base, e.g., NH3 (Kb = 1.8 x 10-5), the stoichiometric point is
approximately 5. Aniline is a very weak base (Kb = 7.4 x 10-10). Hence the
stoichiometric point should be well below 5. The only option is 3.
18
CHAPTER 16
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
(HEAVY METAL IONS FORMING
PRECIPITATES)
1A
2A
3A 4A
5A 6A 7A 8A
He
Li+
Be
2B
Al
Si
S2-
Cl- Ar
Zn
Ga Ge
As
Se
Br- Kr
In
Sb
Te
I-
Pb2+ Bi
Po
At- Rn
Na+ Mg
3B 4B 5B 6B
7B
K+
Ca
Sc
Ti
Mn Fe
Rb+ Sr
Zr
Nb Mo Te
Ru Rh Pd
Ag+ Cd
?
Hf
Ta
Os Ir
Au
Cs+
Ba2+ La
Cr
Re
8B 8B 8B 1B
Co Ni
Pt
Cu
Hg22+ Tl
Sn
Ne
Xe
19
LOW PRIORITY
HIGH PRIORITY
PRECIPITATION REACTIONS
Concept:
Soluble salts:
All group IA metal ions and NH4+
All nitrates (NO3-), acetates (CH3CO2-),
perchlorates (ClO4-)
All Cl-, Br-, I-* (except Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+)
All IO3- and IO4- (except Pb2+, Hg22+, Ba2+)
All SO42- (except Pb2+, Hg22+, Ba2+, Ca2+)
*Note absence of F-
Insoluble salts:
Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+, Ba2+
Hydroxides (OH-)
Sulfides (S2-)
Carbonates (CO32-)
Chromates (CrO42-)
Phosphates (PO43-)
20
Mn(OH)2(s)
Y
-X
Y-X
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
[Mn2+][OH-]2 = Ksp
X x (2X)2 = 1.9 x 10-13
4X3 = 1.9 x 10-13
X = 3.625 x 10-5
2X = 7.251 x 10-5
pOH = -log[OH-]
pOH = -log[7.251 x 10-5]
pOH = 4.14
pH = 14 - 4.14 = 9.86
Mn2+(aq)
0
+X
+X
2 OH-(aq)
0
+2X
+2X
21
29. A solution is initially 0.10M in Mg2+(aq) and 0.10M in Fe2+(aq). Solid NaOH is slowly added. What
is the concentration of Fe2+ when Mg(OH)2 first precipitates?
Ksp(Mg(OH)2 = 6.0 x 10-10;
Ksp(Fe(OH)2) = 7.9 x 10-16
A. 4.1 x 10-6
B. 2.6 x 10-9
C. 3.8 x 10-11
1.3 x 10-7
E. 6.7 x 10-5
D.
ET: Selective precipitation problem. Note that selective precipitation is the main factor in the Qualitative Inorganic Analysis Scheme at the end of chapter 16.
Mg2+ + 2OHMg(OH)2(s)
Fe2+ + 2OHFe(OH)2(s)
Mg(OH)2(s)
Y
-X
Mg2+ +
Fe(OH)2(s)
Fe2+ +
Initial
0
Change
+X
Equilibrium
0.10
[Mg2+][OH-]2 = Ksp
0.10 x (2X)2 = 6.0 x 10-10
X = 3.872 x 10-5
2X = 7.744 x 10-5 = [OH-] to just begin precipitation of Mg(OH)2
Initial
Y
0
Change
Equilibrium
0.10
2+
- 2
[Fe ][OH ] = Ksp
0.10 x (2X)2 = 7.9 x 10-16
X = 4.44 x 10-8
2X = 8.88 x 10-8 = [OH-] to just begin precipitation of Fe(OH)2
2OH0
+2X
2X
2OH0
+2X
22
28. 0.40 moles of AgNO3 and 2.5 moles of S2O32- are dissolved in 1.00L of aqueous solution. A
coordination complex forms.
[Ag(S2O3)2]3-(aq)
Ag+(aq) + 2S2O32-
Kf = 1.7 x 1013
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
8.1 x 10-15M
5.3 x 10-15M
1.7 x 10-13M
2.0 x 10-12M
1.7 x 10-13M
ET: Typical complex ion problem using small K rule (because of large K) and then right-to-left rule.
Ag+(aq)
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
0.40
-X
0.40-X
2S2O32-(aq)
2.5
-2X
2.5-2X
[Ag(S2O3)2]3-(aq)
0
+X
+X
This is going to give a quadratic equation. Use the large K rule. Bring the reaction to
completion, and then back to equilibrium. Ag+ is the limiting reactant.
Ag+(aq)
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
0.40
-0.40
0
2S2O32-(aq)
2.5
-0.80
1.70
[Ag(S2O3)2]3-(aq)
0
+0.40
+0.40
Now go back to equilibrium. Since its more convenient for the student to go from left to right,
reverse the equation, and invert K.
Ag+ (aq)
+
2S2O32-(aq)
[Ag(S2O3)2]3-
New initial
0.40
0
Change
-X
+X
Equilibrium
0.40-X
+X
+
32- 2
([Ag ][S2O3 ] )/[Ag(S2O3)2] = 1/Kf
([X][1.70+2X]2)/[0.40-X] = 1/(1.7x1013) = 5.88 x 10-14
To avoid a quadratic equation, use the small K rule.
([X][1.70]2)/[0.40] = 5.88 x 10-14
X = 8.14 x 10-15 = [Ag+]
1.70
+2X
1.70 + 2X
23
CHAPTER 19
24
OXIDATION
REDUCTION
25
ELECTROCHEMISTRY FORMULAS
Eocell = Eoredn + Eooxidn
Ecell = Eocell -(RT/nF)ln(Q) = Nernst equation
(Ecell = Eocell ((8.314 x 298.15)/(n x 96485)) x (2.303 x log(Q))
26
LINE NOTATION
Salt bridge, represented by a double vertical line, in middle.
Anode components on left; cathode components on right
o Anode and cathode electrode substance on far left and far right,
respectively.
o All species of each half-cell reaction listed between its
electrode and the salt bridge.
- If species are in same phase, separate by commas.
- If species are in different phases, separate by single
vertical lines.
27
28
LINE NOTATION
Salt bridge, represented by a double vertical line, in middle.
Anode components on left; cathode components on right
o Anode and cathode electrode substance on far left and far right,
respectively.
o All species of each half-cell reaction listed between its
electrode and the salt bridge.
- If species are in same phase, separate by commas.
- If species are in different phases, separate by single
vertical lines.
29
ET: Explain line diagram as anode on the left and cathode on the right.
(1) False. In a line diagram, the cathode is on the right side. It is the reaction
of Cl2(l) + 2e- 2Cl-(aq).
(2) True. Platinum is part of the cell as an inert conductor.
(3) True. In all voltaic cells, the cell potential decreases as the reaction goes
forward. The reaction going forward means that the Br- concentration
decreases, while the Cl- concentration increases. Eventually the cell potential
becomes zero, and the reaction stops. This can be demonstrated
mathematically by plugging numbers into the Nernst equation for this reaction.
At first, the value of E is the difference between the voltages of the two halfcells. But as the concentration of Cl- increases (and correspondingly the
concentration of Br- decreases), the value of E becomes smaller.
E = 0.29 ((0.0592/1) x log ([Cl-]/[Br-]))
30
0.0010M
0.0050M
0.0190M
0.0500M
1.00M
ET: Need to understand line diagrams. Straightforward filling in Nernst equation with one unknown, the [Cl-].
The left side of line diagrams is the anode, and the right side is the cathode.
Zn Zn2+ + 2e2(AgCl + 1e- Ag + Cl-)
Zn + 2AgCl Zn2+ + 2Ag + 2Cl-
Eo
+0.76
+0.22
+0.98V
31
32
OH8
5
4
10
3
SO423
5
6
2
7
33
34
11. Given
Eo(V)
Co2+ + 2e- Co(s) -0.28
Cd2+ + 2e- Cd(s) -0.40
What is the equilibrium constant for
Cd2+(aq) + Co(s)
Cd(s) + Co2+(aq)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.1 x 105
1.1 x 104
3.3 x 10-4
4.5 x 10-6
3.1 x 104
= +0.40V
= -0.28V
Cd2+(aq) + Co(s)
Cd(s) + Co2+(aq)
cell = 0.12V
Eocell = (0.0592/n)log(K)
0.12 = (0.0592/2) x log(K)
K = 1.13x104
35
16. If the standard reduction potentials for the couples Cu2+/Cu, Ag+/Ag and
Fe2+/Fe are +0.34V, +0.80V and -0.44V respectively, which is the strongest
reducing agent?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Cu
Ag
Ag+
Fe2+
Fe
ET: Discuss Standard Reduction Potential table as being for reductions, which means oxidizing agents, but reducing agents is for oxidations.
36
anions
cations
cations
anions
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
37
A. True. The salt bridge contains ions to neutralize the buildup of charges at
the electrodes. If there is no salt bridge, then the charges at the electrodes
will build up, making the system thermodynamically unstable, resulting in
the reaction stopping.
B. True. Oxidation is loss of electrons at the anode. The electrons flow from
the anode to the cathode through an external wire.
C. True. Oxidation is loss of electrons at the anode.
D. False. Negative charge is built up at he cathode. Therefore, cations flow
from the salt bridge to the cathode compartment in order to neutralize the
build up of this negative charge
E. True. The chemicals change spontaneously, by way of the electrons going
through an external wire. On the other hand, an electrochemical cell is one
which converts electrical energy (from a battery) into chemical energy
(increasing the Gibbs free energy of the products).
38
19. Given
Br2(l) + 2e- 2Br-(aq)
Eo = 1.065V
Eo = 1.229 V
O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- 2H2O(l)
Calculate Go for the reaction below:
2Br2(l) + 2H2O(l) 4Br-(aq) + O2(g) + 4H+(aq)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
+31.7 kJ
-31.7 kJ
-15.8 kJ
-42.2 kJ
+63.3 kJ
ET note: Straightforward. Use equation Go = -nFEocell; calculate n and Eocell, then find Go.
Go = -nFEocell
Eo(V)
1.065
2(Br2(l) + 2e- -> 2Br-(aq))
+
2H2O(l) O2(g) + 4H (aq) + 4e
-1.229
+
4Br (aq) + O2(g) + 4H (aq) -0.164
2Br2(l) + 2H2O(l)
Go = -4 x 96485 x (-0.164) = 6.33x104 J = 63.3 kJ
39
31. What mass of copper will be deposited at the cathode if a current of 0.15A
is passed through a solution of CuSO4 for 45 seconds?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2.22 x 10-3g
1.03 x 107g
2.07 x 107g
1.11 x 10-3g
3.50 x 10-5g
Cu2+ + 2e- Cu
40
CHAPTER 14 FORMULAS
ET: Rate = speed. Using a diagram with Y being 100 lbs and 110 lbs, and days 0 to 5, show that the increase in weight = slope = (Y2 Y1)/(X2 X1) = +2lb/day.
Decrease in weight = -increase in weight = -slope = -(Y2 Y1)/(X2 X1) = -2lb/day.
ET: Point out that table in middle of page contains the key formulas in kinetics. Discuss these formulas at beginning of recitation, focusing on 1o reaction.
k
units
M1s-1
Mos-1
*Half-lives:
For a zero order reaction, each successive half-life is the time of the preceding one.
For a first order reaction, each successive half-life is equal in time to the preceding one.
For a second order reaction, each successive half-life is double time of the preceding one.
Arrhenius equation:
k = Ae(-Ea/RT)
ln k = -Ea/RT + ln A; ln k = ((-Ea/R) x (1/T)) + ln A
A = frequency factor = combination of steric factor and collisional frequency
Ea = energy of activation
ln k2 - ln k1 = (-Ea/RT2) - (-Ea/RT1)
ln (k2/k1) = -(Ea/R)[(1/T2) - (1/T1)]
41
Hypothetically: Reaction is 2nd order with respect to C12H22O11 and zero order with
ET: Discuss formation of plot from data; then discuss definitions
X1,Y1
0.9
X2,Y2
0.8
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Rate = k[C]2
k=1
Time (s)
0
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.3
4.0
0.7
0.6
X1,Y1
0.5
0.4
0.3
X2,Y2
0.2
0
TIME (s)
5
42
43
44
45
6.0x10-4M/s
4.5x10-4M/s
3.0x10-4M/s
8.0x10-4M/s
1.2x10-3M/s
ET: First thing to do is to find k. Go from differentiated rate law to k to differentiated rate law.
If you are provided with the rate and concentration then use the Differentiated
Rate Law. The Differentiated Rate Law for a second order reaction is: Rate =
k[C]2.
Rate = k[C]2
2.7 x 10-3 = k[0.60]2
k = 0.0075
The rate constant doesnt change no matter what the rate is or no matter what
the concentration is. Hence, use the same equation to determine the rate:
Rate = k[C]2
Rate = 0.0075 x [0.20]2
Rate = 3.0 x 10-4
46
ET: First order plot (ln[A]t on y-axis, vs. t on x-axis) can be used to find the rate constant.
If a plot of ln[A] vs time gives a straight line, then the reaction is first order.
ln[A]t = -kt + ln[A]o
Y = mx + b
k = -the slope
X1 = 0
Y1 = -1.47
X2 = 1195
Y2 = -3.60
slope = (Y2-Y1)/(X2-X1) = (-3.60 (-1.47))/(1195-0) = -1.78 x 10-3s-1
-slope = k = 1.78 x 10-3s-1
B = Answer
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
47
10. Consider the reaction N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g). This reaction proceeds by the rate law
-(P(N2))/t = kP(N2), where k = 1.25x10-3s-1.
Starting with 0.45 atm of N2 and 1.55 atm of H2 and no NH3, what will the total pressure be after 145s
have elapsed? [Hint: total pressure is the sum of all the partial pressures at that time.]
A. 0.375 atm
B. 1.85 atm
C. 1.33 atm
D. 0.075 atm
E. 0.650 atm
ET: The reaction is first order. We have the value of k. We have the initial pressure and the time, so use
the integrated rate law to find the final pressure. The difficult part of this problem is realizing that the
integrated rate law should be dealing with the limiting reactant, which is N2 in this case.
Initial
Change
145 second pressures
N2 +
0.45 atm
-X
0.45-X
3H2
1.55 atm
-3X
1.55-3X
2NH3
0 atm
+2X
2X
N2 +
0.45 atm
0.075 atm
0.375 atm
3H2
1.55 atm
3 x 0.075 = 0.225 atm
2NH3
0 atm
2 x 0.075 = 0.150 atm
Initial
Change
145 second pressures
N2 +
0.45 atm
0.075 atm
0.375 atm
3H2
1.55 atm
0.225 atm
1.325 atm
2NH3
0 atm
0.150 atm
0.150 atm
Total pressure after 145 seconds = 0.375 + 1.325 + 0.150 = 1.85 atm
48
43. Consider the reaction 2A + B 3C + D. The rate of reaction was measured as a function of concentration.
From the data below, calculate the rate law.
Exp.
[A] M
[B] M
Initial rate M/s
1
0.300
0.100
1.23 x 10-4
2
0.400
0.100
2.91 x 10-4
3
0.300
0.300
1.11 x 10-3
A. 4.09x10-3[A][B]
B. 1.37x10-2[A]2[B]
0.455[A]3[B]2
D. 1.37[A]2[B]2
E. 0.0409[A][B]2
C.
Use initial rate method to find rate law. Use simultaneous equations to cancel unknowns.
Rewrite table to line up initial rates.
Experiment [A] (M)
[B] (M)
Initial rate (M/s)
1
0.300
0.100
1.23 x 10-4
2
0.400
0.100
2.91 x 10-4
3
0.300
0.300
11.1 x 10-4
Rate = k[A]m[B]n
Use the initial rate method.
We can proceed by getting rid of A in order to calculate n.
Divide experiment 3 by experiment 1:
11.1 x 10-4 = k[0.300]m[0.300]n
1.23 x 10-4 = k[0.300]m[0.100]n
9.02 = 3n
n = 2.0
We can proceed by getting rid of B in order to calculate m.
Divide experiment 2 by experiment 1:
2.91 x 10-4 = k[0.400]m[0.100]n
1.23 x 10-4 = k[0.300]m[0.100]n
2.37 = 1.33m
m = 3.0
Rate = k[A]3[B]2
This must be C, but we can go further to calculate k
Plug any set of numbers into the rate equation to find k.
Exp. 1:
1.23x10-4 = k[0.300]3[0.100]2
k = 0.456
Rate = 0.456[A]3[B]2
49
Mechanisms
30. Given the following mechanism, what is the expected rate law?
B
fast equilibrium
2A
A+BC
slow
CD
fast
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
rate = k[A][B]
rate = k[A]3
rate = k[B]1/2
rate = k[A]3[C]
rate = k[A]2[B]1
Rate always dependent only on the slow step; this is a typical rate law for a
component in the slow step being a reactive intermediate.
Rate = k[A][B]
But B is an unstable intermediate. Therefore, replace it using the fast
equilibrium equation.
Rate of forward reaction = kf[A]2
Rate of reverse reaction = kr[B]
Rate of forward reaction = Rate of reverse reaction
kf[A]2 = kr[B]
[B] = ((kf/kr)[A]2)
Rate = k[A][B]
Rate = k[A]((kf/kr)[A]2)
Rate = k[((kf/kr)[A])][A]2
Rate = k[A]3
50
1.32 kJ
615 kJ
91.0 kJ
898 kJ
10.9 kJ
51
52
C.
ET: Use catalysis diagram to answer most of these questions. Point out that the catalyst also changes the frequency factpr in the Arrhenius equation. The
frequency factor, A should really be called the frequecy-steric factor. How the molecules interact changes when using a catalyst. The rate of the reaction
can speed up due to a change in the molecules orientations.
53
**Nuclei have energy levels just as electrons do. When a nucleus in an excited state drops to a lower energy level, the energy is released in the form of a gamma ray.
Atoms that emit gamma rays are high energy and are identified with an asterisk.
***An electron can be emitted or captured. Capture: An inner core electron can fall into the nucleus to combine with a proton and form a neutron. 0-1e + 11H 10n. An
outer shell electron then drops to fill the vacancy, releasing an X-ray. 12553I + 0-1e 12552Te + 00
Units in 1o reactions
cancel, so are irrelevant.
Integrated
rate law
ln(Nt/No) = -t
ln(Nt) = -t + ln(No)
Half-life*
t1/2 = 0.693/**
Integrated
rate law
ln(At) = -kt + ln(Ao)
Half-life*
t1/2 = 0.693/k
mass defect
(binding energy)
* For a first order reaction, each successive half-life is equal to the preceding one.
**Unlike chemical reactions, k is not dependent on T, or anything else.
MASS DEFECT
Calc. nuclear mass (= nucleon mass)
(Calcd mass of neutrons + protons)
E = mc2
J = kg x (3.00 x 108 ms-1)2
or 931.5 MeV/u
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
54
Effects of Radiation
Somatic Damage: damage to organism itself: sickness or death
Genetic Damage: damage to genetic machinery: affects offspring
Biological effects depend on:
(1) Energy of Radiation
Measured in rad = 10-2J/kg tissue
(2) Penetrating effect of Radiation
Gamma: Highly penetrating
Beta: penetrates about 1 cm
Alpha: stopped by skin
(3) Ionizing ability of radiation. This describes the ability of the
radiation to remove electrons from biological molecules, forming ions.
Generally detrimental to health.
Gamma: penetrates well, but cause only occasional ionization
Alpha particles: not very penetrating, but very effective at causing
ionization if inside the body.
Beta particles: penetrating; not as likely to ionize
Gamma rays: Very penetrating; not very ionizing
55
236
92U
236
92U
56
BELT OF STABILITY
- The narrow band of stable isotopes (dark blue and light blue circles) is sometimes called the peninsula of stability in a sea of instability. Any nuclide in the sea
of instability (pink circles) will decay in such a way that the nucleus can come ashore onto the peninsula. Only 279 of the ~2000 known nuclides are stable.
- In three Belt of Stability slides is a discussion of the decay of a uranium nuclide and two cerium nuclides. Relative to a stable reference atom, the uranium
nuclide has too many protons, which makes it unstable. Relative to a stable cerium nuclide, the cerium nuclides either have too high or too low a ratio of
neutrons to protons, which make them unstable. Too high a ratio is unstable because neutrons, by themselves, are unstable, having only a 12.6 minute half-life.
Too low a ratio is unstable because of the proton-proton interaction. The perfect ratio is when the neutrons form a stable complex with the protons, without
any extra protons or any extra neutrons. The modes of decay are presented. These modes are typical of corresponding nuclides that contain either too many
protons, or a non-optimum ratio of neutrons to protons.
238
209
83
92
Bi
148
58
58Ce
(stable)
130
57
58
ET: Show stability of 56-Fe vs reactants with typical simple elementary step curve .
10
56
26Fe
235
141
Fission
In an atomic bomb resulting from the explosive fission of U-235, a supercritical mass is achieved
suddenly when two sub-critical pieces are brought together.
Fusion
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Mass Number
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
59
6. The stable isotopes of lead are Pb-204, Pb-206, and Pb-208. The unstable
isotope Pb-214 is most likely to undergo
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
electron capture
neutron emission
particle emission
particle emission
positron emission
ET: Unstable isotopes decay in a way that will make them more stable. Pb-214 tries to become more like Pb-204, -206 and -208, with regard to the neutron to
proton ratio.
ET: Discuss fission, fusion and critical mass in above Fe-56 slide.
Except for hydrogen (11H), which has 0 neutrons and 1 proton, stable isotopes
have a ratio of approximately 1 neutron:1proton, to 1.5 neutrons:1 proton.
Pb-204 has a ratio of (122/82=) 1.49 neutrons to 1 proton.
Pb-206 has a ratio of (124/82=) 1.51 neutrons to 1 proton.
Pb-208 has a ratio of (126/82=) 1.54 neutrons to 1 proton
Pb-214 has a ratio of (132/82=) 1.61 neutrons to 1 proton
Clearly, Pb-214 is the least stable, with a high neutron:proton ratio.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
214
82
Neutron emission and beta particle emission are both going in the correct direction, but
beta particle emission, not neutron emission, is what actually happens.
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
60
2. What is the binding energy for 23793Np? 1p = 1.0073u, 1n = 1.0087u, 1e- = 5.49x10-4u, the atomic mass of 23793Np =
237.0481u; 1.66 x 10-24g = 1u
(The problem should have said binding enery of 23793Np per atom.)
A. 2.89 x 10-10J
B.
C.
D.
E.
ET: Calculated nuclear mass = Actual nuclear mass + Mass defect. Mass defect can be converted into binding energy (E=mc2).
ET: u is atomic mass units, amus, or Daltons or grams/mol. Note that sometimes mass defect or binding energy is asked per mole, per atom, or per nucleon.
61
40. The specific rate constant, , for the radioactive decay of 11B is 0.0490s-1. What
mass of a 0.500g sample of 11B will remain after 28.0s?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
0.250g
0.127g
0.305g
0.404g
0.0625g
ET: The order and rate constant are already determined. Given time, k and initial concentration, find final concentration with the integrated rate law.
[No] = 0.500g
[Nt] = ?
t = 28s
k = 0.0490s-1
ln(Nt) = -kt + ln(No)
ln(Xg/sample) = (-0.0490 x 28) + ln(0.500g/sample)
X = 0.1268g
62
47. A sample of wood from an Egyptian tomb has a 14C activity of 7.07 dpm
(disintegrations per minute) per gram of C, while a sample of freshly cut wood has
an activity of 15.3 dpm per gram of C. Calculate the age of the wood. The half life
of 14C is 5730 years.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
5100 years
3600 years
6400 years
7200 years
9200 years
ET: Carbon-14 dating to determine length of time the wood is dead. Solve problem qualitatively, then quantitatively first finding k, then using the integrated rate law with
initial and final concentrations and k to find t.
Qualitative approach:
The half-life of the 14C is 5730 years. Since going from a concentration of 15.3 dpm
to 7.7 dpm is one half-life, and the concentration is 7.07 dpm, then we have gone to
slightly more than one half-life. Hence, the age of the wood should be slightly
greater than 5730 years. 6400 years is a reasonable guesstimate.
Quantitative approach:
t1/2 = 0.693/
5730 = 0.693/
= 0.00012094
Use the Integrated Rate Law, ln(At/Ao) = -t
ln(Nt) = -t + ln(No)
ln(7.07) = -0.00012094 x t + ln(15.3)
t = 6383 years
63
Effects of Radiation
Somatic Damage: damage to organism itself: sickness or death
Genetic Damage: damage to genetic machinery: affects offspring
Biological effects depend on:
(1) Energy of Radiation
Measured in rad = 10-2J/kg tissue
(2) Penetrating effect of Radiation
Gamma: Highly penetrating
Beta: penetrates about 1 cm
Alpha: stopped by skin
(3) Ionizing ability of radiation. This describes the ability of the
radiation to remove electrons from biological molecules, forming ions.
Generally detrimental to health.
Gamma: penetrates well, but cause only occasional ionization
Alpha particles: not very penetrating, but very effective at causing
ionization if inside the body.
Beta particles: penetrating; not as likely to ionize
Gamma rays: Very penetrating; not very ionizing
64
65
66
67
12. Under standard conditions, calcium reacts readily with chlorine gas. What
conclusions may be drawn from this fact?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ET: If the reaction goes to the right from standard conditions, then Go < 0, and the [Ca2+] and [Cl-] concentration increases.
Ca +
Cl2
Ca2+ +
2Cl1M
1atm
1M
1M
If the reaction goes to the right spontaneously under standard state conditions,
then the concentration of products will increase from the initial 1M, and the
reactants will decrease, and therefore, Keq >1. If the reaction goes to the right
spontaneously under standard state conditions then Go < 0.
68
22. Calculate G for the following reaction at 400K when the pressures of
NH3(g) and CO2(g) are 1.00 atm and 2.00 atm, respectively
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)
NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(l)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Go = 27.6 kJ
31.3 kJ
27.6 kJ
34.9 kJ
25.3 kJ
29.9 kJ
ET: Increasing concentration on the right makes the reaction less spontaneous.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)
NH2CONH2(s) + H2O(l)
1.00atm 2.00atm
o
G = G + RTln(Q)
G = 27600 + (8.314 x 400 x (ln(2/(1)2)))
G = 2.99 x 104 J = 29.9 kJ
G = ?
69
27. Given the data below, what is the equilibrium constant at 500K for the
following reaction?
PCl5(g)
PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
Compound
Hfo(kJ/mol)
PCl3
-287.0
PCl5
-374.9
Cl2
0
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
So(Jmol-1K-1)
311.7
364.5
223.0
2.8
2800
1.96
0.51
1.00
ET: Use Ho - TSo to find Go; then use Go = -RT ln(K) to find K.
PCl3(g)
Ho -287000
So 311.7
Cl2(g)
0
223.0
PCl5(g)
-374900
364.5
Go = Ho - TSo
Ho = -374900 (-287000 + 0) = -8.79x104
So = 364.5 (311.7 + 223.0) = -170.2
Go = (-8.79x104) (500 x -170.2) = -2.8 x 103
Go = -RTln(K)
(-2.8 x 103) = ((-8.314) x 500 x (ln(K)))
K = 1.96
70
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
252 kJ
-252 kJ
-0.252 kJ
-7.57x105 kJ
75.7 kJ
ET: The vant Hoff equation is the quantitative counterpart to LeChateliers principle for the effect on K after raising the temperatue of an
endothermic/exothermic reaction.
K1 = 910
T1 = 900K
K2 = 0.38
T2 = 1170K
vant Hoff equation: ln(K2/K1) = (Ho/R)(1/T1 1/T2)
ln(0.38/910) = (Ho/8.314)(1/900 1/1170)
Ho = -2.52 x 105 J/mol = -2.52 x 102 kJ/mol
71
39. All of the following processes would be expected to have positive So, except
A. C6H12O6(s) 2C2H5OH(l) + 2CO2(g)
B. N2H4(l) N2(g) + 2H2(g)
C. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
D. (NH4)2SO4(s) 2NH4+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
E. 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) NH2CONH2(aq) + H2O(l)
ET: Entropy is positional freedom. E isnt positional freedom; it is positional confinement.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
72
eA + fB
gC + hD
Kc = ([C]g[D]h)/([A]e[B]f)
e.g., 2NO + O2
2NO2
2
2
Kc = ([NO2] )/([NO] [O2])
A
K
[B]/[A] = K1
C
D
A+C
B+D
[D]/[C] = K2
([B][D])/([A][C]) = K
Equations
Add
Reverse
Double
Halve
Kp
inatm
K(s)
Multiply
Invert
Square
Square root
= Kc (RT)ngas
inM
73
UNDERSTANDING EQUILIBRIA
DYNAMIC* EQUILIBRIUM
(*not static equilibrium)
ET: At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions proceed at equal rates and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
Mountain
INITIALLY
Palacial happy
town with
1100 happy
people/mi2
k1 = 0.01/s
k-1 = 0.10/s
Slum sad
town with
0 sad
people/mi2
Mountain
AT EQUILIBRIUM
Palacial happy
town with
1000 happy
people/mi2
k1 = 0.01/s
k-1 = 0.10/s
Slum sad
town with
100 sad
people/mi2
Equilibrium reached
Macroscopically: You continuously see 1000 happy people on the left and 100 sad
people on the right.
Microscopically: You also see a constant equal exchange of sad people and happy
people going across the bridge, a dynamic equilibrium. That is, the rate forward
equals the rate reverse.
Rate forward = k1 x [reactant] = 0.01s-1 x 1000 = 10 people/mi2s-1
Rate reverse = k-1 x [product] = 0.10s-1 x 100 = 10 people/mi2s-1
Also note:
K = [Products]/[Reactants] = 100/1000 = 0.1
K = k1/k-1 = 0.01/0.10 = 0.1
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
74
Le Chateliers Principle:
H&P: When any change in concentration, temperature, pressure, or
volume is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the system responds by
attaining a new equilibrium condition that minimizes the impact of the
imposed change.
Le Chateliers Concept - Relieve stress
ET: If a stress (change) is placed on a system at equilibrium, the
position of equilibrium will shift in a direction to counteract reduce
the applied stress.
75
35. Solid ammonium chloride decomposes when heated according to the following reaction:
NH3(g) + HCl(g)
NH4Cl(s)
A sample of ammonium chloride is heated in an evacuated container. At equilibrium, the total pressure in
the container is 1.5x 10-4 atm. Calculate Kp for this reaction.
A. 7.8x10-5
B. 2.3x10-8
C. 3.5x10-6
D. 1.5x10-4
E.
5.6x10-9
NH3(g) + HCl(g)
NH4Cl(s)
NH4Cl(s)
Y
-X
Y-X
Initial
Change
Equilibrium
[NH3][HCl] = Kp
[X][X] = Kp
But what is the value of X?
NH3(g)
HCl(g)
0
+X
+X
0
+X
+X
X + X = 0.00015
2X = 0.00015
X = 0.000075
Kp = X2 = [0.000075]2 = 5.6 x 10-9
76
Br2(g) + Cl2(g)
21. 2BrCl(g)
Kc = 32 at 500K
What would happen if a 1.0L bulb were filled with 0.10mol BrCl(g), 0.50mol Br2(g), and 0.50mol Cl2(g)?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Some BrCl will react spontaneously to form additional Br2 and Cl2.
Some of the Br2 and Cl2 will react spontaneously to form additional BrCl.
Nothing will happen because the initial concentrations correspond to equilibrium concentrations.
All of the BrCl will be consumed.
All of the Br2 will be consumed.
2 BrCl(g)
0.10
Br2(g) +
Cl2(g)
0.50
0.50
Kc = ([Br2][Cl2])/([BrCl]2)
([0.50][0.50])/([0.10]2) = 25 = Q
When Q is less than Kc, then the numerator is too small, so the reaction will go to the right to make the
numerator larger and to reach equilibrium.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
True
False.
False.
False.
False.
77
46. Given:
CH4(g)
C(s) + 2H2(g)
Kp = 0.262 at 1270K
D.
27.3
E. 16.3
Kp = Kc(RT)ngas
0.262 = Kc(0.08214 x 1270)-1
Kc = 27.3
78
CHAPTER 22
Complex ion:
Transition metal cation + ligands
Complex ion is sometimes called a complex.
Complex ion is usually a cation, but could be neutral or anionic.
The metal is usually, but not always, a transition metal;.
Coordination compound
(Transition) metal cation + ligands + counterions
Complex ion (in brackets)
The complex ion may be positively or negatively charged or uncharged; the counterions have the opposite charge; the purpose of the counterions is to
make a zero charge overall; if the complex ion isnt charged then there are no counterions.
Coordination number:
The number of bonds between the metal ion and the ligands
(6 in the above case; therefore, octahedral structure)
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
79
Ligand Types
Unidentate
Bonds to metal ion using only one tooth (even if it has
several teeth)
Include: NH3, Cl-, NO2-, CN-, OH-, H2O
: C N:
..
..
[ : O N = O:]. .
. .
ET: Note that NO2- and CN- have a choice of two binding sites, but they are still both monodentate because they can only bond with one site at a time.
oxalato, O2CCO2
binds with two teeth onto a metal cation to form a
chelate
The ligand must be large enough (4 or 5 atoms long) to
form a 5 or 6 atom ring with the metal cation.
Polydentate binds with more than one tooth onto a metal
cation to form a chelate
The ligand must be large enough (4 or 5 atoms long) to
form a 5 or 6 atom ring with the metal cation.
e.g., 2-(O2C)2NCH2CH2N(CO2)22- EDTA
(ethylenediaminetetraacetato)
80
Name as Ligand
Ammine
Methylamine
Nitrosyl
Carbonyl
Anions
FClBrIOHNO2ONOCNSCNNCS-
Fluoro
Chloro
Bromo
Iodo
Hydroxo
Nitrito-N
Nitrito-O
Cyano
Thiocyanato-S
Thiocyanato-N
Polydentate
H2NCH2CH2NH2
[OOCCOO]2-
Ethylenediamine
Oxalato
[(OOCCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2COO)2]4-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetato
Abbreviation
en
ox
EDTA
81
82
Structural isomers
Coordination isomers
Linkage isomers
Stereoisomers
Geometrical isomerism
Double-bonded structures (for Orgo)
Square planar structures
Tetrahedral structures (not possible)
Octahedral structures
Optical isomerism
Square planar structures (not possible)
Tetrahedral structures
Octahedral structures
- Monodentate ligands
83
Chapter 22
CaCO3(s),
25. In the reaction CaO(s) + CO2(g)
A. CaO is acting as a Lewis acid because the resulting salt is basic.
B. CaO is acting as a Lewis base because it donates an electron pair.
C. CO2 is acting as a Lewis acid because it donates an electron pair.
D. CO2 is acting as a Lewis base because it accepts an electron pair.
E. CO2 is acting as a Lewis acid because CaO is a Bronsted-Lowry base.
O
O
O
O
CO2 is acting as a Lewis acid.
CaO is acting as a Lewis base.
A. False, because CaO is acting as a Lewis base.
B. True. CaO is acting as a Lewis base because the oxide donates an electron pair.
C. False. Although CO2 is acting as a Lewis acid, the suggested mechanism is incorrect. Lewis acids
dont donate electron pairs. They receive electron pairs.
D. False. CO2 is acting as a Lewis acid.
E. False. Although CO2 is acting as a Lewis acid, CaO is not acting as a Bronsted-Lowry base. A
Bronsed-Lowry base is a proton acceptor. The CaO is not accepting protons in this reaction.
CHAPTER 22
38. Which of the following pairs are not structural isomers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
[Co(NO2)(NH3)5]2+
[Cr(SO4)(NH3)5]Cl
[Co(NH3)6][CrCl6]
[CoCl2(NH3)4]Br
E.
[Co(en)(H2O)4]3+
[Co(ONO)(NH3)5]]2+
[CrCl(NH3)5]SO4
[Cr(NH3)6[CoCl6]
[CoBrCl(NH3)4]Cl
[Co(en)2(H2O)2]3+
84
CHAPTER 22
48. What is the correct name for the compound [Co(NO2)2(en)2]NO3?
[en = ethylenediamine]
A. Cobaltodinitro-N-diethylenediamine nitrate
B. diethylenediaminedinitrocobalt(III)nitrate
C. bi(ethylenediamine)bisnitrocobaltate(III)nitrate
D. diethylenediaminedinitrito-N-cobalt(I) nitrate
E.
bis(ethylenediamine)dinitrito-N-cobalt(III)nitrate
A. False. The metal is always listed at the end of the cation; also, more than one ethylenediamine is always
preceded by bis, tris, tetrakis, etc, not di, tri, tetra, etc. Also, the term for NO2 in complex ions is nitrito, not
nitro.
B. False. More than one ethylenediamine is always preceded by bis, tris, tetrakis, etc, not di, tri, tetra, etc. Also,
the term for NO2 in complex ions is nitrito, not nitro. Also, the nitrito group needs a description of whether it is
connected at the N or O.
C. False. More than one ethylenediamine is always preceded by bis, tris, tetrakis, etc, not bi. Nitro is
preceded by di, not bis. Also, the term for NO2 in complex ions is nitrito, not nitro. Also, the Co group in a
cationic complex ion is called cobalt, not cobaltate; Cobaltate is used in an anionic complex ion.
D. False. More than one ethylenediamine is always preceded by bis, tris, tetrakis, etc, not di, tri, tetra, etc.
E. True
CHAPTER 22
49. The correct formula of triamminediaquachlorocobalt(III) iodide is
A. [CoCl(NH3)2(H2O)3]I
B. [CoCl(NH3)3(H2O)3]I
C. [CoCl(NH3)3(H2O)2]I3
D.
[CoCl(NH3)3(H2O)2]I2
E. [Co3Cl(NH3)3(H2O)2]I
(+3) + (-1) = +2
The molecule needs two iodides to balance the +2 charge in the complex ion.
85
CHAPTER 12 FORMULAS
ET note: Not everything goes through moles, e.g., volume to grams, grams to volume, atoms to molecules, molecules to atoms.
CHAPTER 5 - STOICHIOMETRY
MOLES ARE AT THE CENTER
(FOR CONVERSIONS, WORK THROUGH MOLES)
VA
(D = g/V)
%A
gA or MWA
MA or VA
molA = MALA
moles = PAVA/RTA for gases
(molecules x
atoms/molecule
= atoms)
atoms
(molesA = gA/MWA)
moles A
molecules
(or atoms if
particle is an
atom)
MW
moles B
Empirical
formula
(MW/EW) x
Emp form =
Molecula
r
l
(molesB = gB/MWB) f
molA = MALA
moles = PAVA/RTA for
gases
gB or MWB
(D = g/V)
MB or VB
%B
moles = g/MW
PV = nRT
moles = M x V
P1V1/n1T1=P2V2/n2T2
g/MW = M x V
6.022x1023molecule/mole
VB
D = g/L
Chem 162-2012 Final exam review from 2010 final exam
86
FORMULAS
mLsolute + mLsolvent mLsolution
interconversion
XA + XB = 1
PXA
+ PXB = 1
Note that H&P uses: T = Tf(solution) Tf(solvent) = Kbimsolute; my formula and H&Ps formula are identical.
Note that H&P uses: T = Tf(solution) Tf(solvent) = -Kfimsolute; my formula and H&Ps formula are identical.
87
Relatively
strong
bonds
Relatively
weak
bonds
Relative
Strength
1000
(strong)
Ion-dipole interaction
100-500(?)
Hydrogen bonding
Y = N, O or F
YH
30
(moderate)
Y
Dipole-dipole interaction
(polar molec. & polar molec.)
10
(moderate)
1*
(weak)
88
COLLOIDS
A colloid is a dispersion in which the dispersed matter has one or more dimensions (length, width, or thickness) in the
range from about 1nm to 1000 nm. The particles dont settle out (suspension) but they arent dissolved into individual
molecules either (solution).
Solution
Colloid*
Example
NaCl in H2O
Phase
Homogen
Particle
Precipitation Size
No
<1nm
Varies
No
1nm to 1000 nm
Usually cloudy
Yes
Heterogen
Yes
>1000 nm
Cloudy
Yes
Fluid
appearance
Clear
Tyndall
Effect**
No
89
23. Which compound below would be expected to be the least soluble in water?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
CH3CH2CH2I
CH3CH2CH2NH2
CH3CH2-O-CH3
CH3CH2COOH
CH3CH2COOCH3
The molecule that would be the most soluble would be the one that forms the strongest bonds with water.
B, C, D and E can all form hydrogen bonds with water. However, A is not capable of forming hydrogen
bonds with water. It forms a slightly weaker dipole-dipole bond with water, and is therefore the least
soluble.
B.
2.860m
C. 2.158m
D. 1.887m
E. 2.467m
2.158 mol C6H12O6/Lsoln ?mol C6H12O6/kgsolv
First do numerator, then denominator.
Numerator is already done: 2.158 mol 2.158 mol
Denominator:
Plan: Lsoln gsoln gsolv kgsolv
1L solution x 1.1434g/0.001L = 1143.4g solution
gsolute + gsolvent = gsolution
gsolute = 2.158mol x 180.18g/mol = 388.83 g
388.83gsolute + gsolvent = 1143.4gsolution
gsolvent = 754.57g = 0.75457kg
Combine numerator with denonimator:
2.158mol/0.75457kg = 2.86 molsolute/kgsolvent = 2.86molal
90
32. When 0.64g of the heart stimulant epinephrine was dissolved in 36.00g of benzene, the normal
freezing point of the resulting solution was found to be 5.03oC. What is the approximate molar mass of
epinephrine? Tf of benzene = 5.53oC; Kf for benzene = 5.12oC-kg/mol
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
180 g/mol
970 g/mol
510 g/mol
390 g/mol
96 g/mol
A.
white
B. yellow
C. blue
D. pink
91