Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1
Provides a range of 1D and 1D FFT filters and statistical tools
for working with large-volume geophysical data
www.geosoft.com
The software described in this manual is furnished under license and may
only be used or copied in accordance with the terms of the license.
Manual release date: 2/1/2005.
Written by, Nancy Whitehead and Chris Musselman. Please send comments
or questions to info@geosoft.com
Copyright Geosoft Inc. 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in
any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, reading, or
otherwise, without prior consent from Geosoft Inc.
Program Copyright Geosoft Inc. 2005. All rights reserved.
Geosoft and Oasis montaj are registered trademarks of Geosoft Inc.
GEOSOFT, Oasis are trademarks of Geosoft Inc.
Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or
trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Geosoft Incorporated
8th Floor
85 Richmond St. W.
Toronto, Ontario
M5H 2C9
Canada
Tel: (416) 369-0111
Fax: (416) 369-9599
Web Site: www.geosoft.com
E-mail: info@geosoft.com
Contents
Geosoft License Agreement
10
12
Create a Project
12
13
Open a Database
14
15
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
23
23
23
24
24
25
26
27
27
28
28
29
30
References
32
Glossary
33
DEFINITIONS:
In this Agreement:
"Licensed Program(s)" means the actual copy of all or any portion of Geosofts proprietary software technology, computer
software code, components, dynamic link libraries (DLLs) licensed through the Geosoft license server, including any
modifications, improvements or updates provided by GEOSOFT.
Effective Date is the date the Geosoft license is installed. This date is recorded by the Geosoft License server when the
Licensed Program(s) is installed.
"Services" means the Services described on Section 4.
"Termination" means the occurrences contemplated by Section 6 and 7.
2.
LICENSE:
GEOSOFT grants to me a non-transferable and non-exclusive license to use the Licensed Program(s) for my own purposes
whereby the Licensed Program(s) are being used only by myself, on one computer, at any one time.
Title and all intellectual property rights in and to the License Program(s), including, without limitation, copyright, trade secrets
and trade marks, shall remain with GEOSOFT. I agree to refrain from raising any objection or challenge to such intellectual
property rights, or from assisting or causing or permitting other(s) to do so, during the term of the Agreement and thereafter
I may not assign this Agreement or any part thereof or sub-license the rights granted herein, or lend, rent, time-share, sell or
lease the software without the prior written consent of GEOSOFT.
I may not attempt to reverse engineer, de-compile or disassemble the software.
I may not make any attempt to circumvent the License Manager that controls the access to the software use.
3.
TERM:
The Term of this Agreement shall commence on the Effective Date and shall continue until termination, as described in Section
6.
4.
SERVICES:
(i) According to the terms of my initial purchase, GEOSOFT shall make available to me, without additional fees such
corrections and improvements to the Licensed Program(s) as may be generally incorporated into the Licensed Program(s) by
GEOSOFT. (Normally this will be for a period of twelve (12) months).
(ii) GEOSOFT has a strong commitment to customer service and product support. GEOSOFT offers me, subject to applicable
Service Charge(s), continuing support in the form of email or telephone advice and other assistance in problem diagnosis and
the correction of errors or faults in the Licensed Program(s) during the life of this License. When a problem occurs which
appears to be related to errors or faults in the Licensed Program(s), I may contact GEOSOFT and GEOSOFT will make an
honest effort to solve the problem. However, GEOSOFT cannot guarantee service results or represent or warrant that all errors
or program defects will be corrected. Also it is to be noted that each Licensed Program is designed to operate on a Windows
NT (sp 6 or later), Windows 2000 or Windows XP platform.
(iii) Further, if I request service relating to the modification of the Licensed Program(s) to meet a particular need or to conform
with a particular operating environment, GEOSOFT may, at its discretion, modify the Licensed Program(s) to meet these
particular needs, subject to applicable Services Charge(s). However, all intellectual property or other rights which may arise
from such modifications shall reside with GEOSOFT.
5.
I agree that all additions, modifications, revisions, updates and extensions to the Licensed Program(s) shall be subject to all of
the terms and conditions in this agreement.
I acknowledge that all copies of the Licensed Program(s), provided by GEOSOFT or made by me pursuant to this Agreement,
including, without limitation, translations, compilations, partial copies, modifications, derivative materials and/or updated
materials, are proprietary, and the property of GEOSOFT, and may not be distributed to any other persons, without
GEOSOFTs prior written consent.
I will not provide or otherwise make the Licensed Program(s) available to anyone in any form without GEOSOFT's prior written
consent.
2
6.
TERMINATION:
This agreement shall terminate upon the termination date, if any, specified in your purchase agreement with Geosoft.
This agreement may be terminated only upon thirty-days prior written notice to GEOSOFT.
GEOSOFT may terminate this Agreement upon prior written notice effective immediately if I fail to comply with any of the terms
and conditions of this Agreement.
This Agreement shall terminate automatically upon the institution, or consenting to the institution of proceedings in insolvency
or bankruptcy, or upon a trustee in bankruptcy or receiver being appointed for me/us for all or a substantial portion of my/our
assets.
7.
I shall forthwith discontinue use of the Licensed Program(s), on the day Termination shall occur and agree not to resume such
use in the future without written authorization from GEOSOFT.
I shall uninstall and remove all software from my computer. Within thirty days after Termination, I shall destroy all physical and
digital copies of the Licensed Program(s). This obligation relates, without limitation, to all copies in any form, including
translations, compilations, derivatives and updated materials, whether partial or complete, and whether or not modified or
merged into other materials as authorized herein.
8.
WARRANTY:
GEOSOFT does not warrant that the functions contained in the Licensed Program will meet my requirements or will operate in
the combinations which may be selected for use by me, or that the operation of the Licensed Program will be uninterrupted or
error free or that all program defects will be corrected.
Each Licensed Program shall be furnished to me in accordance with the terms of this Agreement. No warranties, either
express or implied, are made to me regarding the Licensed Program.
THE FOREGOING WARRANTIES ARE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING,
BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.
9.
LIMITATION OF REMEDIES
I agree to accept responsibility for the use of the programs to achieve my intended results, and for the results obtained from
use of said Program(s). I therefore accept complete responsibility for any decision made based on my use of the
aforementioned Licensed Program(s).
In no event shall GEOSOFT be liable for any damages arising from performance or non-performance of the Licensed
Program(s), or for any lost profits, lost savings or other consequential damages, even if GEOSOFT has been advised of the
possibility of such damages, or for any claim against me by any other party.
10. GENERAL:
I agree that this Agreement is a complete and exclusive statement of the agreement with GEOSOFT.
This Agreement supersedes all previous Agreements with respect to the Licensed Programs, with the exception of a current
signed Technical Service Agreements.
GEOSOFT is not responsible for failure to fulfill its obligations under the Agreement due to causes beyond its control.
Should any part of This Agreement for any reason be declared invalid, such declaration shall not affect the remaining portion
which shall remain in full force and effect as if this Agreement had been executed without the invalid portion thereof.
The relationship between the parties is that of independent contractors. Nothing contained in this Agreement shall be deemed
to constitute or create a partnership, association, joint venture or agency.
The provision of this Agreement shall be binding upon me and GEOSOFT and my respective successors and permitted
assigns.
This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the Province of Ontario and applicable laws of Canada.
11. YEAR 2000:
The Licensed Programs have been tested to conform to DISC PD2000 1:1998 Year 2000 Conformity Requirements
(www.bsi.org.uk/disc/year2000/2000.html), with the exception of clause 3.3.2, paragraph b. Section 3.3.2 paragraph b) requires
that inferences for two-digit year dates greater than or equal to 50 imply 19xx, and those with a value equal to or less than 50
imply 20xx. The Licensed Programs will recognize all two digit years as 19xx. This is to prevent errors importing historical data
that pre-dates 1950. All dates that follow 1999 must use four digit dates in the Licensed Programs.
Geosoft Inc.,
85 Richmond St. W., 8th Floor
Toronto, Ont.,
Canada
M5H 2C9
Email: tech@geosoft.com
Email: tech.eu@geosoft.com
South America
Email: tech.sa@geosoft.com
Email: tech.au@geosoft.com
dimensional (line) data stored in an Oasis montaj database. Designed primarily for
potential field data, montaj Geophysics provides you with the tools required to:
may then apply your own mathematical algorithms to the data using the math
functions of Oasis montaj.
f ( ) =
f ( x) e
ix
dx
1
2
f ( ) e
ix
A given potential field function in the space domain has a single and unique
wavenumber domain function, and vice-versa.
The addition of two functions (anomalies) in the space domain is equivalent to the
addition of their Transforms.
The energy spectrum is a 1-D function of the energy relative to the wavenumber.
The Fourier transform of the potential field due to a prismatic body has a broad
spectrum whose peak location is a function of the depth to the top and bottom
surfaces and whose amplitude is determined by its density or magnetization. You can
relate the peak wavenumber (') to the geometry of the body according to the
following expression:
=
'
ht
hb
ln( hb ht )
where
hb ht
For a bottomless prism, the spectrum peaks at the zero wavenumber according to the
expression:
f ( ) = e h
where is the angular wavenumber in radians / ground_unit and h is the depth to the
top of the prism. For more information, refer to Bhatacharia, 1966.
For a prism with top and bottom surfaces, the spectrum is:
f ( ) = e ht e hb
where ht and hb are the depths to the top and bottom surfaces respectively. As the
prism bottom moves closer to the observation point at surface, the peak moves to
higher wavenumbers as illustrated in the following figure:
1
no bottom
top = 4
bottom depth
36
20
12
8
0
0
wavenumber
Considering the spectrum of a fixed size prism, as the prism depth increases, the peak
of the spectrum shifts to lower wavenumbers (the space domain anomaly becomes
broader) and the amplitude of the spectrum decreases:
1
thickness = 4
top = 4
8
16
0
0
wavenumber
When looking at the spectrum above, it is important to note that the amplitude of a
deep prism does not exceed the amplitude of the same prism at shallow depth at any
wavenumber. The effect of increasing the depth is to shift the peak to lower
wavenumbers. Because of this characteristic, there is no way to separate the effect of
deep sources from shallow sources of the same type by using wavenumber filters.
You can only distinguish sources if the deep sources have greater amplitude or if the
shallow sources have less depth extent.
When considering a line that is long enough to include many sources, you can use the
log spectrum of this data to determine the depth to the tops of a statistical ensemble of
sources using the relationship (see Spector and Grant, 1970):
log E (k ) = 4hk
The following figure illustrates the interpretation of an energy spectrum into these
three components:
ENERGY SPECTRUM
deep sources
Nyquist
shallow sources
noise
10
2. Line
Extension
3. Prediction
The extended line and any holes in the line are filled in by predicting
data using maximum entropy prediction (Burg, 1975). Maximum
Entropy Prediction insures that the predicted data has the same
spectral character as the real data. The prediction further insures that
the function has the same value and slope at each end. The line is
then considered smoothly periodic because copies of the line can be
place end to end without a discontinuity.
4. FFT
5. Filter
Application
6. Inverse FFT
7. Trend
Replacement
8. Masking
The original data channel is used as a mask to return the filtered data
to the same length and to place dummies in the final filtered data.
The result is placed in the output channel specified by the GX
The Fourier domain filtering process (as outlined above) is built in to every ID-FFT
filter.
Note:
You can use the FFT1D|Advanced Usage menu item to go through the stepby-step Fourier domain filtering process. This step-by-step method enables
you to apply a user defined filter formula or math expression.
These files are provided on the CD-ROM in the Oasis montaj\data\1dfft directory.
Before you begin the tutorial, you will need to copy the database file (fft_mag.gdb)
to your working directory.
Create a Project
In order to access the menus in Oasis montaj, you must have an open Project. An
Oasis montaj "Project" encompasses every item in your working project; from the
data files in your project (databases, maps, and grids), to the tools used (including
auxiliary tools such as histograms, scatter plots etc.), to the project setup including
the menus you have displayed and whether you are working on a map or profile and
the state in which you left it the last time you used it.
The project also controls your working directory. Projects are saved as (*.gpf) files. If
you open an existing project from a directory, the system assumes that all your
project files are located in the same directory. To streamline your work, as well as
keep it organized, you may wish to make sure that your project file is in the same
directory as the other files you want to use. We recommend that each project you
work on have its own project (*.gpf) file. If you use a number of applications or addon tools in Oasis montaj that have different menus, you can use the project to display
only the menus you require.
The Project Explorer tool enables you to browse as well as open any project item.
The Project Explorer has two tab windows, the Data window that includes all data
files included in the project and the Tools window that organizes and maintains the
project tools. To access the Tools window click the Tools bar on the bottom of the
Project Explorer. To return to the Data window, click the Data bar on the top the
Project Explorer.
Important Note: Workspace files (*.gws) used in Oasis montaj prior to version
6.0 can be easily converted to Project files (*.gpf) simply by
opening them in Oasis montaj 6.0. On the Open Project dialog
(File|Project|Open) select File of Type as "Workspaces (*.gws)"
and when asked if you want to convert the old workspace into a
new Oasis montaj project file, select "Yes". The workspace file
will be converted to a project file and all associated workspace
information will be transferred to the new project file. In addition,
the workspace file will remain untouched so that it can be opened
in previous versions.
T O C REATE
P ROJECT :
displayed.
3. Specify a name and directory for the project. For example, name the project 1D
FFT and specify the working directory as D:\Tutorial. Oasis montaj will
automatically look for your data in the directory containing this project. Make
sure you copy the sample database file (fft_mag.gdb) for this tutorial to your
project directory (D:\Tutorial).
4. Click the [Save] button. The system saves the project and indicates it is open by
opening the Project Explorer window, enabling the buttons on the Main toolbar
and adding menus to the menu bar. These are visual clues indicating that you are
ready to start working with the system.
Open a Database
You must have a database open in your working directory to apply the 1D-FFT filters
to a data channel.
T O O PEN
D ATABASE :
1. On the Data menu, click Open Database. The system will display the Open
All 1D-FFT GXs (utilities and filters) have their own dialog boxes with
unique parameters specific for each GX. To find out detailed information on
each GX. Click the dialog [Help] button.
T O A PPLY F ILTER
TO
D ATA C HANNEL :
1. On the X-Utility | 1-D FFT menu, select Butterworth. The system will display the
2. Select the channel to filter (Z1) from the drop-down list. Specify the name of the
output channel (Z1_butterfilt). You can specify values for central wavelength
cutoff, and degree of filter and select either a low or high pass filter. For more
information on these parameters click the [Help] button.
3. Click the [SetSampling] button. The Set FFT Sampling Parameters dialog box is
displayed.
4. Here you can specify the required distance increment and the interpolation
method to use. For more information on these parameters click the [Help] button.
5. Click [Back] to return the FFT Butterworth Filter menu. Click [OK] to apply the
Butterworth filter and display the output butter_filt channel in the current
database.
The Butterworth filter is excellent for applying straight forward high-pass and lowpass filters to data because you can easily control the degree of filter roll-off while
leaving the central wavenumber fixed. If ringing is observed, you can reduce the
degree until you are satisfied with the result. A common, but more complicated
alternative is the Cosine filter (FFTCOSN).
1.0
n= 2
L(k)
16
0.5
0.0
kc
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
L(k ) =
1
k n
1 + k
c
Parameters:
k0
0/1
The Gaussian filter is another smooth filter often used for low-pass or high-pass
applications.
1.0
L(k)
0.5
0.0
L(k ) = 1 e
ko
2ko
3ko
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
2
k 2 2 k 0
Parameters:
k0
0/1
Because this filter has a smooth shape, and it does not alter the energy spectrum
below the start of roll-off (or after the end of roll-off in high-pass mode), it is
commonly used for simple high-pass or low-pass operations. To reduce ringing, you
can increase the separation between k1 and k0.
1.0
L(k)
0.5
0.0
n=2
k0
0.5
k1
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
, for k 0 k k1
Parameters:
k0
Low wavenumber starting point of the filter. (Cut-off wavenumber for highpass or start of roll off for low-pass.)
k1
High wavenumber end point of the filter. (Start of roll off for high-pass or
cutoff wavenumber for low-pass.)
0/1
0 for residual (high-pass) filter; 1 for regional (low-pass) filter. The default is
a low-pass filter.
As with the band-pass filter, you should use this filter selectively because it can suffer
from Gibb's Phenomena (ringing).
1.0
pass
L(k)
reject
0.5
0.0
k0
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
L(k) = 1, for k k0
L(k) = 0, for k > k0
Parameter:
k0
As with the band-pass filter, you should use this filter selectively because it can suffer
from Gibb's Phenomena (ringing).
1.0
reject
L(k)
pass
0.5
0.0
ko
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
Parameter:
k0
You can use the Bandpass filter to pass or reject a range of wavenumbers from the
data. However, applying such a simple cutoff filter to an energy spectrum almost
invariably introduces a significant amount of ringing (otherwise known as Gibb's
Phenomena). We recommend that you use a smoother filter such as the Butterworth
filter (FFTBUTTW).
1.0
L(k)
0.5
0.0
reject
pass
reject
k0
k1
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
L(k ) = 1, for k 0 k k1
L(k ) = 0, for k > k1
Parameters:
k0
k1
0/1
If 1, pass the defined band. Otherwise, reject the defined band. The default is
to pass the band.
The vertical derivative is commonly applied to total magnetic field data to enhance
the most shallow geologic sources in the data. As with other filters that enhance the
high-wavenumber components of the spectrum, you must often also apply low-pass
filters to remove high-wavenumber noise.
L( ) = n
Parameter:
n
Order of differentiation.
This filter calculates the vertical integral of the input transform. This is the inverse of
the vertical derivative. The zero wavenumber is set to 0.
L() = -1
Horizontal Derivative (FFTHZDRV GX)
You can use the horizontal derivative for identifying geologic boundaries in profile
data.
L( ) = (i )
Parameter:
n
Order of differentiation.
L() = (i ) -1
Downward Continuation (FFTCONT GX)
Downward continuation enhances the responses from sources at a shallow depth (by
effectively bringing the plane of measurement closer to the sources). Note, however,
that it is not possible to continue through a potential field source. If the data contains
short wavelength noise, this noise can appear as very shallow sources in the
continuation. Such noise should be removed before attempting to downward continue
the data. A Butterworth low pass filter set to between 1 and 1.5 times the depth can
be very effective to remove noise before continuation.
You should make a plot of the energy spectrum to determine the wavenumber at
which sources (noise) appears to be more shallow than the depth of continuation.
The energy spectrum is also a good guide for determining the depth to which you can
continue data downward.
20.0
h = 16
L(k)
h=8
h=4
h=2
1.0
0
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
L( ) = e h
Parameter:
h
h=2
L(w)
h=4
h=8
h = 16
0.0
Wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit)
L( ) = e h
Parameter:
h
Reduction to the pole is used in low magnetic latitudes to change an anomaly to its
equivalent as would be observed at the north magnetic pole. This transformation
simplifies the interpretation and visualization of anomalies from low magnetic
latitudes.
The reduction to the pole is:
L( ) =
1
(sin I a + i cos I cos(D )) 2
where
I
Geomagnetic inclination
Ia
Geomagnetic declination
Parameter
Ia
Inclination to use for the amplitude correction. Default is 20. (Ia = 20, if I
>0; Ia = (-20), if I <0 ). If |Ia | is specified to be less then |I |, it is set to I.
Reduction to the pole has an amplitude component (the sin(I) term) and a phase
component (the icos(I)cos(D-) term). When reducing to the pole from equatorial
latitudes, North-South features can blow-up due to the strong amplitude correction
(the sin(I) term) that is applied when D- is /2 (i.e. a magnetic east-west
wavenumber). By specifying a higher latitude for the amplitude correction alone, this
A susceptibility filter is, in fact, a compound filter that performs a reduction to the
pole, downward continuation to the source depth, correction for the geometric effect
of a vertical prism, and division by the total magnetic field to yield susceptibility.
L(k , ) =
1
2F ( ) ( ) (k )
( ) = e h
sin (a )
( ) =
() Downward continuation to h
()
Ia
Geomagnetic inclination
Geomagnetic declination
This filter calculates the apparent density of the ground that would give rise to the
observed gravity profile. The density assumes that the gravity profile is due to a set
of rectangular prisms with a top at the level of observation of the gravity profile, a
bottom at depth t, and infinite strike length.
You may wish to downward continue the profile to be close to the tops of the
assumed geologic model of interest before calculating the apparent density.
You must supply the thickness of the earth model and the background density.
L( ) =
2 G 1 - e -t
Parameters:
t
d
G
The Multiple Filters option enables you to apply multiple 1D Fast-Fourier Transform
filters to a channel.
The Multiple Filters option allows multiple filters to be applied to a channel with a
single process, in which, the data firstly get Fourier Transformed (FT) to the
wavenumber domain, then multiple filters are applied (simple multiplications), and
the data finally are Inverse Fourier Transformed (IFT) back to the space domain.
Note that in the 1DFFT specific single filter GX (fftvdrv GX, fftbuttw GX, etc) the
application of each filter requires its own FT-filter-IFT process. This tends to add
numerical noise to the data as the number of filters is increased. Using this GX for
multiple filters will avoid this problem.
In this GX, along with the input and output channel names, the user can select up to
six filters to apply. A separate dialog is displayed for each filter type specified, in
which the user is prompted to enter values for the parameters relevant to that filter.
For a non interactive process application, the script parameters for each filter type
specified can be referred to the relevant 1DFFT GXs. Information for each filter
type is available by clicking the [Help] button on the individual filter parameter
dialogs.
The Analytic Signal option calculates the analytic signal of a channel. The analytic
signal can be useful for locating the edges of remanently magnetized bodies and in
areas of low magnetic latitude (Macleod et al., 1994).
The analytic signal (as) of a profile is defined as:
as = dz dz + dx dx
where
dz
dx
The vertical derivative is calculated using the FFT process described later in this
chapter. The horizontal derivative is calculated by applying a space domain
convolution filter. The analytic signal is then evaluated from these two sets of data.
Hilbert Transform (HILBERT GX)
The Hilbert Transform option does the Hilbert Transform by the means of FFT based
on the following known relation:
F[ H[f(x)] ] = -i sgn(w) F[f(x)]
Where:
F[f(x)] is the Fourier transform of f(x),
H[f(x)] is the Hilbert transform of f(x), and
Sgn(w) = w / |w| = +1 for w>0, = 0 for w=0, = -1 for w<0.
Firstly, the GX does forward FFT transform of the input channel. Three output
channels are created (this is only for the none-array input channel case). They will
have the same name as the input channel but extension "_r" and "_i" for real and
imaginary components of the transform, and "_w" for the wavenumber in
radians/fiducial. (Note that the trend has been removed before FFT.)
Note that the output values are the real and imaginary components of the positive
frequencies of the transform. Since we are dealing with the real-valued space domain
problem, the negative part of the spectrum is simply the conjugate of the
corresponding positive part, i.e h(-f) = [h(f)]*, and is not included in the output.
The fiducial number will be in cycles/fiducial. The wavenumber channel will be in
radians/fiducial.
Then, the one-dimensional Hilbert transform operator i sgn(w) is applied to the FFT
transformed data.
Finally, the GX does the inverse FFT transform to obtain the Hilbert transform results
into the output channel.
For the real data practice, it is suggested to remove trend line based on all data points
(the default) before FFT process to prevent the discontinuity from the data two edges.
The removed trend will be replaced back in the same manner as it removed after FFT.
For the real data practice, it is also suggested to expand the data 10% before FFT
process to prevent the discontinuity from the data two ends. The GX will first extend
data by the user required % points, then further extend to the number of the power of
2 for the FFT process. For instance, if the original data contains 60 points, then the
values will be padded with 10%, or 6 points at the end, giving 66 points. This will
then be extended to the next power of 2, or 128 points, to do the FFT.
The extended area will be interpolated by Maximum Entropy Prediction (MEP)
method. MEP samples the original data points to determine its spectral content. It
then predicts a data function that will have the same spectral signature as the original
data. As a result, the predicted data will not significantly alter the energy spectrum
that would result from the original data alone.
However, for particular synthetic data test the set of remove mean value trend line
removal option and 0% expansion may obtain accurate results.
Reference Paper: Toward a three-dimensional automatic interpretation of potential
field data via generalized Hilbert transforms: Fundamental relations, Misac N.
Nabighian, Geophysics, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 780-786, 1984.
Power Spectrum (FFTPSPEC GX)
The Power Spectrum option will calculate the log power spectrum of a channel. Note
that, the power spectrum will be a log base 10 of the power.
The fiducial increment will be cycles per original fiducial. The profile is extended to
a power of 2 times the length and the wavenumber increment will be
1/(length * fid_increment).
For detailed information on these or any of the 1D-FFT dialogs, click the [Help]
button.
The FFTIN GX (FFT1D|Advanced Usage|FFT space --> Fourier menu item)
transforms a channel to the Fourier domain and creates a real and imaginary channel
and a wavenumber channel. You can then apply filters with the real, imaginary and
wavenumber channels to create new real and imaginary channels. The FFTOUT GX
(FFT1D|Advanced Usage|FFT Fourier --> Space menu item) transforms the filtered
real and imaginary channels back to the space domain and masks the result against
the original channel.
The channels created by FFTIN have the same name as the original input data
channel with the suffixes _r, _i and _w added. These are the real, imaginary
and wavenumber channels respectively. The wavenumber channel is in units of
radians/fiducial (2 cycles/fiducial). The fiducial numbering of the Fourier domain
channels is in cycles/fiducial.
Note that the FFTIN process does not remove a trend from the data. If your data
contains an undesired trend, you must remove it before running FFTIN. It is also
your responsibility to replace a trend in the data after processing.
The process of applying your own filter is best illustrated through an example. Say
we have an existing channel named Mag which is already sampled on a distance
base (the fiducials are ground_units). We would like to calculate the first vertical
derivative using the expression:
L( ) = n
where n is the order of differentiation (in this case, n=1). To apply this expression we
must multiply the Fourier transform by the wavenumber:
1. On the X-Utility | 1-D FFT menu, select Advanced Usage|FT space -->Fourier
and select Mag as the channel to transform. This creates channels Mag_r,
Mag_i and Mag_w.
2. Select the entire Mag_r channel in the database (click three times on the
Mag_r channel header).
3. Press the = (equal sign) to enter an expression, and enter:
Mag_r*Mag_w
The Mag_r channel is replaced by the filtered real data.
4. Select the entire database for the Mag_i channel. Press = to enter an
expression, and enter: Mag_i*Mag_w. The Mag_i channel is replaced by the
filtered imaginary data.
5. Select FFT Fourier --> space... and choose the Mag_r and Mag_i as the
input channels, Mag as the original reference channel, and dz as the output
filtered channel. The dz channel will contain the vertical derivative in
nT/ground_units.
32 Glossary
References
Bhattacharya, B. K., 1966, Continuous spectrum of the total magnetic field anomaly
due to a rectangular prismatic body. Geophysics, Vol. 31, p.97-121.
Burg, J. P., 1975, Maximum Entropy Special Analysis. Unpublished doctoral
dissertation. Stanford University. 168p.
Claerbout, J.F., 1988. Fundamentals of Geophysical Data Processing with
Applications to Petroleum Prospecting, Blackwell Scientic Publications, Palo Alto,
California, U.S.A.
Gupta, V. K., and Grant, F. S., 1985, Mineral exploration aspects of gravity and
aeromagnetic survey in Sudbury-Cobalt area, Ontario. SEG; The Utility of Regional
Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps, W. J. Hinze (Editor) p.392-411.
MacLeod, I. N., Vierra, S. and Chaves, A. C., 1993, Analytic signal and reduction to-the-pole in the interpretation of total magnetic field at low magnetic latitudes.
Proceedings of the Third International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical
Society, November, 1993.
McClellan, J. H. and Nawab H., Complex General-N Winograd Fourier Transform
Algorithm (WFTA), Programs for Digital Signal Processing, IEEE Press, pp. 1.7-1 1.7-10, 1979.
Spector, A. and Grant, F. S., 1970, Statistical models for interpreting aeromagnetic
data. Geophysics, Vol. 35, No. 2, p.293-302.
Wiener, N., 1949, Extrapolation, interpolation, and smoothing of stationary time
series. Cambridge, M.I.T. Press.
Winograd, S. On Computing the Discrete Fourier Transform, Mathematics of
Computation, Vol. 32, N0.141, pp. 175-199, Jan. 1978.
Claerbout, J.F., 1988. Fundamentals of Geophysical Data Processing with
Applications to Petroleum Prospecting, Blackwell Scientic Publications, Palo Alto,
California, U.S.
Glossary 33
Glossary
Array channels
channels
column
In the Oasis montaj spreadsheet, a vertical line of cells that contain data.
database
desktop
Background area in the Oasis montaj project. You can open and display a
virtually unlimited number of Spreadsheet, Profile and Map windows in
this area.
fiducials
Points accepted as fixed bases of reference. A mark that indicates the order
in which each reading or sample reading was taken.
grid
Files containing location (X and Y) and data (Z) values. Values are
typically interpolated to create a regular and smoothly sampled
representation of the locations and data.
groups
GX or Geosoft eXecutable
Files containing location (X and Y) and color values. The values are not
interpolated. Standard PC file types created using imaging or electronic
photo-editing techniques.
line
Main window
Primary tool used to create and maintain databases, display data and
process data. Oasis montaj is a Graphical User Interface (GUI) system that
provides all functionality required to process and display virtually any type
of Earth Science data.
Map (*.MAP)
34 Glossary
File used when making a standard map that has a sheet size and margins
inside which there is a map area with a specified origin and scale. Usually,
MDF files are created with the MAPSET GX. MDF files may also be
created manually by editing an ASCII file with extension .MDF.
menu (*.OMN)
Oasis database
Oasis montaj
Oasis montaj is the core software platform that provides all functionality
required to manage, manipulate, visualize and map spatially located Earth
Science data.
Project (*.GPF)
Located XYZ data that cannot be grouped naturally into separate lines. For
example, regional gravity surveys or geochemical surveys are commonly
considered random data because the locations appear somewhat random in
nature.
row
Sub-array channels
template
View
Stored snapshot of the screen settings, current line, displayed channels and
displayed profiles in Oasis montaj.