Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Ga has low melting point (303 K). Therefore, it can exist in liquid state
during summer.
Chemical properties
BCl3, AlCl3 Electron deficient molecules
BCl3 behaves as Lewis acid.
3O2 g
2E s
N2 g
2E 2O3 s
2EN s
(X = F, Cl, Br, I)
Na 2 B4O7
2NaBO 2
B2 O3
Sodium
Sodium
Boric
tetraborate
metaborate
anhydride
Borax bead
Na 2 B4O7
2HCl
5H 2O
2NaCl
4B OH
Orthoboric acid
H 3BO3
HBO 2
B2 O3
Metaboric
acid
Boric oxide
3B2H6 + 6NH3
2B3N3H6 + 12H2
Electronegativity
Slightly more electronegative than corresponding group 13 elements
Physical properties
C, Si Non-metals
Ge Metalloid
Sn, Pb Soft metals
Chemical properties
Reactivity towards oxygen
Two types of oxides monoxide (MO) and dioxide (MO2)
Reactivity towards water
C, Si, Ge, Pb Do not react
Sn 2H 2O
SnO2 2H 2
Allotropes of carbon:
Diamond
sp3 hybridisation
Four directional covalent bonds
Used for sharpening tools, ornaments, making dyes, manufacturing
tungsten filament, etc.
Graphite
sp2 hybridisation
three sigma bonds and one bond
layered structure
conductor of electricity
Fullerenes
Cage-like molecules
C60 called Buckminsterfullerene
20 six-membered rings
12 five-membered rings
sp2 hybridisation
Some important compounds of carbon and silicon:
Carbon monoxide (CO)
2C s O 2 g
C(s) + H2O
2CO g
473 1273K
CO(g) + H2(g)
Water gas
Or
Synthesis gas
2CO(g) + 4N2(g)
Producer gas
CO is a highly poisonous gas as it forms a complex with
haemoglobin. It prevents haemoglobin in the red blood
corpuscles from carrying oxygen, leading to death.
1273K
Carbon dioxide
Photosynthesis
6CO2 12H 2 O
h
Chlorophyll
C6 H12O6
6O 2 6H 2O
Greenhouse gas
Solid CO2 is called dry ice.
sp hybridisation
Resonance structure
Silicates
The basic structural unit of silicate is SiO 4 4 .
Man made silicates Glass and cement
Zeolites
These are aluminosilicate minerals. E.g. ZSM5
Widely used as a catalyst in petrochemical industries for cracking of
hydrocarbons and isomerisation