www.ignou-ac.

in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

N
1
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in1

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.S.-361
'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh
(Educational Technology)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- le>kb;s] jk"Vh; [kqyk fo|ky;h laLFkku (foxr le; dk jk"Vh; [kqyk fo|ky;) fdl izdkj ls ek;fed
vkSj mPp ek;fed Lrj osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk iznku djrk gSA
mkjjk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; dh ikBp;kZ dk <kpk rFkk ijh{kk iz.kkyh vkSipkfjd fo|ky; O;oLFkk ds leku gS ijUrq mldh KkukUrj.k
iz.kkyh ,slh gS fd bl fo|ky; ds v/;srk detksj izos'k ;ksX;rkvksa ds ckotwn vkSipkfjd fo|ky;ksa esa i<+us okys nwljs Nk=ksa tSlh gh fu"if
iznf'kZr djrs gSa A oLrqr% eqDr fo|ky; dh f'k{kk iz.kkyh ij dqN dkjd izHkko Mkyrs gSa A bu dkjdksa dk KkukUrj.k iz.kkyh esa /;ku j[kuk
iM+rk gS A ;s dkjd fuEufyf[kr gSa
(1) jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; ds v/;srkvksa dh vk;q esa i;kZIr fHkUurk gksrh gS A ;s 14+ ls ysdj 60+ rd ds gksrs gSa A QyLo:i muds
vuqHko vkSj thou&dkS'ky esa Hkh vUrj gksrk gS A
(2) eqDr fo|ky; dks izk;% cgqek/;eh f'k{k.k ij fuHkZj gksuk iM+rk gS A
(3) eqDr fo|ky; ds Nk=ksa esa vf/kxe dkS'ky] iBu dkS'ky esa i;kZIr fHkUurk gksrh gS A
(4) eqDr fo|ky; ds v/;srk Loizsfjr vkSj LoizksRlkfgr gksrs gSa A
bu dkjdksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj KkukUrj.k iz.kkyh dks vf/kd izHkkoh vkSj ljy cukus ds fy, miyC/k 'kSf{kd nwj&lapkj lk/kuksa ,oa lwpuk
izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gS A 'kSf{kd ms';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, vk/kqfud lapkj iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; dh vn~Hkqr fo'ks"krk
gS A ;g ikB~;e dk varj.k Nih lkexzh ls fufeZr n`'; ,oa JO; dk;Zeksa }kjk djrk gS A v/;srk eqDr fo|ky; iz.kkyh esa u;s gksrs gSa] blfy,
jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; eq[kkfHkeq[k vkeus&lkeus dk vUr%f;k dk;Ze vius v/;;u dsUnzksa ij vk;ksftr djrk gS vkSj bls xaHkhjrk ls ysrk
gS A
f'k{k.k dh fof/k;k (Teaching Methods)
jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; vius ikB~;eksa dks nks eq[; f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ls lapkfyr djrk gS
I. 'kS{kf.kd fuos'k
II. O;fDrxr lEidZ dk;Ze
I. 'kS{kf.kd fuos'k (Educational Investment)
'kh?kz izfriqf"V izkIr djus ds fy, eqDr fo|ky; f'k{k.k&vf/kokl izf;k esa fofHkUu ek/;eksa dk lfEeJ.k djrk gS A blds dkj.k
v/;srk vyxko vkSj vdsykiu eglwl ugha djrk gS A cgqek/;fed 'kSyh esa jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; eqfnzr lkexzh] n`'; rFkk JO; fuos'k] nwjn'kZu
izlkj.k] izn dk;Z (Assignments)] eq[kkfHkeq[k dh vUr%f;k rFkk ikjLifjd f;k }kjk lefFkZr lkexzh dk mi;ksx djrk gS iBu lkexzh ds
fuekZ.k esa v/;srk ds vko';drkvksa dk /;ku j[kk tkrk gS vkSj vf/kxe dks lqfo/kktud cuk;k tkrk gS A
(i) eqfnzr lkexzh (Published Material) : fo'ks"krk;sa(i) eqDr f'k{k.k&iz.kkyh ds vUrxZr eqfnzr lkexzh dk iz;ksx vf/kxe
lk/ku ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS A eqfnzr lkexzh ,slh gksrh gS fd og ,d v/;kid dk dk;Z fd;k djs] D;ksafd blesa Nk= izk;% v/;kid ls nwj
jgrk gS A oLrqr% ;g lkexzh Lof'k{kd vkSj Lok/;k; lkexzh gksrh gS A eqfnzr lkexzh nSfud thou ds mnkgj.kksa ls Hkjh gksrh gS rFkk v/;srk

N
2

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in2

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

dh i`"BHkwfe ckSf)d Lrj ds vuqdwy gksrh gS A eqfnzr lkexzh esa yphykiu ykus ds fy, bUgsa ekWM;~ wy (Module) vkdkj esa cuk;k tkrk gS A
izR;sd ekWM~;wy Lo;a esa ,d iw.kZ bdkbZ gksrk gS A
(ii) vf/kxe lkexzh ds fuekZ.k esa jk"Vh; rFkk {ks=h; Lrj ds fo'ks"kKksa dh lgk;rk yh tkrh gS A blesa ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] rduhdh
v;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkku] egkfo|ky;ksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa] ijEijkxr fo|ky; vkSj v/;;u dsUnzksa ij dk;Zjr O;fDr;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS A
budh lgk;rk ds fy, js[kkfp= fo'ks"kK] 'kS{kf.kd rduhdh ds fo'ks"kK rFkk Hkk"kk fo'ks"kK Hkh gksrs gSa] ftUgsa dkS'ky Lrj rFkk dfBurk Lrj dk
Kku gksrk gS A
(iii) v/;;u lkexzh dh lajpuk rS;kj djus esa fLduj] vkWlqcsy] Cywe] uksYl rFkk vU; ds dk;ksZa dh lgk;rk yh x;h gS A fo"k;&oLrq
dks ljy ,oa izHkkoh cuk;k tkrk gS] ftlls v/;srk Lok/;k; dj lds vkSj mls v/;kid dh vko';drk u iM+s A blds fy, ekWM~;wy ds dk;Z{ks=
dh foLr`r leh{kk dh tkrh gS A fo"k;&oLrq esa vko';d fo"k;ksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lHkh okafNr lwpuk;sa iznku dh tkrh gSa A
(iv) fo"k;&oLrq dk izLrqrhdj.k ljy gksrk gS ftlls v/;srk fcuk fdlh lgk;rk ds i<+ lds A izLrqrhdj.k esa iwoZ fo"k;&oLrq dk rdZiw.kZ
fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls izLrqrhdj.k dk loksZe e fu/kkZfjr gks lds A bl e }kjk fo"k;&oLrq ds lUnHkZ dh fujUrjrk ,oa ,d:irk
cuh jgrh gS A QyLo:i v/;srk dh i<+us dh #fp cuh jgrh gS A
(v) ewyHkwr izkpy % vf/kxe ljy vkSj lqcks/k cukus ds fy, ewyHkwr izkpyksalk/ku] Li"V ifjp;] ms'; dFku] [k.M 'kh"kZd] NksVs&NksVs
[k.Mksa esa lwpukvksa dk izLrqrhdj.k] mnkgj.k vkfn iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A vkSipkfjd fo|ky;ksa esa ;g lc ugha gksrk A lkexzh dh lkFkZd :ijs[kk
esa Nk=ksa ds f'k{k.k dh eqfnzr lkexzh dks v/;srkvksa ds fy, lkFkZd cuk;k tkrk gS A lkexzh dh :ijs[kk v/;srk esa ftKklk iSnk djrh gS] muds
eu esa iz'u tkx`r djrh gS rFkk Kku le:i ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lEcU/k LFkkfir djrk gS A muds Lora= vf/kxke dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, blesa
vko';d funsZ'k lgk;rk rFkk lanHkZ iqLrdksa ds uke fn;s tkrs gSa A
(vi) fo"k;&oLrq dh cks/kxE;rk % fo"k;&oLrq dks cks/kxE; cukus ds fy, ljy O;k[;k] mnkgj.k] n`"VkUr] f;kdyki vkfn dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS] ftlls v/;kid dh lgk;rk u ysuh iM+s A blesa d{kk ds funsZ'k] micks/ku rFkk vf/kxe izf;k dh fu;ec)rk ,oa larqyu feyrk
gS A bl izdkj eqfnzr lkexzh LofunsZf'kr gks tkrh gS A
(vii) iqufuZos'ku (Reinvestment) % eqDr fo|ky; dh v/;;u lkexzh esa Nk=ksa ds iquoZyu dks lqn`<+ djus ds fy, iqufuZos'ku dk izkokku
gS A bleas ewY;kadu iz.kkyh viuk;h x;h gS A fo"k;&oLrq esa fufgr iz'u ds :i esa LoewY;kadu] vfUre vH;kliz'u vkfn v/;srkvksa dks
vko';d iqufuZos'ku iznku djrs gSa A blds lkFk ;s vf/kxe iquoZfyr djrk gS rFkk mUgsa vf/kxe dh izsj.kk nsrs gSa A
(viii) v/;;u funsZf'kdk % jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; 'kSf{kd lkexzh ds vykok v/;;u funsZf'kdk ds :i esa Nk=ksa dks vusd izdkj dh lkexzh
iznku djrk gS ftlesa 'kCnkofy;ka] iz;ksxkRed iqfLrdk vkSj uewus ds iz'u vkfn gksrs gSa A
(ix) ^eqDr vf/kxe* if=dk % Nk=ksa rFkk iz/kku dk;kZy; esa fu;qDr f'k{kdksa ds e/; fu;fer var%f;k dks ljy cukus ds fy, jk"Vh;
eqDr fo|ky; ^eqDr vf/kxe* uked if=dk izdkf'kr djrk gS A blds vykok blesa Nk=ksa ds iz'u rFkk fo'ks"kKksa }kjk muds mj izdkf'kr fd;s
tkrs gSa A ^vksiu Ldwfyax* uked ,d lekpkji= Hkh jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; }kjk fudkyk tkrk gS A
bl izdkj jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; ds ,d ikB dh lajpuk bl izdkj gks ldrh gS

N
ifjp;

ms';

fo"k;&oLrq dk [k.Mksa rFkk mi[k.Mksa esa izLrqrhdj.k

[k.M esa fo"k;&oLrq fufgr iz'u

cks/k iz'u

vfUre vH;kl&iz'u

fo"k;&oLrq esa fufgr iz'uksa dk mj

3
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in3

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

JO;&n`'; dk;Ze (Audio-Visual Programmes) : jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; JO;&n`'; dk;Ze dk mi;ksx iwjd vf/kxe ek/;e ds
:i esa djrk gS A oLrqr% JO;&n`'; dk;Ze v/;srkvksa dh leL;kvksa dks vPNh rjg ls gy dj ldrk gS A jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; Kku ds
,sls {ks=ksa dh igpku djrk gS rFkk mu ij JO;&n`'; dk;Ze rS;kj djrk gS A ;s dk;Ze dfBu fcUnqvksa rFkk tfVy vo/kkj.kkvksa ds Li"Vhdj.k
,oa mnkgj.kksa }kjk v/;srkvksa ds vf/kxe dks c<+krs gSa A
jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; esa Lora= mRiknd gh lkjk JO;&n`'; lkexzh dk mRiknu djrs gSa A blds vykok ;g fo|ky; dsUnzh; 'kSf{kd
izkS|ksfxdh laLFkku rFkk bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; tSlh laLFkkvksa ls n`';&JO; dk;Ze v/;;u dsUnzksa dks miyC/k djk fn;s tkrs
gSa] ftlls v/;srk lEidZ dk;Zeksa ds le; mls ns[k lds rFkk mudk mi;ksx dj lds A v/;;u dsUnzksa esa n`'; dSlsVksa dks fn[kkus ds fy, ohlh-vkj- rFkk VsifjdkWMZj tSls bySDVkWfud lkeku Hkh gksrs gSa A ;s dSlsV lLrs ewY; ij Nk=ksa dks Hkh fn;s tkrs gSa A jk"Vh; usVodZ ij Hkh jk"Vh;
eqDr fo|ky; ds dk;Ze fn[kk;s tkrs gSa A
(3) baVjusV (Internet) : jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; vius 'kSf{kd dk;Zeksa ds izlkj ds fy, baVjusV dh lgk;rk ysrk gS A bl fn'kk esa ,d
dne ds :i esa jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; baVjusV ij ,d o"kZ dh vof/k okyk dEI;wVj mi;ksx esa izek.ki=h; ikB;~ e vkWu ykbu dk;Ze pykrk
gS A ;g ikB~;e mu fo|ky;ksa ;k laLFkkvksa dh lgk;rk ls pyk;k tk jgk gS] ftuds ikl blds fy, ewyHkwr lqfo/kk;sa miyC/k gSa A
(2)

II.

v/;;u dsUnz rFkk O;fDrxr lEidZ dk;Ze

(Study Centre and Personal Contact Programme)

jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; us v/;srkvksa ds vf/kxe ds fodkl ds fy, ns'k esa ukS lkS ls Hkh vf/kd v/;;u dsUnz LFkkfir fd;s gSa A v/;;u
dsUnz mu vkSipkfjd fo|ky;ksa] egkfo|ky;ksa] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k egkfo|ky;ksa rFkk xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa esa [kksys tkrs gSa] ftuesa Nk=ksa dks 'kSf{kd
lgk;rk iznku djus dh {kerk gS A jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; vius O;kolkf;d ikB;~ eksa ds fy, jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; deZpkjh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa]
xzkeh.k d`f"k dsUnzksa] leqnk;&ikWyhVsfDudksa] O;kolkf;d fo|ky;ksa] Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa rFkk xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa ls lEc) gSa A budk lapkyu
la;kstd ds :i esa bu laLFkkvksa ds iz/kkukpk;Z djrs gSa A
v/;;u dsUnz v/;srkvksa dh dbZ izdkj ls lgk;rk djrs gSa
(i) ;s Nk= ijke'kZ&funsZ'ku vk;ksftr djrs gSa A
(ii) Nk= v/;kid vUr%f;k rFkk lgikBh vUr%f;k djokrs gSa A
(iii) ;s O;fDrxr lEidZ d{kk esa pykrs gSa A
(iv) ;s iz;ksx'kkyk,a] dk;Z'kkyk, rFkk vU; O;kogkfjd vuqHkoksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSa A
(v) eqDr f'k{kk ds izlkj esa #fp j[kus okys izfl) fo}kuksa dh lsokvksa dk mi;ksx djrs gaS A
(vi) v/;;u dsUnzksa ij jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; viuh ijh{kkvksa dk vk;kstu djrk gS A
(vii) v/;;u dsUnz n`';&JO; lkexzh rS;kj djus esa Hkh lgk;rk djrs gSa A n`';&JO; dk;Ze v/;srkvksa dks v/;;u dsUnzksa ij U;wure
ewY; ij miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSa A
(viii) v/;;u dsUnz O;fDrxr lEidZ dk;Zeksa esa uD'ks] uewus] pkVZ] LykbM vkfn lgk;d lkexzh miyC/k djkrs gSa A buls v/;srkvksa
dks vR;f/kd ykHk gksrk gS A
(ix) v/;;u dsUnzksa ds deZpkjh rFkk Nk=ksa dks Vsfysflax rduhdh dk ykHk nsus ds fy, dqN {ks=h; dsUnzksa rFkk VsyhQksu] nwjn'kZu] QSDl
e'khu vkfn lqfo/kk okys v/;;u dsUnzksa ij fM'k ,fUVuk yxk;s x, gSa A blds }kjk v/;srk nwj okrkZyki ,oa l=ksa esa 'kkfey gks ldrs gSa A
(x) jk"Vh; eqDr fo|ky; us v/;;u dsUnzksa dh nss[kjs[k ds fy, dEI;wVjhdj.k dk lgkjk fy;k gS A ;g fo|ky; v/;;u dsUnzksa ds irs]
v/;;u dsUnzksa ij ukekadu] 'kSf{kd lgk;dksa ds irs rFkk fo'ks"k dk;Z vf/kdkfj;ksa ds fo"k; esa vkadM+s miyC/k djkrk gS] ftlls v/;srk dks i;kZIr
lgk;rk feyrh gS A
iz'u 2- ek;fed Lrj dh d{kkxr vf/xe esa f}foeh; rFkk f=kfoeh; iz{ksfir lapkj ek;e fdl izdkj ls lgk;rk
iznku dj ldrs gSa_ mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk ls le>kb;sA
mkjf'k{k.k vf/kxe lk/ku ds :i esa viz{ksfir n`'; lkexzh lcls vf/kd mi;ksx dh tkrh gSa A bUgsa xzkfQd (Graphic) Hkh dgk tkrk
gS A blds vUrxZr vkjs[k] pkVZ] js[kkfp=] ekufp= vkSj iksLVj vkfn vkrs gSa A bu lkefxz;ksa ds fuekZ.k }kjk f'k{kd vU; vf/kxe vuqHkoksa

N
4

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in4

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

dks ljy cukus] funsZf'kr djus vkSj ewrZ :i nsus esa djrk gS A lf; KkuktZu dh fLFkfr esa budk mi;ksx Nk= }kjk xzkfQd lkexzh rS;kj djus
esa gksrk gSA
viz{ksfir f}vk;keh n`'; lk/kuksa ds izdkj
(1) vkjs[k % vkjs[k og js[kkfp= gksrk gS] ftlesa O;oLFkk;sa vkSj laca/k iznf'kZr fd, tkrs gSa A mnkgj.k ds fy,] ,d Hkkx dk lEiw.kZ ds
lkFk lEcU/k fn[kk;k tkrk gS A ;g n`'; ladsr gS tks js[kkvksa] oksa vkSj T;kferh; :iksa ls cuk gksrk gS A ewy :i ls vkjs[k iznf'kZr djus
ds ctk; Li"V djrk gS A blesa fp=kRed vkSj 'kkfCnd nksuksa izdkj ds Hkkx gksrs gSa A izk;% 'kkfCnd Hkkx 'kh"kZd vkSj vU; Hkkxksa dks yscyksa ds
:i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS A
(2) js[kkfp=k ;k xzkQ % js[kkfp= ;k xzkQ ds rhu ewy :iksajs[kk] LrEHkksa vkSj o`ds }kjk la[;kRed ;k ek=kRed vkadM+ksa dk izn'kZu
gksrk gS A ,d izdkj ls xzkQ v/;kid dks la[;kvksa vkSj muds laca/kksa dks lkdkj djus dh {kerk iznku djrs gSa A blls Nk=ksa dks Hkh izo`f;ksa
dh rqyuk] fo"kerk ekywe djus vkSj fo'ys"k.k djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS A
(3) ekufp=k % v/;kiu&vf/kxe lk/ku ds :i esa ekufp= vkdkj] nwjh] varfj{k] LFkku vkSj fn'kk tSlh ekSfyd vo/kkj.kkvksa ds f'k{k.k
gsrq egoiw.kZ gS A oLrqr% ekufp= lEiw.kZ i`Foh ;k mlds fdlh Hkkx ds n`'; fu:i.k gksrk gS A ;g iSekus (Scale) ds vkkj ij cuk;k tkrk
gS vkSj lHkh Hkkxksa ;k [k.Mksa ds fn'kkRed laca/k dks crkrk gS A
(4) iksLVj % ,d gh fopkj dk cM+k vkSj izrhdkRed izn'kZu iksLVj gS A iksLVj og f}vk;keh n`'; gS] ftlls yksx lokZf/kd vkdf"kZr gksrs
gSa A oLrqr% mudk dke gh /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk vkSj ,dy lans'k nsuk gS A iksLVj esa pk{kq"k ;k n`'; vkSj 'kkfCnd nksuksa ?kVd gksrs gSa A 'kkfCnd
?kVd dks izk;% 'kh"kZd dgrs gSa A ;g iksLVj dk ewyk/kkj gksrk gS vkSj n`'; ;k fp=kRed Hkkx /;ku vkdf"kZr djus ;k 'kh"kZd esa fufgr lans'k
dh iqf"V ds fy, gksrk gS A iksLVj fo"k;&oLrq vkSj izLrqfr dh n`f"V ls vU; js[kkfp=ksa dh vis{kk vf/kd l`tukRed gksrs gSa A

pkVZ

(Chart)

pkVZ vkjs[k ds leku ghs gksrk gS A ;g fo"k;&oLrq ds Li"Vhdj.k esa mldk lkjka'k crkus] mldh rqyuk djus] fofHkUurk fn[kkus ;k vU;
lgk;d lsokvksa ds fy, iz;qDr ,d n`'; izrhd gksrk gS A pkVZ fuEufyf[kr izdkj ds gksrs gSa
(1) le; pkVZ % bl izdkj ds pkVZ esa fofHkUu ?kVukvksa dks dkye ds vuqlkj iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS A blesa izR;sd ?kVuk frfFk dk
mfpr ladsr gksrk gS A blls Nk=ksa dks le; lkis{k ?kVukvksa dh rqyuk djus ;k Hksn izdV djus esa lgk;rk feyrh gS A pkVZ esa lkj.kh Hkh cuk;h
tk ldrh gS A mnkgj.k ds fy, jsyos dh le; lkfj.kh ,d pkVZ ds :i esa gksrh gS A
(2) lkjf.kd pkVZ % blesa tkudkjh ;k vkadM+ksa dks oxhZd`r ;k Js.khd`r :i esa lkj.kh; LrEHkksa esa O;ofLFkr djds izLrqr fd;k tkrk gS
A bl izdkj ds pkVks esa foh; fooj.kksa] ykHk&gkfu vkadM+ksa ,oa rqyuki=ksa dks vPNh rjg izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS A
(3) o`{k pkVZ % bl izdkj ds pkVZ }kjk ,d lzksr ls 'kq: gksus okys fodkl] lao`f) vkSj ifjorZu dks iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks
vkxs pydj ,d isM+ dh Hkkafr vusd 'kk[kkvksa esa foHkkftr gks tkrk gS A bldk ,d cf<+;k mnkgj.k oa'k&o`{k ;k oa'kkoyh gS A(4) izokg pkVZ
;k lfjrk pkVZ % ;g o`{k pkVZ dk mYVk gksrk gS vkSj blesa Hkh fodkl] lao`f) vkSj ifjorZu dk fu:i.k gksrk gS A vius uke ds vuq:i bldk
vkjEHk vusd lgk;d ufn;ksa ls gksrk gS vkSj tks ckn esa ,d gh eq[; unh ;k eq[; izokg esa fey tkrh gSa A pg pkVZ rS;kj eky ds fuekZ.k
ds fy, vko';d lHkh dPps eky dk funsZ'k dj ldrk gS( ;Fkk VSDVj fuekZ.k A

5
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in5

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

pkVZ ;k lfjrk pkVZ % ;g o`{k pkVZ dk mYVk gksrk gS vkSj blesa Hkh fodkl] lao`f) vkSj ifjorZu dk fu:i.k gksrk gS A vius
uke ds vuq:i bldk vkjEHk vusd lgk;d ufn;ksa ls gksrk gS vkSj tks ckn esa ,d gh eq[; unh ;k eq[; izokg esa fey tkrh gSa A pg pkVZ
rS;kj eky ds fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d lHkh dPps eky dk funsZ'k dj ldrk gS( ;Fkk VSDVj fuekZ.k A
(4) izokg

pkVZ % fdlh laLFkk esa iz'kklfud lksiku dks ;k fdlh jkT; esa dkuwuh izf;k dks laxBukRed pkVZ ds :i esa iznf'kZr fd;k
tk ldrk gS A blesa vk;rksa] js[kkvksa] ck.k rFkk o`{kksa dk mi;ksx gksrk gS A bl izdkj blds }kjk laxBu ds Hkhrj Qyu laca/kksa dk fu:i.k
gksrk gS A
(6) izf;k pkVZ % ;g fdlh izf;k ds pj.kksa dh voLFkkvksa dk fu:i.k gksrk gS A izk;% ;g ph; O;oLFkk esa gksrk gS A blds }kjk fdlh
oLrq ds fuekZ.k dh izf;k esa fofHkUu pj.k Hkh fn[kk;s tk ldrs gSa A thou&p] tkZ&p vkSj laj{k.k&p vkfn dk fu:i.k bl pkVZ }kjk
fd;k tk ldrk gS A
(7) vuqe pkVZ % bl izdkj pkVZ esa vuqe ls fo"k;&oLrq dk fu:i.k gksrk gS] blfy, bls vuqe pkVZ dgrs gSa A izk;% blesa ,d
ls vf/kd [kaM ;k pkVZ gksrs gSa A bldk vf/kd laca/k fo"k;&oLrq ls u gksdj izn'kZu gksrk gS A ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS
(i) fLVi pkVZ( (ii) fyi pkVZ A
(i) fLVi pkVZ % bls ,d ,sls pkVZ ds :i esa cuk;k tkrk gS] ftlesa fofHkUu vuqfed Hkkxksa dks dkxt dh if;ksa ls <d fn;k tkrk gS
A dkxt dh if;ksa dks ckjh&ckjh ls gVk;k tkrk gS] rkfd fo"k;&oLrq dks pj.kksa esa fn[kk;k tk lds A
(ii) fyi pkVZ % ;g ,d dSysaMj dh Hkkafr gksrk gS vkSj blesa vuqe esa yxk;s x;s vusd pkVZ gksrs gSa] ftUgsa ,d fljs ij dq.Mfyr
/kkrq ;k ydM+h dh iV~Vh ds }kjk uRFkh dj fn;k tkrk gS A dSysaMj ds leku izR;sd ekg ds fy, vyx ls i`"B gksrk gS A tSls gh eghuk lekIr
gksrk gS] i`"B ;k iUus dks iyV fn;k tkrk gS A
n`'; viz{ksfir f=vk;keh ek/;eksa ls fuEufyf[kr egoiw.kZ gSa
(I) ekWMy ;k izfreku
(II) izk;ksfxd izfrn'kZ
(III) f=foeh; fun'kZ
(IV) ekufp= vkSj Xyksc
(V) dBiqrfy;ka
(VI) f=vk;keh fp=
(I) ekWMy ;k izfreku % ftu inkFkks dks ewy :i esa ugha fn[kk;k tk ldrk] muds vkn'kZ izfr:i ;k ekWMy fn[kkuk vklku gksrk gS A
tSls jsy ;k gokbZ tgkt dk ekWMy d{kk dks fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS A jsy dk batu d{kk esa ugha yk;k tk ldrk] bl dkj.k muds ekWMy dk
mi;ksx djuk iM+rk gS A
ekWMyksa dk ms'; % (i) v/;kiu esa lgk;d lkexzh ds :i esa iz;ksx djuk A
(ii) O;fDrxr vf/kxe esa v/;;u ;k dk;Z lk/ku ds fy, oLrqvksa ds :i esa mi;ksx djuk A
(iii) jpuk ifj;kstuk ds :i esa O;fDr;ksa] NksVs lewgksa ;k lEiw.kZ d{kk ds fy, iz;ksx djuk A
ekWMy ls ykHk % (1) vusd oLrqvksa( ;Fkk jsy dk batu] vka[k] gkFkh] egkiq#"k vkfn ftUgsa thfor d{kk esa fn[kkuk lEHko ugha gS] mUgsa
ekWMy ds }kjk fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS A
(2) ekWMy dHkh&dHkh ewy oLrqvksa ls Hkh jkspd gksrs gSa A buesa oLrq ds os Hkkx fn[kk;s tk ldrs gSa] tks ewy:i esa fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rs A
;fn oLrq ds fdlh vax fo'ks"k dk v/;;u djuk gS] rks ml Hkkx dk ekWMy cuk;k tk ldrk gS A
(3) mUgsa oLrqvksa vFkok izf;kvksa dh vkarfjd lajpukvksa dks bruh vf/kd Li"Vrk ds lkFk n'kkZus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks
lkekU;r% f}vk;keh fu:i.kksa ds }kjk laHko ugha gks ikrk A mnkgj.kkFkZi`Foh dh vuqizLFk dkV] i`Foh dh fofHkUu ijrsa A
(5) laxBukRed

N
6

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in6

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

(4) vR;Ur

tfVy fLFkfr ;k izf;k dks ljy fof/k ls fu:fir djus ds fy, budk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] rkfd Nk= vklkuh ls
le> ldsa A ;g rHkh laHko gksxk] tc okLrfod ;k ;FkkFkZ thou dks tfVyrkvksa vkSj eu dks Hkzfer djus okys vU; C;kSjksa dks gVkdj dsoy
vR;ko';d y{k.kksa dks gh izfreku esa 'kkfey fd;k tk, A
ekWMyksa dk fuekZ.k % ekWMyksa dks fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ksa ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS
(1) thfor izkf.k;ksa vkSj ekuo vaxksa vkfn ds izfrekuksa dks cukus ds fy, ^ekWMfyax Dys* ;k IykfLVlhu tSlh lkexzh dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg, A
(2) egk}hi ;k ns'k ;k fdlh fo'ks"k {ks= ds Hkwn`'; dk HkkSfrd ekufp= cukus ds fy, IykLVj vkWQ isfjl vkSj isij es'kh tSlh lkefxz;ksa
dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg, A
(3) cka/k] Hkou ;k ,slh gh fdlh vU; oLrq ds LFkSfrd izfreku cukus ds fy, xk] gkMZcksMZ] ydM+h vkSj rkj tSlh lLrh lkexzh dk mi;ksx
djuk pkfg, A
(II) izk;ksfxd izfrn'kZ ekSd&vi % izk;ksfxd izfrn'kZ ;k ekSd&vi okLrfod oLrq dk fu:i.k djrs gSa A bls dHkh&dHkh okLrfod oLrq
ds dqN roksa dh vksj Nk= dk /;ku vkd`"V djus ds fy, vU; roksa dks tku&cw> dj gVk fn;k gS A bldk iz;ksx ml le; fd;k tkrk gS]
tc f'k{kd ds fy, Nk=ksa dks izR;{k vuqHko iznku djuk dfBu gks tkrk gS A ml le; f'k{k.k&vf/kxe izf;k esa ekSd&vi mi;ksxh gksrk gS A
;g ,d xfr'khy izfreku gksrk gS] ftls fof'k"V izf'k{k.k ;k fo'ys"k.k ds fy, Nk= }kjk ifjpkyu ds fy, cuk;k tkrk gS A
(III) f=kfoeh; fun'kZ Mk;ksjkek % Mk;ksjkek vusd fo"k;ksa ds f'k{k.k esa mi;ksxh gksrk gS A blds }kjk bfrgkl] Hkwxksy] thofoKku vkfn
dk f'k{k.k izHkkoh <ax ls fd;k tk ldrk gS A f=foeh; fun'kZ ,d vpy fun'kZu ra= gksrk gS ftlesa fp=ksa] ewfrZ;ksa vkfn dh f=vk;keh vxzHkwfe
dks isaV dh gqbZ f}vk;keh i`"BHkwfe ls tksM+ fn;k tkrk gS A blls vR;Ur ;FkkFkZoknh izHkko mRiUu gks tkrk gS A
fuekZ.k % Mk;ksjkek dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, ,fyaxVu (Alington, 1985) us fuEufyf[kr pj.kksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS
(1) loZizFke gkMZcksMZ] eksVs dkMZ ;k fdlh vU; mi;qDr inkFkZ ls vko';d vkdkj dk ,d v)Zo`kdkj vk/kkj cukrs gSa A
(2) blds ckn irys lQsn dkMZ dh mfpr pkbZ dh ,d ,slh ih cukrs gSa] tks vk/kkj or% ik'oZ dh xksykbZ ds lkFk iwjh ?kwe lds A
bl ij vko';d i`"BHkwfe okys n`'; dk js[kkfp= cuk nsrs gSa vkSj mldks vk/kkj ds lkFk tksM+ nsrs gSa A
(3) vxzHkwfe esa vko';d fdlh Hkh Hkwn`'; dks IykLVj vkWQ isfjl dh lgk;rk ls cukrs gSa vkSj mls vko';d jaxksa ls jax nsrs gSa A
(4) vxzHkwfe dks mfpr LFkku ij tksM+ nsrs gSa A ,sls inkFkks esa izfreku vkd`fr;kaxs ds dVs n`'; ;k dV&vkmV] IykfLVlhu izfreku]
Hkou dk izfreku] o`{k dk izfreku] tgkt dk izfreku] VSad ;k vU; okgu] 'kSy ds VqdM+s ;k dksbZ vU; oLrq 'kkfey dh tk ldrh gS A budk
iz;ksx fpf=r n`'; dh ;FkkFkZrk ;k okLrfodrk c<+kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS A
(IV) ekufp=k vkSj Xyksc % ekufp= vkSj Xyksc dk iz;ksx f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ds lkFk&lkFk nSfud thou esa Hkh fdlh u fdlh :i esa djrs
gSa A ekufp= esa likV /kjkry ij i`Foh vFkok HkwHkkxksa dks fu:fir djrs gSa A bl ij i`Foh js[kkvksa] fcUnqvksa] jaxksa] 'kCnksa vkSj ladsrksa ds }kjk
iznf'kZr gksrh gS A uD'ks ;k ekufp= lkekftd v/;;u esa vusd HkkSxksfyd] ,sfrgkfld vkSj vkfFkZd ladYiukvksa dks lh[kus ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrs
gSa A jktuhfrd ekufp= jk"Vksa] izkUrksa vkfn ds jktuhfrd foHkktu dks n'kkZrs gSa] tcfd ,sfrgkfld ekufp= fdlh lkezkT;] laf/k;ksa vkfn dh
lhek dks n'kkZrs gSa A
ekufp= ;k uD'ks esa fuEufyf[kr i{k Nk=ksa dks lh[kuk egoiw.kZ gS
(i) Hkw:i
(ii) ty&:i
(iii) ekuoh; dkjd
(iv) nwfj;ka
(v) jktuSfrd dkjd
(vi) tyok;q vkSj lalk/ku
(vii) ifjogu
(viii) fLFkfr lhek ;k LFkku
(ix) ns'kkUrj
(x) v{kka'k
ekufp=kksa dk oxhZdj.kekufp= eq[;r% ikap izdkj ds gksrs gSa
(i) HkkSfrd ekufp=k % bl izdkj ds ekufp= esa tyok;q] lalk/kuksa] o"kkZ] e`nk vkfn dks fn[kk;k tkrk gS A
(ii) jktuSfrd ekufp=k % ;s ekufp= ns'kksa vkSj izkUrksa vkfn ds jktuhfrd foHkktu dks n'kkZrs gSa A
(iii) vkfFkZd ekufp=k % ;s ekufp= Qlyksa] Hkwfe mi;ksx] jsy&iVjh vkSj lM+d vkfn dks iznf'kZr djrs gSa A
(iv) lkekftd ekufp=k % lkekftd ekufp= fofHkUu izkUrksa dh tula[;k fooj.k] Hkk"kk] lk{kjrk&nj vkfn dks n'kkZrs gSa A
(v) ,sfrgkfld ekufp=k % bl izdkj ds ekufp= fdlh fo'ks"k lkezkT; dh lhekvksa] laf/k;ksa vkfn dks n'kkZrs gSa A

N
7

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in7

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

Xyksc&f'k{k.k esa Xyksc egoiw.kZ gS] D;ksafd ;g i`Foh dk lgh izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS A pwafd i`Foh xksy gS vkSj Xyksc Hkh xksy gS] vr% i`Foh
ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa] {ks=Qy] ok;qeaMy vkfn dh foLr`r tkudkjh nh tk ldrh gS A
(V) dBiqrfy;ka % dBiqrfy;ka xs] :bZ] jax vkSj {ks= esa miyC/k vkfn vU; lkefxz;ksa ls cuk;h tk ldrh gSa A ;s cktkj esa Hkh feyrh
gSa ;k mUgsa vko';drkuqlkj LFkkuh; :i esa rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS A budh lgk;rk ls bfrgkl] ukVd vkSj lkfgfR;d fo"k;ksa dks izHkko'kkyh <ax
ls i<+k;k tk ldrk gS A ;q) tSlh ,sfrgkfld ?kVukvksa] fdlh fo'ks"k ,sfrgkfld dky esa yksxksa ds thou dks ukVdh; cukus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS A
(VI) f=kvk;keh fp=k (Hologram) : gksyksxzke okLrfod oLrq ds f=vk;keh fcac gksrs gSa A bu fcacksa dks fcuk dSejs ds gksyksxzkfQd ifdk
ysalghu QksVksxzkQh ij cuk;k tkrk gS A blesa ,d ystj izdk'k fdj.kiqat dk mi;ksx gksrk gS A fdj.kiqat dk ,d Hkkx oLrq ls ijkofrZr gksdj
QksVksxzkfQd IysV ij iM+rk gS vkSj nwljk Hkkx niZ.k ls ijkofrZr gksdj mlh QksVksxzkfQd IysV ij vkrk gS A gksyksxzke fo|ky;ksa ds fy, vfkd
mi;ksxh ugha gaS] D;ksafd mudks cukus eas i;kZIr rduhdh dkS'kyksa vkSj miLdjksa dh vko';drk gksrh gS] lkFk gh [kjhnus esa Hkh esa vis{kkd`r egaxs
gksrs gSa A
iz'u 3- eku yhft, vkidks vius fo|ky; dh d{kk IX vkSj X osQ fy;s ,d daI;wVj lgkf;r vf/xe dk;Ze
dk fuekZ.k djuk gS vkSj mldk dk;kZUo;u djuk gSA bl dk;Ze osQ fuekZ.k] dk;kZUo;u rFkk izHkko'khyrk ns[kus osQ fy;s
,d foLr`r ;kstuk rS;kj dhft,A
mkjdkWy ;k lh-,-,y- iSdst dk fodkl djus esa fuEufyf[kr pj.k gksrs gSa
I. fo'ys"k.k izkoLFkk ;k pj.k
II. vfHkdYiu izkoLFkk
III. ekns'ku izkoLFkk
IV. izek.khdj.k izkoLFkk
fo'ys"k.k izkoLFkk ;k pj.k % fo'ys"k.k izkoLFkk ds fuEufyf[kr mipj.k gksrs gSa
(1) bdkbZ dk pquko % ;|fi dEI;wVj ,d ltZukRed vkSj izHkkoh ek/;e gS ijUrq mruk egxk lalk/ku Hkh gS A blfy, bldk iz;ksx
ltZukRed <ax ls vkSj le>nkjh ls djuk pkfg, A ;fn f'k{kd us dk;Ze fy[kus dk QSlyk dj fy;k gS mls fopkj djuk pkfg, fd daI;wVj
;k dkWy dk mi;ksx D;ksa fd;k tk;s A
lh-,-,y- iSdst dk fodkl djus ls iwoZ f'k{kd dks fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa ij fopkj dj ysuk pkfg,
(i) D;k mldk fo|kFkhZ fdlh vU; ek/;e ;k uokpkjh fof/k ds vuqiz;ksx dh vis{kk vf/kd ykHk mBk ldrk gS \ D;k f'k{kd izdj.k
ds ,sls ms'; gSa] ftudks dkWy ds bLrseky ls gh iw.kZ :i ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS \
(ii) D;k f'k{kd dk iSdst Nk= dks O;fxr vuqHko iznku djsxk \
(iii) D;k iSdst Nk= ds lkFk vU;ksU;k f;k] mi;ksk fu;a=.k vkSj Lo&ewY;kadu dh laHkkouk iznku djsxk \
(2) fo"k;&oLrq dk fo'ys"k.k % f'k{kd dks fdlh Lo&vf/kxe dk;Ze dk fodkl djus ds fy, fo"k;&oLrq dh O;ofLFkr :i ls fo'ysf"kr
djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS A f'k{kd dks p;fur izdj.k esa izR;sd f'k{k.k fcUnq dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, A oLrqr% izdj.k dks mi&izdj.kksa ;k
mifcUnqvksa esa foHkkftr djus dh izf;k dh fo"k;oLrq fo'ys"k.k dgk tkrk gS A mlls f'k{kd dks fo"k;&oLrq ls lEcfU/kr lHkh vo/kkj.kkvksa]
ifjHkk"kkvksa] lwpuk fcUnqvksa] fu;eksa] mnkgj.kksa] QkewZyksa] vkjs[kksa] Li"Vdkjh fp= vkfn dh igpku djus esa enn feyrh gS A
(3) izos'k O;ogkj % fo"k;&oLrq fo'ys"k.k ds lkFk y{; lewg ds fo'ys"k.k ds vUrxZr Nk=ksa dh 'kCnkoyh] vf/kxe 'kSyh] vko';drkvksa]
ladYiukRed Lrj] vFkZxzg.k Lrj dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg, A
blds ckn f'k{kd dks vo/kkj.kkvksa dk vuqe.k (Sequencing) djuk pkfg,] ftlls Nk= rkfdZd :i ls O;ofLFkr gks tk;sa A ;fn Nk=
ds eu esa dqN ewyHkwr vo/kkj.kk;sa Li"V ugha gSa] rks og f'k{kd ds izdj.k dh vf/kxe lkexzh dk mi;ksx ugha dj ldrk A
ms';ksa dk fof'k"Vhdj.k % izdj.k ds pquko vkSj mldk fo'ys"k.k djus ds i'pkr~ Nk= ds iwoZ Kku vkSj {kerkvksa ds vk/kkj ij f'k{k.k
ds ms';ksa dks fuf'pr fd;k tk ldrk gS A dk;Ze ds fy, vf/kxe ms';ksa ds fooj.k dks rS;kj djuk] vf/kxe dh tkus okyh {kerkvksa ds
:i esa vf/kxe izf;k dk lkjka'k rS;kj djus tSlk gS A
(4) ewY;kadu ;qf;ksa dk fodkl % Nk= dh {kerk dk Kku ijh{k.k fufeZr djus esa enn djrk gS A Hkfy izdkj rS;kj ms';
lacaf/kr ijh{k.k enksa ds fy, lqKko izLrqr djrk gS A Lo&vf/kxe lkexzh ds fy, Hkh ,d iwoZ&ijh{k.k vko';d gksrk gS] ftldk iz;kstu v/
;srk dks viuh izxfr dk fu.kZ; Lo;a djus dh iszj.kk nsuk gS A blls Nk= dks lkexzh ;k mi&bdkbZ esa ls xqtjus dh t:jr gS vFkok ugha ;k
fd og mls NksM+dj vkxs c<+ ldrk gS vFkok ugha A

N
8

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in8

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

dkWy iSdst dk fodkl djus esa ;g ,d ltZukRed izkoLFkk gS A bls fMtkbu izkoLFkk Hkh dgrs gSa A blds fofHkUu mipj.k fuEufyf[kr
gSa
ekWM~;wyh; vk:i dk fodkl % cM+s iSekus dh vf/kxe izf;k dks vklkuh ls lapkfyr djus ds fy, ekWM~;wyh; lajpuk dk fodkl
vko';d gksrk gS A bl mikxe esa f;kdykiksa ds lqLi"V ifjHkkf"kr {ks=ksa dks mi;q ,oa ;ksX; Nk= gh lh[k ldrs gSa A bl izdkj dksbZ fo'ks"k
v/;srk mlh mi&izdj.k ij gh viuk /;ku dsfUnzr djsxk] ftldks og lh[kuk pkgsxk A ekWM~;wyh; vk:i dk fodkl djus esa ikB~;e
vfHkdYid dks izR;sd ekWM~;wy ds 'kh"kZd] ms';ksa vkSj izLrqfrdj.k fof/k;ksa ds lcls mi;q la;kstu dks fuf'pr djuk pkfg, A QyLo:i lHkh
iSdst ijLij lacaf/kr fofHkUu ekM~;wyksa dk ,d lsV gksxk A bl lsV ls lh[ks tkus okys ekWM~;wyksa dk p;u fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k iwoZ&ijh{k.k
Nk= dks mi;q ekWM~;wyksa ds pquko esa enn dj ldrk gS A
(2) izokg pkVZ dk fodkl % ikB~;e ls lEcfU/kr vko';d tkudkjh izkIr djus vkSj fu;ekoyh cukus ds i'pkr~ izokg pkVZ dh
tkudkjh t:jh gS A izokg pkVZ izokg ?kVukvksa] f;kdykiksa] vo/kkj.kkvksa ds e/; ds laca/kksa dks crkus okyk pkVZ gksrk gS A dqyd.khZ ds vuqlkj]
^^bldk laca/k dkfyd ;k xSj&dkfyd gks ldrk gS ijUrq lnSo gh ,d vuqe.kkRed O;oLFkk jgk djrh gS A**
'kk[ku (Branching) esa foHkze ls cpus ds fy, izksxzke izokg pkVZ vko';d gksrk gS A dkWy Nk=ksa ds mjksas dh vuqf;k Lo:i mudks
izfriqf"V iznku djrk gS A izokg pkVZ ikB~;e esa ls lokZf/kd rst ekxZ iznku djrk gS A ;g se la[;kvksa vkSj fxurh ywiksa iznf'kZr djrk gS
A ;g ikB~;e ds feJ.k gksus ls jksdus esa lgk;rk djrk gS vkSj Li"V :i ls 'kk[ku n'kkZrk gS A ckn esa ys[kd ikB~;e dk la'kks/ku ;k laiknu
djus ds fy, ^izokgpkVZ* dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa A ;g izek.khdj.k ds fy, vko';d gS A
(3) seksa dk vfHkdYiu % ekWM~;wy esa seksa dh ,d ka`[kyk gksrh gS A buesa fofHkUu izdkjdlkSVh se] v/;kiu se vkSj ijh{k.k se
gksrs gaS A bl izdkj dkWy ds ek/;e ls tkudkjh dks i;kZIr NksVs&NksVs iSdstksa esa ckaVk tk ldrk gS A
(4) dlkSVh se % v/;kiu se ls iwoZ dlkSVh se fy[kuk pkfg, A v/;kiu se dks ms'; izkIr djus ds fy, fu;af=r djuk pkfg,
A ;g /;ku nsus ;ksX; ckr gS fd dlkSVh se v/;kiu fcUnq dk ijh{k.k djrk gS vkSj se esa fdlh lanHkZ lkexzh dk mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk
gS A ;g v/;srk ds Kku dk ijh{k.k gksrk gS A blfy, izokg pkVZ ij dlkSVh se dks se esa mBk;s x;s iz'uksa ds lgh mj izkIr djus ds fy,
Nk=ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djus okys ywiksa ls i`Fkd~jguk pkfg, A
(5) v/;kiu se % bl se esa ikB~;e dh iw.kZrk ykus ds fy, vko';d tkudkjh gksrh gS A
okLrfod ekns'ku ds lanHkZ esa inksa dh rS;kjh dk;Ze fuekZ.k dh n'kk esa dEI;wVj dh Hkwfedk tkuus ds fy, {ks= fo'ks"kK dEI;wVj izn'kZu
ds vusd vfHky{k.kksa ij ppkZ djrs gS vkSj izHkkoh mi;ksx ds fy, dqN ekxZn'khZ fl)kUr cuk;s tkrs gSa A mlds egoiw.kZ fcUnq fuEufyf[kr
gSa
(i) inkZ foU;kl
(ii) ikB~;
(iii) vkysf[kdh
(iv) le; fu/kkZj.k
(v) lthou
(vi) /ofu
(vii) mi;ksk fu;a=.k
(i) inkZ foU;kl % inkZ foU;kl dk laca/k vard (Terminal) ds insZ ij funsZf'kr lkexzh ls gS A oqMgkml MsfoM vkSj eSDMxy ,sUu ds
vuqlkj vPNs vfHkdYiu ds ljy fu;e fuEyfyf[kr gSa
d ,d insZ ls vxys insZ rd laxrrk j[kuh pkfg, A
[k fd;s tkus okys f;kdykiksa ds vuqlkj dFkuksa dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg, A
x de&ls&de ladsrk{kjksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, A
?k [kkyh LFkkuksa dk mi;ksx mnkjrkiwoZd vkSj le>nkjh ls djuk pkfg, A
M- lgk;d ladsrdkjh lwpuk ds Lrj dks izpkyd }kjk vHkh"V Lrj rd cus jguk pkfg, A
p izrhdksa] jaxksa ;k vkys[kksa ;k izfrykse jax Cykdksa ;k vR;f/kd tkudkjh dh vko';drk ls vf/kd fdLeksa dks insZ ij vO;ofLFkr ugha
gksuk pkfg, A
N vk[k >idus dh nj 3-5 lsdsaM dh nj ls gksuk pkfg, A vf/kd vk[k >idus ls ,dkxzrk esa deh vk tkrh gS A
blds vykok dqN vU; fu;e Hkh gSa] tks fuEufyf[kr gSa
(1) iz;kstu dks fl) djus ds fy, tkudkjh dh U;wure ek=k dk gh fun'kZu fd;k tkuk pkfg, A Li"V :i ls vkSj izHkkoh <ax ls izLrqr
(1)

N
9

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in9

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

dh x;h fp=kRed ;k ikB~;kRed tkudkjh dh FkksM+h&lh ek=k dh le> dks gh vkxs c<+kuk pkfg, A
(2) funsZf'kr dh tkus okyh tkudkjh ds ,d le; esa ,d dqath dks gh izLrqr fd;k tkuk pkfg, A ,slk djus dk ,d izHkkoh rjhdk insZ
ij u;s fcacksa dk mn~?kkVu djuk gS ;k fo|eku funsZ'ku ds lEiw.kZ dks ;k vkaf'kd Hkkx dks cny nsuk gS A ,slk djrs le; v/;srk dk ifjorZu
dks uksV dj ysuk pkfg, A ;g /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd nks f;kvksa ds chp fojke egoiw.kZ gksrk gS A
(3) 'kh"kZdksa dks insZ ij lcls ij j[kuk pkfg, vkSj insZ ds Lokaxhdj.k (Assimilation) ds ckn ,D'ku ds fy, ladsrksa dks lcls uhps
j[kuk pkfg, A Nk= dh n`f"V dks fdlh egoiw.kZ vo/kkj.kk dh vksj vkd`"V djus ds fy, fVefVekus ds rduhd dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gS A dqN fcUnqvksa ij cy nsus esa lgk;rk djus ;k tkudkjh nsus] vkfn ds fy,] fo|eku insZ ds Hkkx ij O;kIr cDl esa foMksal (Windows)
izHkkoh gks ldrk gS A
(4) ubZ tkudkjh dh [kkst] iz'uksa ds mj vkfn ds fo"k; esa vf/kd vk'oLr vkSj vkufUnr jgus ds fy, n`'; ;k pk{kq"k laxfr vf/kd
egoiw.kZ gks ldrh gS A
(ii) ikB~; % ikB~; ls rkRi;Z ml v/;;u ls gS] ftruk dguk ;k fn[kkuk vko';d gks A ek'kZy MsfoM us dgk gS] ^^dk;Ze dsoy mruk
gh dgs ftruk t:jh gks] blls vf/kd ugha A** n`'; fun'kZu bdkb;k ikB~; dh cM+h ek=k ds fy, vuqdwy ugh gSa A ikB~; rks rHkh lkeus
vkuk pkfg,] tc vR;ko';d gks A ikB~; izk;% laf{kIr gksuk pkfg, A iSjkxzkQ rhu iaf;ksa dk gksuk pkfg, vkSj muds chp [kkyh LFkku gksuk
pkfg, A
vk:i dks lnSo bu jhfr;ksa dk vuqlj.k djuk pkfg, fd iaf;ka 'kCnksa ds e/; esa u lekIr gkas vkSj iSjkxzkQ i`"B fun'kZu dh vafre
ykbu esa 'kq: u gks A ikB~; lEiw.kZ insZ ij forfjr gksuk pkfg, ;k dsUnz esa gksuk pkfg, A O;kdj.k dh n`f"V ls ;g laxr gksuk pkfg, A
(iii) xzkfQDl vkSj jax % inkZ izLrqfrdj.k dks fodflr djus ds fy, cDlksa] fdukfj;ksa] Nk;kdj.k vkfn dk mi;ksx djuk egoiw.kZ gS A
fp=.kksa dk fp=ksa vkSj vkjs[kksa ds fun'kZu ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A mudk cDlksa vkSj fdukfj;ksa dks cukdj Nk;kdj.k vkfn ds }kjk
ikB~; fun'kZu dks mHkkjus ds fy, Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A
gks ldrs fofHkUu dkVksa ds fy, fofHkUu jaxksa dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, A mnkgj.kkFkZlEiw.kZ iSdst esa ckyd dh vPNh vkSj cqjh vknrksa dks
nks vyx jaxksa esa fn[kk;k tk ldrk gS A oLrqr% ,d gh jax esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys fun'kZu ds ro fdlh u fdlh rjhds ls vkil esa
lEcfU/kr gksus dk vkHkkl nsrs gaS A blds foijhr fofHkUu jaxksa esa roksa dks ,d&nwljs esa vyx le>k tkrk gS A izn'kZu ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa ds chp
laca/k LFkkfir djus ds fy, bl dqVu (Coding) dk tkucw> dj mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS A fdlh Hkh izf;k lkexzh (Software) esa izkjEHk
ls vUr rd jax ds mi;ksx esa lqlaxr gksuk okaNuh; gksrk gS A mnkgj.k ds fy,] tc rd ifjorZu ds fy, dksbZ fo'ks"k dkj.k u gks] rc rd
'kh"kZd ,d gh jaxksa esa gksus pkfg, A
jaxksa dk mi;ksx fun'kZu vzHkkx ds lkFk i`"B Hkkx ij Hkh gksuk pkfg, A fun'kZu ds i`"B Hkkx ij [kaMksa dk cy nsus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k
tk ldrk gS A dsoy ,d i`"BHkwfe jax vkSj dsoy ,d vxzHkwfe jax ds mi;ksx ls vkd"kZd KkukRed fun'kZu cuk;s tk ldrs gSa A cf<+;k fun'kZu
ds fy, ,d&ls jaxksa dk pquko djuk pkfg, tks pVdhusiu esa ,d nwljs ls vyx gks A leku pVdhysiu ds jax ds [kaMksa dks ,d nwljs ls lkFk&lkFk
LFkkfir djus ls cpuk pkfg, A muesa ,d&nwljs ls fey tkus vkSj vLi"V gksus dh izd`fr gksrh gS A lkFk gh lQsn vkSj ihys ds cM+s Bksl [kaMksa
ls cpuk pkfg,] D;ksafd os vPNh u yxus okyh fVefVekgV iSnk djrs gSa A
(iv) le; fu/kkZj.k % le; dk fu/kkZj.k bl izdkj ls djuk pkfg, fd v/;srk ds }kjk fn;s x;s fuos'k ds ifj.kkeLo:i fun'kZu esa
ifjorZu Li"V :i ls fn[kkbZ nsuk pkfg, A bldh xfr ,slh gksuh pkfg, fd v/;srk dks dkQh izrh{kk djuk iM+s vkSj u gh og bruh rst gksuh
pkfg, fd v/;srk ns[k Hkh u ik, fd D;k cnyk gS A inkZ fun'kZu ds ifjorZu ds le; mi;ksk jrkj dk Kku gksuk pkfg,] ftlls dk;Ze
mi;ksx ds fy, vf/kd yphyk cu lds vkSj fofHkUu ;ksX;rk okys izR;sd izdkj ds v/;srk mldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSa A
(v) lthou % dk;Ze ftl ifjorZu ds ize Li"V dj jgk gS] mldh lthou dYiuk dj ldrk gS] ijUrq cgqr cM+h la[;k esa 'kh?kz
lthou fo"k;&oLrq dks le>kus esa ck/kd gks ldrk gS A insZ ij fdlh vU; egoiw.kZ ekeys ds lkFk&lkFk oLrqvksa dks lthou djrs gq, j[kus
ls cpuk pkfg, A mi;ksk }kjk lthou dks jksd nsus dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, A mi;ksk ds gkFk esa lthou dk fu;a=.k iznku djus ls v/
;srkvksa&Hkkxhnkjksa esa vkSj ek/;e dh vU;ksU;k f;kRedrk esa dkQh lhek rd o`f) gks ldrh gS A
(vi) /ofu % vk/kqfud ;qx esa /ofu izHkko Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gS A ;s /ofu;ka lQyrk ;k foQyrk izfrfcfEcr djus ds fy, lulukgV
;k /kekds ;k rkrsa ;k dHkh&dHkh fo"k;&oLrq ls lacaf/kr vuqdwy rqdcfUn;ka ;k fVIif.k;ka gksrh gSa A /ofu;ksa ds mi;ksx ls /ofu foKku esa dkWy
;k lh-,-,y- iSdtksa dk fodkl gqvk gS vkSj blh izdkj ds iSdst Jo.k vkSj iBu dkS'kyksa ds fodkl ds fy, Hkh rS;kj fd;s x;s gSa A

N
10

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in10

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

/ofu izHkko esa dqN lko/kkfu;ka j[kuh pkfg, A v/;srk dk /ofu ds mi;ksx vkSj izcyrk ij fu;a=.k gksuk pkfg, A /ofu;ksa dk vuko';d
iz;ksx ugha djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ;s v/;srk dk /;ku egoiw.kZ lans'k ls nwj gVk ldrh gSa A insZ ij fyf[kr ikB~; dks cksydj iqujko`f ugha
djuh pkfg, A
(vii) mi;ksDrk fu;a=k.k % vf/kxe dks vf/kd izHkkoh vkSj fpjLFkk;h cukus ds fy, v/;srk dks vU;ksU; f;kRed fLFkfr esa izR;sd voLFkk
ij izfriqf"V dk vuqHko djuk pkfg, A daI;wVj og lqfo/kk iznku dj ldrk gS] tks fdlh vU; ek/;e esa ugha gS A dkWy dks dHkh Hkh dsoy
insZ ds vkxs c<+rk gqvk izLrqrhdj.k vkSj v/;srk dsoy ns[krk gqvk ugha gksuk pkfg, A v/;srk ds gkFk esa /ofu lthou vkSj fo"k;&oLrq pjksa
tSls izkpyksa (Parameters) ij fu;a=.k gksuk pkfg, A v/;srk ds fy, laHko gksuk pkfg, fd dkSu&ls ekWM~;wy dks lh[ksa] ;fn vko';d gks rks
mldks fQj ls [kksy ysa vkSj ;fn Fkd tk,a] rks mldks can dj nsa A

N
11
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in11